Bibliografie tematiche / Cause of war

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Cause of war"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 27 luglio 2024
Ultima modifica: 28 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cause of war"

1

McMahan, Jeff. "Just Cause for War". Ethics & International Affairs 19, n. 3 (dicembre 2005): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00551.x.

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Abstract (sommario):
The central contention of this essay is that a just cause for war is a wrong that is of a type that can make those responsible for it morally liable to military attack as a means of preventing or rectifying it. This claim has many implications that conflict with assumptions of the currently orthodox theory of the just war. Among the implications explored in the text are that the requirement of just cause is logically and morally prior to all the other requirements of a just war, that this requirement governs all phases of a war and not just the resort to war, that it is thus impermissible to continue to fight a war once the just cause or causes have been achieved, that it is impermissible to fight at all in a war that lacks a just cause, that just cause is a restriction on the type of aim that may be pursued by means of war and is not a matter of scale, that a war that lacks a just cause may be morally justified even if it is not just, and that a belligerent can pursue both just and unjust causes in the same war, which may then have elements or phases that are just and other elements or phases that are unjust.
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2

Flanagan, Kieran, e David Martin. "Does Christianity Cause War?" British Journal of Sociology 49, n. 4 (dicembre 1998): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/591302.

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Cushman, Thomas, e David Martin. "Does Christianity Cause War?" Contemporary Sociology 28, n. 5 (settembre 1999): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655019.

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4

Küntay, Ismail Burak. "Would Isolationist Presidents Cause War?" European Journal of Social Sciences 1, n. 1 (17 luglio 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v1i1.p21-30.

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Küntay, Ismail Burak. "Would Isolationist Presidents Cause War?" European Journal of Social Sciences 5, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eujss-2022-0014.

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Abstract In American politics, it has been seen that the presidents, who came to power from an isolationist perspective, contrary to their rhetoric, find themselves in the greatest wars in American History. In this study, it was researched whether the isolationist rhetoric of some Presidents who were sitting in the presidency during the period of the great chaos experienced in the USA and the world resulted in great wars, or whether the discourses that winning the elections to these Presidents should have an isolationist approach as a result of decomposition of the world and reflection of economic problems to their countries. The assumption of this study is that the Presidents who won the elections with their isolationist rhetoric were later faced with major wars during their presidency as a result of the processes that had laid their foundations before they were President and their infrastructure had been formed in the light of developments in the world. In this context, the internal political and international conjuncture of William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt periods will be evaluated. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy statements and decisions of the presidents will be analyzed. As a result of the analysis carried out in the conclusion section, there will be an inference and foresight on American internal policy and foreign policy regarding the isolationist discourse in the Donald Trump period that is on the agenda.
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Küntay, Ismail Burak. "Would Isolationist Presidents Cause War?" European Journal of Social Sciences 5, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejss.v1i1.p21-30.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract In American politics, it has been seen that the presidents, who came to power from an isolationist perspective, contrary to their rhetoric, find themselves in the greatest wars in American History. In this study, it was researched whether the isolationist rhetoric of some Presidents who were sitting in the presidency during the period of the great chaos experienced in the USA and the world resulted in great wars, or whether the discourses that winning the elections to these Presidents should have an isolationist approach as a result of decomposition of the world and reflection of economic problems to their countries. The assumption of this study is that the Presidents who won the elections with their isolationist rhetoric were later faced with major wars during their presidency as a result of the processes that had laid their foundations before they were President and their infrastructure had been formed in the light of developments in the world. In this context, the internal political and international conjuncture of William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt periods will be evaluated. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy statements and decisions of the presidents will be analyzed. As a result of the analysis carried out in the conclusion section, there will be an inference and foresight on American internal policy and foreign policy regarding the isolationist discourse in the Donald Trump period that is on the agenda.
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Hee Kyung Suh. "War and Justice: Just Cause of the Korean War". Korea Journal 52, n. 2 (giugno 2012): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25024/kj.2012.52.2.5.

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8

Stanar, Dragan. "A ‘Just Cause’ or ‘Just A Cause’: Perils of the Zero-sum Model of Moral Responsibility for War". Conatus 8, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2023): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.34553.

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Abstract (sommario):
In this paper the author aims to explain the consequences of the implicit application of the zero-sum game model of distribution of moral responsibility for war, i.e., for causing war, within the context of the dominant perspective of modern-day ethics of war – Just War Theory. The main criterion of the jus ad bellum concept of Just War Theory, “just cause,” recognizes the possibility of only one “cause” of war, and every attempt to further analyze and investigate deeper causes of war is automatically perceived through the zero-sum lens, as an attempt to justify or excuse the unjust side in war. No such thing happens when analyzing other, extremely morally troubling and disturbing phenomena as we invest significant effort into attempting to explain evil without this effort ever being understood as a justification attempt. The author demonstrates how the described approach in Just War Theory prevents us from fully understanding war, and thus implicitly from how to normatively prescribe human actions in and regarding war. The author also asserts that this perspective actually represents a presupposition concerning the possibility of justness of war. The author concludes that, in order to fully understand war and properly morally evaluate it, ethics of war must adopt a non-zero-sum model of distribution of moral responsibility and acknowledge the existence of a wide variety of causes of war.
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Hurka, Thomas. "Liability and Just Cause". Ethics & International Affairs 21, n. 2 (2007): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00070.x.

