Tesi sul tema "Catastrophes – Gestion"
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Cerati, Frédéric Delaveuve Eric. "Un logiciel d'aide à la gestion de crise testé lors d'un exercice de plan blanc élargi en Meuse". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2008_CERATI_FREDERIC.pdf.
Testo completoOuazzani, Chahdi Abdelkader. "Les risques catastrophiques au Maroc : aspects de gestion de risque et d'assurance". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30072.
Testo completoOur societies are becoming increasingly exposed to the risks of natural or human disasters. Major risks change over time, the factors affecting these changes are diverse and can be environmental, technological, demographic or socio-economic. The vulnerability of developing countries to catastrophic risk is much higher than that of developed nations. This can be explained by several factors, including the quality of infrastructure likely to be affected, the lack of a risk mapping that has the direct consequence of construction in areas highly exposed to disasters, the absence of preventive measures, and the lack of funding and reconstruction policies. That being said, there is growing awareness around these areas.Morocco is among the countries that are highly vulnerable to major risks and that is why the Moroccan government, with the assistance of the World Bank and the Swiss Cooperation has decided to implement a national strategy for integrated management of disasters which includes a post-disaster compensation component based on the French "Cat Nat Plan". Therefore, Moroccan insurers will be required to cover catastrophic risks through mandatory coverage backed by certain insurance contracts.This work proposes to analyze from an operational point of view the various legal aspects of major risks management: prevention and disaster funding
Cabane, Lydie. "Gouverner les catastrophes : politiques, savoirs et organisation de la gestion des catastrophes en Afrique du Sud". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0055.
Testo completoThis dissertation analyses the making of a government of disasters in South Africa through the development of instruments, knowledge, organisations and professions that rendered disasters governable and operationalized the state. This process finds its origins in the rise of civil defence from the mid-20th century, that constituted disasters as an object of intervention for the state through emergency planning techniques as well as the formation of a profession in the 1980s to protect the state and its critical infrastructures from anti-apartheid protests. In 1994, the conjunction between the democratic transition and simultaneous global transformations that were promoting models of “disaster management”, led to re-orientate the way disasters were governed through the circulation of experts, knowledge and policy models. The institutionalisation of disaster management within the state, its local organisations and the profession participated to reshape the form and the extent of the state. Notions of risk and vulnerability came to redefine political relations between the state and citizens, by circumscribing new objects of protection and designing “vulnerable population” as beneficiaries of the benevolence of the state. This reconfiguration is intertwined with a parallel process of “academisation” of the knowledge on disasters and the making of a new discipline. Disaster science mobilized to define and describe vulnerabilities, though it is caught in a never-ending conflict with professionals and the state on the operationalisation of this new understanding of disasters. This conflict shapes the government of disasters and reveals contradictions within the state
Clerveau, Michelet. "Gestion de catastrophes et évolution des vulnérabilités : retour sur les catastrophes des années 2000 en Haïti". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT5009.
Testo completoThe 2000s were marked by an upsurge of natural disasters worldwide. The number of disasters recorded this decade alone far exceeds the average per decade for the twentieth century. Haiti, the only LDC in the Americas was not immune to this upsurge of disasters. The country has suffered from the effects of 8 of 155 cyclones and storms in the Atlantic Basin for the period and the aftermath of an earthquake. Some of these hazards have affected several countries in the region. Haiti is the country that appears on top in the list of countries with the largest number of casualties because of its vulnerability.Communities affected by these disasters have, of course, differences according to their level and their place in the network and the nationwide grid. Mapou and Fonds-Verrettes are two remote villages badly connected to the center that is to say, the capital. Gonaïves is a regional average city in crossroads position between the department of the north, northeast, northwest, central and west; and Port-au-Prince, the capital, in the west department, is the economic and cultural center of the country. These differences and place in the national network influence the impact and scope of the crisis stemming from different catastrophic events as well as the managing of difficulties
Vergara, saavedra Paulina. "Gestion de catastrophes et inégalités : processus et dynamiques multi-échelles au Chili". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALH004.
Testo completoThis thesis work concerns the analysis of the political and social effects of interventions carried out after socio-natural disasters (earthquake, tsunami, landslide) in Chile. The case of Chile is interesting because, due to its geography, it is regularly exposed to earthquakes and tsunamis, and at the same time, it is the first country where neoliberalism has been established since the early 1970s and served to develop a mode of disaster governance.Although the empirical study conducted as part of this thesis targets the treatment of the 2010 disaster, the set of analyzes included in this work relates to the actions carried out by the public actors (in particular the Chilean state) and private since the catastrophe of 1939 and questions the role of affected populations, involved or not in these processes. Thus, the first part of the text is devoted to the identification of the beginnings of responses that the public authorities have built to respond to disasters and which actors have participated in them. Driven by the socio-historical approach, this part of the work shows that the responses developed in the face of the most important disasters of the 20th century until the time of the Pinochet dictatorship gradually involved the services of the state and resulted in the development of repertoires of technical actions entrusted to the "technocratic experts" who aimed at the reconstruction of destroyed infrastructures. Then, from the 1980s, the role of the state diminishes and gives way to public-private partnerships which further limit the consideration of the needs of disaster victims and seek to avoid their active participation in the choice of objectives and solutions proposed during the reconstructions.The empirical study was conducted for seven years (2010-2017) and is based on an action research approach (2010-2013) carried out in the framework of support for victims through the Observatory of Reconstruction (Universidad de Chile’s project). It mobilizes the approach of political ethnography and relates to the analysis of socio-political dynamics observed in 3 localities affected by the disaster in 2010 (2013-2018) and allows the identification of factors and forms of vulnerabilities which manifest themselves and are provoked by this major disaster as well as during aid and post-disaster reconstruction interventions
Dubois, David. "Environnement logiciel d'exploitation des images satellitaires pour faciliter la gestion des catastrophes majeures". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2009. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/39/1/DUBOIS_David.pdf.
