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1
Pratiwi, Anas, Gilang Bayu Saputro e Nadya Ayu Dewantari. "Identification of Pests and Deseases on Chrysanthemum in Nglurah Village, Tawangmangu". Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, n. 2 (29 marzo 2022): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i2.3375.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora Tzvelev syn. Chrysanthemum murifolium Ramat) is one of the cut flowers and potted flowers favored by the public, especially the upper middle class and ornamental plants. Chrysanthemum is a commercial plant that is easy to grow and cultivate. Pests and diseases are one of the problems in the development of chrysanthemum cultivation. This research is located in the area of Sewu Kembang Agro Tourism, Nglurah, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar Regency. This research was conducted from September 4 to October 2, 2021. This research was carried out for 29 days using 10 samples of potted chrysanthemums. The tools used include other cameras to take pictures and stationery to record data. The variables observed were pests and diseases that attack chrysanthemum plants. In this study using direct observation of the owners of potted chrysanthemums. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The result of this study found pests that attack potted chrysanthemums, namely leaf miners (Liriomyza sp.) and soil caterpillars (Agrotis ipsilon). While for disease attacks caused by several types of fungi that cause diseases as follows leaf rust disease, gray mold disease, and oidium powder disease.
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Balaji, K. "Insect pests of cattle and their management". Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology 4, n. 2 (2016): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jafst.2321.1628.4216.3.
Testo completo
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Beşleagă, Ramona, M. Tălmaciu, E. Cârdei, Nela Tălmaciu e G. Corneanu. "The Effect of Phytoprotection Programs on the Control of the Main Apple Pests". Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 46, n. 1 (1 marzo 2013): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0077-7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In recent decades, positive changes have been occurred on the fruit crops protection, because of new synthetic or natural substances, more effective and less toxic. In 2011, at Fruit Growing Research and Development Station Iaşi, Romania, was tested a phitosanitary program that aimed especially to control the main pest of apple, being introduced the next generation of plant protection products, such as: Coragen, Proteus, Calypso, Decis 25 WG. The research was carried out for Idared, Golden delicious and Florina, on tow variants for each variety. Phytosanitary treatments applied for pest control were supplemented with fungicides used to combat major apple deseases. Until blooming tow treatments were applied for each variant, and after the petals fall, treatments were carried out at warning. Observation and measurements were performed after the treatments and they showed, at the end of each generation, the percentage of attacked fruits by the main apple pests. These produsts applied in a few treatments have provided a strong efficacy in combating major apple pests: codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), fruit skin moth (Adoxophyes reticulana Hb.), leaf miner moth (Phyllonorycter sp.) and mites (Panonychus sp.). To combat lepidoptera, best result were obtained with Calypso 480 SC and Coragen insecticides, and also, products such as Decis 25 WG and Proteus, have ensured a good health in apple plantation.
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Jufri, Nirwana, Dr Abdullah e Devi Susanti. "The Use of Bean Sprout Extract as Supplement for the Growth of Plaintain Unti Sayang (Musa paradisiaca L.) by Tissue Culture". Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, n. 1 (17 febbraio 2014): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i1.5137.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the problems in plaintain development is on the plant breeding that has been conducted convensionally by using seedlings, so that it requires time and wide field, different treatment, and potentially brings pests and deseases. The bean sprout extract is potentially useful in improving the explant growth quality of plaintain by tissue culture. This study aims to know the influence of bean sprout extract concentration as supplement in tissue culture media upon the explant growth of plaintain Unti sayang (Musa paradisiaca L). There are 4 dosages of bean sprout extract as control. The data was analyzed by using ANOVA and was continued by using BNJ test. The result of the experiment shows that the bean sprout extract influences significatly on the plantlets height, leaf number, root length, and root number. The dosage of 100 g/l and 200 g/l bean sprout extracts provide the best result on the experimenting component of plantlet height, leaf number, root length, and root number. Meanwhile, the experimenting component of leaf number and the wet weight of the plantlets provide the best result on MS without any addition of bean sprout extract.
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Ikagawa, Mary. "Invasive ungulate policy and conservation in Hawaii". Pacific Conservation Biology 19, n. 4 (2013): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130270.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Feral Cattle Bos taurus, Goats Capra hircus, Sheep Ovis aries, and Pigs Sus scrofa have been modifying Hawaii’s native ecosystems since being introduced more than 200 years ago. Controlled rigorously in the early 1900s as pests, the animals have been increasing in number and range since the 1950s, when the rise of sport hunting resulted in take restrictions and the introduction of additional game species. Presently, free-roaming Pigs, Goats, Cattle, Sheep (both O. aries and the more recently introduced Mouflon O. gmelini mouflon) and deer Axis axis, Odocoileus hemionus are described in state reports and plans as high-threat invasive species, while simultaneously being protected under the law as game mammals. This study examines the statutes, rules and management practices pertaining to invasive ungulates in an island state with highly imperiled native ecosystems. This analysis reveals that Hawaii’s invasive-animal policy and management framework does not support the ungulate control needed to further state plans and mandates to preserve native species and watersheds. Lacking are laws that have been passed by other governments to reduce the spread and impacts of invasive vertebrates, such as maintaining a comprehensive vertebrate pest list, facilitating the control of such pests on all land ownerships, prohibiting the feeding and transport of vertebrate pests without a permit, and prohibiting the release of introduced vertebrates into the wild.
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Shipp, J. L. "COMPARISON OF SILHOUETTE, STICKY, AND SUCTION TRAPS WITH AND WITHOUT DRY-ICE BAIT FOR SAMPLING BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA". Canadian Entomologist 117, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117113-1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn 1982 and 1983, silhouette traps, sticky traps, and suction traps with and without dry-ice bait were evaluated for sampling populations of black flies that are pests of cattle in central Alberta. The dry-ice-baited silhouette trap was the most effective. The black-fly species collected were Simulium arcticum, S. aureum, S. decorum, S. meridionale, S. tuberosum, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. vernum, and S. vittatum. Approximately 80% of the black flies collected each year were S. arcticum, the primary pest species of cattle in Alberta.
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Azzam, Azzeddine, Maurice Baker, Ivan Berry e John Campbell. "An exploratory bioeconomic model of pesticide use for controlling feedlot-cattle pests". Agricultural Systems 48, n. 4 (gennaio 1995): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(94)00023-e.
Testo completo
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Kusakari, Shin-ichi, Yoshinori Matsuda e Hideyoshi Toyoda. "Electrostatic Insect Repulsion, Capture, and Arc-Discharge Techniques for Physical Pest Management in Greenhouses". Agronomy 13, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article reviews the development of electrostatic apparatuses for controlling insect pests in greenhouses. The apparatuses control insects by repelling them, capturing them, and killing them by producing an arc discharge. The single-charged dipolar electric field screen (SD screen) repels insects due to insects’ inherent avoidance behavior toward entering the electric field produced. As this behavior is common to many insect pests, the SD screen effectively prevents many pests from entering a greenhouse. The double-charged dipolar electric field screen (DD screen) has a strong attractive force that captures insects entering its electric field. The DD screen is useful for capturing small insects that pass through a conventional insect net, and unique derivatives of this screen have been invented to trap various insect pests on-site in a greenhouse. An arc-discharge exposer was used as a soil cover to kill adult houseflies that emerged from underground pupae transferred along with cattle manure used for soil fertilization. The houseflies were subjected to arc discharge when they appeared at the soil surface. These apparatuses have the common characteristic of a simple structure, so ordinary workers can be encouraged to fabricate or modify them based on their own needs. This review provides an experimental basis for designing efficient physical measures for controlling insect pests in greenhouses.
