Articoli di riviste: "Cattle Physiology"

1

Allen Garverick, H., e Michael F. Smith. "Female Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology of Cattle". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 9, n. 2 (luglio 1993): 223–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30643-5.

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Beagley, J. C., K. J. Whitman, K. E. Baptiste e J. Scherzer. "Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, n. 2 (marzo 2010): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0473.x.

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Loor, Juan J., Massimo Bionaz e James K. Drackley. "Systems Physiology in Dairy Cattle: Nutritional Genomics and Beyond". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103728.

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Bova, Toree L., Ludovica Chiavaccini, Garrett F. Cline, Caitlin G. Hart, Kelli Matheny, Ashleigh M. Muth, Benjamin E. Voelz, Darrel Kesler e Erdoğan Memili. "Environmental stressors influencing hormones and systems physiology in cattle". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 12, n. 1 (2014): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-12-58.

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Sha, Yuzhu, Jiang Hu, Bingang Shi, Renqing Dingkao, Jiqing Wang, Shaobin Li, Wei Zhang, Yuzhu Luo e Xiu Liu. "Characteristics and Functions of the Rumen Microbial Community of Cattle-Yak at Different Ages". BioMed Research International 2020 (4 marzo 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3482692.

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A cattle-yak, which is a hybrid between a yak (Bos grunniens) and cattle (Bos taurus), is an important livestock animal, but basic questions regarding its physiology and environmental adaptation remain unanswered. To address this issue, the present study examined the species composition and functional characteristics of rumen microorganisms in the cattle-yak of different ages (2 and 3 years old) by metagenomic analysis. We found that rumen microbial community composition was similar at the two ages. Firmicutes, Fibrobacteres, Euryarchaeota, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla, with Firmicutes accounting for the highest percentage of bacteria in 2-year-old (48%) and 3-year-old (46%) animals. Bacterial species involved in lignocellulose degradation were detected in the rumen of adult cattle-yaks including Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Prevotella ruminicola, with F. succinogenes being the most abundant. A total of 145,489 genes were annotated according to the Carbohydrate-active Enzyme database, which identified glycoside hydrolases as the most highly represented enzyme family. Further functional annotation revealed specific microflora and genes in the adult rumen that are potentially related to plateau adaptability. These results could explain the heterosis of the cattle-yak and provide insight into mechanisms of physiologic adaptation in plateau animals.

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Baylis, M., e C. O. Nambiro. "The effect of cattle infection by Trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes". Parasitology 106, n. 4 (maggio 1993): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067093.

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SUMMARYAn incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The numbers of fed and unfed Glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. There was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to G. pallidipes. However, the feeding success of G. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75 % greater than on uninfected cattle. This suggests that certain effects of T. congolense on cattle behaviour or physiology act to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite by increasing the feeding success of the vector. The nature of the effects of T. congolense on cattle which caused this result is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed.

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Santos, Jep, RS Bisinotto, ES Ribeiro, FS Lima, LF Greco, CR Staples e WW Thatcher. "Applying nutrition and physiology to improve reproduction in dairy cattle". Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants 7, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2010): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5661/rdr-vii-387.

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Indarjulianto, Soedarmanto, Alrarisa Nururrozi, Dwi Sunu Datrianto, Tan Yun Fen, Topas Wicaksono Priyo Jr e Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan. "Physiology Value of Breath, Pulse and Body Temperature of Cattle". BIO Web of Conferences 49 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224901007.

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Body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate are required as the basis for determining the health status of cows. This study aims to measure the respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature of healthy beef cattle. A total of 25 mixed-breed beef cattle aged more than 1.5 years were used in this study. All cows were physically examined, their breath, and pulse frequency per minute were calculated, and their body temperature was measured by measuring rectal and vaginal temperature. The results showed that all the cows examined were in good health, characterized by a good appetite, and had normal activities. Cows had a respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute with an average of 32.6 ± 6.8 times/minute, and a pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute with an average of 84.2 ± 5.4 times/minute. Measurement of body temperature of cows per vagina was 37.9 ‒ 39.4 °C with a mean of 38.53 ± 0.42 °C, while per rectal showed 37.7 ‒ 39.2 °C with a mean of 38.49 ± 0.38 °C. The results of temperature measurements using the two methods did not show a significant difference. It was concluded that the respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute, pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute, and body temperature of 37.7 ‒ 39.4°C were the physiological parameters of the healthy mixed-breed cow.

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Hwang, S., N. J. Lee, J. S. Hwang, B. C. Yang, G. S. Im, Y. G. Ko, E. W. Park, S. B. Park, J. K. Kang e H. H. Seong. "Effects of cloned-cattle meat on reproductive physiology in rats". Animal 4, n. 2 (2010): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109990966.

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McCool, Colin. "Buffalo and Bali cattle—Exploiting their reproductive behaviour and physiology". Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02359609.

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Yang, Yu, Shuling Yang, Jia Tang, Gang Ren, Jiafei Shen, Bizhi Huang, Chuzhao Lei, Hong Chen e Kaixing Qu. "Comparisons of Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Brahman and Yunling Cattle". Animals 12, n. 14 (15 luglio 2022): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141813.

