Tesi sul tema "Causality link"

Mestrado em Finanças
Com este estudo, pretendeu-se responder à seguinte questão: "Existe alguma relação entre os mercados de acções e obrigações?". Dado que a maioria da literatura utiliza amostras de empresas dos E.U.A., o contributo dado para o tema foi aumentado pelo facto de ter sido introduzida uma amostra 100% europeia, dando uma perspectiva de um mercado diferente dos previamente estudados. A amostra compreende tanto as emissões de acções como as de obrigações das empresas constituintes do índice EURO STOXX 50, bem como o próprio índice e taxas de juro sem risco de curto e longo prazo. Tendo efectuado testes de causalidade de Granger por forma a aferir se existe uma relação causal inquestionável entre ambos os mercados em estudo.
With this thesis, we tried to answer the following question: "Is there any relationship between equity and debt markets?". Since most of the literature uses samples of U.S. firms, we enhanced our contribute to this subject by introducing a 100% european sample, thus providing insight for a dierent market than untill now. The sample to be used compreends the constituent firms of the EURO STOXX 50 Index, both its shares and bonds and also the index itself and short and long term riskless bonds. We performed also formal Granger causality tests in order to assess if there is an inquestionable lead-lag relationship between both markets in study.

L’histoire des mots est souvent liée à l’histoire des Hommes ; à moins que ce ne soit l’inverse. Si la réparation n’avait pas réussi à s’émanciper de la sanction, le concept de responsabilité civile ne serait jamais né. Né par la réparation et pour la réparation, il lui a toujours été associé. Encore aujourd’hui, de nombreux auteurs tiennent ces deux notions pour synonymes . Pourtant, la responsabilité civile a muri et elle s’est montrée apte à remplir d’autres fonctions que la réparation des dommages causés ; des fonctions d’abord accessoires – normative, préventive et punitive –, puis des fonctions alternatives – comme la cessation de l’illicite et le paiement. A priori le tryptique – dommage, fait générateur, lien de causalité –, qui conditionne sa mise en jeu, était adapté à sa fonction de réparation ; il l’est peut être moins à ses nouvelles fonctions. C’est ce que nous tenterons d’éprouver dans une première partie.Une fois les frontières du tryptique – dommage, fait générateur, lien de causalité –clairement dessinées, nous nous intéresserons à son fonctionnement. La capacité qu’a une seule et même institution – la responsabilité civile – à remplir des fonctions si différentes que la réparation, la punition, la cessation de l’illicite, ou encore le paiement, interpelle nécessairement. Les relations existant entre les conditions de la responsabilité pourraient l’expliquer. C’est ce que nous tenterons de démontrer dans une seconde partie
The history of words is often linked to the history of men; unless it's the other way around. If the remedy failed to break free of the penalty, the concept of civil liability would never be born. Born by repair and for repair, it has always been associated with it. Even today, many authors take these two notions for synonyms. However, civil liability has matured and it has shown itself capable of performing other functions than repairing the damage caused; functions first ancillary - normative, preventive and punitive - and then alternative functions - such as cessation of illicit and payment. A priori, the triptych - a damage, a generative event, a causal link - which conditions is putting into play, was adapted to its reparation function; he may be less so with his new duties. This is what we will try to test in the first part.Once the borders of the triptych - damage, generating fact, causal link - clearly drawn, we will focus on its operation. The ability of one and the same institution - civil liability - to perform functions so different that reparation, punishment, cessation of the wrongful act, or even payment, is necessary necessary. The relations existing between the conditions of the responsibility could explain it. This is what we will try to demonstrate in a second part