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Sudira, I. Wayan, Ketut Budiasa e I. Made Merdana. "Pesticide Contamination in Feed and Histopathological Properties of Bali Cattle Liver Slaughtered in Pesanggaran Slaughterhouse Denpasar". Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 3, n. 2 (31 agosto 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jvas.2020.v03.i02.p05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The number of crop pests that attack agricultural crops caused farmers to take precautions and treatment of crop cultivation by spraying using pesticides. Spraying action by using this pesticide also affects the grasses that grow around it which is a source of food for cattle. This study aims to evaluate basic data from the image of the liver of a Bali cattle that eats grass contaminated with pesticides and is slaughtered in the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar. Histopathological image of the liver of Bali cattle may vary, depending on the level of contamination of various pesticide ingredients that are eaten by the cattle. To see the histopathological changes in the liver of Bali cattle carried out by staining Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and then it will be examined under a microscope. Observed changes that occur in the form of fatty degeneration, hemorrhage and necrosis. The study concludes is that cattle slaughtered in the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar come from various districts in Bali and the liver of Bali cattle slaughtered in the Pesanggaran Slaughterhouse, Denpasar are mostly exposed to pesticides characterized by histopathological features in the form of fatty degeneration, hemorrhagic and necrosis.
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Adnyana, Made Oka, e Putu Wardana. "Willingness to Accept dan Willingness to Pay Petani dan Konsumen terhadap Padi Hibrida di Sentra Produksi Jawa Timur". Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 35, n. 1 (30 aprile 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v35n1.2016.p53-62.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research on hybrid rice in Indonesia was initiated in 1983, in collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute. Since 2000 private sector had indicated their interest in hybrid rice seed business. Planted area of hybrid rice in Indonesia was still relatively small of about 658 thousand hectares or about 5.0 percent of the total rice planted area of 13.2 million hectares in 2013. This study was aimed to analyze farmers’ responses and preferences to the development of hybrid rice in East Java, one of the rice production center in Indonesia. Contingent valuation method (CVM) to analyze farmers’ Willingness to Accept (WTA) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) with respect to various factors was then exercised to evaluate constraints and prospect of the future of hybrid rice development in Indonesia. The outputs of this study showed that farmers’ preferences to hybrid rice based on its taste was positive, especially to the newly introduced hybrid rice variety “Hipa Jatim”, when compared with the previous hybrid varieties, such as Maro and Rokan. WTA and WTP also showed significant farmers’ interests to the hybrid variety, due to higher yield and its better taste, similar to that of popular inbred rice. Farmers’ WTAs of hybrid rice was significantly influenced by the productivity, response to pests and deseases, and the total cost of production, while consummers’ WTPs of hybrid rice was significantly influened by the quality of milled rice.
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Ancillotto, L., F. Festa, F. De Benedetta, F. Cosentino, B. Pejic e D. Russo. "Free-ranging livestock and a diverse landscape structure increase bat foraging in mountainous landscapes". Agroforestry Systems 95, n. 2 (10 gennaio 2021): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00591-0.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractTraditional farming, where livestock is seasonally managed as free ranging and the use of drugs is reduced or absent, may prove beneficial to biodiversity by fostering the occurrence of spatial heterogeneity, and increasing the availability of trophic resources to wildlife. Previous work indicates that the presence of cattle in lowlands leads to an increase in bat foraging activity, yet no study has addressed this topic in mountainous regions, where free-ranging livestock is still common. Here we explore the relationships between landscape structure, farming and bat activity in a mountainous agricultural area, hypothesizing that bat activity will increase in response to the presence of livestock and landscape structure and heterogeneity. We found that traditional cattle farming may have a role in influencing bat activity in mountainous agroecosystems, yet its effects are evident for a limited number of species. Three pipistrelle species favoured foraging in areas subjected to cattle farming by hunting more often over cattle or fresh dung than at control sites. Free-ranging cattle thus provide profitable foraging opportunities for bats in mountainous landscapes, which remarks the importance of traditional farming activities in sustaining biodiversity. Cattle might also benefit from bat foraging activity if this leads to suppression of blood-sucking pests.
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Ahmed Mohamed, Sara, Afaf I. A, Sahar M. A, Abubakar A. S, Abdelbagi A. O e Abdalla A. M. "BANNED ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES RESIDUE STILL OCCUR IN CATTLE MILK FROM KHARTOUM STATE". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, n. 12 (30 dicembre 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i12.2021.4408.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Pesticides application for controlling pests, has been a matter of debate for long time. In order to guarantee sustainable human health, this application should be monitored continuously. Materials and Methods: 65 samples of cattle milk were collected from different Khartoum state’s municipals; to assess the OCP residue, samples were extracted with petroleum ether and cleaned up using silica gel, then read out by GC equipped with FID. Result: Two pesticides belong to OCP were detected, Endosulfan (69.8%) and Heptachlor (92%); the detected concentration of the second one was outstanding, as all positive samples were above the MRL.
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Ardianto, DT, e NFA Zahra. "Infographic as youth education media on the importance of recycling coffee organic waste in Boyolali Regency". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1200, n. 1 (1 giugno 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1200/1/012013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In addition to producing the main product of coffee beans, coffee plants also produce a significant amount of waste in the form coffee rind. Coffee rind waste has not been widely used and commonly left out on the field. This can becomes environmental pollution that may cause pests and plant diseases. Banyuanyar village in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency, Central Java, is a village where the majority of its residents work as coffee plantation farmers and cattle breeders. In this village, the farmers process the waste from coffee production into cattle fodder and use cattle waste as fertilizer for the coffee plantation, thus creating an environmentally friendly and sustainable farming cycle. To disseminate the information about this practice and to provide communicative and educative messages to broader society, this study designed an infographic as a communication media. This media is expected to introduce Banyuanyar Village and its organic waste recycling system, as well as inspire the broader community to practice recycling and sustainable farming practice.
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Sari, Putri Mustika, Henny Wahyunita, Adriansyah Yoesoep, Lisdayani e Fitra S. Harahap. "Insecticide Activity Extract of Tinospra crispa Mixed With Cow Urine on Spodoptera litura in the Laboratory". Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 6, n. 2 (1 agosto 2019): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v6i2.3153.
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Armyworms (Spodoptera litura) become important pests in Indoensia that eat leaves compared to other pests because they are polyfag. S. litura can reduce productivity even crop failure. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on how to control S. litura effectively and environmentally friendly. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of brotowali extract (Tinospra crispa) as a botanical insecticide and obtain the right concentration of fruit extract, young leaves, and old Brotowali leaves to control the armyworm (litura Spodopter). This study used a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 6 treatments of various doses of brotowali extract mixed with cow urine and 4 replications. The results of the study showed that the administration of Brotowali + Urine Cattle extract with high doses (30 ml / jar) was able to increase the speed of death of the armyworm.
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Neupane, Nayduch e Zurek. "House Flies (Musca domestica) Pose a Risk of Carriage and Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)". Insects 10, n. 10 (18 ottobre 2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100358.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
House flies are important nuisance pests in a variety of confined livestock operations. More importantly, house flies are known mechanical vectors of numerous animal and human pathogens. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important, complex illness of cattle associated with several bacteria and viruses. The role of flies in the ecology and transmission of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD is not understood. Using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we examined the prevalence of the BRD bacterial complex Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni in house flies collected in a commercial feedlot from a pen with cattle exhibiting apparent BRD symptoms. Using both methods, M. haemolytica was detected in 11.7% of house flies, followed by P. multocida (5.0%) and H. somni (3.3%). The presence of BRD bacterial pathogens in house flies suggests that this insect plays a role in the ecology of BRD pathogens and could pose a risk as a potential reservoir and/or a vector of BRD pathogens among individual cattle and in their environment.