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Brahman cattle are tolerant to parasite challenges and heat stress. Yunling cattle are three-way hybrids that are half Brahman cattle, a fourth Murray Grey cattle and a fourth Yunnan Yellow cattle, with good beef performance. The hematological and biochemical parameters can reflect the physiology and metabolic conditions of cattle, and there are valuable indicators of production performance and adaptability that can be found by studying the cattle. To assess the health status and differences, we compared 55 hematological and biochemical parameters of 28 Brahman cattle and 65 Yunling cattle using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Our results showed that 27 hematological and biochemical indices of Brahman cattle were lower than those of Yunling cattle, whereas the other parameters were higher. There are 20 indices with significant differences that were detected between Brahman and Yunling cattle (with p ≤ 0.01 or 0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05, respectively), and no significant differences were found for other indices (p > 0.05). Based on these results, Yunling cattle may have a better physical condition than Brahman cattle, may be better at adapting to local environments, and can maintain a good production and reproduction performance. As a new breed that is half Brahman, the abilities of Yunling cattle, including adaptability, stress resistance and tolerance to crude feed, were better than Brahman cattle under the same management conditions.

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Torres-Lechuga, María Elena, e Juan González-Maldonado. "Ultrasonografía y descripción fisiológica de eventos esenciales para el manejo reproductivo en ganado lechero. Revisión". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 13, n. 2 (16 maggio 2022): 452–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v13i2.5789.

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The ultrasound allows to visualize the female reproductive tract and helps to understand some of the most relevant reproductive events such as follicular and corpus luteum development, ovulation, pregnancy diagnosis, uterine infections, embryo and fetal growth, among others. Nowadays, there is a massive amount of information regarding the physiology and ultrasonography of the reproductive events mentioned above. However, the overwhelming number of available papers review technical aspects of ultrasonography, physiology and reproductive management separately. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to merge a physiological description with reproductive management and technical aspects of original ultrasound pictures of the most relevant reproductive events in dairy cattle to promote ultrasound use during dairy cattle reproductive management by practitioners and researchers.

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Wu, B. J., A. J. Hulbert, L. H. Storlien e P. L. Else. "Membrane lipids and sodium pumps of cattle and crocodiles: an experimental test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, n. 3 (settembre 2004): R633—R641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2003.

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The influence of membrane lipid composition on the molecular activity of a major membrane protein (the sodium pump) was examined as a test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism. Microsomal membranes from the kidneys of cattle (Bos taurus) and crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) were found to possess similar sodium pump concentrations, but cattle membranes showed a four- to fivefold higher enzyme (Na+-K+-ATPase) activity when measured at 37°C. The molecular activity of the sodium pumps (ATP/min) from both species was fully recoverable when delipidated pumps were reconstituted with membrane from the original source (same species). The results of experiments involving species membrane crossovers showed cattle sodium pump molecular activity to progressively decrease from 3,245 to 1,953 ( P < 0.005) to 1,031 ( P < 0.003) ATP/min when subjected to two cycles of delipidation and reconstitution with crocodile membrane as a lipid source. In contrast, the molecular activity of crocodile sodium pumps progressively increased from 729 to 908 ( P < 0.01) to 1,476 ( P = 0.01) ATP/min when subjected to two cycles of delipidation and reconstitution with cattle membrane as a lipid source. The lipid composition of the two membrane preparations showed similar levels of saturated (∼31–34%) and monounsaturated (∼23–25%) fatty acids. Cattle membrane had fourfold more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.2 vs. 2.9%) but had a reduced n-6 polyunsaturate content (29 vs. 43%). The results support the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism and suggest membrane lipids and their polyunsaturates play a significant role in determining the molecular activity of the sodium pump.

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Beal, W. E., R. C. Perry e L. R. Corah. "The use of ultrasound in monitoring reproductive physiology of beef cattle". Journal of Animal Science 70, n. 3 (1 marzo 1992): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.703924x.

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Schütz, K. E., A. R. Rogers, N. R. Cox, J. R. Webster e C. B. Tucker. "Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: Effects on behavior and physiology". Journal of Dairy Science 94, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3608.

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Kornyat, S. B. "Vadym Yanovych — Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor (1930–2011)". Animal Biology 22, n. 3 (settembre 2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.03.018.

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A short essay on the biography and creative path of Vadym Yanovych to the 90th anniversary of his birth is presented. Due to his personal abilities and great perseverance and ability to work, the ability to unite around him scientists and specialists V. G. Yanovych became a famous organizer of biological and agricultural sciences, prepared a group of scientists and headed the school of physiologists and biochemists on individual animal development. Yanovych Vadym Heorhiyovych was born on December 16, 1930 in the village of Komarivka, Volodarsko-Volynsky (now Khoroshivsky) district, Zhytomyr region. From 1962 to 1965 he was a graduate student of the Laboratory of Age Physiology and Biochemistry of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Farm Animals. V. G. Yanovych research concerns the study of ontogenetic features of lipid, fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in organs and tissues of cattle and pigs; ontogenetic features of lipid and protein metabolism in the created cattle and pigs, development of scientific basic lipid nutrition pigs, cattle, poultry and fish; study of the regularity of quantitative use of amino acids in the synthesis of proteins, lipids, glucose, glycogen and energy processes in the tissues of cattle and rats, given the lipogenic role of amino acids in organs and tissues of animals.

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Torr, S. J., T. N. C. Mangwiro e D. R. Hall. "The effects of host physiology on the attraction of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) and Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) to cattle". Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, n. 1 (febbraio 2006): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005404.