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Abstract (sommario):
This paper is a response to Jeff McMahan‘s “Just Cause for War” (Ethics & International Affairs 19, 2005). McMahan holds, as many have, that there is a just cause for war against group X only if X have made themselves liable to military force by being responsible for some serious wrong. But he interprets this liability requirement in a very strict way. He insists (1) that one may use force against X for purpose Y only if they are responsible for a wrong specifically connected to Y; and (2) that one may use force against an individual member of X only if he himself shares in the responsibility for the wrong. This paper defends a more permissive, and more traditional, view of just war liability against McMahan's claims. Against McMahan‘s first claim it argues that certain “conditional just causes,” such as disarming an aggressor, deterring future aggression, and preventing lesser humanitarian crimes, can be legitimate goals of war against X even if X have no specific liability connected to them. Against McMahan's second claim it argues that soldiers who have no responsibility for X‘s wrong may nonetheless be legitimately attacked because in becoming soldiers they freely surrendered their right not to be killed by enemy combatants in a war between their and another state, so killing them in such a war is not unjust. Though initially a criticism of McMahan, the paper makes positive proposals about conditional just causes and the moral justification for directing force at soldiers.
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HOLLIDAY, IAN. "When is a cause just?" Review of International Studies 28, n. 3 (luglio 2002): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502005570.

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Abstract (sommario):
The September 11 terrorist strikes prompted renewed interest in a debate about just cause that has been increasingly open since the demise of the Cold War and the shift to a more multilateral and interventionist world order. This article contributes to that debate by looking first into the just war tradition to argue for a conceptual revision that equates just cause with jus ad bellum (just recourse to war). It then seeks to specify the component parts of just cause understood in this way, holding that demonstrable injustice should take the place formerly occupied by just cause in just war theory. Towards the end it uses three real-world cases to develop a mechanism for validating just cause claims. The argument is that a cause is just only when its proponents can convince an international forum of intractable injustice, responsible intervention, and an appropriate balance of contingent factors. The article closes by considering how the current war on terrorism might be assessed in such a forum.
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Tesi sul tema "Cause of war"

1

Svensson, Jenny. "Foreign Aid as a Cause of War". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403376.

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Fogg, Erik (Erik D. ). "Generalizing power transitions as a cause of war". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53080.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).
In this thesis, I ask three questions about the nature of power transition theory. First, I ask whether power transition theory can be generalized beyond identification of great powers or regional hierarchies. Lemke and Werner introduce the concept of a multiple hierarchical order, in which mutually relevant regional powers can go to war over dissatisfaction with a regional status quo. I submit that this concept can be generalized into a continuous concept to include all states within the umbrella of the theory. Second, I ask how often status quo states initiate war in power transition cases. Jack Levy explains that status quo states have a motive to launch a preemptive war against a revisionist state, before it becomes too powerful to defeat. I submit that these motivations lead to a high incidence of status quo actor-initiated war in power transitions. Finally, I ask whether the rate of change of relative power matters during a transition period. I hypothesize that quick changes in the relative difference in power between two states would create a fast-closing window of opportunity. This closing window creates a crisis and motivates leaders to move quickly, leading to a higher probability of avoidable war. Incorporation of rate of power transition could explain war in power transition cases yet to achieve true parity, or even explain peace in a period of parity and revisionism. To test these questions, I create a large, inclusive (571,000+ N) dataset of nearly all dyads between 1821 and 2001, using the Correlates of War Composite Index of National Capabilities as the basis of power independent variables, and a composite of distance and power measurements to determine the relevance independent variable. I run a number of regressions of the power and relevance independent variables against the onset of war. I reach decisive conclusions about the nature of power dynamics in the international system, and propose their incorporation into the power transition literature. Generalized, continuous measurements of relevance, parity, and rate of change of power transition increase the explanatory power of the model; the revisionist state does not always or even usually provoke power transition war; finally, higher rates of power transition lead to a higher probability of war. The thesis ends with a number of shortfalls with the model I propose, and a number of further revisions and expansions of power transition theory.
by Erik Fogg.
S.M.and S.B.
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3

Larsson, Amanda. "Not Just War, But A Just War : Individual rights versus the collective good in just cause for war". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433324.

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4

Farooq, Hassan, e Ivan Astanosov Zapryanov. "The cult of reputation: deterrent or a cause of war?" Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44557.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
A reputation for resolve, used to predict an actor’s future intentions with reasonable accuracy based on his past actions, is central to many deterrence theories. The assumption is that states use other actors’ past behavior as a learning schema for generating expectations, and act according to such expectations. However, there are other powerful determinants in international politics—military capabilities, distribution of power, and interests at stake, etc.—that shape states’ policies. Nonetheless, decision makers assign to their states’ reputation the status of symbolic capital, in order to add credibility to their future threats and commitments, or to credibly deter adversaries’ future threats. They generally believe that their allies and adversaries infer the state’s resolve from its past behavior. In this paper we analyze how this belief and the consequent quest for building, preserving, and/or restoring reputation can push decision-makers into the vortex of conflicts.
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Jorgenson, Christer Ivar Ole. "The common cause : the life and death of the Anglo-Swedish Alliance against France,1805-1809". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317901/.

