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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 28 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Mischenko, V. A., A. V. Mischenko, R. V. Yashin, V. A. Yevgrafova e T. B. Nikeshina. "Metabolic diseases in cattle". Veterinary Science Today, n. 3 (17 agosto 2021): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2021-3-38-184-189.

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The main trend in the development of dairy farming in the Russian Federation suggests maximising milk yield and reducing milk net cost. The economic effectiveness of industrial dairy farming is largely determined by adequate feeding, as well as effective system of measures to ensure animal health and prevent infectious and non-infectious mass diseases. The main reason for the premature retirement of highly productive cows is based on the factors typical of the intensive technologies used in dairy cattle breeding, which lead to the occurrence of metabolic diseases. It is established that the intensity of metabolism is directly linked to the high productivity of cows. With a highly concentrated, mainly silage-based type of feeding, an imbalance of nutrients is often recorded, in particular as regards the sugar/ protein ratio, leading to deep metabolic disorders and the development of immunodeficiency states. Metabolic disorders in highly productive cows occur as a result of unbalanced diets as far as protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are concerned. Acidosis, ruminitis and hepatosis are recorded in disordered cows and heifers. The service period exceeds 100 days in 70–75% of cows. Hepatosis and immunodeficiency states are often found in calves born to cows with signs of deep metabolic disorders. Metabolic disorders often remain unnoticed and become apparent only when pronounced pathological changes occur resulting in decreased productivity and ability to reproduce resistant young animals, as well as culling of animals. Metabolic diseases were recorded in 30–70% of cows examined in large dairy farms. The average lifetime productivity of high-yielding cows is (2.1 ± 0.15) lactations in Russia. The results of epidemiological investigations and laboratory testing of sera samples showed that emulsion inactivated vaccines administered to immunodeficient cattle induce higher titres of virus-specific antibodies than those in animals vaccinated with adsorbed vaccines.

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Shephard, R. "Viral Diseases of Cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal 79, n. 12 (dicembre 2001): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10930.x.

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Ermilova, T. S., M. A. Samburova, O. V. Kasharnaya e E. A. O. Salimzade. "Respiratory diseases in young cattle". Veterinary Science Today 11, n. 3 (2022): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2022-11-3-203-209.

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Step, Douglas L., e Robert A. Smith. "Nonrespiratory Diseases of Stocker Cattle". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 22, n. 2 (luglio 2006): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.03.004.

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Herdt, Thomas H. "Metabolic Diseases of Dairy Cattle". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, n. 2 (luglio 2013): xi—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.05.001.

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Savelyeva, L. N., e M. L. Bondarchuk. "Monitoring of the bovine digestive diseases on the Transbaikal territory". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, n. 5 (1 dicembre 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-5-9.

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The dynamics of digestive diseases of bacterial etiology among cattle are presented. Statistical, laboratory and annual average data on registered animals with this pathology, mortality and forced slaughter of livestock were analysed for the period 2016-2020. It has been found that digestive diseases of bacterial etiology are prevalent both in young cattle (53.7% to 61.4%) and in adult cattle (43.1% of the total number of diseased animals). The following pathogens were identiﬁed on the basis of bacterial tests on biological material: enteropathogenic E. coli (37.8% of the total number of diseased animals) and group D streptococci, E. Faecalis (15.1%). The rest of the herd had associated infections (19.2%) and non-contagious digestive diseases (27.9%). As a result of this monitoring, a high incidence of digestive diseases among cattle in livestock farms in the following districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory was recorded: Akshinsky, Krasnochikoysky, Kyrinsky, Nerchinsky, Olovyaninsky, Priargunsky, Khiloksky, Shelopuginsky, Aginsky. The lowest prevalence of cattle diseases in organizations of various forms of ownership has been recorded in peasant farms in the region (6.8-10.9%). The average number of registered animals with this pathology is recorded in agricultural organizations (26.9-37.6%). A high percentage of these diseases were recorded in households (62.8%). When farms follow the organization of therapeutic and prophylactic measures, housing and feeding hygiene rules, it is possible to ensure the safety and productivity of livestock, high quality and safety of livestock products and to prevent bacterial diseases of the digestive organs.