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Miller, R. W., L. G. Pickens e J. E. Matos. "Evaluation of Atroban Ear Tags for Control of Cattle Fly Pests in the Azores, 1984". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1986): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.461.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract On 17 Aug the no. of horn, louse and Musca vitripennis flies were counted on each of 25 young (1-6 mo) dairy heifers tethered in a pasture so that they could not come in contact with one another. Immediately after the flies had been counted 10% Atroban ear tags were attached to each ear of every other animal (13 total). At ca. weekly intervals counts of these flies were made on the treated and non-treated heifers.
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Hassanali, Ahmed, Hans Herren, Zeyaur R. Khan, John A. Pickett e Christine M. Woodcock. "Integrated pest management: the push–pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, n. 1491 (25 luglio 2007): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2173.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper describes the ‘push–pull’ or ‘stimulo-deterrent diversionary’ strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. The push–pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop (‘push’) and to attract them into trap crops (‘pull’). The systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in Africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and trap cropping for the pull. The main target was a series of lepidopterous pests attacking maize and other cereals. Although the area given to the cereal crop itself is reduced under the push–pull system, higher yields are produced per unit area. An important spin-off from the project is that the companion crops are valuable forage for farm animals. Leguminous intercrops also provide advantages with regard to plant nutrition and some of the trap crops help with water retention and in reducing land erosion. A major benefit is that certain intercrop plants provide dramatic control of the African witchweed (striga). Animal husbandry forms an essential part of intensive subsistence agriculture in Africa and developments using analogous push–pull control strategies for insect pests of cattle are exemplified.
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Showler, Allan T., Adalberto Pérez de León e Perot Saelao. "Biosurveillance and Research Needs Involving Area-Wide Systematic Active Sampling to Enhance Integrated Cattle Fever Tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Eradication". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, n. 4 (2 aprile 2021): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab051.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The one-host cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say), and southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), are important ectoparasitic pests of cattle, Bos taurus L., mostly for transmitting the causal agents of bovine babesiosis. Bovine babesiosis inflicted substantial cattle production losses in the United States before the vectors were eliminated by 1943, with the exception of a Permanent Quarantine Zone in South Texas, a buffer along the Mexico border where the invasive ixodids remain. As suitable hosts, infested white-tailed deer and nilgai antelope populations disperse R. annulatus and R. microplus, which increases the risk for emergence of bovine babesiosis in the United States. A R. microplus incursion first detected in 2016 on the South Texas coastal plain wildlife corridor involved infestations on cattle, nilgai antelope, white-tailed deer, and vegetation. Efforts at passive sampling of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. on hosts are concentrated in the Permanent Quarantine Zone. Hence, a knowledge gap exists on the full extent of the recent incursions. Area-wide, systematic, active sampling and supportive research, involving the Permanent Quarantine Zone, Temporary Quarantine Zone, most of the coastal plain, and other parts of Texas outside of the quarantine zones, are needed to bridge the knowledge gap. Herein, we provide research perspectives and rationale to develop and implement systematic active sampling that will provide an increasingly accurate assessment of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. distribution in Texas. We suggest that this is essential to advance integrated vector-borne animal disease eradication approaches for keeping cattle free of bovine babesiosis.
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Oke, P. O., F. S. Dayong, I. K. Ogbu e I. C. Ogbaje. "Distribution of Fly Pests in a Farm in Plateau State, Nigeria". Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, n. 3 (30 settembre 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54058/saheljvs.v18i3.255.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An evaluation of fly pests of cattle was conducted in Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology (FCAH&PT) Farm, Chaha Village, Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria between August and October, 2020. Samples were collected from the farm weekly for three months. A total of nine hundred and nineteen (919) adult dipterous flies comprising fifteen species in eight genera across the three sub-orders were caught and identified using aerial sweeping hand net, light trapping and aerial insecticide spray. Phlebotomus papaltasi (44.18%) was the most prevalent while Simulium damnosum (0.22%) was the least. Others were Musca domestica (17.73%), Stomoxys calcitrans (11.43%), Culicoides species (10.99%), Musca autumnalis (10.23%), mosquitoes – Anopheles gambiae/Culex quequinfasciatus (4.89%) and Tabanus species (0.33%). The haematophagous flies (72.04%) out-numbered the non-haematophagous flies (27.96%) and the number of females collected/caught 780 (84.87%) were higher than the males 139 (15.13%). The highest collections were made in October (353 representing 38.41%) while September had the lowest (263 /28.62%). The study established the presence of fly pests in the farm and recommends that appropriate control measures should be put in place to forestall any disease outbreak.
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Modiba, Matjatji Lucia, e Mokgoshi John Mamashila. "FACTORS AFFECTING LIVESTOCK HERD SIZE IN THE LEPELLE-NKUMPI MUNICIPALITY OF LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE OF SMALLHOLDER CATTLE FARMERS". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, n. 5 (20 maggio 2024): e3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i5.3303.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate factors affecting cattle herd size in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality, Limpopo Province. Method: A proportionate random sampling technique was used and a total of 261 smallholder cattle farmers were selected as participants in this study. Primary data were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire, where the participants were interviewed face to face. The data obtained were captured and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0. Descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS), using a multiple linear regression model, were employed to analyse factors affecting cattle herd size in the study area. Results and conclusion: Descriptive statistics results revealed that the prevailing factors that affect cattle herd size in the study area included the following: draught; practical knowledge; no/lack of; maintenance; water circulation; access to good breeding stock; poor market prices; grazing land; stock theft; insufficient or no breeding stock and pests/parasites. The OLS regression results, derived from a multiple linear regression model, revealed the variables that significantly affected cattle herd size, and this included age, household size, sales per year, livestock keeping, and planted pasture. Most farmers (91.4%) would like to increase their livestock numbers. It was recommended that extension services should be encouraged, training should be provided, and stakeholders should be engaged to help cattle farmers in the study area. Policies aimed at improving livestock production among smallholder farmers should be informed by the factors and determinates found in this study. Value: This study contributes useful information for potential livestock farmers. In addition, the outcome of this study could be used as the basis for informed policy formulation to improve livestock production which will ultimately improve food security status of farmers.
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Parwati, Fitria Dwi Ayu, Rudi Hartono e Oeng Anwarudin. "KEBERDAYAAN PETANI DALAM OPTIMALISASI PEMATANG SAWAH DI KECAMATAN MAJALENGKA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA". Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian 15, n. 2 (21 aprile 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51852/jpp.v15i2.443.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Farmers who control pests and diseases chemically. In fact, the spirit of sustainable agriculture aims to use such environmentally friendly materials as biological pest control by using crop crops planted by crops. It aims to analyze the descriptive levels of farmer's empowerment, relevant factors and strategies that can be done to increase farmer's empowerment in the optimization of rice cattle. Research is carried out in Germany magazine magazine holds April to July 2019. Population is an active farm rice farmer in farm groups of 302. The sample prescribed by 77 people is using random sampling cluster technique. Independent variables include farmers' characteristics, government education and support and dependent variables - the farmers' empowerment. The analytical techniques used are descriptive and syntax of rank spearman. Studies show that farmers' empowerment levels in the optimization of rice culture are category. A factor associated with farmer's empowerment in the optimization of farm cattle is formal education, prolonged effort, farmer status, training and government support. A strategy that can be done to increase farmer's empowerment is by increasing government training and support activities.