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This thesis will view the Napoleonic War from three distinct angles. Firstly, as a world war that was fought beyond the narrow confines of Europe where events on other continents were as important as those taking place in Europe. Secondly, the thesis will view the war from an Anglo-Swedish angle with an emphasis upon the northern and Baltic regions of Europe. This region of Europe is often forgotten when the Napoleonic War is written about despite the fact it was of vital economic and strategic importance to Britain. Thirdly, this military contest between the Great Powers will be viewed from 'below' or in other words from the perspective of a minor power unable to influence events as much as these powers. One good reason for Anglo-Swedish friendship was the strong trade links between the two countries, which led to their successful but neglected economic sabotage of Napoleon's Continental system. Yet economic factors, though vital, did not primarily account for the creation and continued life of the 'common cause'. Instead geopolitical and ideological factors gave rise to the 'common cause'. Firstly, although seeing themselves as nations apart from the continent Sweden and Britain's independence and strategic security depended upon no one power being able to upset or usurp the European balance of power. Secondly, in the eyes of Swedish and British conservatives (they ruled both countries for most of the alliance's life) Napoleonic France was not only a direct threat to their external security but Napoleon also came to symbolise everything they disliked about the new European order. To the architect of the alliance, Gustavus IV , and his fellow conservatives, Napoleon had to be defeated at all costs if Sweden, Britain and all of Europe was to survive. But the conservatives had a monopoly on neither political power nor the truth, for powerful groups in both countries opposed the war with Napoleon. These groups, in opposition during most of the war in both countries,believed an accommodation with Napoleon was possible. In 1806 the British Whigs tried and failed to find a peaceful accommodation with Napoleon. Following defeat at Russian hands and the diversion of British interest to the Iberian peninsula, the Anglo-Swedish alliance was almost dead when in early 1809 the Swedish opposition took power through a coup. They managed, unlike their British colleagues, to get peace with Napoleon, but at a high price. Defeat, despair and domestic turmoil the following year led to the election of marshal Bernadotte as ruler of Sweden. Within two years Bernadotte had begun rebuilding the 'common cause' with Britain, and in 1814 Sweden finally saw its great protagonist Napoleon defeated. The pro-war line had showed itself to be the only realistic and viable long-term option for either country.
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Schuetze, Jennifer Johanna. "To cause or not to cause, that is the question : the prosecutorial standard for incitement at international criminal law". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82670.

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The prosecutorial standard for incitement is subject to different approaches in the common law and civil law traditions respectively. The most crucial difference lies in the role attributed to the result as a definitional element of the offence. While the civil law generally characterizes proof of results as a prerequisite to liability, the common law views it as significant but not determinative of guilt. This divergence is expounded at the international level, which condones both approaches with respect to different crimes, employing the common law approach only to genocide and relegating all other crimes to the purview of the civil law approach. The practical effect is a focus on the gravity of the substantive crime to which incitement attaches, rather than on the crucial role of incitement itself. This thesis will seek to elucidate the parameters of this debate with the aim of deconstructing and redrawing preconceived barriers in international criminal law.
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Ping, Laura Jane. "Life in an Occupied City: Women in Winchester, Virginia During the Civil War". VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2164.

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Rodriguez, Ismael. "George S. Patton Jr. and the Lost Cause Legacy". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699940/.

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Historians have done their duty in commemorating an individual who was, as Sidney Hook’s Hero in History would describe, an “event making-man.” A myriad of works focused on understanding the martial effort behind George S. Patton Jr. from his ancestral lineage rooted in military tradition to his triumph during the Second World War. What is yet to be understood about Patton, however, is the role that the Civil War played in his transformation into one of America’s iconic generals. For Patton, the Lost Cause legacy, one that idealized the image of the Confederate soldier in terms of personal honor, courage, and duty, became the seed for his preoccupation for glory.
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Moody, III John Wesley. "Demon of the Lost Cause: General William Tecumseh Sherman and the Writing of Civil War History". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/12.