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Yılmaz Deveci, Mehmet Zeki, e Hüseyin Erdal. "Determination of dynamic thiol-disulfide levels in dairy cattle with foot disease". Veterinarski arhiv 92, n. 6 (26 febbraio 2023): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.1785.

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Foot diseases are among the top three causes of economic loss in dairy cattle. Recent studies show that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of foot diseases. There is no study determining the dynamic thiol-disulfide levels in dairy cattle with foot disease. This study aimed to determine dynamic thiol-disulfide levels in foot diseased and healthy dairy cattle. Demographic information about the animals, and clinical findings of foot diseases and lameness were presented. In the Foot Disease Group, native thiol (P<0.01), total thiol (P<0.05), disulfide (P<0.01), disulfide/native thiol (P<0.01) and disulfide/total thiol (P<0.01) results were found to be significantly higher than in the Control Group. Native thiol/total thiol (P<0.01) was found to be significantly higher in the Control Group than in the Foot Disease Group. As a result, statistically significant increases in thiol-disulfide levels were determined in foot diseased dairy cattle. It was shown that the thiol-disulfide balance was impaired. This study is the first to determine thiol-disulfide levels and thus changes in thiol-disulfide homeostasis in healthy and foot diseased dairy cattle. With further studies, oxidative stress changes that occur as a result of foot diseases can be better understood and the use of antioxidants as a part of treatment evaluated.

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JOLLY, RD. "Screening for genetic diseases in cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal 80, n. 5 (maggio 2002): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10843.x.

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Brown, Corrie. "Book Review: Viral Diseases of Cattle". Veterinary Pathology 39, n. 1 (gennaio 2002): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.39-1-165-b.

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Harwood, David. "Clostridial diseases in cattle: Part 1". Livestock 12, n. 1 (gennaio 2007): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2007.tb00076.x.

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Tesi sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Wright, Ashley D. "Clostridial Diseases of Cattle". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625416.

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4 pp.
Vaccinating for clostridial diseases is an important part of a ranch health program. These infections can have significant economic impacts on the ranch due to animal losses. There are several diseases caused by different organisms from the genus Clostridia, and most of these are preventable with a sound vaccination program. Many of these infections can progress very rapidly; animals that were healthy yesterday are simply found dead with no observed signs of sickness. In most cases treatment is difficult or impossible, therefore we rely on vaccination to prevent infection. The most common organisms included in a 7-way or 8-way clostridial vaccine are discussed below. By understanding how these diseases occur, how quickly they can progress, and which animals are at risk you will have a chance to improve your herd health and prevent the potential economic losses that come with a clostridial disease outbreak.

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Tortosa, Christina Suzanne. "Reproductive diseases of dairy cattle /". Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/dscisp/6.

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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
Project advisor: Edwin Jaster. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 21, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.

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Akpavie, Stephen Owarioro. "Globule leucocytes and respiratory diseases in cattle". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254183.

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Elliott, Malcolm Gordon, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University e Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Grass tetany of cattle in New South Wales". THESIS_FEMA_xxx_Elliott_M.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/7.

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Over the last 60 years, grass tetany has been recognised as a significant lethal condition in sheep and cattle.Outcomes from this study include documentation of the likely precursors to grass tetany, ways to recognise these precursors, and long term practices that will enable producers to minimise livestock deaths. The benefit of this research to beef producers is that the environmental circumstances thought to be associated with outbreaks of grass tetany have been identified, along with remedial action that can be taken to prevent deaths occurring.Recommendations to industry on best practice to be adopted by leading producers to minimise outbreaks of grass tetany are made.This study provides an alternate strategy for the management of grass tetany in beef cattle, to the more clinical approaches previously recommended. It is suggested that losses from this economically important metabolic disease can be minimised if management practices of beef cattle producers in eastern Australia can incorporate a more holistic approach to farm management, which takes account of the soil/plant/animal/climate inter-relationships.
Master of Science (Hons)

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Biswal, Jitendra Kumar. "Evaluation of mucosal immunity in FMDV vaccinated and infected cattle". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572448.