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AbstractIn Zimbabwe, studies were made of the numbers of tsetse (Glossina spp.) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) attracted to cattle of different nutritional status, age and sex. Host odours were analysed to determine the physiological basis of these differences and improved methods are described for measuring rates of production of kairomones. Seasonal fluctuations in host weight, related to changes in pasture quality, had no significant effect on attraction of tsetse or Stomoxys. However, both attraction to different individuals and carbon dioxide production by these individuals were strongly correlated with weight, suggesting a possible link. Attraction to the odour from different types of cattle decreased in the order ox > cow > heifer > calf, and oxen were twice as attractive as calves of less than 12 months old. Lactation did not alter the relative attractiveness of cows. Calves less than six months old produced lower levels of carbon dioxide, acetone, octenol and phenols than oxen, but for older calves and cows, levels of production of known kairomones and repellents were similar to those of an ox. Carbon dioxide produced by cattle varied according to time of day and the animal's weight; cattle weighing 500 kg produced carbon dioxide at a mean rate of 2.0 l min−1 in the morning and 2.8 l min−1 in the afternoon compared to respective rates of 1.1 and 1.9 l min−1 for cattle weighing 250 kg. Artificially adjusting the doses of carbon dioxide produced by individual cattle to make them equivalent did not remove significant differences in attractiveness for tsetse but did for Stomoxys. Increasing the dose of carbon dioxide from 1 to 4 l min−1 in a synthetic blend of identified kairomones simulating those produced by a single ox, increased attractiveness to tsetse but not to the level of an ox. The results suggest that the main sources of differences in the attractiveness of individual cattle are likely to be variation in the production of carbon dioxide and, for tsetse, other unidentified kairomone(s). The biological and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Blair-West, J. R., D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley e R. S. Weisinger. "Angiotensin-related sodium appetite and thirst in cattle". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, n. 2 (1 agosto 1988): R205—R211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.2.r205.

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Cows depleted of Na by loss of saliva from a parotid fistula for 46 h had an avid appetite for Na solution. They drank 21.0 +/- 1.6 liter of 0.3 M NaHCO3-NaCl solution during 2 h of access but little or no water during that time. Solutions of angiotensin II or captopril were infused for 3 h intravenously or into a lateral ventricle (intracerebroventricular) beginning 1 h before access to Na solution. Intravenous angiotensin II increased Na intake (to 26.8 +/- 2.9 liter, P less than 0.01) but did not alter water intake. Intracerebroventricular angiotensin II increased water intake but did not alter Na intake. Intravenous captopril reduced Na intake (to 11.0 +/- 2.1 liter, P less than 0.001) and concurrent intravenous angiotensin II prevented the reduction but concurrent intracerebroventricular angiotensin II did not. Intracerebroventricular captopril did not alter Na or water intake. Intravenous captopril reduced to zero the water intake during the hour before Na access, and concurrent intravenous angiotensin II prevented that reduction also. The dipsogenic action of intracerebroventricular angiotensin II was potentiated by intravenous captopril. The results of these experiments suggest that if angiotensin II receptors involved in the mechanism regulating Na appetite are in the brain, they are accessible only from the blood, e.g., in circumventricular organs. Thirst was inhibited by reduction of angiotensin II in blood but was stimulated only by angiotensin II acting inside the blood-brain barrier.

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Diel, Florian, Elke Rauch, Rupert Palme, Carola Sauter-Louis e Eva Zeiler. "Exploring the Evacuation of Dairy Cattle at Night in Collaboration with the Fire Brigade: How to Prepare Openings for Swift Rescue in Case of Barn Fire". Animals 12, n. 11 (25 maggio 2022): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12111344.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influencing factors of successfully rescuing year-round housed cattle in case of a barn fire. Empirical research indicates the reluctance of cattle to leave their familiar barn. Subsequent retreat back to the perceived safety inside, which stands in contrast to the unknown and thus adversary elements outside, for example, the fire brigade, is to be expected. We examined the evacuation of 69 dairy cattle, split into three groups, to an adjacent pasture by night and inspected the animals’ acceptance of two differently designed escape routes and the effect of preceding training. Along with the time needed for evacuating all animals, we measured faecal cortisol metabolites and daily milk yield to assess stress in the animals. Our preliminary assumption was that cattle trained for pasture would have a decisive advantage over untrained cattle. However, adapting the exits to the sensory physiology of the cattle resulted in an extensive impact on the animals’ readiness to leave the familiar housing, as the evacuation of the cattle non-habituated to the exit was comparatively quick and successful. We consider this study instructional for fire brigades and farmers, encouraging them to develop a customised concept for rescuing their cattle in case of an emergency.

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Xu, Chenping, e Beiquan Mou. "Short-term Effects of Composted Cattle Manure or Cotton Burr on Growth, Physiology, and Phytochemical of Spinach". HortScience 51, n. 12 (dicembre 2016): 1517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11099-16.

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Compost is increasingly used in horticultural crop production as soil conditioner and fertilizer because of its contribution to agriculture sustainability. The short-term (35 days after transplanting) effects of composted cattle manure or cotton burr on growth, physiology, and phytochemical of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Composted cattle manure at 5% or 10% mix rate (5Ca or 10Ca) greatly enhanced spinach growth as indicated by increased leaf number, area, fresh and dry weights (FW and DW), shoot FW and DW, and root DW. They also increased water use efficiency (WUE) and shoot:root ratio, and improved the photochemistry of mature leaves. Chlorophyll content also increased under 10Ca treatment. Composted cotton burr also improved spinach growth but only at 10% amendments (10Co), and was less efficient than composted cattle manure. Specific leaf area (SLA) decreased and succulence increased under all compost amendment indicating that compost could improve spinach quality. All soil amendments reduced the content of total phenolic and anthocyanin, while only 10Co and 5Ca treatments decreased flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity. The content of carotenoid and protein increased in 10Ca treatment and amino acid content increased under both 5Ca and 10Ca treatments. The results indicated that compost, especially composted cattle manure mixed at 10%, improved spinach production and quality, and with proper application rate enhanced nutritional value by increasing carotenoid, protein, and amino acid contents while having little effect on total antioxidant capacity.

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Mapletoft, Reuben, Pietro Baruselli e Gabriel Bó. "Physiology related to the use of eCG in beef and dairy cattle". SPERMOVA 12, n. 1 (31 luglio 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18548/aspe/0010.13.