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Vescera, Chloé, Cécile Van Vyve, Quentin Smits e Johan R. Michaux. "All-you-can-eat buffet: A spider-specialized bat species (Myotis emarginatus) turns into a pest fly eater around cattle". PLOS ONE 19, n. 5 (8 maggio 2024): e0302028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302028.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Determining the dietary spectrum of European insectivorous bats over time is the cornerstone of their conservation, as it will aid our understanding of foraging behavior plasticity in response to plummeting insect populations. Despite the global decline in insects, a restricted number of arthropod pest species thrive. Yet past research has overlooked the potential of European bats to suppress pests harmful to woodlands or livestock, in spite of their economic relevance. Here we investigated the diet composition, its breeding season variations and pest consumption of an insectivorous bat species (Myotis emarginatus), at the northern edge of its range (Wallonia, Belgium). We also explored the prey ecology to gain insight into the hunting strategies and foraging habitats of this bat species. We used DNA metabarcoding to amplify two COI markers within 195 bat droppings collected in June, July and August, thereby identifying 512 prey taxa predominated by Diptera, Araneae and Lepidoptera. Overall, in 97% of the samples we detected at least one of the 58 potential pest taxa, 41 of which targeting trees. The June samples were marked by a diet rich in orb-weaver spiders, in accordance with the archetypal diet of M. emarginatus bats. However, during the highly energy demanding July-August parturition and lactation period, roughly 55% of the dropping samples contained two cattle fly pests (Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica). Moreover, among the 88 Diptera species preyed upon by M. emarginatus in July and August, these flies accounted for around 50% of the taxa occurrences. This plasticity—the switch from a spider-rich to a fly-rich diet—seems providential considering the dramatic ongoing drop in insect populations but this involves ensuring bat-friendly cattle farming. Our results revealed that bats widely consume pest entomofauna, thereby highlighting their potential role as allies of forest managers and farmers.
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Gomontean, Bhuvadol, Kotchaphon Vaisusuk, Wasupon Chatan, Komgrit Wongpakam, Papasara Sankul, Laksika Lachanthuek, Ronnalit Mintara, Isara Thanee e Pairot Pramual. "Diversity, Abundance and Host Blood Meal Analysis of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Cattle Pens in Different Land Use Types from Thailand". Insects 14, n. 7 (22 giugno 2023): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14070574.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille are significant pests and vectors that transmit pathogens to humans and other animals. Cattle are among the important livestock that can potentially be severely affected by Culicoides. In this study, we examined the species diversity, abundance, and host blood meal identification of biting midges in cattle pens located in three different land use types: villages, agricultural areas, and the forest edge. A total of 12,916 biting midges were collected, and most of these were from cattle pens located in villages (34%) and agricultural land (52%). Morphological identification revealed 29 Culicoides species. The most common species were C. oxystoma, C. mahasarakhamense, C. peregrinus, and C. shortti; taken together, these species represented >80% of all specimens collected. Despite midges being less numerous (14% of the total collection), cattle pens located near the forest showed greater diversity (23) than those from villages and agricultural areas. More diverse immature habitats and host blood sources from wildlife in nearby forests possibly explain the greater diversity in the cattle pens near the forest edge. Host blood meal analysis revealed that most (65%) biting midges had fed on buffalo despite the fact that this animal was much less numerous than cows or chickens. Relatively larger size and black-colored skin could be factors that make buffalo more attractive to biting midges than other host species. In this study, we also provided 67 DNA barcoding sequences of 13 species, three of which (C. flaviscutatus, C. geminus, and C. suzukii) were first reported from Thai specimens. DNA barcode analysis indicated cryptic diversity within C. hegneri and C. flavescens in Thailand, and thus, further investigation is required to resolve their species status.
24
N, MUPPIDATHI, SANKARAPANDIAN R, SUBBARAMAN N, CHIDAMBARAM S, RAJARATHINAM S, MARIMUTHU R, SURESH M et al. "APK 1 SORGHUM: A MEDIUM DURATION VARIETY FOR TAMIL NADU". Madras Agricultural Journal 83, May (1996): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01032.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
APK I sorghum variety (105-110 days) with medium stature is an imporvement over CO 26. APK I sorghum was released during 1996 for general cultivation in Tamil Nadu under rainfed and irrigated cultivation. Its average grain yield is 2619 kg/ha which is 19 per cent more than CO 26 (2207 kg/ha). Under irrigated condition, its yield potential is 4400 kg/ha. It is found to be highly suitable for cultivation under rainfed condition druing June-July and Sepetmber-October. It has got field tolerance to major pests and discases. It has high protein content in both grains and straw. The grains are suitable for feedmix for poultry and the straw as dry fodder for cattle.
25
Godwin, R. M., D. G. Mayer, G. W. Brown, D. M. Leemon e P. J. James. "Predicting nuisance fly outbreaks on cattle feedlots in subtropical Australia". Animal Production Science 58, n. 2 (2018): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16112.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Flies are important arthropod pests in intensive animal facilities such as cattle feedlots, with the potential to cause production loss, transmit disease and cause nuisance to surrounding communities. In the present study, seasonal population dynamics of three important nuisance flies, namely house flies (Musca domestica L.), bush flies (M. vetustissima Walker) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were monitored on cattle feedlots in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, over 7 years. Musca domestica was by far the dominant species, comprising 67% of the total flies trapped. Models were developed to assess the relationship between weather parameters and fly abundance and to determine whether population trends could be predicted to improve the timing of control measures. For all three species, there were two main effects, namely time-of-year (mainly reflected by minimum temperatures and solar radiation) and rainfall. The abundance of all three species increased with increasing temperature and rainfall, reaching a peak in summer, before decreasing again. Rainfall events resulted in significantly elevated numbers of M. domestica for up to 5 weeks, and for 1 week for M. vetustissima. Peak fly numbers were predicted by the model to occur in spring and summer, following 85–90-mm weekly rainfall. The population dynamics of S. calcitrans were least influenced by rainfall and it was concluded that weather variables were of limited use for forecasting stable fly numbers in this environment and production system. The models provide a useful tool for optimising the timing of fly-control measures, such as insecticide or biopesticide applications, adding to the efficiency of integrated control programs.
26
Jumilawaty, E., N. Namira, A. Anggelicha e A. Hartanto. "Gut content analysis of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in Asam Kumbang Crocodile Park, North Sumatra". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, n. 1 (1 novembre 2021): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a widespread avian species inhabiting a variety of natural and artificial sites. Asam Kumbang Crocodile Park is one of establishments that occupied some portions of B. ibis habitat with no recent information on the food resource and prey availability for the viability of B. ibis. To this aim, we collected 10 random individuals of B. ibis to be sacrificed for gut content analysis of prey species. A total of 19 taxa was found as prey items in the gut of B. ibis with the dominant group from insects (Orthoptera, Scolopendromorpha). The diversity of prey species was categorized as moderate with intraspecific diet variation which formed four guilds that fed on specific taxa namely Group 1 (Haplotaxida, Lepidoptera, Anurans), Group 2 (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Araneae), Group 3 (Orthoptera, Scolopendromorpha); and Group 4 (Dermaptera, Squamata). Oxya chinensis and Oxya velox are important rice grasshopper pests that were also found in the gut of B. ibis reflecting their potential function as biological control agent.
27
Kabambe, Vernon H., e James M. Bokosi. "Role of Variety and Fertilizer Practices on Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) Yield and Field Incidence of the Parasitic Weed Alectra vogelii (Benth) in Central Malawi". Journal of Agricultural Science 12, n. 11 (15 ottobre 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p200.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grain legumes are an important component of the food systems in Malawi. The parasitic legume witchweed species Alectra vogelii (Benth) is among the problem pests with serious infestations in groundnuts (Arachis hypogea), soybeans (Glycine max), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and other legumes. A study was conducted in 2013/14 and ‘14/15 seasons to evaluate the effects of three cowpea varieties (IT82E-16, Sudan 1 and Alectra-resistant Mkanakaufi) and fertilizer practices (no fertilizer applied, 5 t ha-1 cattle manure and 100 kg ha-1 of inorganic 23:21:0+4S on cowpea grain yield, yield components and Alectra emergence at three sites in central Malawi. Cowpea grain yields ranged 400-2400 kg ha-1. There were significant (P < 0.05) variety effects on yield in 4 of 6 site-years, with variety IT82-16 consistently giving the highest yields (range 1200-2400 kg ha-1). There were significant variety effects on A. vogelii emergence with Mkanakaufiti having no Alectra throughout. Application of cattle manure strongly suppressed A. vogelii in 6 site-years all at 60 days after planting, while inorganic fertilizer suppressed Alectra in 3 of the 6 site-years. Cattle significantly but marginally (about 250 kg ha-1) increased yield in 2 of the 6 site-years. The results show potential to suppress A. vogelii with cattle manure application. However, further studies are required to understand the causes of the limited yield response under manure or fertilizer application to make the practices attractive to farmers. More variety improvement studies to produce a range of varieties with better local adaptability and response to fertility amendments are recommended.