Commise en méconnaissance du principe de précaution, la faute de précaution n’a pas été consacrée au plan juridique et n’a fait l’objet d’aucune étude approfondie en droit public. Il s’agit donc de définir les caractéristiques de la faute de précaution, d’en identifier les variants et les invariants, compte tenu du principe de précaution qui, constitutif d’un standard, d’une norme à valeur constitutionnelle, législative, coutumière, à l’origine de multiples obligations, dispose de différentes sources juridiques, écrites et non-écrites, comme du droit de la responsabilité des autorités publiques, principalement jurisprudentiel. Les caractéristiques et la réception de la faute de précaution révèlent que celle-ci procède de la volonté souveraine de protéger l’environnement ou la santé. Ce qui détermine le sens et les portées de la faute de précaution, en fonction de ses conséquences, comme des questions inhérentes à l’imputabilité d’un préjudice. À l’instar de la séparation des pouvoirs et des compétences, le risque existant à titre juridique mais entaché d’incertitude scientifique quant à sa réalité et sa portée, est une notion centrale du droit de la responsabilité pour faute de précaution qui conduit à des utilisations dialectiques ou argumentatives du principe de précaution. La présente thèse propose une analyse critique du droit de la responsabilité pour faute de précaution, à partir de l’état actuel des connaissances scientifiques et doctrinales
Committed in disregard of the precautionary principle, the fault of precaution has not been enshrined in legal terms and has not been the subject of any in-depth study in public law. It is therefore a question of defining the characteristics of the precautionary fault, to identify the variants and invariants, taking into account the precautionary principle which, constituent of a standard, of a norm with constitutional, legislative, customary value, at the origin of multiple obligations, has different legal sources, written and unwritten, as the law of liability of public authorities, mainly case law. The characteristics and reception of the precautionary fault reveal that it comes from the sovereign will to protect the environment or health. What determines the meaning and scope of the fault of precaution in the light of its consequences, its legal and moral implications as questions inherent to the attributability of harm. Like the separation of powers, the existing legal risk tainted with scientific uncertainty as to its reality and scope, is a central notion of the law of liability which leads to rhetorical uses of the precautionary principle. This thesis provides a critical analysis of liability law for fault of precaution, based on the current state of scientific and doctrinal knowledge

Fréquente en droit pénal, jamais entreprise en droit civil ou en droit administratif, cette étude révèle l’abondante appréhension juridique de la notion de la provocation. Malgré cette richesse, aucune étude transversale n’a jamais été menée à son propos et cette notion demeure encore indéfinie. Il est pourtant apparu que, non seulement que la conceptualisation de la provocation était rendue souhaitable par son absence d’approche cohérente, mais encore que cette conceptualisation était parfaitement envisageable. A cette fin, une typologie des comportements de provocation, leur nature et leur caractérisation purent être établis. Puis, la dualité de la provocation, résultant de la nécessaire relation d’influence du provocateur sur la personne provoquée, commanda l’étude des manifestations de la provocation sur cette dernière. Il apparut, à cet égard, que la subjectivité du concept de provocation se confrontait fréquemment à l’objectivation croissante des responsabilités et expliquait, au moins en partie, le recul de son appréhension légale, notamment en droit pénal. Dès lors, cette conceptualisation s’est heurtée à de sérieuses difficultés, tant définitionnelles que conceptuelles, de notions afférentes à la provocation et inhérentes à la responsabilité, telles que la culpabilité, la volonté, l’intention, l’imputabilité ou encore la causalité et l’imputation. Sans prétendre à un renouvellement de la théorie de la responsabilité, des clarifications de ces notions se sont avérées un préalable nécessaire au travail de conceptualisation de la provocation et à son application pratique. Enfin, au constat d’une nature éminemment subjective de la provocation, s’est naturellement imposé celui d’un régime spécifique. Le régime de la provocation, à l’instar de sa nature, se révèle dual : il engage ou atténue la responsabilité selon que la personne envisagée est provoquée ou provocateur. Spécifique, dual et subjectif, le régime juridique de la provocation en révèlera l’ampleur et lui assurera une pleine effectivité
Common in criminal law, never undertaken in civil law or in administrative law, this research shows the wide legal approach of the notion of provocation. Despite this richness, no transverse study has never been done about it. Moreover, this notion remains undefined. Nevertheless, not only the conceptualisation of provocation has been necessary, owing to the absence of coherence regarding its approach, but this conceptualisation was also not perfectly conceivable.To that purpose, the typology of provocation’s behaviours, its nature and characterisation were able to be set up. Then, the duality of provocation, which is the result of the essential influence’s relation of the provoker on the provoked person, required studying expressions of the provocation on the one who is incited. Regarding this matter, it seemed the subjectivity of the concept of provocation often faced with the increasing objectivation of liabilities and explained, at least partially, the decline of its legal approach, in particular in criminal law. Therefore, the conceptualisation of the provocation was confronted to serious difficulties, regarding both the definition and the concept, of notions relating to provocation and inherent in the legal responsibility, such as culpability, will, intention, accountability or the causal link and imputation as well. Without expecting a total renewal of the notions belonging to the theory of liability, a clarification of these ones seems to be a necessary precondition for the conceptualisation of provocation and its practical application. Eventually, to the finding of an eminently subjective nature of provocation, must be added the one of a special legal regime. The regime of provocation, following the example of its nature, turns out to be dual: it involves or reduces the legal responsibility depending on the person charged is the provoked or the provoker. Special, dual and subjective, the legal regime of the provocation will point out its extent and assure it of real efficiency