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Equine chorionic gonatrophin (eCG) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein produced by endometrial cups in the mare. ECG has primarily LH activity in the mare, but has FSH or LH activity in the cow, depending on the recipient populations in the ovary. Although eCG has been used to induce superovulation in a variety of species, several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of eCG on fixed-time AI (IATF) programs in beef and dairy cattle, and embryo recipients. Under these circumstances, eCG has stimulated the development of the ovulatory dominant follicle and produced ovulation of a larger follicle, resulting in a larger and more functional LC and longer embryo survival. In suckling beef cows, 400 IU of eCG at the time of removal of a progesterone device resulted in increased conception rates after IATF,and in dairy cattle managed in pastoral systems, the eCG administration resulted in a significant increase in pregnancy rates, especially in cows in anestrus. In embryo recipients, treatment with eCG has resulted in increased pregnancy rates after embryo transfer. This presentation will review some of this data and explore strategies to use the potential benefits of eCG to improve bovine reproduction.

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Blair-West, J. R., D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley e R. S. Weisinger. "Sodium appetite and thirst in cattle subjected to dehydration". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, n. 5 (1 novembre 1989): R1212—R1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.5.r1212.

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Cows having free access to water (hydrated) or deprived of water for 26.5 h (dehydrated) were infused for 3 h with angiotensin II or captopril solutions intravenously (iv) or intracerebroventricularly (icv) beginning 1 h before access to 0.3 M NaHCO3/NaCl solution for 2 h. The results agree with the results of the experiments with the same agents and doses in Na-deficient cows. Only iv infusion of angiotensin II stimulated Na appetite and only icv infusion of angiotensin II stimulated thirst. Therefore, barriers to the penetration of angiotensin II in the brain determined the particular site of action and elicited response. Dehydration did not stimulate Na appetite and, as shown previously, Na deficiency did not stimulate thirst, but both behaviors seem to be influenced by angiotensin-related mechanisms in the brain. The inability of iv angiotensin II to stimulate Na appetite in hydrated cows might be explained by the lack of a response caused by, and common to, Na deficiency and dehydration, e.g., upregulation of angiotensin II receptors, or reduced extracellular fluid volume.

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Schütz, K. E., A. R. Rogers, Y. A. Poulouin, N. R. Cox e C. B. Tucker. "The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle". Journal of Dairy Science 93, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2416.

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Deters, E. L., e S. L. Hansen. "Long-distance transit alters liver and skeletal muscle physiology of beef cattle". animal 16, n. 6 (giugno 2022): 100555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100555.

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Galina, Carlos S., Agustin Orihuela e Arturo Duchateau. "Reproductive Physiology in Zebu Cattle: Unique Reproductive Aspects that Affect Their Performance". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 3, n. 3 (novembre 1987): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31134-8.

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Johnson, Bradley J., e Ki Yong Chung. "Alterations in the Physiology of Growth of Cattle with Growth-Enhancing Compounds". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 23, n. 2 (luglio 2007): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.05.003.

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Entwistle, K. W., L. J. Cummins, M. A. Hillard, J. E. Kinder, T. O'Shea, L. R. Piper, J. Thimonier e J. F. Wilkins. "Bernard Michael Bindon — reproductive physiologist, animal scientist, research leader". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, n. 2 (2006): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05222.

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This paper is a foreword to a series of papers commissioned on ‘the impact of science on the beef industry’, where the Beef CRC-related collaborative scientific work of Professor Bernard Michael Bindon will be reviewed. These papers will be presented in March 2006, as part of a ‘festschrift’ to recognise his wider contributions to the Australian livestock industries for over 40 years. Bindon’s career involved basic and applied research in many areas of reproductive physiology, genetics, immunology, nutrition, meat science and more recently genomics, in both sheep and cattle. Together with his collaborators, he made large contributions to animal science by improving the knowledge of mechanisms regulating reproductive functions and in elucidating the physiology and genetics of high fecundity livestock. His collaborative studies with many colleagues of the reproductive biology and genetics of the Booroola Merino were amongst the most extensive ever conducted on domestic livestock. He was instrumental in the development of immunological techniques to control ovulation rate and in examining the application of these and other techniques to increase beef cattle reproductive output. This paper tracks his investigations and achievements both within Australia and internationally. In the later stages of his career he was the major influence in attracting a large investment in Cooperative Research Centres for the Australian cattle industry, in which he directed a multi-disciplinary approach to investigate, develop and disseminate science and technology to improve commercial cattle productivity.

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Wyse, Jessica, Sajid Latif, Saliya Gurusinghe, Jeffrey McCormick, Leslie A. Weston e Cyril P. Stephen. "Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock". Animals 12, n. 19 (9 ottobre 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192709.

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Legume crops and pastures have a high economic value in Australia. However, legume species commonly used for grazing enterprises have been identified to produce high concentrations of phytoestrogens. These compounds are heterocyclic phenolic, and are similar in structure to the mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. The biological activity of the various phytoestrogen types; isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, are species-specific, although at concentrations of 25 mg/kg of dry matter each of the phytoestrogen types affect reproductive functions in grazing livestock. The impacts upon fertility in grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep, vary greatly over length of exposure time, age and health of animal and the stress stimuli the plant is exposed to. More recently, research into the other effects that phytoestrogens may have upon metabolism, immune capacity and growth and performance of grazing livestock has been conducted. Potential new benefits for using these phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, have been identified by observing the stimulation of production in lymphocytes and other antibody cells. Numerous isoflavones have also been recognized to promote protein synthesis, increase the lean meat ratio, and increase weight gain in cattle and sheep. In Australia, the high economic value of legumes as pasture crops in sheep and cattle production enterprises requires proactive management strategies to mitigate risk associated with potential loss of fertility associated with inclusion of pasture legumes as forages for grazing livestock.