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This dissertation will examine the formation of the myth that William T. Sherman laid waste to the state of Georgia in 1864, and almost single-handedly invented the concept of “total war.” It will also examine how Sherman’s reputation has evolved over the years from accusations of being a Southern sympathizer and traitor at the end of the Civil War to the modern image of Sherman as the destroyer of the old South. William Tecumseh Sherman was the most controversial general of the American Civil War. The modern image of Sherman is either a destructive monster who violated the laws of civilized warfare or a strategic genius who invented modern warfare. Both of these images have evolved over the years. In large part, they have been the product of Lost Cause writers trying to reinterpret the history of the war, but also the product of Union generals and politicians attempting to glorify their own place in the history of the war, men with personal grudges against the general and modern historians using Sherman to make their own arguments about contemporary society. The sources used for this dissertation were the journals, letters and memoirs of the participants. The Official Records of both the Union and Confederacy were examined as well as nineteenth and twentieth century newspapers and magazines. This dissertation will show that the modern conception of General Sherman is not the same as the historical fact, but rather a post-war creation. Individuals’ agendas have created and sustained the myth of Sherman to explain defeat in the Civil War, justify later military strategy, condemn later conflicts and for personal gain. It is not enough to know that historical events as commonly understood are inaccurate; it is important to understand how and why these inaccuracies came about.
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Pollard, Emily Lois. "The ethics of war : a new individualist rights-based account of just cause and legitimate authority". Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12275/.

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Abstract (sommario):
My thesis focuses upon the ad bellum criteria of just cause and, to a lesser extent, legitimate authority. I begin by developing an account of the individual right to self-defence, grounded upon the individual right to lead a flourishing life, drawing upon Jeff McMahan’s and Judith Jarvis Thomson’s rights-based accounts of defence, and developing a dual account of liability to attack. I then outline a broadly individualist account of just cause, based upon this account of the individual right to defence. I explain what kinds of just causes for war would exist, based upon the delegation of individual defensive rights to a collective entity. Following this, I develop an asymmetrical account of the rights of combatants, based upon the dual account of liability. I argue that most unjust combatants are weakly liable, and I propose a general presumption of weak liability for both just and unjust combatants. I suggest that unjust combatants may therefore possess at least some rights of individual defence, but that just combatants have additional war rights resulting from taking part in a wider act of defence. Finally, I expand upon my argument concerning the delegation of individual defensive rights, by explaining which types of collective entity may receive delegated defensive rights and how such rights are delegated, and I also argue that collective entities which have been delegated individual defensive rights are therefore legitimate authorities, based upon a definition of legitimate authority as moral authority. Overall, my thesis aims to develop an individualist account of just cause, grounded upon the delegation of individual defensive rights to a collective entity, and to use my account to develop an asymmetric account of combatants’ rights and a rights-based account of legitimate authority.
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Libri sul tema "Cause of war"

1

David, Martin. Does Christianity cause war? Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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2

Lionel, Curtis. World war: Its cause and cure. London: Lothian Foundation Press, 1992.

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3

Pollard, Edward Alfred. The lost cause. New York: Gramercy Books, 1994.

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4

Condrey, Julianne S. Faithful to the cause. Unionville, N.Y: Royal Fireworks Press, 1998.

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Barbieri, Pietro. Le cause della Guerra civile spagnola. Roma: Robin, 2006.

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Shaara, Jeff. The Glorious Cause. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2002.

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Filter, Bo. The cause of wars and aggression. Point Roberts, Wash: Global Justice Pub., 2004.

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8

Pennington, Estill Curtis. The last meeting's lost cause. Spartanburg, SC (509 E. Saint John St., Spartanburg 29302): R.M. Hicklin, 1988.

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(undifferentiated), David Martin. Does Christianity Cause War? Regent College Publishing, 2006.

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10

Eames, Marion. Does Christianity Cause War? Oxford University Press, 1997.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Cause of war"

1

Smith, Eric E. "Just cause". In Just War Theory and Non-State Actors, 12–36. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Justice, international law and global security: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315590837-3.

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Mohamed, E. "Propagating and Maintaining the Global War on Terror". In Detained without Cause, 151–72. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118096_6.

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Vourkoutiotis, Vasilis. "Historical Background: End of War and Start of “Peace”". In Making Common Cause, 8–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596603_2.

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Davey, Michael, James Davey e Oliver Caplin. "The proximate cause". In Miller’s Marine War Risks Fourth Edition, 251–63. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Lloyd’s shipping law library: Informa Law from Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315229584-28.

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Román-Sotelo, Antía. "“Your Cause Is Just a Cause Too”". In (Re)Writing War in Contemporary Literature and Culture, 192–201. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032678191-19.

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Dean, Robert. "Gender as a Cause of War". In The Routledge HISTORY of Gender, War, and the U.S. Military, 167–84. 1st edition. | New York : Routledge, [2017] |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315697185-14.

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Black, Maggie. "2. Winning the peace: the moral aftermath of war". In A Cause For Our Times, 22–40. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855986773.002.

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Grahlfs, F. Lincoln. "More Catalyst than Cause". In The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War, 189–95. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230623712_15.

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Bell, James B. "The English Church, a Cause of the American Revolution". In A War of Religion, 211–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230583214_16.

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Russell, Bertrand, Richard A. Rempel, Bernd Frohmann, Mark Lippincott e Margaret Moran. "Fear As the Ultimate Cause of War". In The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 13, 30–31. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003556596-9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Cause of war"

1

Jamaluddine, Z., Z. Chen, H. Abukmail, S. Aly, S. Elnakib, G. Barnsley, F. Majorin et al. "War in Gaza: scenario-based excess mortality projections". In MSF Scientific Days International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/8cchxf.