Testo completoZylberberg, Yanos. "Essais sur les catastrophes naturelles". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0047.
Testo completoThis thesis looks at reallocation of resources in the aftermath of natural disasters. The first part investigates the patterns of voluntary redistribution in small Vietnamese villages affected by a wave of tropical typhoons. The influence of needy families affects the reallocation process. In particular, the degree of redistribution is smaller when the distribution of losses is skewed in favour of spared families. When affected households are in the minority, they do not put enough pressure on the rest of the community and cannot extract a large compensation from them. The second part of this thesis analyzes the macroeconomic distortions induced by natural disasters. Capital losses of the order of 1 € generates economic slack of 40 cents. A temporary decrease of productivity is responsible for at least 2/3 of this production slowdown. This part also illustrates the importance of financial frictions in the immediate recovery after a shock. Affected entrepreneurs may lose access to credit as a result of their capital losses. Differential responses of economies following catastrophes are greatly explained by this dimension
Prudhomme, Claire. "Ingénierie de simulation multi-agents conduite par la connaissance pour évaluer l'efficacité des plans de gestion de catastrophes". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK060.
Testo completoProtecting humans from disasters has been an active mission of governments and experts through the definition of disaster management plans. Defining disaster response strategies is crucial in order to reduce the number of victims and the economic impact. In order to select which response plan is best suited to a specific disaster situation, these plans must be evaluated. However, such evaluation is limited by the high cost of exercises and the specificity of existing simulation models. The approach defended in this thesis combines techniques from Semantic Web and multi-agent simulation to evaluate disaster management response plans. It is composed of four steps : (1) modeling disaster management knowledge, (2) modeling simulations, (3) designing simulations, and (4) analyzing simulation results based on clustering. First, explicit expert knowledge and data is used to create a knowledge model for disaster management. Second, simulation models are conceived based on the knowledge model. Thirdly, generative programming is used for simulation design. Finally, simulation results are used to calculate the plan’s effectiveness for each simulation. Unsupervised learning clustering identifies the application context related to the calculated effectiveness. The effectiveness and the associated application context enrich the initial knowledge model. This approach was applied to a case study based on the French NOVI plan in the city of Montbard, France
Langumier, Julien Zonabend Françoise. "Survivre à l'inondation : pour une ethnologie de la catastrophe /". Lyon : ENS éd, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41383204f.
Testo completoBibliogr. p. 341-350.
Bernou, Jean-Marc. "Proposition de plan d'afflux massif de victimes pour le centre hospitalier général de Mont de Marsan". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M234.
Testo completoGoburdhun, Anaïs. "Trois chapitres sur la gestion et la corrélation du risque, et le risque météorologique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX008/document.
Testo completoThe PhD dissertation studies meteorological and economic hazard under different angles and mostly in developing countries. It is composed of three independent chapters analyzing different situations dealing with meteorological and climatic or economic hazard correlation. It estimates the potential of the studied regions for implementing an insurance scheme for the risk. Indeed, this thesis studies risks very likely to be highly correlated: whether this is for the meteorological or climatic hazard, or the price volatility risk, neighbored cities or even countries are exposed to the same risk simultaneously. This essential aspect jeopardizes risk mutualization, a key parameter of the economic insurance model. Through the three chapters of this thesis, we study the benefits linked to the mutualization of a priori correlated risks. The first chapter deals with maize price correlation in Tanzania. Using a Copula-GARCH model, we model the dependence among the 20 main markets of the country and assess if the mean maize price is smoothed by aggregating the markets. Hence, we see whether markets integration allows an efficient risk mutualization against the risk of price volatility. The second chapter deals with tropical storms risk in the South Pacific islands and their impact on infrastructures. This paper proposes an artificial tropical cyclones modeling in the region studied as well as the probability distribution of the cyclone’s occurrence and strength. This enables us accounting for the current climate for modeling costs. With data on infrastructures, we calculate the cost due to tropical storms, including for very low probability extreme events. The third chapter proposes an extension for a statistical emulator of crop yields depending climatic variables. We model the marginal impact of an increase of temperature, precipitations and CO2 concentration by running a statistical estimation on crop models rather than historical data. It allows accounting for extreme effects caused by meteorological data values not observed so far. The model robustness is assessed, among others, with copulas to compare the spatial dependence between the model and our statistical emulator and check that our estimation captures the geographic dependence
Thély, Ludovic. "Les Grecs face aux catastrophes naturelles : gestion et représentations des risques (Ve siècle A.C. - IIe siècle P.C.)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040264.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the perception, management and religious thoughts of natural hazards in Antiquity. It is based essentially on epigraphics and literary sources, but includes archaeological and geomorphological documentation. Natural hazards and risks are two recent notions, coming from geographic studies. To apply these concepts to the Greek world, from the Classical Period to the Roman Empire, contributes to our knowledges of these societies, pointing out the chronological evolutions of the scientific discourses and the religious thoughts. This study is organized in two main parts ; the first dealing with the consequences of natural hazards (burial of victims, destruction of buildings, modifications of landscapes and economic crisis) and the second, the analysis of theories about natural hazards as well as the religious representations and practices. Last but not least, one of the most important questions that this thesis tries to answer is "Did Greek society manage the risks or did it fall victim to doomsday ?"
Chandes, Jérôme. "Propositions d'amélioration de la coordination de la logistique humanitaire dans la gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1073.