Dispersal is commonly defined as the movement of an individual from its natal orprevious breeding site to a new breeding site. Because dispersal involves movements ofindividuals and genes among populations, it is recognized as a key life history trait withstrong effects on many ecological and evolutionary processes such as populationdynamics and genetics but also species spatial distribution or response to brutalenvironmental variations induced by human activities. Yet, the consequences of dispersalin terms of individual fitness remain poorly understood despite their crucial importance inthe understanding of the evolution of dispersal. The aim of this PhD is to get betterinsights in the fitness consequences of dispersal using both correlative and experimentalapproaches at different scales, i.e. annual and lifetime scales, in a wild patchy populationof migratory passerine bird, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). Using a long-termdata set encompasses more than 20 years of data, differences between dispersing andphilopatric individuals were demonstrated both at a lifetime and annual scale. The resultsshowed strong phenotypic- and condition-dependent effects of dispersal and highlightthat the balance between the costs and benefits of dispersal is likely to be the result ofsubtle interactions between environmental factors and individuals’ phenotype. Moreover,the forced dispersal experiment demonstrated that dispersal might entail costs link tosettlement in a new habitat, which only some individuals may overcome. Nevertheless,the absence of difference in major fitness related decisions after settlement suggests thatdispersal is mostly adaptive for individuals overcome such costs.Key words: dispersal, fitness, collared flycatcher, dispersal costs and benefits,experimental approach, correlative approach, passerine.

Joint PhD Uppsala, Lyon

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 12 Dec 2003.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2048" Stavroula Foteinopoulou. 12/12/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prix
The purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application