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Windsor, Peter A. "The pathogenesis of genetic and infectious disorders acquired between conception and the immediate post-partum period in sheep and cattle". Phd thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4120.

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Motta, Paolo Roberto. "Characterisation and modeling of cattle movements in Cameroon". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28767.

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Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa, rapid urbanisation and per capita consumption of animal source foods are expected to accelerate in the short-medium term and to increase the movements of live animals and animal products in the region. In Cameroon, where the livelihood of most of the rural population depends on the agricultural and livestock sector, a wide range of endemic transboundary infectious diseases (TADs) affect livestock production and trade, and have direct detrimental effects on animal, human and environmental health. Livestock mobility represents a central economic activity in the livestock value chain of the country as well as a central strategy of seasonal adaptation to the ecosystem. Livestock movements, however, are also a central driver of infectious diseases dynamics and contacts between livestock populations are major risk factors for disease introduction and circulation. In countries where financial and technical resources are constrained, such as Cameroon, strategic interventions aiming at the surveillance and control of multiple infectious diseases simultaneously are essential for optimising their cost-effectiveness. The overall aim of this study was to apply a methodological framework to contribute to the understanding of cattle movements in Cameroon and of their implications for disease circulation. Methods This project used a variety of epidemiological and statistical methods to characterise cattle movements in the country across different scales. The collection of primary data and information targeted both the formal cattle trade system, across the country, and the informal seasonal transhumance, across the main livestock production areas. Between September 2014 and May 2015 diverse strategies were applied for collecting empirical data and various data sources from multiple Regions of the country were combined. Cattle trade in Cameroon mainly occurs via multiple trading points owned and managed either by the veterinary authorities or the municipalities. A total of 62 livestock markets, and the relevant offices of the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Products (MINEPIA), were targeted for collecting official data on cattle trade referring to a 12-month period ranging between September 2013 and August 2014. Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey with the various livestock markets stakeholders (herders, traders, butchers and veterinary officials) was carried out to collect a variety of information on the cattle market system. During this 9-month period of field work, data on cattle seasonal transhumance were simultaneously collected using a combination of GPS-tracking technology and questionnaire-based survey. Results Volumes of cattle trade, the type of traded animals and their commercial values varied over the year and across the Regions of the country included in this study. Nevertheless, the market supply of live cattle showed similar temporal trends over the year and across the Regions. Although for almost the entire study area the peak of traded animals in the market system was in December 2013, the trade volume was consistently higher during the rainy season (May to September). On the contrary, the reduction in the trade volume during the dry season was accompanied by an opposite trend in the cattle price, with their commercial value being higher during the dry season. Furthermore, a cattle price differential was highlighted between production Regions and high consumption Regions of the country. The highest volume of cattle trade was recorded in the Adamawa Region, which was the main source of cattle for the country while also receiving animals from neighbouring countries, such as Chad and Central African Republic. In contrast, major urban markets in the Littoral and Central Regions were the main receivers of cattle originating from almost all the other areas of the country. Interestingly, the North-West Region appeared to be more independent and isolated within the cattle trade network of Cameroon, particularly receiving few animals from other Regions. Importantly, there was little variation in the structural characteristics of the cattle trade network as well as in its properties across seasons, showing that, despite the seasonality in traded numbers, the network of cattle moving between markets in Cameroon is very stable. This consistent structure of the network over the year increases the robustness of strategic targeted interventions. We found that targeting the top 20% of the most connected markets would significantly reduce the network cohesiveness providing opportunities for strategic disease surveillance, communication and risk mitigation interventions. The centrality of the market within the trading network was also found to be positively associated with the price of live cattle, which tended to be heavily affected by phenotypic characteristics of the traded cattle. The seasonal cattle transhumance has been found as a common and widespread practice for herders attending the market system across whole the study area, highlighting the close relation between formal trading movements and informal pastoral movements across the country. Transhumant herds were observed to undertake migrations across multiple Regions for period exceeding 6 months and showing the potential for multiple types of interactions with domestic and wild animals. Discussion Multiple livestock infectious diseases were identified as being related to the cattle trade system. As neighbouring and non-neighbouring countries were found to be epidemiologically connected it is clear that national strategies for surveillance and control are likely to have limited effectiveness. Regional coordination for designing and implementing prevention and mitigation strategies against infectious diseases is essential to improve animal health also at national level. This study highlights the opportunity for strategic surveillance, control and communication interventions targeting key livestock markets and Regions of Cameroon. Live cattle price and centrality of markets, represented by their connectedness within the trading network, highlights the need to further investigate the links between economic factors and drivers of disease dynamics, such as livestock movements. The complexity of cattle movements in this context was further evidenced by the seasonal transhumance representing an established common mechanism for managing livestock, and closely interacting with the formal trading system as well as with other domestic and wild animal populations. Better data collection and analysis of livestock movements is required for improving the effectiveness of surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Although animal identification and registration systems would represent an ideal step for increasing traceability of cattle movements, enhancing animal health management and the overall competitiveness of the livestock industry, in the short-term a cost-effective intervention should aim at further developing the current data recording and management systems. Pastoralism, for long seen as an economic and environmental activity with little future, also needs to be acknowledged as a key component of the livestock production system in the country and to be considered accordingly in the management of infectious diseases.