Testo completoThe purpose of this investigation is to underline the advantages offered by applying the collective strategy model in the context of humanitarian logistics, enriching the existing benefits that operations management and business logistics techniques have brought to the field. In both man-made and natural disaster relief, humanitarian logistics operations have been hampered by a lack of coordination between actors, which directly affects performance in terms of reactivity and reliability. Adapted collective strategies could offer a solution to this problem. A literature review deals with the issue of humanitarian logistics through an operational dimension, followed by a strategic approach. This is rounded out with a case study dealing with the Pisco earthquake in Peru (August 2007), which is based on a participant observation methodological approach.The research presented revealed that a collective action approach had a positive impact on the working of humanitarian supply chains, as long as a “hub” was used to provide accountability and reliability. If a technical approach, particularly in matters of operations management (optimization of transportation, location of regional warehouses, etc.) is essential to better manage humanitarian logistics, it must also be in the service of a collective strategy, notably in the pre-positioning of supplies and the coordination of relief efforts. The case study provides several ideas for improving operation coordination, particularly through direct “symbiotic partnerships” in vertical relations and direct “commensalistic partnerships” in horizontal relations
Marchesini, Gaïa. "La gestion des déchets lors de catastrophes naturelles : organisation, désorganisation et réorganisation du système et des filières". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2011.
Testo completoThe waste management system reorganises during exceptional events to address new constraints linked both to the sudden shift in the quantities, types and mixes of waste, and to the interdependencies with other urban technical systems (road cutting, network congestion, etc.). The involvement in waste management of many stakeholders, particularly from emergency management, evolves. This thesis focuses on these aspects of post-event and waste management around the following question: how do the waste management system and chains transform in the face of strong external constraints, such as those produced by a natural disaster ? Doctoral research uses and specifies a method inspired by functional analysis. It enriches classic studies, which structure the study of the system in two stages - “functional analysis” and “dysfunctional analysis”, by proposing to break down the analysis into six temporalities from natural risk management: the functional system, the pre-disaster, the occurrence of the hazard, the emergency phase, rehabilitation and recovery. The functional analysis is coupled with a chain analysis: the waste management chains are configured in the system to enable the monitoring of their evolution. The method is applied to analyse waste management in the Roya Valley (South France) after Storm Alex in October 2020. Despite the difficulties related to the Covid-19 pandemic, this application phase extended into two field trips (which respectively lasted for a month and a week) which were carried out in 2021 and supplemented by remote interviews. The results show that the hypothesis of considering new waste chains such as a general “disaster waste” chain or even a green disaster waste chain seems reasonable. However, the thesis questions the relevance in terms of preparation and planning of the establishment of such chains, particularly with the uncertainty of their activation and the availability of human, technical and financial means to implement them. Another alternative seems interesting: the possibility of considering waste management as a critical infrastructure (called "activity of vital importance" in France). This qualification could help bring clarity over the responsibilities of waste management stakeholders, and promote the conservation of existing chains even after a disaster. In addition, it might foster the integration of the waste management system into the common culture of crisis management shared between other critical activities, including other urban sociotechnical networks (energy, transport, telecommunications, water and sanitation)
Michel-Kerjan, Erwann. "Contributions à l'économie des "risques à grande échelle" : essais sur le partage des risques catastrophiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24010.
Testo completoSonon, Hyppolite. "L'encadrement juridique de la gestion des risques d'inondation au Bénin". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0142.
Testo completoThe reduction of the increase of flood risks and their consequences on human security has often been thought, in developing countries, in terms of costs and techniques based on the work of climatologists, hydrologists and others, neglecting most often the legal and institutional aspect. This work on the legal framework of flood risk management in Benin aims to provide some answers to the reflection on the legal approaches to natural disaster prevention, particularly floods.If the objective of flood risk reduction policy is to implement prevention and protection measures, with adequate means, in order to protect people, property and the environment, to what extent can the legal framework for flood risk management contribute to poverty reduction? The answer can be legal, insofar as, upstream, during and downstream of the disaster, the administrations in charge apply texts and initiatives that the citizens accept and respect.In addition, and following the same objective of poverty reduction, the repair of damage caused by floods to vulnerable populations could be legally instituted in order to allow the recovery of victims. The implementation of such measures remains the best way to reduce the risk of flooding, and to ensure the security of future investments that will contribute objectively to poverty reduction
Bautista, Hernáez Andrés. "Les catastrophes dans le domaine du Droit international et son régime juridique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100167.
Testo completoDisasters’ significance is an aspect that can hardly be discussed. This is largely due to its harmful consequences for people, property or the environment. Accordingly, examples such as those of Chernobyl, Hurricane Katrina, the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 or the tsunami and subsequent accident at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant in 2011, demonstrate the importance and relevance of this problem.The disasters shall be considered as a transversal topic that affects basic issues of International Law such as the formulation of international standards or its core functions, among others. In addition, in recent years the doctrinal debate regarding the regulation of disasters by International Law has been increasing. Academic papers highlight the fragmentation and limitation of such international legal regulation. Therefore, it is necessary a general study of these events that allows a holistic regulation, in which the different types and assumptions could have a place. This work aims to determine the response offered by International Law in the event of disasters. For that, an analysis of the existing normative and institutional practice has been established to give answer to some of the questions around these events such as its definition, what are the existing norms as well as its effectiveness. Along with the normative analysis, institutional developments are studied focused on the United Nations and the European Union
La importancia de las catástrofes es un extremo que difícilmente puede discutirse. Ello debido en gran medida a sus consecuencias perjudiciales para las personas, los bienes o el medioambiente. De este modo, ejemplos como los de Chernóbil, el huracán Katrina, el terremoto de Haití de 2010 o el maremoto y posterior accidente en la central nuclear de Fukushima I en 2011, demuestran la trascendencia y actualidad de este problema. Las catástrofes se sitúan como una situación transversal que afecta a cuestiones básicas del Derecho Internacional tales como la formulación de normas internacionales o las funciones de este sector, entre otras. Además, en los últimos años el debate doctrinal respecto de la regulación de las catástrofes por el Derecho Internacional ha ido en aumento. En éste se destaca la fragmentación y limitación de dicha regulación jurídico-internacional. Por ello, resulta necesario un estudio general de estos eventos que permita una reglamentación holística, en la que tengan cabida los distintos tipos y supuestos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la respuesta ofrecida por el Derecho Internacional ante situaciones de catástrofe. Para ello se ha establecido un análisis de la práctica normativa e institucional existente. Este trabajo trata de dar respuesta a algunos de los interrogantes en torno a las catástrofes tales como su definición, qué normas existen en la materia, así como su efectividad. Junto con el análisis normativo se estudian los desarrollos institucionales en la materia centrada en Naciones Unidas (en el ámbito universal) y en la Unión Europea (en el regional)
Le, Nguyen Tuan Thanh. "Coordination models for crisis resolution : discovery, analysis and assessment". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30327.