28
., WIRANDO, L. DOLOKSARIBU, M. DEWANTARI, I. G. N. KAYANA e I. G. MAHARDIKA. "PERFORMANCE OF FRIESIAN HOLSTEIN COWS AT SUMBERBULU DAIRY FARM IN BANYUWANGI EAST JAVA". Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 26, n. 1 (28 giugno 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2023.v26.i01.p07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Every dairy farm should keep records of bloodlines, pests, disease, feed types and consumption. These records help preventing inbreeding, control pests and disease and provide the best feed for optimum performance. Howe- ver, smallholder dairy farmers in Indonesia pay less attention on the benefits of recordings. The purpose of this study is to analyse the reproductive and productive performance recorded of the productivity of FH cattle at Sum- berbulu Dairy Farm. An ex-post facto Comparative Causal method was used, where data were obtained by observa- tions, interviewed the owner, and recorded all available archives from December 2021 to January 2022 supporting the data analysis. Data of reproductive and productive performance were analysed by using simple descriptive anal- ysis. The results showed their S/C, days open, gestation period, and calving interval were 2.15 ± 0.28 times, 113.68 ± 18.05 days, 280.10 ± 2.41 days, and 393.33 ± 15.27 days, respectively. The total milk production 3.411.8 ± 170.03 kg/cow/lactation, MPPA 3.946 ± 42.24 kg/lactation, length of lactation period 270.03 ± 14.24 days, and length of dry period 94.24 ± 7.98 days. The reproductive and productive performance of FH dairy cows reared at Sumberbulu Dairy Farm were in ideal standard of FH cows reared in tropical areas.
29
Espinoza, Carla, e Jenny Peche. "Soil contamination due to the use of agrochemicals in papaya (Carica papaya) crops, Picota, Peru". Agroindustrial Science 14, n. 1 (29 aprile 2024): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/agroind.sci.2024.01.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this research work was to know the contamination of the soil of papaya crops (Carica papaya), by the application of agrochemicals in the control of pests and diseases. Where soil samples were taken from 5 papaya plots (Carica papaya), 15 samples of 1 kg each of soil were extracted, followed by a plot without anthropic intervention of 3 samples to be sent to the laboratory. From the results, the agrochemicals used in papaya (Carica papaya) crops were determined, such as fire herbicides, propanil, hedonal and glyphosate; as insecticides dimethoate and aldrin; as fungicides zineb, mancozeb WP and Champion. It was found that cadmium had the highest concentration of 1.677 mg/kg, followed by lead at 13.297 mg/kg and chromium VI with its maximum concentration of 0.7833 mg/kg. The alternatives as strategies for the use of agrochemicals were catahua resin (Hura crepitans) that acts as a pesticide, cocoa honey water herbicides, solid organic fertilizers (solid chicken manure fertilizer, cattle manure compost, vermicomport, compost of pulp of coffee) and barbasco bark (Lonchpocarpus nicou). It was concluded that the soils of papaya (Carica papaya) crops are contaminated by the excessive use of agrochemicals in the control of pests, diseases, and improvement of production.
30
Pina, Diego Roberto Courbassier, Maurício Ferreira Lopes, Tatiane Carla Silva, Joane Alves Damasceno e Fabiano Borges de Vasconcellos. "Production of ingredients for cut cattle diet: a case study in farm angico, municipality of Corumbá - Mato Grosso do Sul". Colloquim Agrariae 17, n. 5 (28 ottobre 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2021.v17.n5.a457.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nutrition has a fundamental role in the production of beef cattle, directly interfering in the costs, productivity and profitability of the activity. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the challenges, opportunities and advantages of the production of the entire cattle fattening diet on the Angico farm, in the municipality of Corumbá - Mato Grosso do Sul. Applied research was carried out as a way of studying case. In the 2017/2018 harvest, the farm's own production yielded 116 bags/hectare of corn, 40 bags / hectare of soybeans, 42 tons / hectare of silage sorghum and 72.5 bags/hectare of grain sorghum. All these ingredients were used in the feed of the feedlot animals. It was concluded that at the Angico farm, with the use of proper planting and management techniques, it was possible to overcome production barriers (adverse weather, attack by pests, diseases and wild animals), thus improving the efficiency of the enterprise. In addition, it was possible to recover degraded pasture areas and increase the farm's food independence by reducing the purchase of food from third parties and reducing costs per arroba produced with the animals' own food production.
31
Newediuk, Levi J., Isobel Waters e James F. Hare. "Aspen parkland pasture altered by Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine) activity: the good, the bad, and the not so ugly?" Canadian Field-Naturalist 129, n. 4 (30 gennaio 2016): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v129i4.1755.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although Richardson’s Ground Squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) are considered pests throughout their North American range, their impact on forage in Canadian aspen parkland has not been explored. We investigated the effect of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel density on forage quality and plant community composition in an intensely grazed cattle pasture in the aspen parkland region of Manitoba, Canada. We detected no significant differences in forage protein content or legume, grass, and litter biomass among ground squirrel density levels. However, ground squirrel density did influence the abundance of invasive and forage plant species; greater squirrel density reduced the prevalence of Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Leysser) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and increased the abundance of Quackgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould) and Black medick (Medicago lupulina L.). Plant community diversity also increased with ground squirrel density. There were no differences in soil bulk density or ammonia content among squirrel density levels; however, soil nitrate content was highest at low ground squirrel density. Changes in available soil nitrogen and relative abundances of forage species on this pasture may affect cattle diet by altering both the availability and quality of forage. Our findings highlight the need for further investigation of the role of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel on rangeland in the aspen parkland region to ascertain the generality of the effects documented in our study. Until such effects and their implications for cattle production are understood, land managers should refrain from exterminating colonies of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel.
32
Rudge, M. R. "A ROLE FOR FERAL MAMMALS IN CONSERVING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK". Animal Genetic Resources Information 5 (aprile 1986): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYThe rationale for conserving breeds of livestock may be extended to free-living populations which are descended from domestic stock (= feral). An important management difference is that feral animals are not maintained as fixed breeds, but are free to vary and adapt. Many feral populations are pests, and threaten the status of native flora and fauna. This means that they continue to diminish as a result of control operations. Nevertheless, some populations and herds of goats, cattle, horses, sheep and pigs have now been protected. Positive values of commercial and scientific Interest are emerging as animals of feral extraction are studied. Further work is needed to assess the contribution that feral animals can make to the cause of conserving genetic diversity in the world's livestock.
33
Loera-Gallardo, Jesus, Juan F. Luna-Salas e G. A. P. Gibson. "First report of pupal parasitoids of filth-breeding flies (Diptera) from bovine manure in northeastern Mexico". Canadian Entomologist 140, n. 6 (dicembre 2008): 682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractA total of 2702 individuals representing nine species of Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) plus at least one species of Diapriidae, Trichopria haematobiae (Ashmead) (Diaprioidea), were reared as pupal parasitoids of filth-breeding flies in bovine manure during a 2-year study in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. The Pteromalidae included two undescribed species of Spalangia Latreille plus Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. drosophilae Ashmead, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, M. zaraptor Kogan and Legner, and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani). Spalangia nigroaenea accounted for 71% of all the pupal parasitoids and all six Spalangia species for 94% of the parasitoids over the 2 years. Based on its preponderance, S. nigroaenea is recommended as a candidate for inundative releases within integrated pest management programs to help control fly pests of cattle in northeastern Mexico.