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Jentsch, W., B. Piatkowski, M. Schweigel e M. Derno. "Quantitative results for methane production of cattle in Germany". Archives Animal Breeding 52, n. 6 (10 ottobre 2009): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-52-587-2009.

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Abstract. An extensive number of investigations on the energetic utilization efficiency of nutrients and feedstuffs by cattle were carried out in the former Oskar-Kellner-Institute (now the »Oskar Kellner« Research Unit of Nutritional Physiology at the Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals (FBN), Dummerstorf). The amounts of methane (CH4) that they produced were compiled and stratified with regard to various performances, dietary nutrient composition and nutrition levels. With increasing food intake and performance, an increase of CH4 emission per animal was observed. However, with increasing performance, a strong decrease of CH4 production per unit of product was determined. Altogether, the 12.74 million cattle in Germany produce 1.04 million tons of CH4 per year. This represents 1.25 % of the CH4 production of the 1.3 thousand million (UK)/billion (US) cattle in the world or 0.22 % of the total emission on the earth. As a greenhouse gas, CH4 from cattle worldwide and from cattle in Germany account for 3.5 % and 0.04 % of global warming, respectively. In addition, opportunities for a further reduction of enteric CH4 release are discussed.

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Colditz, I. G., D. M. Ferguson, P. L. Greenwood, V. J. Doogan, J. C. Petherick e R. J. Kilgour. "Regrouping unfamiliar animals in the weeks prior to slaughter has few effects on physiology and meat quality in Bos taurus feedlot steers". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, n. 7 (2007): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05114.

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The response of cattle to alterations in social groupings can lead to physiological changes that affect meat quality. Feedlot practices frequently lead to a proportion of cattle in a pen being drafted for slaughter with the balance retained for a further period until they meet market specifications. An ability to regroup such retained cattle for short periods without consequences for meat quality would facilitate efficient use of feedlot pen space. The current experiment examined the impact on physiological variables and meat quality of regrouped British breed steers 4, 2 or 1 week before dispatch for slaughter. There was little effect of regrouping cattle on physiological variables associated with stress responses. Physical assessment of meat quality indicated that regrouping steers 1 week before slaughter led to higher compression and a tendency for higher peak force values in animals from one genotype than in their respective controls (1.89 v. 1.71 ± 0.05 kg, P = 0.017); however, these assessments were not matched by changes in sensory perception of meat quality. Average daily gain during feedlot finishing was negatively related to the temperament measure and flight time. It was also associated with breed, white cell count, plasma cortisol and haemoglobin at the midpoint of the 70-day finishing period. The results confirm the impact of flight time on growth rate during feedlot finishing and that regrouping cattle less than 2 weeks before slaughter may reduce meat quality.

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Seneda, M. M., F. Morotti, A. F. Zangirolamo, N. C. da Silva, T. K. Sanches, W. Blaschi e T. R. R. Barreiros. "Antral follicle population in prepubertal and pubertal heifers". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, n. 1 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18344.

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Abstract (sommario):

The antral follicle count (AFC) is an important tool in the selection of bovine females destined for biotechnology. However, little is known about AFC in prepubertal and pubertal heifers. Some challenges inherent to the physiology of young females must be considered to achieve efficient rates with different procedures, such as ovum pick-up and IVF. This paper covers some important topics about ovarian physiology related to the population of antral follicles and reproductive efficiency in young female cattle.

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32

Burgstaller, Johann, Thomas Wittek, Nadine Sudhaus-Jörn e Beate Conrady. "Associations between Animal Welfare Indicators and Animal-Related Factors of Slaughter Cattle in Austria". Animals 12, n. 5 (5 marzo 2022): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050659.

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Abstract (sommario):

Three cattle welfare indicators (lameness, dirtiness, and abomasal disorders) were evaluated in 412 slaughter cattle in a cross-sectional study in Austria. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of lameness, dirtiness of slaughter cattle, and abomasal disorders; and (2) to determine the association between these welfare indicators and animal-related factors (e.g., housing type, carcass weight, transportation and waiting duration of the animals). The lameness prevalence was 0.73%, the abomasal disorders prevalence was 52.43%, and 88.59% of all cattle were contaminated. The latter result indicates that the cattle were kept in a dirty environment. The occurrence of abomasal disorders was associated with cattle housing systems (p ≤ 0.00) and slaughter weight (p = 0.03). The odds for abomasal disorders were 28.0 times higher for cattle housed on slatted flooring compared to cattle kept in a tethered system. The chance for occurrence of abomasal disorders was 3.6 times higher for cattle with a low carcass weight compared to cattle with a high carcass weight. Furthermore, significant associations were found between dirtiness (also referred to as cleanliness or contamination) and husbandry system, sex, and breed. Cattle housed in deep litter boxes had 40.8 times higher odds of being contaminated compared to cattle in a tethered housing system. Cows (odds: 32.9) and heifers (odds: 4.4) had higher odds of being contaminated with feces compared to bulls, whereby female calves (odds: 0.09) and male calves (odds: 0.02) had significantly lower odds of being contaminated. Furthermore, the breeds Brown Swiss (odds: 0.26) and Holstein-Friesian (odds: 0.14) had a significantly lower chance of being contaminated compared to Simmental cattle. Other collected factors, such as production system, transportation duration, life days of the cattle, average daily weight gain, carcass classification, and fat coverage, showed no association with the collected welfare indicators. The study presented here indicates that welfare indicators evaluated for slaughter cattle are suitable to assess cattle welfare, and improvements in husbandry may positively impact both the abomasal physiology and cleanliness of cattle.