Testo completoThis thesis is about coordination in multi-agent universes and particularly in crisis contexts. Recently, we have witnessed an increasing number of crises, not only natural disasters (hurricane Katrina, Haiti earthquake, ...) but also man-made ones (Syrian refugees crisis in Europe, Arabic spring, rioting in Baltimore, ...). In such crisis, the different actors involved in the resolution have to act rapidly and simultaneously in order to ease an efficient control and reduce its impacts on the real world. To achieve this common goal as quickly and efficiently as possible, these actors (police, military forces, medical organizations) must join their respective resources and skills to collaborate and act in a coordinated way, most often by following a plan that specifies the expected flow of work between them. By coordination, we mean all the work needed for putting resolution plans and all stakeholders' skills and resources together in order to reach the common goal (crisis resolution) in an efficient way. Crisis resolution plans are most of the time available in a textual format defining the actors, their roles and coordination recommendations in the different steps of crisis life-cycle (mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery). While plans in a printed document format are easy to manipulate by stakeholders when taken individually, they do not provide direct means to be analysed, simulated, adapted or improved and may have various different interpretations. Therefore they are difficult to manage in real time and in a distributed setting. Given these observations, it becomes useful to model these textual plans to have an accurate representation of them, to reduce ambiguity and to support coordination between stakeholders and ease an efficient control and crisis resolution. The goal of this PhD thesis is to contribute to coordination engineering in crisis domains by providing a comprehensive approach that considers both organizational and task aspects in a coherent conceptual framework. In this perspective, our approach combines Business Process and Multi-Agent paradigms and provides a mapping algorithm between their concepts. BPM (Business Process Modelling) provides an aggregate view of the coordination through the task aspect and so doing eases the validation, the simulation, the intelligibility of crisis resolution plans at design time and its monitoring at run time. The Multi-Agent paradigm provides social abstractions (high-level interactions and organization structures) to model, analyse and simulate an organizational view of the coordination by representing the structure and the behaviour of the system being developed at a macro level, independently of the internal structure of agents (micro level). The contribution of this thesis is a coordination framework, which consists of three related components: i) A design and development approach (design/discovery, analysis, simulation) that provides means (recommendations, formalisms, life-cycle, algorithms) to produce (agent and process-based) coordination models from a textual plan and/or event based log files, ii) A mapping algorithm deriving BPMN process schemas onto multi-agent structures, iii) Coordination evaluation metrics. We extend the works of Grossi and define formal metrics that allow the evaluation of the quality (efficiency, robustness and flexibility) of multi-agent system organizations. We have applied this framework to the Ho Chi Minh City Tsunami resolution plan
Dusserre, Gilles. "Contribution à la gestion des interventions lors d'accidents de transport de matières dangereuses". Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11046.
Testo completoBeraud, Hélène, e Hélène Beraud. "Initier la résilience du service de gestion des déchets aux catastrophes naturelles : le cas des territoires urbains et de l'inondation". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874408.
Testo completoBeraud, Hélène. "Initier la résilience du service de gestion des déchets aux catastrophes naturelles : le cas des territoires urbains et de l'inondation". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1046/document.
Testo completoImproving the resilience of urban areas against flooding is one of the main principles for flood prevention. Thinking in terms of resilience, i.e. enabling for the system to maintain or recover acceptable operating levels after disaster, allows to think differently and to anticipate post disaster period. The role of waste management system in resilience of urban territories has been little studied. However, during flooding, water degrades everything it touches, thereby producing very important quantities of waste. Blocked infrastructures, attacks on health and environment, psychological impacts, and deterioration in the area's image are the impacts made by poor management of this new waste. Therefore, adapting waste management system and anticipating flooding contributes to improving urban areas' resilience. That's why, this thesis suggests an approach allowing to assess resilience of waste management system. This approach proposes three steps : 1) study of capacity of waste management system to know waste management needs of the urban system. For this, a method allowing to quantify and to describe the waste that could be generated by flood was developed ; 2) study of capacity of waste management system to maintain an acceptable operating level compared with the urban system solicitations. For this, vulnerability assessment methods and reliability assessment methods were applied ; 3) study of capacity of waste management system to mobilize others waste management infrastructures in the larger scale, if it is unable to adapt itself to perturbation. This approach was applied to a concrete case
Issaka, Hamadou. "Mise en carte et gestion territoriale des risques en milieu urbain sahélien à travers l'exemple de Niamey (Niger)". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ISSAKA_Hamadou_2010.pdf.
Testo completoUrban hazard are a major concern in cities around the world and especially in those developing countries where priorities are huge and ridiculous means. The city as an area of development or place for shelter can no longer meet the needs of city dwellers, although essential. In Niamey, the hazards relate to all urban landscapes of the city. Spatialization of hazards shows that the barriers between “rich and poor” are sometimes exceeded by the hazards. However in all cases, the most vulnerable are often the most disadvantaged because of their low resilience. Hazard perception by some actors fighting for their survival does not prevent dare defy probability. Indeed, between a probable event and the harsh realities of daily life, the choice is always simple: to live with these circumstances without too much worry about tomorrow's uncertainties. The survey of 600 households showed the degree of hazard exposure throughout the city. Beyond the differentiation of individual behavior, the results show a real willingness to participate actively in the life of the city because all actors recognize their responsibility in danger for society. However, the real problem seems to be the crisis of trust between rulers and ruled. However, urban hazards in Niamey are widely due to a lack of consultation between stakeholders and coordination of actions. In short, urban hazard reveals the procrastination of a management system as unfair and inefficient. But if poverty is the bed of the risks and violence, poor governance is the cloth in which they cover themselves and their implosion is detrimental to all of society
Akgungor, Ali Caglar. "La Turquie à l'épreuve des séismes de 1999 : une analyse sociopolitique à travers les discours médiatiques post-catastrophes". Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21044.