34
Showler, Allan T., William A. Donahue, Jessica L. Harlien, Michael W. Donahue, Bret E. Vinson e Donald B. Thomas. "Efficacy of Novaluron + Pyriproxyfen (Tekko Pro) Insect Growth Regulators Against Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n. 5 (18 maggio 2019): 1338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz075.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Ixodids are globally distributed pests that transmit many disease agents. Increasing resistance to conventional acaricides raises the need for alternative tactics. Novaluron and pyriproxyfen are insect growth regulators (IGRs) that have variable potencies against acarines. We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to assess novaluron + pyriproxyfen (marketed as Tekko Pro) against four ixodid species. Laboratory assays on the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), reduced metabolic activity in larvae and nymphs. Concentrations of novaluron + pyriproxyfen dried on filter paper impeded molting of larval R. sanguineus (less effective against nymphs). Molting A. americanum larvae were reduced by >95% using 4 and 8 µg/cm2 eliminated molting; nymphal molting was reduced but not halted even at 16 µg/cm2. On calves, novaluron + pyriproxyfen stopped larval A. americanum metabolic function 1 d post-treatment and larvae did not molt. When larvae were released 30 d after treatment, metabolic activity was reduced by 95% and molting was reduced by 94%. Southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), larvae released 1 d after treatment on calves were 99% prevented from reaching adulthood. The treatment did not interfere with larval development when larvae were released 52 d after treatment. The cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), failed to reach adulthood when larvae were released on calves a day after treatment (residual activity was not assessed for R. annulatus). These IGRs, and possibly others, offer an alternative to conventional acaricides for ixodid control on cattle.
35
Weaving, H., B. Sands e R. Wall. "Reproductive sublethal effects of macrocyclic lactones and synthetic pyrethroids on the dung beetle Onthophagus similis". Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2019): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractDung-colonizing beetles provide a range of ecosystem services in farmland pasture systems. However, such beetles are declining in Northern temperate regions. This may, in part, be due to the widespread use of macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) in livestock farming. These chemicals are used to control pests and parasites of cattle; the residues of which are excreted in dung at concentrations toxic to insects. While the lethal effects of such residues are well known, sublethal effects are less understood. Any effects, however, may have important consequences for beetle populations, particularly if they affect reproduction. To investigate, the impact of ML and SP exposure on the reproductive output of Onthophagus similis (Scriba), a Northern temperate dung beetle species, was examined. In laboratory trials, field-collected adult O. similis exposed to the ML ivermectin at 1 ppm (wet weight) over a period of 3 weeks had smaller oocytes (p = 0.016), smaller fat bodies and reduced motility compared to the control. In a farm-level investigation, cattle dung-baited pitfall trapping was undertaken on 23 beef cattle farms in SW England, which either used MLs (n = 9), SPs (n = 7) or neither chemical (n = 7). On farms that used no MLs or SPs, 24.2% of females caught were gravid. However, on farms that used MLs no gravid females were caught, and only 1% of the beetles caught on farms using SPs were gravid (p < 0.001). The association between ML and SP use and impaired reproductive output suggests that the use of such chemicals is likely to be ecologically damaging.
36
Hamid, Abdul, Mohd Majid Jamali e Ishtiyaq Ahad. "Screening of Oats (Avena sativa) against Cereal Leaf Beetle within the Ranges of Himalayas of Kashmir". Environment and Ecology 41, n. 4C (dicembre 2023): 2960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/pzst7161.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.) Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera is one of the devastating pests of wheat, oat and barley in Kashmir valley. Freezing temperatures of Kashmir valley are not suitable for double cropping in a single year. In these harsh winters, farmers are not able to feed their cattle fresh greens, to overcome the problem oats serve as best green fodder not only for cattle but now a days oats are preferred as dietary meal for people. Oats is encountered by various limiting factors, among which cereal leaf beetle has posed a threat in both quality and quantity as well. Hence, an experiment was laid to study the screening of four available varieties of Oats. Investigations were carried out at the farmers field near the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Kashmir, India during 2021-22 under free choice conditions to evaluate the results. Among the evaluated varieties SKO-90 registered least damage of 17% followed by SABZAR (19%), however highest damage of (35%) was found on the cultivar KENT, it was closely followed by SKO-96 with leaf damage of (33%). It is advisable that, farmers should go through the two least damaged varieties of the oats and the chemical constituents responsible for the less damage need to identified through biochemical analysis.
37
Meng, Jie, Lijun Li, Haitao Liu, Yong Li, Caihong Li, Guanglei Wu, Xiaofan Yu et al. "Biodiversity management of organic orchard enhances both ecological and economic profitability". PeerJ 4 (23 giugno 2016): e2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2137.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Organic farming has been regarded as an alternative solution for both agricultural sustainability and human health maintenance. Few researches have concentrated on the differences of biodiversity and eco-economic benefits between organic and conventional orchards. Organic management (OM) of orchards mainly includes taking advantage of natural enemies and beneficial weeds as well as soil organisms and controlling harmful pests. Here we conducted a three-year experiment on the effects of managing biodiversity in an organic apple orchard, using cattle manure to enrich soil biota, propagating native plant to suppress weeds and applying ecological pest management to control pests. The effect was assessed against the conventional management (CM) model. We found that OM enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the dominant bacterial phyla of the top soil wereProteobacteriaandActinobacteria, and OM had richer bacteria diversity with a 7% higher Shannon’s index than the CM. In particular, the relative abundance of rhizobium in the OM was higher than that of the CM. For OM,Duchesnea indicawas an ideal ground-cover plant to control weeds through winning the niche competition and thus decreased weeds’ Simpson, Shannon–Wiener and Pielou index by 38.2%, 53.8% and 16.9% separately. The phototactic pests’ weight and scarab beetle’s population were effectively decreased by 35% and 86% respectively through long time control and prevention. OM had an average of 20 times more earthworms than CM, and the maximum density had reached 369 m−2(0–20 cm soil). The dominant earthworm species of the OM were detritivores which preferring soil with high organic matter content. Due to no synthetic chemicals being used, the OM produced much safer apple fruits which were sold at high prices. Economically, up to a 103% increase of output–input ratio had been achieved in the OM. Our study clearly demonstrated that biodiversity management without chemical pollution increased the biodiversity of beneficial organisms, reduced antagonists of the fruit tree, and enhanced economic benefits of the apple orchard.
38
Susanti, Rini, Andini Hanif e Lisdayani. "Effectiveness Test of Tagetes erecta L Powder and Cattle Urine Waste that Potentially Repelent ont Boring Pests of Nezara viridula Pods in Soybean (Glycine max L) in Patumbak Subdistrict, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra". Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 6, n. 2 (1 agosto 2019): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v6i2.3168.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soybean plants (Glycine max) are the third most important food commodity crop after rice and corn. Soybean production continues to be improved in meeting community needs, but efforts to increase soybean production still face problems, namely green ladybird pest (N. viridula L.). One alternative to control soybean pod sucking insects that are relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily obtained is the use of vegetable insecticides. Vegetable insecticides do not quickly cause pest resistance, are synergistic, and their use can be combined with other pest control techniques. One of them is by using Tagetes erecta plants combined with cow urine as a vegetable insecticide. The use of repellents generally does not directly kill insects, but rather serves to reject the presence of insects, mainly due to the pungent smell. The use of cow urine as a mixture of biopesticides contains growth stimulants and contains repellents for several types of insect pests. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Tagetes erecta in reducing the population of N.viridula pests in soybean plants (Glycine max L.Merr). Non Factorial RAK with 5 levels of treatment and 5 replications. Hopefully with this study farmers can take advantage of tagetes erecta and cow urine waste that can be used as natural pesticides and can be used as a control for Hama Nezara viridula which is environmentally friendly and economic.