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McOdimba, Francis Awuor. "Epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in cattle from SE Uganda". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30498.

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Institutions involved in vector-borne diseases research, epidemiological studies as well as vaccine development require reliable and sensitive assays to support the development of vaccine products and new drugs for treatment. These diagnostic assays also aid in identifying disease control target populations, and to monitor infection during trials for assessing the efficacy of preventive or curative drug. Molecular techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification have been used in detecting parasites of several species, sub-species and types and are favoured over microscopic examination of blood or the immunological methods because of their superior sensitivity and higher throughput. Two of the most commonly used diagnostic methods, microscopy and molecular techniques for pathogen detection and species characterization, were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity and subsequently used in screening cattle for parasites in the blood of cattle kept under traditional mixed farming management system. Molecular methods revealed higher VBD prevalence in the cattle from the villages of Tororo and Busia districts of SE Uganda. The prevalence of trypanosome species pathogenic to livestock was found to be higher than previously documented in this area. Based on the data obtained by PCR amplification the effect of prophylactic drug intervention against trypanosomiasis was assessed over a period of six months. While isometamidium chloride treatment of cattle appeared to control trypanosomiasis in areas with low prevalence, the drug had no effect in controlling the disease in high prevalence areas. It would therefore be necessary to combine the use of drug intervention with other methods such as vector control, to reduce the prevalence, in order to realize effective control of trypanosomiasis.

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Li, Yihang Kaltenboeck Bernhard. "Therapeutic vaccines against chlamydial diseases". Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1417.

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Mulongo, Musa Matsanza. "Evaluation of lipoprotein Q and L-a-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase of mycoplasma mycoides subs. mycoides (small colony) as virulence factors in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) infections". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558979.

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Libri sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Malmo, J. Diseases of cattle. Sydney: University of Sydney. Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, 1993.

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Bryden, Douglas. Skin diseases of cattle. Sydney, N.S.W: University of Sydney, Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, 1989.

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Bryden, Douglas I. Skin diseases of cattle. Sydney South, NSW: University of Sydney, Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, 1989.

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Rebhun, William C. Diseases of dairy cattle. A cura di Guard Chuck e Richards Carolyn M. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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Scott, Philip R. Cattle medicine. London: Manson Publishing Ltd., 2011.

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Gates, Norman. Pinkeye in cattle. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1989.

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Malmo, Jakob. Control & therapy of diseases of cattle. [Sydney, Australia]: University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, 1993.