Testo completoThe Disaster is able to disturb the existent systems, the human economical, social and political constructions. It can also create distortions in social and political relationship. In that sense, the earthquakes of 1999 (17/7 and 12/11) in Turkey seem to constitute a particularly interesting field of study. The difficulty of the state to lead assistance or rescue operation after the disaster, to handle humanitarian aid, essential for the victims, and to give prominence to the dysfunction of control mechanism of the constructions, the problems caused by corruption at different levels of responsibility, created big reactions in the Turkish society. The earthquakes of 1999 also provoked a strong "civil" mobilization with the non-governmental organizations and with independent volunteers, to in scale never seen in the history of Turkish Republic. Consequently, the catastrophe became an occasion to criticize the dysfunctions of the system and the political class. While having a critical discourse with regard to "the State", the media made state of the birth of the "Turkish civil society" and announced a major sociopolitical change in the immediate future : "nothing would be the same again". This research shows the 1999 earthquakes constitute a singular event, at the same time as having their place in the long list of major earthquakes which have occurred since 1939 in Turkey: We clearly see that the catastrophe is a social construction on which the context sociopolitical is determining. Secondly, the study of 1999 disaster, as well as the 14 preceding major seism, allows us to carry out a sociopolitical analysis of contemporary Turkey and its transformation
Vásquez, Lezama Paula. "Les politiques de la catastrophe en temps de "révolution bolivarienne" : la gestion des sinistrés de La Tragedia de 1999 au Venezuela". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0304.
Testo completoThis dissertation is a political anthropology contribution about a disaster: the December 1999 devastation by mudslides in the north of Venezuela, locally known as La Tragedia. The research reveals that the management of socially underprivileged disaster victims is marked by the politico-theological dimension of the "Bolivarian Revolution", a political project of national regeneration founded on the social equality. Concepts of humanitarian exeption, moral economy of violence and biopolitics, are mobilized by three analytical axes of the aid policy temporal sequence. First, rescue, repression and militarization marked the state of emergency. Then, a relocation plan followed and the experience of the assistance is linked with social representations historically constituted, revived by the "dignification" victims' policies. Lastly, the perpetuation of shelters shows how these policies match to the framework of the global governmentality of poor populations confronted with disasters
Cömert, Baechler Nazan. "La vulnérabilité de la Turquie au risque sismique : une analyse à partir des séismes de 1999". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H061.
Testo completoThe 1999 Marmara earthquakes revealed how much Turkey was still highly vulnerable to seismic hazards, from a physical, institutional and individual point of view. Analysing the whole process of disaster management, that includes the pre-disaster period, the emergency period and the reconstruction period, helps understand many of the malfunctions of the disaster management policies that can explain such a heavy toll. Vulnerability is eventually the result of the lack of institutional response capacity, that induces behaviors and explains the weakness of the individual response capacity. Given the failures of the Marmara disaster management, the vulnerability revealed in this case can be considered as a sign of what could be the vulnerability during forthcoming earthquakes
Açimuz, Hayriye Bige. "Le droit des risques naturels : comparaison franco-turque". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010253.
Testo completoBédard, Rachelle. "Une analyse sociologique de la gestion mondiale du risque de désastres: Le cas de la Stratégie internationale pour la prévention des catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26847.
Testo completoNdiaye, Tidiane. "La gestion foncière pour la réduction des risques de désastre naturel : le cas des inondations de la ville de Pikine, Sénégal". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25673.
Testo completoThe recurrence and Scale of natural disasters have currently significant societal challenges, especially when looked at from the angle of territorial planning and land management for the reduction of the risk inherent to human settlement in vulnerable areas. As a matter of fact, the region of Dakar, Senegal, has been facing recurring seasonal floodings for decades, causing significant damage. Pikine, a town in the suburbs, is the most affected. Between 2005 and 2009 it is estimated that 360,000 people have been directly affected by floodings in that suburban area of Dakar (IAGU, 2009). These seasonal events continue to increase the vulnerability of the population who is often poor and has no option but to live in those areas at risk. This case study will address the following question: What are the factors associated with the settlements in those areas at risk? What are the interrelationships between land management and vulnerability to natural disasters? What land-management-related interventions have been implemented to mitigate the risk of flooding? The answers to these questions will enable us to better understand the land-management-related characteristics of vulnerability.
Zawali, Naima. "La couverture des risques extremes de catastrophes naturelles : analyse théorique et empirique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100005.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis is to better understand the determinants of natural catastrophe insurance systems in the world, as well as of individual behavior towards these risks. We also compare the efficiency of different public intervention forms in catastrophe risk management. Our data come from international organizations, research centers and one controlled experiment. From the typology of countries in terms of flood insurance that we elaborate it appears that the publicly provided flood insurance system is globally dominant and mainly applied in low-income countries with high risk exposure. Mixed public / private system are mainly applied in rich countries with low risk exposure. Concerning insurance demand, the willingness to pay for insurance is significantly lower for catastrophe risks than for other, standard risks, regardless of probability and amount of loss. Comparing different public intervention systems, we show that the most efficient measure is insurance premium subsidy but its costs can be very high for individual whose risk perception is biased
Jossou, Markolf. "Coproduction de la résilience territoriale et Services d'incendie et de secours (SIS) : une lecture par les compétences et le système d'acteurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0415.