39
Shantharaju, Anupama, Md Aminul Islam, Jarrod M. Kath, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Arun Muniyappa e Lila Singh-Peterson. "Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India". Sustainability 16, n. 5 (29 febbraio 2024): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16052018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The adoption of effective coping strategies is crucial for successful adaptation to the impacts of climate change in the dairy sector. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the perceived constraints and motivations toward such strategies. A survey was conducted among 104 dairy farmers from three semi-arid regions of South India. The aim of the survey was to explore the dairy farmers’ perception of climate risk, how it impacts their dairy farming system, the coping strategies they employ, and the barriers they face when implementing these strategies. The survey also investigated the factors that facilitate the adoption of adaptation measures. The results indicate dairy farmers in the region perceive drought, pests and diseases, and high temperatures as the major risks associated with climate change, which has resulted in decreased dairy income, animal health problems, reduced fertility, and food intake problems for their cattle. In response to climate variability, dairy farmers have adopted various coping strategies. The most important strategies include buying livestock insurance, keeping low debt obligations, and growing drought-tolerant grass varieties. However, most farmers face significant constraints in adopting these and other strategies including a lack of climate forecast data, the high cost of adaptation activities, and weak institutional support. On the other hand, the key enabling factors that support the adoption of these strategies include milk production security, suitable feed growing conditions, and family interest. Most importantly, the study found that certain factors such as age, education, number of earning family members, annual milk production, monthly cattle expenses, and landholdings significantly influenced dairy farmers’ strategies for adapting to climate change. The study recommends that providing timely climate forecasts, implementing improved policies such as vaccination and cattle health services, and establishing strong institutional support systems can help dairy farmers become more resilient to climate change and protect their livelihoods.
40
Modrzyński, Paweł Mateusz. "Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview". Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, n. 23 (17 dicembre 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.
41
WILKINS, P. W., e M. O. HUMPHREYS. "Progress in breeding perennial forage grasses for temperate agriculture". Journal of Agricultural Science 140, n. 2 (marzo 2003): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Breeding of temperate forage grasses is aimed at improving the economic and environmental sustainability of production from cattle and sheep. The primary objective is to ensure that forage can be the main source of feed for ruminants. This requires consistent production of herbage with a high feeding value, usually under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The most important traits affecting the feeding value of herbage are in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), the ratios of crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrate and fibre, and the concentration of alkaloid toxins. Improvements in these primary quality traits must be combined with good plant persistency, adequate tolerance to a range of environmental stresses, adequate resistance to a large number of different pathogens and invertebrate pests, and adequate seed yield. Forage grasses also have considerable potential to produce material for refining, to provide protein extracts for feeding to monogastric animals and carbohydrate for fermentation into fuel or into feedstocks for other industries.
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Raslan, Amal A., Seham Elbadry e Wageh Sobhy Darwish. "Estimation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Raw Milk Marketed in Zagazig City, Egypt". Journal of Toxicology 2018 (12 agosto 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3821797.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Milk is nearly a perfect natural food and is widely used by all segments of our population especially for infants and the elderly. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in many African countries as in Egypt for the control of pests. OCPs are characterized by their bioaccumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. The objectives of this study were initially to estimate the residual concentrations of different OCPs in three kinds of fresh and raw milk from different animals (cattle, buffalo, and goat) marketed in Egypt. Additionally, human dietary intake and risk assessment of OCPs were calculated. The tested OCPs included pp-DDT and its metabolites pp-DDD and pp-DDE; hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) including α HCH and γ HCH; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; aldrin and endrin; chlordane, methoxychlor, and hexachloride benzene. The recorded results revealed that goat and buffalo milk samples had the highest incidence of OCPs’ contamination (75% for each), while this percentage was 50% in cow’s milk. The mean values of ΣOCPs were 317.83 ± 34.11, 605 ± 50.54, and 1210.57 ± 99.55 (ppb/ww) in the examined cattle, buffalo, and goat milk samples, respectively. All examined OCPs were within the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by World Health Organization with only 10% of goat milk samples exceeding this MRL. The estimated daily intake, noncancer, and cancer health risk assessment of the tested OCPs revealed the potential cancer risk especially among children consuming goat’s milk. The public health importance of such OCPs was discussed.
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HAMILTON, ALEXIS M., DAVID J. PAULSEN, REBECCA T. TROUT FRYXELL, VALERIE E. ORTA, STUART J. GORMAN, DARA M. SMITH, JOHN R. BUCHANAN, ANNETTE L. WSZELAKI e FAITH J. CRITZER. "Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Flies on a Diversified Cattle and Fresh Produce Farm across Two Growing Seasons". Journal of Food Protection 84, n. 6 (19 gennaio 2021): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-339.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Flies are a vector for spreading foodborne pathogens pertinent to fresh produce, such as Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella; however, most studies focus on concentrated animal feeding operations, which do not reflect low-density animal farming practices that often adjoin fruit and vegetable acreage. In this study, we determined the prevalence of Salmonella in flies collected biweekly on an integrated animal and produce operation over two growing seasons. Eleven of 889 pooled samples tested positive for Salmonella. Flies from the Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, and Tachinidae families were associated with Salmonella carriage, but fly family was not a significant factor for isolation of Salmonella (P = 0.303). Fly species were a significant factor (P = 0.026), with five Pentacricia aldrichii pools testing positive for Salmonella. With the exception of single specimen isolation, prevalence ranged from 2.2 to 15.2%. With the exception of the Tachinidae family, these results reflect a strong association of flies that are commonly associated with feces or are pests of animals. Trap location was not significantly associated with isolation of Salmonella-positive flies (P = 0.236). Overall, the population of flies was not as abundant as studies conducted with produce grown close to concentrated animal feeding operations, indicating a reduced risk of transmission; however, similar to these studies, fly families that are commonly isolated from fecal and decaying matter were most frequently associated with Salmonella isolation. Further work is warranted to elucidate the foodborne pathogen transmission rates to produce and subsequent survival over time. HIGHLIGHTS
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Hernández-Carlos, Beatriz, e Marcela Gamboa-Angulo. "Insecticidal and Nematicidal Contributions of Mexican Flora in the Search for Safer Biopesticides". Molecules 24, n. 5 (4 marzo 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050897.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Plant metabolites have been used for many years to control pests in animals and to protect crops. Here, we reviewed the available literature, looking for the species of Mexican flora for which extracts and metabolites have shown activity against pest insects and parasitic nematodes of agricultural importance, as well as against nematodes that parasitize domestic cattle. From 1996 to 2018, the search for novel and eco-friendly biopesticides has resulted in the identification of 114 species belonging to 36 botanical families of Mexican plants with reported biological effects on 20 insect species and seven nematode species. Most plant species with detected pesticide properties belong to the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae. Eighty-six metabolites have been identified as pesticidal active principles, and most have been terpenoids. Therefore, the continuation and intensification of this area of research is very important to contribute to the generation of new products that will provide alternatives to conventional pesticide agents. In addition, future studies will contribute to the recognition and dissemination of the importance of propagating plant species for their conservation and sustainable use.