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Payne, J. M. Metabolic and nutritional diseases of cattle. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1989.

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H, Andrews A., a cura di. Bovine medicine: Diseases and husbandry of cattle. 2^a ed. Ames, IA: Blackwell Science, 2003.

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Weaver, A. David (Anthony David), a cura di. Color atlas of diseases and disorders of cattle. 3^a ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Bell, Nick J., Sara I. L. Pedersen, Laura V. Randall, John G. Remnant e James P. Wilson. "Lameness in Cattle". In Production Diseases in Farm Animals, 377–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51788-4_17.

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Hodgins, Douglas C., Jennifer A. Conlon e Patricia E. Shewen. "Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle". In Polymicrobial Diseases, 213–29. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817947.ch12.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Vector-Borne Diseases of Cattle". In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 3012. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_5019.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Vector-Borne Diseases of Cattle". In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_5019-1.

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Sarrazin, S., B. Damiaans, V. Renault e C. Saegerman. "Transmission of cattle diseases and biosecurity in cattle farms." In Biosecurity in animal production and veterinary medicine: from principles to practice, 357–408. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245684.0357.

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Buergelt, C. D., E. G. Clark e F. Del Piero. "Diseases of eye and ear." In Bovine pathology: a text and color atlas, 367–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780646718.0367.

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Yurdakok-Dikmen, Begüm, e Ayhan Filazi. "Nutraceuticals in Cattle Health and Diseases". In Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, 637–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_44.

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Buschmann, A., E. Pfaff, K. Reifenberg, H. M. Müller e M. H. Groschup. "Detection of cattle-derived BSE prions using transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrPc". In Prion Diseases, 75–86. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6308-5_6.

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Reichel, Michael P., e Charles G. B. Caraguel. "Important National and International Diseases of Cattle". In Bovine Medicine, 271–79. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118948538.ch27.

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Dias, André Luiz Garcia, e Burim N. Ametaj. "Cattle Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota in Health and Disease". In Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows, 71–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43033-1_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Starič, Jože, Geč Veren, Rok Marzel e Jožica Ježek. "Sporadic leukosis in cattle". In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24035s.

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Sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) is a rare neoplastic disease in cattle. It represents a unique challenge for veterinary medicine due to its sporadic occurrence, peculiar clinical presentation and unclear etiology. SBL manifests in four forms: juvenile lymphosarcoma, adult multicentric leukosis, thymic lymphosarcoma and cutaneous lymphosarcoma. In contrast to enzootic bovine leukosis, which is caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), there is no viral link in sporadic cases. They are thought to be caused by multifactorial interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors (e.g. carcinogens or other triggers). The diseases are not contagious. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of SBL, focusing on the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges and potential risk factors. Although sporadic leukosis accounts for a smaller proportion of leukosis cases in cattle compared to BLV-induced leukosis, the impact on affected individuals is severe. SBL must be differentiated from BLV-induced leukosis (absence of BLV antibodies in the blood and absence of BLV in the tissue), which is a reportable disease in the European Union. SBL usually affects younger cattle, but adult animals can also be affected. Adult multicentric leukosis clinically resembles enzootic bovine leukosis with multicentric lymphoproliferative foci and lymphadenopathy, but the affected animals are negative for BLV antibodies. The diseases are progressive and lead to the death of the animals. Diagnostic confirmation of SBL often requires a combination of histopathologic examination, immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses to differentiate it from other neoplastic diseases in cattle. Risk factors such as exposure to certain environmental toxins or genetic susceptibility are thought to play a role in the development of sporadic leukosis. Further research efforts are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of SBL and to develop effective prevention and control strategies to control this sporadic but usually lethal disease in cattle population.

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Kurćubić, Vladimir, Marko Dmitrić, Saša Živković e Miloš Petrović. "Severe adverse impact of bovine viral diarrhea on cattle production: A comprehensive approach to control". In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24020k.