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INTRODUCTION Since 7 October 2023, large-scale military operations in the Gaza Strip have resulted in an escalating public health crisis. Residents of Gaza are mostly displaced from their homes and living in overcrowded conditions with insufficient access to water, sanitation, and food, and health services have been considerably disrupted. To inform humanitarian and decision-making efforts, we aimed to estimate the project excess mortality from traumatic injuries, infectious diseases, maternal and newborn complications, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) under different future scenarios. METHODS We used five different models to project excess deaths from February to August 2024, considering three scenarios: (1) an immediate and permanent ceasefire; (2) the status quo, reflecting conditions from mid-October 2023 to mid-January 2024; and (3) a further escalation of the conflict. Using publicly available data and expert consultations, our analysis projected excess deaths resulting under each scenario. A model was developed to determine increased malnutrition (as an underlying cause). RESULTS Without epidemics, the ceasefire scenario would result in 6550 excess deaths, rising to 58,260 under the status quo, and 74,290 under escalation. With epidemics, these projections rise to 11,580, 66,720, and 85,750, respectively. Under the ceasefire scenario, infectious diseases would be the main cause of excess deaths (1,520 excess deaths without epidemics and 6,550 with epidemics). Traumatic injuries followed by infectious diseases would be the main causes of excess deaths in both the status quo (53,450 due to traumatic injuries; 2,120 due to infectious diseases without epidemics and 10,590 including epidemics) and escalation scenarios (68,650 due to traumatic injuries; 2,720 due to infectious diseases without epidemics and 14,180 with epidemics). Our projections indicate that, even in the best-case ceasefire scenario, thousands of excess deaths would continue to occur, mainly due to the time it would take to improve water, sanitation, shelter conditions, and malnutrition, and restore functioning healthcare services in Gaza. While the total number of estimated excess deaths from maternal and neonatal causes are relatively small (100–330 excess deaths), every loss of a mother has severe consequences for family health and wellbeing. NCDs are projected to cause more deaths (1,680 (ceasefire) –2,680 (escalation) excess deaths) due to a heavily disrupted specialised health services and impeded access to treatment and medications. CONCLUSION These projections underscore the critical and urgent need for an immediate ceasefire to mitigate the alarming excess mortality in Gaza. The severity of the ceasefire scenario cannot be understated, with over 6–11 thousand excess deaths projected. Decision-makers must act swiftly to prevent further loss of life and address the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza.
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Verba, Veronika, Olena Kyzenko e Olena Hrebeshkova. "Change in Development Vectors of Ukrainian Enterprises in War Conditions". In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.36.

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The war has changed the lives of Ukrainians dramatically. High turbulence of the economic environment cause searching potential directions of business activity recovery for Ukrainian companies. The purpose of the study was to identify the current development issues and summarize the experience of survival of Ukrainian enterprises under war conditions. Based on the analysis of the responses of more than 500 Ukrainian enterprises’ representatives from all regions of the country, actual functioning problems of Ukrainian business after February 24, 2022 were revealed. Dynamics of economic results of the enterprises was analyzed, structural changes of their contract portfolios were determined, practice of full or partial relocation of business was revealed, current operating issues of domestic companies were described. Potential vectors of development are changes in the company's product portfolio, logistics chains, structure of the contracts, keeping decent work conditions and social support for the employees.
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Puhach, Viktoriia, e Tetiana Kostiuk. "AGGRESSOR�S BEHAVIOR TERRORISM DETERMINANTS WITHIN NEW WARS". In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s01.001.

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The history of mankind demonstrates that the most difficult task has always been and remains the maintenance of society and social life in an orderly, balanced and dynamic state of optimal viability. The depressing regularity of social cataclysms, wars, crises and local conflicts convincingly testifies to the extreme complexity of this task. This complexity, however, does not negate the need and importance of scientific support for specific modern forms of violence and the development of new theoretical and empirical approaches to their research. The purpose of this article is to enrich, and, perhaps, even deepen, the modern understanding of the of �new wars� by means of detailed characterization of the aggressor's behavioral aberration within the analytical optics developed on the basis of such cruel and violent actions as terrorism. The methodology of the given study bases on the principle of historicism allowing to consider the war in its development in space and time. Using the method of situational analysis at the example of Russian aggression against Ukraine, this study managed to avoid the gap between theory and practice. As well the article contains a researchanalytic review of the body of scientific literature, aimed at outlining the paradigmatic framework for conceptualizing the phenomenon of �new wars�. While conducting the research it was found that the behavior of the aggressor in the conditions of the new war has a clearly expressed terrorism determinism, which qualitatively transforms the nature and methods of war. Within the analysis of the changing the war process format which is now based on the logic of terrorism, the study�s main emphasis is placed on two forms of terrorism - state terrorism and information terrorism. Reconstructing the course of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, it was found that the attribute characteristic of this war is the combination of two aforementioned forms of terrorism. This article contains topics and provisions that may cause discussion. Nevertheless, it allows to go beyond the traditional discourse of security, provoking the exit of scientific research to a qualitatively new level of theoretical reflection of the modern security challenges emanation.
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MANOLACHI, Cristian. "STUDY ON THE INSTITUTION OF THE LAW INSURANCE OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT STAFF IN THE PRE-PRINCIPLE OF THE WAR OF NATIONAL REUNION". In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.25.