Alors que le contentieux des produits de santé n'a jamais été aussi fourni, l'application du régime spécial de responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux issu de la directive européenne du 25 juillet 1985, entraîne l'émergence d'un certain nombre d'incertitudes qui affectent directement le sort des demandes en réparation. Les incertitudes matérielles ont, pour la plupart reçu un traitement efficace par l'action conjuguée de la jurisprudence et du législateur. Si les outils juridiques traditionnels, tels que les présomptions ou la causalité alternative, ont permis de résoudre une partie non négligeable de ces incertitudes, les juges se sont également attachés à développer des outils nouveaux comme la balance bénéfice/risque ou encore la répartition de l'obligation à la dette selon les parts de marché. Cependant, si le développement de ces outils juridiques, plus adaptés aux spécificités des produits de santé, a permis d'apporter une solution efficace aux incertitudes matérielles, le traitement de l'incertitude scientifique, fondé sur les présomptions du fait de l'homme, n'apporte, toujours pas, de solutions satisfaisantes. L'étude du traitement des incertitudes dans le contentieux des produits de santé défectueux permet d'apprécier les acquis mais également les limites atteintes par l'utilisation de certains outils mis à la disposition des juges et qui se révèlent parfois inadaptés. L'intervention du législateur et la prise en compte des spécificités des produits de santé, permettraient de développer un système d'indemnisation adapté qui interviendrait de façon subsidiaire en cas d'échec de la voie contentieuse
At a time when healthcare-product litigation is attaining record heights, the implementation into French law of the special liability regime for defective products, which derives from the European Council Directive of 25 July 1985, has led to the emergence of several grey areas of uncertainty which have a direct impact on the outcome of claims for compensation. Areas of material uncertainty have, for the most part, been effectively dealt with through the combined application of case law and the intervention of the legislator. While classic legal tools such as presumption and alternative causality provide a means to resolve a non-negligible part of these uncertainties, judges have also endeavoured to develop new tools, such as risk/utility test and market-share liability. Still, although the development of these legal tools - better suited as they are to the specific features of healthcare products - provide an effective solution to resolving areas of material uncertainty, the treatment of scientific uncertainty, which is based on presumptions of fact, does not always provide satisfactory solutions. The study of the legal treatment of uncertainty in healthcare-product litigation provides a means to assess the benefits but also the limitations of certain tools that are now available to judges but which at times prove inadequate. Intervention on the part of the legislator, while at the same time taking into account the specific features of healthcare products, could lead to the development of a suitable compensation system that could afford relief when litigation fails

Le coauteur est traditionnellement défini en droit pénal comme l’individu qui, agissant avec un autre, réunit sur sa tête l’ensemble des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Pourtant, il est permis de douter de la pertinence de cette affirmation tant la jurisprudence comme la doctrine en dévoient le sens.En réalité, loin d’être cantonnée à une simple juxtaposition d’actions, la coaction doit être appréhendée comme un mode à part entière de participation à l’infraction. En effet, elle apparaît comme un titre d’imputation à mi-chemin entre l’action et la complicité, auxquelles elle emprunte certains caractères. Autrement dit, elle se révèle être un mode de participation à sa propre infraction. Surtout, son particularisme est assuré par l’interdépendance unissant les coauteurs : parce que chacun s’associe à son alter ego, tous sont placés sur un pied d’égalité. Ces différents éléments, qui se retrouvent dans sa notion et dans son régime, permettent ainsi d’affirmer la spécificité de la coaction tout en renforçant la cohérence entre les différents modes de participation criminelle
In criminal law, the co-perpetrator is classically presented as an individual who, acting jointly with another, gathers all the constitutive elements of the offence. However, one may harbor doubts concerning the relevance of this assertion since both case law and legal scholars denature its meaning.Actually, far from being limited to a mere juxtaposition of perpetrations, co-perpetration must be understood as a full mode of participation in the offence. Indeed, it appears as a form of imputation halfway between perpetration and complicity, from which it borrows some characteristics. In other words, it proves to be a mode of participation in one’s own offence. Above all, its particularism is provided by the interdependence between the co-perpetrators : because each of them joins forces with his alter ego, all are placed on an equal footing. These elements, which are found both in it’s concept and in it’s regime, demonstrate thereby the specificity of co-perpetration while strengthening the coherence of the different modes of criminal participation