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is caused by a pestivirus known as BVDV and is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle, with a huge economic impact worldwide. The most important source of infection are persistently infected (PI) and diseased cattle. In addition to cattle infection, BVDV infection has been diagnosed in sheep, goats, pigs and wild ruminants (roe deer, deer, bison), as reservoirs of the virus and sources of infection in cattle herds. The consequences of BVDV infections are abortions in pregnant animals, poor female conception, mummification and congenital malformations of fetuses, respiratory problems, transplacental infections and fetal death, neonatal and postnatal mortality, mucosal diseases, slowed growth and poorer performance of surviving animals. Hemorrhagic syndrome (with thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage) is caused exclusively by non-cytopathogenic (NCP) BVDV genotype 2, i.e. virulent strains. The basis of the control program is the prevention of intrauterine infection by identifying and removing PI animals from the cattle herd. The high prevalence of BVDV in cattle worldwide and in Serbia is a danger and causes extremely high economic losses, preventing international trade in breeding and fattening cattle with EU countries, primarily due to uneven approaches or lack of control programs. There are suggestions that the control of the disease in Serbia could be based on a voluntary BVDV eradication program at the herd level, based on four phases, which includes frequent diagnostic tests, removal of PI animals from the herd and introduction of strict biosecurity measures. Certification and register of herds with BVDV free status could be done through the Veterinary Administration.

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Silva, Isabela Gonçalves da, Lara Ellen Correa Nogueira Silva, Renata Vieira Chaves Gabriel, Alexandra Cristina Silva e Sérgio Eustáquio Lemos da Silva. "Aspects of the epidemiological chain of bovine neosporosis and applications as a prophylaxis tool". In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-183.

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Systemic parasitic infections are responsible for serious losses in agriculture. In the reproductive sphere of cattle farming, bovine neosporosis is described as one of the main diseases that causes abortions in cattle herds, generating considerable reproductive and, consequently, economic impacts on the Brazilian livestock sector. This disease is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, a coccid found in the form of tissue cysts and intracellular tachyzoites. This condition gives the parasite an efficient capacity for dissemination and transmission within cattle herds and can infect up to 90% of animals in confinement with dairy or beef aptitude (DUBEY et al. 2006).

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Muromtsev, A. B., A. Yu Efremov, S. V. Engashev e E. S. Engasheva. "TREMATODOSIS OF CATTLE AND SMALL CATTLE IN THE KALININGRAD REGION". In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-49-54.

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This article provides information on the distribution of trematodosis in cattle and small cattle, as well as the European red deer in the Kaliningrad region. A complex of therapeutic and prophylactic veterinary anthelmintic measures is described. The characteristics of domestic anthelmintics used to combat faststoliasis, dicroceliasis and paramphistomatosis are given. Their shortcomings and effectiveness are noted, modern approaches are proposed in the fight against trematodosis in ruminants through the use of new drugs: Fascocid, Iversan, Monizen, Helmicid, which allows for effective therapy and prevention of invasive diseases, avoiding losses of livestock products and increasing milk, meat and antler productivity of ruminants.

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Nebieridze, Shota, Maia Kereselidze, Maia Beruashvili, Vazha Kvachrelishvili e Marine Matskepladze. "Clinical-Hematological Examination of Cattle Affected by Theileriosis". In Socratic Lectures 9. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.d3.

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Abstract: Theileriosis is the most severe transmissible disease among the piroplasmid diseases of ruminants, which is widespread all over the world, especially in the countries with a hot climate in the south, it is also found in Georgia. The source of infection is a sick animal, and the carrier is the pasture ticks Hyalomma Detricum and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of the clinical course and solution of the disease in the case of Theileriosis in cattle, for which nine 6-month-old calves were naturally infected with ticks of the Ixodidae species carrying the field strain of Theileria an-nulata. Three calves were selected as a control group.During the trial, clinical observation was carried out of infected animals: morning and evening temperature control. Blood was taken from the jugular vein for hematological and serological examination. Blood smears were stained by the Romanovsky-Giemsa method. The degree of infection of erythrocytes by Theilers was determined. Serological examination of blood was performed by prolonged complement fixation reaction to detect specific antibodies. Keywords: Theileriosis, Theileria annulate, schizont-infected cells, cattle, Infection, Hy-alomma anatolicum anatolicum

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Golaido, N. S., N. N. Malkova, M. E. Ostiakova, V. K. Irkhina e S. A. Shcherbinina. "Internal non-communicable diseases of young cattle and their therapy". In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-04-2018-121.