Testo completoThe thesis studies the mechanisms that generate territorial resilience potentials (TRP) for a better management of disaster risks (natural, technological, health, etc.) while questioning the role of SIS in this framework. As knowledge is a key source of resilience, we focus our reflections on the key competences and processes that constitute these mechanisms. The research is conducted in two phases. The first phase, exploratory, allows us to lay the foundations (e.g. analytical framework) to investigate different fields of study in the second phase. The latter allows for a testing of the first results through four comparative case studies with explanatory purposes (Wynn and Williams, 2012; Avenier and Thomas, 2015). The results show that co-producing the TRP is a matter of mechanisms that combine three key processes (amalgamation at the macro level, combination/recombination at the meso level, and acculturation to risk at the micro level) and four key competencies (planning, evaluation, creativity/imagination, and relationship skills). The combination of processes and key competencies promotes two major resilience mechanisms: reliability and transformation. In addition, the clarification of the ambiguous, inhibiting or favourable role of certain key factors influencing territorial strategies helps to better understand the effects that generate resilience. The SIS have to play a double role of support and structuring of the actors' networks. Our work thus contributes to meeting a triple challenge: characterizing territorial resilience, understanding its generating mechanisms and operationalizing it
Chu, Thanh Quang. "Using agent-based models and machine learning to enhance spatial decision support systems : application to resource allocation in situations of urban catastrophes". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066256.
Testo completoDedieu, François. "La sécurité civile dans la tempête : autopsie organisationnelle de la catastrophe du 27 décembre 1999". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0050.
Testo completoOur PhD dissertation examines, at the organizational level, the reasons for which a natural catastrophe is unpredictable and how it causes a major break with an ordinary time period. We study the case of the storm known as “Martin” which hit the southern part of France on the 27th of December, 1999. Our study examines two issues : first, the meteorological alarm; Second, the organization of the rescue during the crisis. More specifically, we wanted to understand how the rescue could be coordinated in a situation without preparation. The first part of our dissertation shows that it was really neither an "unlikely" risk, or even a dysfunction of the procedure of alert, but it was a particular category of risk which we qualified as "traitorous": it is a danger hidden under a normal appearance which makes the actors believe, even when they are informed, that they there is no dangerous risk at hand. More broadly, in this case, normal appearance resisted two alert attempts. In the second part, we study the rescue organization during the crisis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of collective action in this situation of disturbance. In order to do so, we examine the modes of coordination at work in the actions of the relief services as set by the ORSEC rescue organization which is a a part of the French national plan. To seize these dynamics and which links crises to an effect of desectorization. Indeed, in the ORSEC plan, most actors, ordinarily autonomous entities (the army, the French national railway, the fire departments etc), found themselves united within the same areas of intervention
Beaussart, Grégory. "Vivre avec les aléas naturels : ruptures et crises socio-environnementales dans le Japon contemporain". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20086.
Testo completoJapanese archipelago has the advantage of a rich environment, full of natural resources : halieutic resources, a diversified climate, large forests blessed with a rich wildlife and flora. In the other hand, Japanese populations suffer from violent and geophysical hazards, from common earthquakes, hurricanes and huge floods to more dangerous tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Thus, population of Japanese archipelago early developed advanced strategies to overcome the influence of natural disasters cycles over centuries, building their very own cindynic paradigm. However, in the edge of the 20th century, new danger like technologic risks rose from industrial societies like Japan’s, America’s and so on. In such changing social, economical and political context, a mega-quake, followed by a huge tsunami, stroke the northern coast of Japan, in 2011, march the 11th. The day after the tsunami hit the Fukushima nuclear power plant, a nuclear disaster alert were released by Japanese government and foreign governments around the world. The years passing by, the social, environmental, political, and health crisis that expanded from this event revealed new environmental issues, encompassing this type of disaster that redefines and question the traditional Japanese cindynic paradigm. In order to grab the dynamic underlying traditional cindynic paradigm and the reason why it revealed itself to be unable to successfully overcome the crisis that Japan faces today,I chose to move the focus to a field away from Fukushima’s nuclear issues, while keeping an eye on it. The fieldwork of this Ph.D thesis is located in Kii peninsula, a small piece of land standing south of Kyōto. Kii is the landing place of powerful tsunamis, unleashed by mega-quakes produced by the Nankai trough, every 90 to 150 year period. It is also on the usual route of violent hurricanes and torrential rains, that strike from summer to autumn, causing heavy flooding damage. This thesis approaches the problem from multiple angles, crossing exploration of direct experience, memory of disasters, knowledge, religious and political issues. Through this method, I try to enlighten underlying dynamics that made Japanese population able to live in their dangerous environment
Maldonado, Brito Moralba. "Paysage, environnement et risque naturel : concepts et tendances d'une nouvelle préoccupation : l'émergence de la notion de paysage dans la vallée de Caracas". Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010522.
Testo completoBlay, Ludovic. "Vers une cellule d'appui et de coordination multicommunale pour un traitement local et efficace des crises". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0003.
Testo completoSeveral major events and violent crises have struck France and the World these last years, putting local actors in the front line to manage complex situations. From Xynthia to Klaus, through the snowy episode in Greater Paris as well as the flu pandemic, Mayors were brought on to the field of these crises. After studying feedbacks on these events and after interviewing the local actors of the crisis management, it turns out that these public decision-makers are isolated and lack information to be able to cope with such situations. Most of the Mayors have no plans at their disposal yet and they are neither prepared nor trained for the management of major events. Then, it is up to the Prefects, who have access to more means, both human and material, and yet do not have the advantage of being close to the scene of the crisis, to deal with the event. As a result, the aim of these PHD is to create a support and multi-municipal coordination unit for crisis treatment. With such a unit, it is a question of bringing help to the local actors of a risk area during the whole cycle of the crisis, from the detection of the event to the feed-back. The challenge is also to facilitate the co-ordination between public and private actors, in order to guarantee coherent decisions and a better use of municipal resources. Situated in the disciplinary fields of sustainable development, theories of organizations and global security, this research extends around Le Havre, on the Seine estuary, and its important variety of risks
Vinet, Freddy. "Le risque-grêle en France : étude géographique". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50377-1998-222.pdf.