Le coauteur est traditionnellement défini en droit pénal comme l’individu qui, agissant avec un autre, réunit sur sa tête l’ensemble des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Pourtant, il est permis de douter de la pertinence de cette affirmation tant la jurisprudence comme la doctrine en dévoient le sens.En réalité, loin d’être cantonnée à une simple juxtaposition d’actions, la coaction doit être appréhendée comme un mode à part entière de participation à l’infraction. En effet, elle apparaît comme un titre d’imputation à mi-chemin entre l’action et la complicité, auxquelles elle emprunte certains caractères. Autrement dit, elle se révèle être un mode de participation à sa propre infraction. Surtout, son particularisme est assuré par l’interdépendance unissant les coauteurs : parce que chacun s’associe à son alter ego, tous sont placés sur un pied d’égalité. Ces différents éléments, qui se retrouvent dans sa notion et dans son régime, permettent ainsi d’affirmer la spécificité de la coaction tout en renforçant la cohérence entre les différents modes de participation criminelle
In criminal law, the co-perpetrator is classically presented as an individual who, acting jointly with another, gathers all the constitutive elements of the offence. However, one may harbor doubts concerning the relevance of this assertion since both case law and legal scholars denature its meaning.Actually, far from being limited to a mere juxtaposition of perpetrations, co-perpetration must be understood as a full mode of participation in the offence. Indeed, it appears as a form of imputation halfway between perpetration and complicity, from which it borrows some characteristics. In other words, it proves to be a mode of participation in one’s own offence. Above all, its particularism is provided by the interdependence between the co-perpetrators : because each of them joins forces with his alter ego, all are placed on an equal footing. These elements, which are found both in it’s concept and in it’s regime, demonstrate thereby the specificity of co-perpetration while strengthening the coherence of the different modes of criminal participation

A presente dissertação visa o estudo do dano consequencial. O objetivo passa por elucidar se o conceito, tal como definido no direito comparado, tem aplicabilidade à luz das normas legais vigentes no nosso ordenamento. Através da investigação das abordagens existentes na jurisprudência e doutrina, conclui-se que estamos perante um tema elusivo, suscetível de abarcar diferentes resultados. O estudo indica que a sua aplicação no direito comparado é ferida de diversas dúvidas e revela que o emprego da (nossa) teoria da causalidade adequada pode assinalar resultados mais eficazes. Numa pretensão de contribuição útil e conveniente para o universo jurídico hodierno, daremos algumas sugestões no sentido de evitar resultados indesejados aquando da sua previsão contratual.
The present dissertation aims at the study of consequential damage. The objective is to elucidate whether the concept, as defined in comparative law, has applicability considering the legal norms in force in our law. Through the investigation of existing approaches in jurisprudence and doctrine, we conclude that we are dealing with an elusive theme, capable of embracing different results. The study indicates that its application in comparative law is fraught with various doubts and reveals that the use of (our) theory of adequate causality may signal more effective results. In an attempt to contribute useful and convenient to the legal universe today, we will give some suggestions to avoid unwanted results in the contractual provision.

The issue of causality in the suits for damages The subject of this thesis is the issue of causality in disputes relating to compensation for damage to health. Causation is a considerably miscellaneous institute, therefore, this paper deals with various aspects of this topic and its context. The writing focuses on cases in which damage was caused to health through providing health services, as this legal field is characterized by many specifics from other areas of liability. Firstly, the thesis aims at explanation of the concept of causation, its importance and development not only in law but also in other areas of human activity. Subsequently, the attention is focused on the significance of causation in law; after theories of causation are compared, its substantial features are described in comparison to the other elements of liability. Consequently, the work concentrates on processes through which the causal link is determined, on the selection of relevant causes and consequences and the relationship between them in cases involving their plurality. It does not forget to mention the importance of causation in the context of strict liability, particularly in its specific cases relating to the provision of health services. The core of this work is the issue of causation in disputes in which the...

Yes
This paper evaluates the importance of trade in goods when modelling demand for tourism. It is argued that the limited literature testing causality between trade in goods and tourism does not consider the appropriate variables. This study utilises bilateral data for 16 UK tourist destinations in order to test Granger causality between trade in goods and tourism expenditure. UK imports, exports and total trade are tested separately, whilst controlling for real GDP and real bilateral exchange rates. The novelty of this paper is the variable specification, as well as testing the causal relationship for the case of UK outgoing tourists. Our findings suggest a causal relationship between the tourism expenditure of UK residents and trade in goods. These results support the inclusion of a trade in goods variable when estimating tourism demand, as well as adopting appropriate methodologies to account for this causal relationship. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the trade-tourism link is important for both the UK and host countries.