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Pimenov, I. A. "GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE FAUNA IN SMALL CATTLE IN THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA". In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.322-327.

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Gastrointestinal nematodes of small cattle are common in all Russian regions and cause diseases that can have a pronounced negative effect on the animal body. In this regard, obtaining data on the species composition of nematodes dwelling in the digestive tract of small cattle in different regions of the European part of the Russian Federation is of great scientific and practical interest since it will allow for the right strategy to control them. The study material was collected in slaughterhouses in the Moscow Region where animals were delivered from the Oryol, Astrakhan and Moscow Regions, the Republic of Dagestan and the Stavropol Territory from January to October 2023. For helminthological dissections, we used kits of gastrointestinal tracts of the sheep and goats collected immediately after slaughter. Nematodes of the species Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta were found in all of the above Regions; nematodes of the species Haemonchus contortus were found in the Moscow and Astrakhan Regions as well as the Republic of Dagestan; and nematodes of the species Marshallagia marshalli were only found in the Astrakhan Region and the Republic of Dagestan. In addition to data on the species composition of gastrointestinal parasitic nematode fauna in small cattle, prevalence and infection intensity rates were determined in the above Regions of the European Russia.

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Dewi, Dias A., April H. Wardhana, Dyah Hayuningtyas Sawitri, Fitrine Ekawasti e R. A. Akbari. "Parasitic Diseases in Dairy Cattle in Cibungbulang District of West Java". In Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.170-177.

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Zahirović, Nedim, Bojan Toholj, Marko Cincović, Ozren Smolec e Mimi Ristevski. "Lameness in heifers: Integration of biological, metabolic and production characteristics and environmental factors as predisposing for the occurence of lameness". In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24040z.

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The importance of lameness in heifers has been recognized more and more recently, so the thesis that "lameness in cows is a disease that starts in heifers" has been presented. In his work, he states that the occurrence of chromosotis in heifers predisposes them later to more frequent occurrence of acropodium diseases that can lead to lameness. Early detection of lameness, or even better, early detection of predisposing factors in heifers, could be of great importance in better understanding the problem of lameness in cattle. The corium of the hoof that is damaged by some disease loses its primary characteristics, and above all the property of relieving pressure, therefore the changes that occur due to diseases that lead to lameness, make cattle more susceptible to lameness in the future. Permanent changes on the palpebral bone have also been described, which lead to increased pressure on the corium and more frequent lameness. Practically, lameness is a risk factor for the recurrence of lameness. This is especially important in heifers because if lameness occurs in the early phase of life, then episodes of lameness will be more frequent in the rest of the period. The goal of the research is to examine the influence of clinical, morphological, biochemical and hematological parameters in heifers during the period of growth and development on the possibility of predicting the occurrence of lameness after calving.

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Tateishi, Simone, e Werner Peter Marcon. "Immunization and deworming of cattle, horses, canines and domestic felines". In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-059.

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This expanded abstract addresses the importance of health management in Veterinary Medicine, emphasizing vaccine prophylaxis and deworming in horses, cattle, dogs and cats. Health management aims to prevent diseases such as Equine Influenza, Encephalomyelitis, Tetanus, Rhinopneumonitis, Rabies and Leptospirosis, which are relevant to public healthand the efficiency of treatments

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Cattle diseases"

Thanda Kyaw, Ai. Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), maggio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2784.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.

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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky e Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.

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Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska e Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.

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The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.

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Splitter, Gary, Zeev Trainin e Yacov Brenner. Lymphocyte Response to Genetically Engineered Bovine Leukemia Virus Proteins in Persistently Lymphocytic Cattle from Israel and the U.S. United States Department of Agriculture, luglio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570556.bard.