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Sheridan, Robert, e Lucille Desjardins. "Determination of Abamectin, Doramectin, Emamectin, Eprinomectin, Ivermectin, and Moxidectin in Milk by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Tandem Mass Specrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, n. 4 (1 luglio 2006): 1088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1088.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The avermectin and milbemycin families of compounds are derived from naturally occurring yeasts. They have proven to be potent preventatives against a variety of pests such as insects and parasites. Only eprinomectin and moxidectin are currently approved for use on lactating cattle with tolerances in milk of 12 μg/kg for eprinomectin and 40 μg/kg for moxidectin. Detection of misuse or inadvertent contamination in milk requires a sensitive and definitive analytical method. A method has been developed for the determination of 5 avermectins and 1 milbemycin in milk using a simple liquidliquid extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Ivermectin (IVR), doramectin (DOR), abamectin (ABA), eprinomectin (EPR), emamectin (EMA), and moxidectin (MOX) were extracted from whole milk by partitioning into acetonitrile with a subsequent solvent exchange into methanolwater. Simultaneous confirmation and quantification were achieved with LC separation, positive electrospray ionization (ESI+), and MS/MS. The limits of detection ranged from 16 pg/g (ppt) for EMA to 1.7 μg/g (ppb) for MOX.
46
Mody, Karishma T., Bing Zhang, Xun Li, Ritesh Jain, Peng Li, Peter James, Timothy J. Mahony, Zhiping Xu e Neena Mitter. "Topical RNAi for Sustainable Animal Health". Proceedings 36, n. 1 (7 aprile 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036170.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Animal health measures mainly rely on vaccination or chemical control for major pests and pathogens, causing issues of residue, toxicity and development of resistance. For example, control of Sheep flystrike and lice-infestation affecting the Australia’s sheep/wool industry (>3.5 B) have developed resistance to nearly all control chemicals used in the past. Topicals RNAi provides an innovative clean-green, non-toxic, environmentally sustainable biological control solution. Biodegradable clay particles as carriers can be used to deliver double stranded RNA (dsRNA), the key trigger molecule of RNA interference pathway. As an early proof of concept, we investigated the stability dsRNA loaded on two types of Clay particles: Clay 1 (releases dsRNA under acidic conditions) and Clay 2 (releases dsRNA under alkaline conditions) on cattle hide. Cattle skin was treated with Cy3 labelled dsRNA alone and Cy3 labelled dsRNA loaded on Clay1 or Clay2. The skin samples treated with the Cy3 formulations were imaged using confocal microscopy. Once imaged, the skin samples were washed and stored at room temperature for 5 days, later the samples were re-imaged to detect the fluorescent signal (Figure 1). The dsRNA loaded on clay particles was stable unlike naked Cy3-dsRNA which degraded and was not visible after washing. This increased inherent stability of the dsRNA molecules, combined with the environmental stability afforded by the Clay particles, offers promise to provide a sustainable solution for animal health. Topical RNAi can reduce reliance on trade withholding periods of meat/wool without chemical residues, enhance animal welfare and increase production of premium quality meat/wool, improve export potential, competitiveness and long-term profitability of livestock industry.
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Vélez, Mayra, Lívia Aguiar Coelho, David dos Santos Martins e Paulo Sergio Fiuza Ferreira. "Survey of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) on pastures from Espírito Santo state, Brazil: new records, range extension, and notes of potential pests". EntomoBrasilis 13 (28 agosto 2020): e907. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e907.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Espírito Santo is a Brazilian state that has a wide variety of habitats, providing a high biological diversity of fauna and flora. However, few reports had been shown about the insect diversity of this region, especially of heteropterans insects that inhabit on pasture ecosystems. In the present study, forty-three species of Heteroptera belonging to thirteen families were collected on pastures on Espírito Santo state, Brazil: Alydidae (1 sp.), Berytidae (3 sp.), Blissidae (1 sp.), Coreidae (7 sp.), Miridae (16 sp.), Nabidae (1sp.), Pentatomidae (3 sp.), Pyrrhocoridae (1 sp.), Reduviidae (6 sp.), Rhopalidae (1 sp.), Rhyparochromidae (1sp.), Thaumastocoridae (1 sp.) and Tingidae (1 sp). Among the species; Cebrenis tenebrosa (Brailovsky, 1995) is recorded for the first time in Brazil. The range extension is also included for several heteropterans collected on the Espírito Santo state. The following species: Blissus aff. antillus (Leonard, 1968); Collaria oleosa (Distant, 1883); Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer, 1773), and Trigonotylus tenuis (Reuter, 1893) were observed causing damages on pastures, therefore, in this study, we suggested those species as potential pastures pests. This study aims to increase the knowledge about the heteropterans and to show the presence of some pest species that may cause serious damage to pastures and consequently affect the economy of cattle breeders on the state.
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "First occurrences of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru: Bibliographic summary". Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 1, n. 2 (30 settembre 2021): 015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.1.2.0119.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is common for parasitoidism to modify the behavior of the host species, facilitating the development and propagation of the parasitoid and establishing a highly specific relationship. In this case, herbivores such as cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits are the definitive host of the parasitoid. The objective of this review is to describe the first occurrence of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru. The mini review consists of a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera parasitoids collected in Brazil and Peru. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Subfamilies, Genera, and Species (taxonomic groups). A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 2000 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from July to September 2021, using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Since the relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is very specific, it is common for agricultural pests to be naturally controlled through parasitoidism. Wasps of the Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae family respectively parasitize caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and even aphids.
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Paudyal, Narayan, Ram B. Khadka e Ranjana Khadka. "Agricultural perspectives of climate change induced disasters in Doti, Nepal". Journal of Agriculture and Environment 14 (1 dicembre 2013): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19795.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Natural disasters are among the major risk factors in aggravating human and livestock lifes as well as agricultural production in most of the developing and poor countries. A community level survey was conducted in Doti district to assess the rural communities perception towards the disasters induced by climate change in agriculture and livestock production and productivity. Discussions with two focal groups, at village level and with district based stakeholders revealed that there is a conceptual difference between the perception of disasters at the government level and the farmers level. Most of the farmers have realized the major disasters of slow onset type (drought and famine) to be more common than the rapid onset type (landslides and floods). There has been a change in the cropping pattern with decreased winter rain and short monsoon rain. The local communities have suffered due to drought which has lead to fewer water holes for animals and less water for irrigation. Farmers have gradually decreased the number of larger ruminants like cattle and buffalo and are inclined towards smaller animals like sheep and goat. Animal diseases as well as insects-pests of crops are also on the rise.
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Cook, David. "A Historical Review of Management Options Used against the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)". Insects 11, n. 5 (15 maggio 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050313.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), remains a significant economic pest globally in situations where intensive animal production or horticultural production provide a suitable developmental medium. Stable flies have been recorded as pests of livestock and humans since the late 1800s to early 1900s. Over 100 years of research has seen numerous methodologies used to control this fly, in particular to protect cattle from flies to minimise production losses. Reduced milk production in dairy cows and decreased weight gain in beef cattle account for losses in the US alone of > $2000 million annually. Rural lifestyles and recreation are also seriously affected. Progress has been made on many control strategies against stable fly over a range of chemical, biological, physical and cultural options. This paper reviews management options from both a historical and a technical perspective for controlling this pest. These include the use of different classes of insecticides applied to affected animals as toxicants or repellents (livestock and humans), as well as to substrates where stable fly larvae develop. Arthropod predators of stable flies are listed, from which potential biological control agents (e.g., wasps, mites, and beetles) are identified. Biopesticides (e.g., fungi, bacteria and plant-derived products) are also discussed along with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against stable flies for several animal industries. A review of cultural and physical management options including trapping, trap types and methodologies, farm hygiene, scheduled sanitation, physical barriers to fly emergence, livestock protection and amendments added to animal manures and bedding are covered. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all management options used against stable flies from both a historical and a technical perspective for use by any entomologist, livestock producer or horticulturalist with an interest in reducing the negative impact of this pest fly.