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Aviation in all countries, as in our country, from the moment it began to rule the sky, paid for this victory with great blood sacrifices! These sacrifices were much higher at that time in terms of flight time and performance. It was found that no matter how rigorous the selection of personnel, the human factor, along with other factors, aeronautical and meteorological material, was a major cause, and accidents could be largely reduced, but not eliminated. Appreciating the sacrifice of the aviators and their material disinterest in this ideal, the "FLIGHT", the highest forums, have taken measures in all countries to ensure the lives of disabled aviators or their descendants due to flight accidents. In line with this unanimously implemented trend at the international level, the system of insurance premiums was first legislated in our country by the Law of the Undersecretary of State for Air of June 5, 1932 and continued later, by the laws that followed, with various amendments. to this day.
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Beriša, Hatidža, Milenko Dzeletović e Željko Stepanović. "THE IMPACT OF CONTEMPORARY WARS ON GLOBALISATION". In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p17.

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The thematic framework of this paper indicates the fact that the world we live in today will not be the same tomorrow. Globalisation is a phenomenon that dominantly marks the time starting from the end of the World War II to the present day and as such shapes the political, economic and social life of the world, unevenly and with different consequences. This universal process, which includes strong political and military connections between people and countries, is gaining in intensity over time, with a profound tendency to cover all spheres of individual and collective existence of the people around the world, changing the rules and norms of behavior, value systems and lifestyles of entire communities. This paper will examine the mutual relation between globalisation and warfare or other conflicts fought in the previous period or that are still being fought, as well as the relation of cause and effect between globalisation and warfare over that period, in order to determine whether wars and other conflicts are actually the initial trigger for making the process of globalisation faster and in order to discover in what way they do that. The paper also deals with a historical connection between warfare and globalisation through the impact of historical contradictions on the globalisation directions, and also through the identification of the part of military challenges, risks, and threats in the process of globalisation. Additionally, the paper will consider the impact of military conflicts on globalisation directions by means of foreign interests aimed at limiting the sovereignty of nation states. Key words: security, globalisation, conflict, war, risk, international relations, sovereignty, interest, impact
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Stitzel, Joel D., e Ashley A. Weaver. "Computational Simulations of Ocular Blast Loading and Prediction of Eye Injury Risk". In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80792.

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Ocular injury from blast loading is associated with severe ocular morbidity and visual impairment [1]. Improvised explosive devices are a common cause of ocular injury and were responsible for 51% of ocular war injuries in a study by Mader et al [2].
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Togawa, Satoshi, Akiko Kondo e Kazuhide Kanenishi. "Design of Learning History Retention Framework using Blockchain Infrastructure to Ensure Reliability of Learning Logs". In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2024) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004489.