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The goal of this proposal was to identify proteins of BLV recognized by lymphocyte subpopulations and determine the contribution of these proteins to viral pathogenesis. Our hypothesis was that BLV pathogenesis is governed by the T-cell response and that the immune system likely plays an important role in controlling the utcome of infection. Our studies presented in ths final report demonstrate that T cell competency declines with advancing stages of infection. Dramatic differences were observed in lymphocyte proliferation to recombinant proteins encoded by BLV gag (p12, p15, and p24) and env (gp30 and gp15) genes in different disease stages. Because retroviruses are known to mutate frequently, examinatin of infected cattle from both Israel and the United States will likely detect variability in the immune response. This combined research approach provides the first opportunity to selectively address the importance of T-cell proliferation to BLV proteins and cytokines produced during different stages of BLV infection. Lack of this information regarding BLV infection has hindered understanding lympocyte regulation of BLV pathogenesis. We have developed the essential reagents necessary to determine the prominence of different lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokines produced during the different disease stages within the natural host. We found that type 1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-g) increased in PBMCs from animals in early disease, and decreasd in PBMCs from animals in late disease stages of BLV infection, while IL-10, increased with disease progression. Recently, a dichotomy between IL-12 and IL-10 has emerged in regards to progression of a variety of diseases. IL-12 activates type 1 cytokine production and has an antagonistic effect on type 2 cytokines. Here, using quantitative competitive PCR, we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from bovine leukemia virus infected animals in the alymphocytotic disease stage express increased amount of IL-12 p40 mRNA. In contrast, IL-12 p40 mRNA expression by PL animals was significantly decreased compared to normal and alymphocytotic animals. To examine the functions of these cytokines on BLV expression, BLV tax and pol mRNA expression and p24 protein production were quantified by competitive PCR, and by immunoblotting, respectively. IL-10 inhibited BLV tax and pol mRNA expression by BLV-infected PBMCs. In addition, we determined that macrophages secret soluble factor(s) that activate BLV expression, and that secretion of the soluble factor(s) could be inhibited by IL-10. In contrast, IL-2 increased BLV tax and pol mRNA, and p24 protein production. These findings suggest that macrophages have a key role in regulating BLV expression, and IL-10 produced by BLV-infected animals in late disease stages may serve to control BLV expression, while IL-2 in the early stage of disease may activate BLV expression. PGE2 is an important immune regulator produced only by macrophages, and is known to facilitate HIV replication. We hypothesized that PGE2 may regulate BLV expression. Here, we show that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was decreased in PBMCs treated with IL-10, while IL-2 enhanced COX-2 mRNA expression. In contrast, addition of PGE2 stimulated BLV tax and pol mRNA expression. In addition, the specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, inhibited BLV expression, while addition of PGE2 increased BLV tax expression regardless of NS-398. These findings suggest that macrophage derived cyclooxygenase -2 products, such as PGE2, may regulate virus expression and disease rogression in BLV infection, and that cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) may regulate BLV expression through PGE2 production.

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McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines e Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine e Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.

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Staroselov, M. A., N. Iu Basova e V. V. Pachina. EPIZOTICAL SITUATION ON VIRUS DIARRHEA-DISEASE Mucous membranes of large horned cattle in Krasnoyarsk Krai EDGE. Новосибирский государственный аграрный университет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/dthjybrf2005.

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Higgins, Sarah. Influence of Infectious Disease on Ceftiofur Pharmacokinetics and the relative risk of violative residues in cattle. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, gennaio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-899.

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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown e Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.

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Kramer, Luke M., Mary S. Mayes, Jazmine Brown, Lyle Braun, Eric R. Fritz-Waters, Jamie Williams, Amelia Woolums, Christopher Chase e James M. Reecy. Evaluation of Responses to Vaccination of Angus Cattle for Four Viruses that Contribute to Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, gennaio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-497.

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