Testo completoRaillani, Hajar. "Disaster mοdelling and emergency facilities lοcatiοn under uncertainties : a case study οf the Μοrοccan relief supply chain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMIR10.
Testo completoDisaster modelling and facility location are critical aspects of disaster management that help to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of relief supply chains. However, the inherent uncertainties associated with disasters and relief supply chains can significantly impact the effectiveness of such models. To address this challenge, the thesis proposes the use of uncertainty quantification-based models and hidden Markov based models for disaster modelling in the context of the Moroccan relief supply chain. The thesis initiates by conceptualizing the Moroccan relief supply chain, comprehensively outlining its design, activities, and the various actors involved in the humanitarian process, then, a detailed analysis was conducted to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the Moroccan relief supply chain. This involved a deep examination of uncertainty sources within the humanitarian process, to make a good understanding of challenges faced within the Moroccan relief supply chain and identify the specific requirements. Following this conceptual groundwork, the proposed models are then applied to a dedicated case study of the Moroccan relief supply chain. This practical application aims to validate the effectiveness of the uncertainty quantification-based models and hidden Markov-based models in a real-world scenario, providing valuable insights into their applicability, utility, and potential impact on the complex dynamics of the humanitarian field. The results demonstrate that the uncertainty quantification-based model and the hidden Markov based model can significantly improve the robustness and efficiency of the supply chain network in term of disaster prediction. The uncertainty quantification-based model enables to make prediction of the potential human impact of disasters and the most sensitive regions which can help in the evaluation of the robustness of the supply chain network under different scenarios, considering various sources of uncertainty, such as demand and uncertainties on documented data. On the other hand, the hidden Markov based model is used to predict the disaster behaviour in next occurrence, based on historical data and trends. This model provides important insights into the potential of HMMs in disaster management and humanitarian logistics and emphasize the importance of these models in protecting disasters impact, vulnerable populations and mitigating the effects of natural disasters in the future. The thesis aims also to identify the optimal facility locations and develop an efficient disaster response plan that can mitigate the impact of disasters, this stations will have for function the reception, control, support and the distribution of help in case of natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, torrential floods, locust invasions, drought, landslides ...) or man-made disasters (technological accidents, terrorist attacks, road accidents, pollution ...), through the integration of different actors in the Moroccan relief supply chain (Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Planning of Moroccan Territories, the civil protection, military, NGOs ...) and by considering various sources of uncertainty, such as demand, transportation time, and supply disruptions. The optimal facility locations identified by the models provide a better coverage of the affected areas, thereby improving the speed and effectiveness of the disaster response plan. The thesis highlights the significance of incorporating uncertainty analysis in disaster modelling and provides insights into the relief supply chain management in Morocco. The findings of this thesis can be useful for policymakers and practitioners in disaster management to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of relief supply chains
El, Antri Mohammed. "La gestion des risques de sécurité civile au Maroc : approche de droit comparé". Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020089.
Testo completoAt a time when civil security has to keep a strong capacity of reaction to catastrophes whose number and whose incidence on the economic and human development do not cease to increase, a research has to be carried out in order to uncover if the Moroccan civil security device is able to respond satisfactorily to the security needs of the population.This study which takes comparative law into account, ambitions to apprehend the Moroccan civilian security policy in the whole span of its complexity across its legal, human, managerial, financial, technical and other aspects. With reference to international experience in this field, the interest of this study is that it would not only clarify the limits of the civil security risk management mechanisms already put in place in Morocco, but also to formulate proposals to improve this system, by responding, at the same time, to the imperatives of efficiency, rationalization and economy.The preparation of this thesis is also a part of a professional framework. The agency, to which the researcher belongs, by its implementation throughout the whole of the Moroccan homeland and its characteristic as a public force, is strongly involved in the management of civil security risks. Then, the results of this research can only contribute to making the action of this agency more effective in this area
Older, Malka. "Organizing after disaster : the (re)emergence of organization within government after Katrina (2005) and the Touhoku Tsunami (2011)". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0017.
Testo completoDisasters overwhelm plans and collapse government organizations, which sometimes manage to rebuild into something new. Using the cases of Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in northeastern Japan, this dissertation looks at how local and meso-government structures reorganize themselves, and at what that tells us about the State’s role in disaster response. Crisis management centers (CMCs) may lose control entirely for part of the response, but in most cases they reorganize and rebuild their way into relevance. Through doing so they express, and to some extent create, the State’s idealized image of itself responding to crisis. Many operational teams start with makeshift organizations, and gradually build more elaborate structures. As the disaster continues and their processes become more routine, operational teams often find themselves faced with decisions for which they have no formal basis, and their choices reflect ad hoc, personal conceptions of the State’s role. While evaluations project professionalism, completeness, and stability, a review of the processes shows that in these cases they were divergent and improvised. There was no standardization across any of the jurisdictions studied. Moreover, most of the reports elided the emergence that had occurred. What we see at all of these levels was a struggle to rebuild a normalcy. There were striking similarities, but also significant variation in the areas that were left undefined by the permanent organization. Disasters both reaffirm government – by demonstrating why stability is to be prized – and threaten it on an existential level. As a result, disaster response is not being treated as a public policy area
Bronner, Cyrille. "Utilisation des données opérationnelles pour l'aide à la décision en situation accidentelle impliquant une substance dangereuse : application à l'identification du terme source". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EMSE0021.