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Learning analytics has been actively pursued in the field of learning assistance field. The spread of LMSs such as Moodle and Canvas LMS has realized the acquisition of a large amount of learning history. Furthermore, an educational assistance system does not consist of only a single LMS. Multiple educational assistance services generate their own learning histories.A Learning Record Store (LRS) exists to collect and analyze these learning logs in an integrated manner. OpenLRW and Learning Locker exist as LRS implementations. In order to avoid losing the large number of learning records generated by LMSs, key value stores (KVS) such as MongoDB are generally used for data persistence in LRSs. For architectural reasons, KVS allows duplicate registration of stored data. Therefore, unlike SQL-based databases, KVS persistence does not guarantee consistency. If consistency is not maintained in the persistence of learning history, it is difficult to ensure the reliability of the stored learning history. If the stored learning history is not reliable, the reliability of the analysis results using learning analytics cannot be ensured.Changes in the world situation can impede stable system operation and cause a loss of learning logs. As of May 2023, about 20% of Ukrainian territory is occupied by Russia and the war is still going on. Conflict and war destroy many buildings, infrastructure, and communication networks. Climate change is causing increasingly severe disasters. In Japan, special heavy rainfall warnings are issued every year, mainly in western Japan. Special warnings are intended to be issued when there is a threat of a once-in-a-decade catastrophe. Matthew Rodell et al. suggest that more frequent, more severe, and more extensive droughts and floods will occur if global warming continues.The severity of a disaster, whether man-made or natural, can cause more damage than the availability of the cloud service that serves as the system operation infrastructure. Catastrophic damage to the system operation infrastructure will cause a loss in the generated learning history. The loss of the learning history causes a loss of continuity in the learning history, and consequently, the reliability of the learning history is compromised. We must ensure that the learning history of learners, which cannot be recovered once it is lost, is stored and maintained even in multi-hazard situations.In this study, we designed a learning history retention framework based on blockchain technology to ensure the reliability of learning history. In order to store and retain the learning history, we apply the decentralized autonomous blockchain technology to enable the detection of learning history inconsistencies in the LRS. A framework for ensuring the availability of the learning history was studied against the factors that cause the loss of the learning history, regardless of whether it is caused by human or natural disasters. In this paper, we describe the design of a blockchain mechanism for learning history retention, and describe a learning history retention mechanism that is linked to an existing LMS. We also describe the design and effectiveness of a prototype system implemented for validation.
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Pannain, Gabriel Duque, Marcelo Antonini, Odair Ferraro, Andre Mattar, Reginaldo Guedes Coelho Lopes e Juliana Monte Real. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY PERFORMED IN PATIENTS AT USUAL RISK AND PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR BREAST CANCER". In Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2022. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s2037.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of reports highly suggestive of malignancy in patients undergoing mammography in Brazil between 2013 and 2021. Methods: This is a retrospective and analytical cross-sectional study. A retrospective analysis of the reports available in the cancer information system (SISCAN) was performed, comparing the incidence of BI-RADS 4 (B4) and BI-RADS 5 (B5) reports between high-risk women (HRW) and women at risk (WAR) for breast cancer. Those women who registered in the system as high-risk with a positive family history or personal history of breast cancer were considered HRW. The B6 reports were excluded from the analysis since they are not a screening test but a follow-up test. Results: Of the total, 31,045 HRW had B4 on mammography, 76,329 WAR had B4 on mammography, 6,484 HRW had B5, and 12,757 WAR had B5. Using the SPSS Statistics software, the difference in proportion between them was calculated, and it was observed that being a WAR is a protective factor when compared to HRW for the diagnosis of B4, with the relative risk (RR) being 0.5412 (95%CI 0.5341–0.5483) for B4 and RR 0.433 (95%CI 0.4203– 0.4462) for B5. The number needed to cause harm was also evaluated and showed that 203 (95%CI 198–209) mammograms with B4 in HRW are needed to diagnose a B4 in WAR and that 788 mammograms with B5 in HRW (95%CI 754–825) are needed to diagnose a B5 in WAR. Conclusion: This study showed an increased prevalence of reports suggestive of malignancy in high-risk patients when compared to usual-risk patients. Such findings may mean that high-risk patients have a higher prevalence of malignancy, but also that physicians analyze high-risk patient examinations more carefully, potentially increasing the rate of reports suggestive of malignancy in these patients.
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Opanasenko, Sofiia. "Socio-psychological problems and social well-being of young citizens of Ukraine". In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.081.

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Background: The majority of Ukrainian citizens, on whom the reality and future of the country depend, are forced to experience crises in all spheres of life – economic, social, spiritual. Many social changes cause feelings such as uncertainty about the future, uncertainty, increased tension, a sense of insecurity. In this case, social well-being reflects the thoughts and mood of society, that is, the psychological state of people. Purpose: Check, on the basis of a survey of Ukrainian, which socio-psychological problem is the hardest to deal with after the outbreak of war. Methods: The method of analysis, the method of comparison of studies, methods of theoretical research of international organizations were used. Results: Analysis of research has shown that the worst situation is with the material component. Conclusion: Social welfare plays an important role in human life. It affects the behavior of the individual and can manifest itself in the activity or passivity of personality behavior. The study of the social well-being of various social and age groups allows us to assess changes occurring both at the social level, that is, in the public consciousness, and at the psychological level, that is, in the individual and personal State of the population. Keywords: citizens of Ukraine, socio-psychological problems, social well-being, analysis, war.
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Protopsaltis, C. "Air pollution caused by war activity". In AIR POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air120091.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Cause of war"

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Gordon, Robert. Did Economics Cause World War II? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dicembre 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14560.

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Lawrence, David. UK trade and the war in Ukraine. Royal Institute of International Affairs, settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135379.

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- The UK is less exposed to the direct effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine than its European neighbours. However, the indirect and longer-term effects of the war on UK trade could still be significant. - Inflationary pressure worldwide will contribute to price rises in the UK, particularly for food and energy. The ongoing effects of both Brexit – which has caused cross-border supply frictions and worker shortages – and the COVID-19 pandemic – which led to pent-up domestic demand and further reduced the labour force – will only increase this upward pressure. - The war has prompted increased scrutiny of London’s role as a centre for kleptocratic wealth from Russia and elsewhere, and has lead the UK government to impose sanctions against Russian-linked individuals and companies. This could impact inward investment directly, through legal restrictions on business activities, or indirectly, by indicating that the UK is no longer open to trade with certain countries. - In the longer term, post-war Ukraine’s future status and trading relationship with the EU could affect the UK, as the process of defining Ukraine’s position with regard to the EU may encourage Brussels to revisit its relations with the UK or even to explore alternative models for other non-member countries on the EU’s periphery. - A renewed focus on European security could also encourage the UK and EU to improve trade, security and political ties. The need to enhance security closer to home may also cause the UK to rethink the ‘Indo-Pacific tilt’ outlined in the 2021 Integrated Review.
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Shultz, Jr, e Richard H. In the Aftermath of War: U.S. Support for Reconstruction and Nation-Building in Panama Following Just Cause. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269074.