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33

Supriyantono, A., Luqman Hakim, Suyadi Suyadi e Ismudiono Ismudiono. "PERFORMANSI SAPI BALI PADA TIGA DAERAH DI PROVINSI BALI". Berkala Penelitian Hayati 13, n. 2 (30 giugno 2008): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.13.2.20089.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aim of the research was to know qualitative and quantitative traits of Bali cattle at three different areas geographically (lowland, midland and highland) at Bali province whether there are deviations or not. Variation in coat colour and some description about phenotypic Bali cattle are the main aspect for qualitative trait whereas body weight, some statistical vital (height at hip, body lenght, heart girth) and reproduction traits (mating system, origin of sire, condition of physiology, service per conception, calving interval and days open) of Bali cattle are the main aspect for quantitative trait. Sample of Bali cattle was taken in Tabanan (midland), Pulukan (lowland) and Karang Asem (highland) area about 2 percent of the total population. Each trait was measured at different age group. The age for each cattle was based on permanent incicy (PI) wich divided into 5 PI (PI0, PI1, PI2, PI3, PI4). The qualitative traits were found by direct observation at the field together with measurement of quantitative traits, body weight and some statistical vital. The result showed that in general Bali cattle are sexually dimorphic spesies, with bull being dark chestnut brown and cow and juveniles reddish brown. Both sexes have white rump patches and leggings. Both sexes carry horns, although they are much heavier and larger in the males.Quantitatively, bali cattle in Pulukan are much smaller than any other area followed in lack reproduction traits.

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34

Sammad, Abdul, Ya Jing Wang, Saqib Umer, Hu Lirong, Imran Khan, Adnan Khan, Baseer Ahmad e Yachun Wang. "Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities". Animals 10, n. 5 (3 maggio 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050793.

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Abstract (sommario):

Higher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are severely jeopardized due to their low adaptability to hot conditions. Animal activates a variety of physiological, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms to cope with HS. Traditionally, decreased feed intake is considered as the major factor towards negative energy balance (NEBAL) leading to a decline in milk production. However, reciprocal changes related to insulin; glucose metabolism; failure of adipose mobilization; and skeletal muscle metabolism have appeared to be the major culprits behind HS specific NEBAL. There exists high insulin activity and glucose become preferential energy fuel. Physiological biochemistry of the heat stressed cows is characterized by low-fat reserves derived NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) response, despite high energy demands. Besides these, physiological and gut-associated changes and poor feeding practices can further compromise the welfare and production of the heat-stressed cows. Better understanding of HS specific nutritional physiology and metabolic biochemistry of the dairy cattle will primarily help to devise practical interventions in this context. Proper assessment of the HS in cattle and thereby applying relevant cooling measures at dairy seems to be the basic mitigation approach. Score of the nutritional strategies be applied in the eve of HS should target supporting physiological responses of abatement and fulfilling the deficiencies possessed, such as water and minerals. Second line of abatement constitutes proper feeding, which could augment metabolic activities and synergizes energy support. The third line of supplemental supports should be directed towards modulating the metabolic (propionates, thiazolidinediones, dietary buffers, probiotics, and fermentates) and antioxidant responses (vitamins). Comprehensive understanding of the energetic metabolism dynamics under the impact of incremental heat load and complete outlook of pros and cons of the dietary ameliorating substances together with the discovery of the newer relevant supplementations constitutes the future avenues in this context.

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35

Pohler, Ky, Sydney T. Reese, Gessica Aruajo Franco, Ramiro Oliveira Filho, Lohana Fernandez Montero, Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo e Ana Moraes. "39 Reproductive challenges of cattle adapted to tropical and subtropical environments". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (dicembre 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.068.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract In the coming decades, tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including southern United States, southeast Asia, India, parts of Africa and Central and South America, will experience both the greatest increases in population and demands for beef. Potential for expansion of beef production in these areas is considerable due to abundance and low cost of forages that are a non-competitive food source for humans; however, research efforts must emphasize cattle efficiency to maximize sustainability of the cattle industry. Raising tropically adapted cattle in these regions present unique opportunities and challenges that differ from strategies used in production of the predominant B. taurus cattle common in temperate regions of the globe. Despite the physiological differences between B. taurus and B. indicus cattle including reproductive physiology, nutritional requirements, social behavior, digestive system, and body composition, strategies developed in B. taurus cattle are commonly used for B. indicus production. Hence, a fundamental step to meet the increasing global demand for protein while addressing environmental stewardship is to identify these physiological, social and nutrient requirement differences to develop, and disseminate management practices tailored to optimizing production efficiency of B. indicus-influenced cattle reared in subtropical/tropical regions of the planet. From a reproductive management perspective, tropically adapted cattle present several challenges including increased age at puberty, increased postpartum anestrous period and managed in an extensive system. Additionally, reproductive failures post pregnancy establishment are known to be greater in B. indicus cattle in tropical/subtropical regions, although the exact reasons for this outcome have not been identified and addressed. This talk will focus on recent research and strategies aimed at mitigating the impacts of reproductive inefficiency in tropically adapted cattle.

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36

Farin, C. E., W. T. Farmer e P. W. Farin. "Pregnancy recognition and abnormal offspring syndrome in cattle". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, n. 1 (2010): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09217.

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Abstract (sommario):

Development of the post-hatching conceptus in ruminants involves a period of morphological expansion that is driven by complex interactions between the conceptus and its intrauterine environment. As a result of these interactions, endometrial physiology is altered, leading to establishment of the pregnancy and continued development of the placenta. Disruption of normal fetal and placental development can occur when embryos are exposed to manipulations in vitro or when inappropriate endocrine sequencing occurs in vivo during the pre- and peri-implantation periods. The present review addresses the development of the post-hatching bovine conceptus, its interactions with the maternal system and changes in development that can occur as a result of in vivo and in vitro manipulations of the bovine embryo.