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Storm, Servaas. Inflation in the Time of Corona and War. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, maggio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp185.

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Reliance on established macroeconomic thinking is not of much use in trying to understand what to do in response to the constellation of forces driving up inflation in these times of COVID-19 and war. This paper attempts to reduce the heat and turn up the light in the debate on the return of high inflation and looming stagflation—by providing evidence-based answers to the main (policy) questions concerning the return of high inflation: is the increased inflation due to (global) supply and/or demand factors? Is the inflation in the US exceptional or are other OECD and emerging economies experiencing similar inflationary pressures? Is the increase in inflation permanent or transitory? Can the Fed safely bring down inflation? Is fiscal policy the underlying cause of inflation? Are there alternative, less socially costly, ways to bring inflation down? And what will happen to inflation in the longer run, when the US and other economies will face the impacts of global warming?
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Fuelberth, August S., Adam D. Smith e Sunny E. Adams. Fort McCoy, Wisconsin Building 550 maintenance plan. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38659.

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Building 550 (former World War II fire station) is located on Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, and was recommended eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2018 (Smith and Adams 2018). The building is currently vacant. It is an intact example of an 800 Series World War II fire station with character-defining features of its period of significance from 1939 to 1946 on its exterior and interior. All buildings, especially historic ones, require regular planned maintenance and repair. The most notable cause of historic building element failure and/or decay is not the fact that the historic building is old, but rather it is caused by incorrect or inappropriate repair and/or basic neglect of the historic building fabric. This document is a maintenance manual compiled with as-is conditions of construction materials of Building 550. The Secretary of Interior Guidelines on rehabilitation and repair per material are discussed to provide the cultural resources manager at Fort McCoy a guide to maintain this historic building. This report satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended and will help the Fort McCoy Cultural Resources Management office to manage this historic building.
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Benjaminsen, Tor A., Hanne Svarstad e Iselin Shaw of Tordarroch. Recognising Recognition in Climate Justice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), ottobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2021.127.

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We argue that in order to achieve climate justice, recognition needs to be given more attention in climate research, discourse, and policies. Through the analysis of three examples, we identify formal and discursive recognition as central types of recognition in climate issues, and we show how powerful actors exercise their power in ways that cause climate injustice through formal and discursive misrecognition of poor and vulnerable groups. The three examples discussed are climate mitigation through forest conservation (REDD), the Great Green Wall project in Sahel, and the narrative about climate change as a contributing factor to the Syrian war.
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Rohwerder, Brigitte. Lessons from Post-war Reconstruction Programmes. Institute of Development Studies, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.013.

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This rapid evidence review explores lessons learned from post-war reconstruction programs, focusing on case studies from Lebanon, Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Gaza Strip, with an emphasis on the Middle East and North Africa region. It underscores the complexities of reconstruction, highlighting challenges such as political involvement, inadequate engagement with affected individuals, and insufficient international assistance. Key lessons include prioritising local involvement, building consensus on reconstruction priorities, ensuring transparency and accountability, and addressing underlying conflict causes. The review stresses the importance of coordination, capacity-building, and long-term commitment in successful reconstruction efforts.
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Ferguson, Thomas, e Servaas Storm. Myth and Reality in the Great Inflation Debate: Supply Shocks and Wealth Effects in a Multipolar World Economy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, gennaio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp196.

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This paper critically evaluates debates over the causes of U.S. inflation. We first show that claims that the Biden stimulus was the major cause of inflation are mistaken: the key data series – stimulus spending and inflation – move dramatically out of phase. While the first ebbs quickly, the second persistently surges. We then look at alternative explanations of the price rises. We assess four supply side factors: imports, energy prices, rises in corporate profit margins, and COVID. We argue that discussions of COVID’s impact have thus far only tangentially acknowledged the pandemic’s far-reaching effects on labor markets. We conclude that while all four factors played roles in bringing on and sustaining inflation, they cannot explain all of it. There really is an aggregate demand problem. But the surprise surge in demand did not arise from government spending. It came from the unprecedented gains in household wealth, particularly for the richest 10% of households, which we show powered the recovery of aggregate US consumption expenditure especially from July 2021. The final cause of the inflationary surge in the U.S., therefore, was in large measure the unequal (wealth) effects of ultra-loose monetary policy during 2020-2021. This conclusion is important because inflationary pressures are unlikely to subside soon. Going forward, COVID, war, climate change, and the drift to a belligerently multipolar world system are all likely to strain global supply chains. Our conclusion outlines how policy has to change to deal with the reality of steady, but irregular supply shocks. This type of inflation responds only at enormous cost to monetary policies, because it arises mostly from supply-side difficulties that require targeted solutions. But when supply plummets or becomes more variable, fiscal policy also has to adapt: existing explorations of ways to steady demand over the business cycle have to embrace much bolder macroeconomic measures to control over-spending when supply is temporarily constrained.
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Belanger, Jeffrey A. Causes of the Vietnam War: An Academic Look at Wilsoniasm and Cold War Effects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, aprile 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388778.

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Wilcox, David L. Chemical Corps: Break Glass in Case of War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada340037.

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