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37

Mourkas, Evangelos, Aidan J. Taylor, Guillaume Méric, Sion C. Bayliss, Ben Pascoe, Leonardos Mageiros, Jessica K. Calland et al. "Agricultural intensification and the evolution of host specialism in the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 20 (4 maggio 2020): 11018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917168117.

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Modern agriculture has dramatically changed the distribution of animal species on Earth. Changes to host ecology have a major impact on the microbiota, potentially increasing the risk of zoonotic pathogens being transmitted to humans, but the impact of intensive livestock production on host-associated bacteria has rarely been studied. Here, we use large isolate collections and comparative genomics techniques, linked to phenotype studies, to understand the timescale and genomic adaptations associated with the proliferation of the most common food-born bacterial pathogen (Campylobacter jejuni) in the most prolific agricultural mammal (cattle). Our findings reveal the emergence of cattle specialist C. jejuni lineages from a background of host generalist strains that coincided with the dramatic rise in cattle numbers in the 20th century. Cattle adaptation was associated with horizontal gene transfer and significant gene gain and loss. This may be related to differences in host diet, anatomy, and physiology, leading to the proliferation of globally disseminated cattle specialists of major public health importance. This work highlights how genomic plasticity can allow important zoonotic pathogens to exploit altered niches in the face of anthropogenic change and provides information for mitigating some of the risks posed by modern agricultural systems.

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38

Alves, José Romero Alexandre, Thiago Antunes Adriano de Andrade, Daniel de Medeiros Assis, Thyago Araújo Gurjão, Lídio Ricardo Bezerra de Melo e Bonifácio Benício de Souza. "Productive and reproductive performance, behavior and physiology of cattle under heat stress conditions". Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 5, n. 3 (luglio 2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26667/2318-1265jabb.v5n3p91-96.

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39

Thatcher, William W. "A 100-Year Review: Historical development of female reproductive physiology in dairy cattle". Journal of Dairy Science 100, n. 12 (dicembre 2017): 10272–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13399.

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40

Alves, José Romero Alexandre, Thiago Antunes Adriano de Andrade, Daniel de Medeiros Assis, Thyago Araújo Gurjão, Lídio Ricardo Bezerra de Melo e Bonifácio Benício de Souza. "Productive and reproductive performance, behavior and physiology of cattle under heat stress conditions". Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology 5, n. 3 (2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/2318-1265jabb.v5n3p91-96.

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41

Cardoso, F. "057 The transition period in dairy cattle, physiology, and nutritional consideration, an overview". Journal of Animal Science 95, suppl_2 (1 marzo 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.057.

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42

Foote, Robert H. "Review: Dairy Cattle Reproductive Physiology Research and Management—Past Progress and Future Prospects". Journal of Dairy Science 79, n. 6 (giugno 1996): 980–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76449-4.

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43

Butler, W. R. "Review: Effect of Protein Nutrition on Ovarian and Uterine Physiology in Dairy Cattle". Journal of Dairy Science 81, n. 9 (settembre 1998): 2533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)70146-8.

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44

Evans, Alexander C. O., e Siobhan W. Walsh. "The physiology of multifactorial problems limiting the establishment of pregnancy in dairy cattle". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, n. 1 (2012): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11912.

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Abstract (sommario):

The failure of cows to successfully establish pregnancy after insemination is an important limiting factor for the efficiency of dairy production systems. The physiological reasons for this are many and pertain to the post partum and early pregnancy periods. Cows that suffer severe negative energy balance after parturition are prone to diseases (including uterine infection) that are, in part, explained by reduced function of the immune system, having negative consequences for subsequent fertility. In high-producing dairy cows, the duration and intensity of oestrus is low as a consequence of low circulating oestradiol concentrations, and after insemination, high embryo mortality is the single biggest factor reducing calving rates. Embryo mortality occurs as consequences of poor oocyte quality (probably caused by the adverse metabolic environment) and by poor maternal uterine environment (probably caused by carry-over effects of uterine infection and low circulating progesterone concentrations). Immediate improvements in the fertility of lactating cows on many farms can be achieved by applying existing knowledge, but longer-term sustained improvement will require additional knowledge in many areas including the physiology of the tissues that contribute to reproduction.

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45

Park, Rachel M., Kelsey M. Schubach, Reinaldo F. Cooke, Andy D. Herring, Jenny S. Jennings e Courtney L. Daigle. "Impact of a cattle brush on feedlot steer behavior, productivity and stress physiology". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 228 (luglio 2020): 104995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104995.

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46

Nevard, Rory P., Sameer D. Pant, John C. Broster, Scott T. Norman e Cyril P. Stephen. "Maternal Behavior in Beef Cattle: The Physiology, Assessment and Future Directions—A Review". Veterinary Sciences 10, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010010.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bovine maternal behavior is known to be influenced by a variety of factors including hormonal mediation, breed, age, parity, host genetics and general management practices. Following centuries of varying levels of domestication processes, the behavior of the bovine cow has altered from that of her original wild ungulate ancestors, although many maternal instincts have remained unchanged. The influence of maternal behavior on calf health and performance is of interest to cow-calf beef production operations, as in most instances, the cow is solely responsible for rearing the calf until weaning. However, investigating the magnitude of this influence is challenging, in part because objective measurement of behavioral traits is difficult, particularly in extensive settings. In recent years, while a number of remote monitoring devices have been developed that afford opportunities for objective measurement of behavioral traits in livestock, characterization of physiological mechanisms that underlie superior maternal behavior, including identification of potential biomarkers remains elusive in cattle. Hormonal profiles during the periparturient period have been shown to influence behavioral patterns in both current and future generations in other mammalian species and may provide insights into the physiology of bovine maternal behavior. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe general characteristics of bovine maternal behavior and the factors known to influence it, including hormonal drivers, through which cross-reference to other species is made. Current methods of measuring and assessing behavior that may also be applicable to most production settings have also been reviewed. At present, there is no known hormonal assay that can be used to measure and/or reliably predict bovine maternal behavior post-calving or across generations. Being able to objectively assess superior maternal behavior, whether that be through remote monitoring, hormonal profiling or indirectly through measuring calf performance will be beneficial to livestock industries in the future.

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47

Herbut, Piotr, Sabina Angrecka, Dorota Godyń e Gundula Hoffmann. "The Physiological and Productivity Effects of Heat Stress in Cattle – A Review". Annals of Animal Science 19, n. 3 (1 luglio 2019): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0011.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractA trend of global warming has been observed over the last few years and it has often been discussed whether there is an effect on livestock. Numerous studies have been published about heat stress in cattle and its influence on the physiology and productivity of animals. Preventing the negative effects of heat stress on cattle is essential to ensure animal welfare, health and productivity. Monitoring and analysis of physiological parameters lead to a better understanding of the adaptation processes. This can help to determine the risk of climate change and its effects on performance characteristics, e.g. milk yield and reproduction. This, in turn, makes it possible to develop effective measures to mitigate the impact of heat load on animals. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current literature. Studies especially about the physiological and productive changes due to heat stress in cattle have been summarised in this review. The direction of future research into the aspect of heat stress in cattle is also indicated.

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48

Anderson, S. T., L. J. Kidd, M. A. Benvenutti, M. T. Fletcher e R. M. Dixon. "New candidate markers of phosphorus status in beef breeder cows". Animal Production Science 57, n. 11 (2017): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17363.

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Abstract (sommario):

Determining the phosphorus (P) status of cattle grazing P-deficient rangelands in northern Australia is important for improving animal production in these areas. Plasma inorganic P concentration is currently the best diagnostic marker of dietary P deficiency in growing cattle but is not suitable for assessing the P status of breeder cows, which often mobilise substantial bone and soft tissue reserves in late pregnancy and lactation. Markers of bone turnover offer potential as markers of P status in cattle, as they reflect bone mobilisation or bone formation. Recent experiments investigating the physiology of beef breeder cows during diet P deficiency have indicated that the ratio of plasma total calcium concentration to plasma inorganic P concentration might be suitable as a simple index of P deficiency. However, a more specific measure of increased bone mobilisation in P-deficient breeders is plasma concentration of C-terminal telopeptide of Type 1 collagen. Also, plasma concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase is a marker of defective bone mineralisation in dietary P deficiency. These candidate markers warrant further investigation to determine their predictive value for P deficiency in cattle.

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49

Humblot, Patrice, Daniel Le Bourhis, Sebastien Fritz, Jean Jacques Colleau, Cyril Gonzalez, Catherine Guyader Joly, Alain Malafosse et al. "Reproductive Technologies and Genomic Selection in Cattle". Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/192787.

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Abstract (sommario):

The recent development of genomic selection induces dramatic changes in the way genetic selection schemes are to be conducted. This review describes the new context and corresponding needs for genomic based selection schemes and how reproductive technologies can be used to meet those needs. Information brought by reproductive physiology will provide new markers and new improved phenotypes that will increase the efficiency of selection schemes for reproductive traits. In this context, the value of the reproductive techniques including assisted embryo based reproductive technologies (Multiple Ovaluation Embryo Transfer and Ovum pick up associated toin vitroFertilization) is also revisited. The interest of embryo typing is discussed. The recent results obtained with this emerging technology which are compatible with the use of the last generation of chips for genotype analysis may lead to very promising applications for the breeding industry. The combined use of several embryo based reproductive technologies will probably be more important in the near future to satisfy the needs of genomic selection for increasing the number of candidates and to preserve at the same time genetic variability.

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50

Busch, M. A., A. Tucker e D. Robertshaw. "Interaction between cold and altitude exposure on pulmonary circulation of cattle". Journal of Applied Physiology 58, n. 3 (1 marzo 1985): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.3.948.

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Abstract (sommario):

Hereford calves were exposed in a temperature-controlled hypobaric chamber to environmental temperatures of -2 to 1 degree C (cold) at altitudes of 1,524 m (resident altitude) and 3,048 m 1) to characterize the effects of cold exposure on the pulmonary circulation; 2) to examine the role of cold-induced hypoventilation on the pulmonary circulation; and 3) to examine the interaction between cold and hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation. Cold exposure produced a significant increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (Ppaw), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at both 1,524 and 3,048 m without affecting cardiac output. Concomitantly, cold exposure caused reductions in minute ventilation, respiratory rate, end-tidal O2 tension (PETO2), and arterial O2 tension (PaO2). Tidal volume, end-tidal CO2 tension, and arterial CO2 tension increased. Neither arterial pH nor O2 consumption changed during cold exposure. These results indicated that both pulmonary arterial and venous vasoconstriction were responsible for the pulmonary hypertension associated with cold exposure. Acute exposure to 3,048 m during cold exposure produced increases in Ppa and PVR that were similar to those elicited by cold exposure at 1,524. It was concluded that altitude exposure neither attenuated nor potentiated the effect of cold exposure on the pulmonary circulation; rather, altitude and cold exposure interacted additively. O2 administered during cold exposure to restore PETO2 and PaO2 to control values partially restored Ppa and PVR to control values. This suggested that a portion of the pulmonary hypertension associated with cold exposure was due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction elicited by the cold-induced alveolar hypoventilation.

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