Testo completoIn the event of a major chemical accident, often only uncertain and inaccurate facts are available to the fire-fighters and crisis management units, which makes a diagnosis of the situation difficult. Further, the emission source (initial conditions) is often badly known in the first instant but is however absolutely necessary to have a global view of the event and predict its development to take good decisions and to limit consequences. This research work aims at developing, for the emergency first responders, methodologies and decision-making support tools, specific to chemical accidents. This thesis addresses two problems, in one hand to identify the a priori unknown chemical substance, in the other hand to assess the source term (rate, quantity …). To identify an unknown chemical substance or, at least, the associated hazards, the developed method consists in using data collected in situ which can be descriptive data (as colour, odour) or symptoms observed on victims. On these bases, a methodology and a software have been developed to make easier the exploitation of operational data, taking into account inherent uncertainty and inaccuracy, in particular by using the probability theory. In addition to the identification of the chemical substance, consequences assessment requires to know precisely the source term. So, an inverse method has been proposed to evaluate the source term by using the observed or/and measured consequences (overpressures, concentrations …). This method is based on a genetic algorithm coupled with an analytic explosion model. The algorithm was then validated on two accidents (AZF and Nitrochimie sites) and provides good estimations of the mass of the explosive having detonated. The benefit of our method is its ability to solve problem with more than one unknown parameter, e. G. The explosive mass together with the location of the epicentre of the explosion which could not be possible with methods usually used
Mavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie". Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
Testo completoThis thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Boudou, Martin. "Approche multidisciplinaire pour la caractérisation d’inondations remarquables : enseignements tirés de neuf évènements en France (1910-2010)". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30057/document.
Testo completoThe occurrence of a 100 year flood in the Paris area like the January 1910 flood event is a major issue of concern as its potential economic impacts are today estimated around 30 billion euros. This shows the interest of studying exceptional past flood events for flood risk management. It has recently been confirmed by the European Flood Directive 2007/60/CE, in which article 4 recommends describing the floods that had “significant adverse impacts”. This aspect raises some questions. What does significant adverse impact mean? What is the interest to describe those events? This PhD thesis is focussing on a multidisciplinary approach for characterizing remarkable flood events, term used to qualify the 176 flood events selected during the Preliminary Risk Assessment of 2011 into the French National Historical Flood database (BDHI).An evaluation grid, based on the hydrometeorological aspects of the flood hazard as well as the socio-economic and politic consequences of the flood event, was applied to the set of 176 floods. The results conducted to select 9 remarkable flood events from 1910 to 2010. Monograph studies are presented on each of these case studies and are used to deal with three questions on the interest of studying past flood events: 1/ what are the factors involved in the hazard process leading to a remarkable flood event? ; 2/ does a retrospective analysis helps to understand the main explicative factors of flood mortality? ; 3/ how does the society manage a remarkable flood event?The analysis is especially supplied by the use of mapping which offers some issues to better understanding the different spatio-temporal dynamics and the main factors involved in a remarkable flood event
Mao, Gwladys. "Estimation des coûts économiques des inondations par des approches de type physique sur exposition". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1192/document.
Testo completoThis research was conducted within the framework of the Caisse Centrale de Réassurance's (CCR) R&D objective - to widen the scope of impacts estimated by its flood impact model. In chapter one, we study the various impacts of a flood and their interdependencies in order to create a classification of impacts. This classification allows us to design the architecture of a global impact model built from linking specific impacts models where the outputs of one model are the inputs of the following one. This approach generates an estimation with a breakdown by type of impact. It also allows us to understand the domino effects from the direct damage to the macroeconomic impacts. In chapter two, we study models for car damages according to CCR's specifications. The requirements are: the model should be independent from other natural catastrophes and impacts estimations and it should be able to model both a specific event and the total annual load. Through this work we describe, implement, and identify issues with possible improvements of three modelling approaches: - a simple linear regression, CCR's presently used method, - a frequency x severity model associated to the extreme value theory, widely used in the insurance business sector, - a model that pairs a physical model with exposure through damage curves. CCR already uses this approach to estimate damage to buildings. Hence, we are using CCR's flood hazard model and develop an exposure model and a damage model specific to cars. CCR is in charge of the accounting management of the Agricultural National Risk Management Fund on behalf of the State. Hence, chapter three contains state of the art modeling solutions for this risk and description of the designed model and its implementation. A vulnerability model and a damage model specific to the agricultural risk are developed and paired with CCR's flood hazard model. The vulnerability model uses the Graphic Parcel Register database. The damage model is based on the damage curves developed by IRSTEA for the national think tank on flood cost-benefit analysis. Chapter four is a technical document that will allow CCR to continue the development of the global model. It presents a situational analysis of what has been done (cars and agricultural risks) and of ongoing works (business interruption due to direct damage). For the remaining impacts, it presents the modeling issues, a short research review and the conclusions reached in terms of modeling
Méndez, Niño Juan. "La tenencia de la tierra y la gestión del riesgo de desastre natural : estudio de la relocalización de los sobrevivientes de la erupción volcánica del Nevado del Ruiz (Armero, Colombia)". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26682.
Testo completoOn the night of November 13 in 1985, the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano destroyed 90% of the urban area of Armero municipality causing the death of 85 % of its population. The catastrophe transformed Armero’s physic and social space and the land tenure of its inhabitants. This case study proposes a diagnosis on the consequences of the relocation strategy adopted for the relocation of survivors. The diagnosis was shaped from a real state and relocation of property rights perspective. To this end, by means of a wide cartographic study, a systematization of the properties’ registry from the destroyed area was examined and also the legal framework that was used for the population relocation. Research on the stricken area confirmed that risk management in this area is weak. As evidence, it was found that there can still be totaled a series of 601 farms located within a volcanic risk area, which shows a «positive dimension for risk». From a social perspective, the people that were displaced, following the eruption and earthquake in 1985, are still located in very vulnerable areas due to not having received a proper compensation for the property rights that were destroyed after the catastrophe. Finally, the insecurity in what concerns to property tenure, even 30 years later, is still strong since even though part of the inhabitants were relocated in safe places, their property rights were not. Nowadays, people continue to own plots within the devastated area of Armero, and some of them still live in houses that belong to the Colombian Government. Keywords: Land tenure, real estate management, cadaster, natural disaster risk, vulnerability, resettlement, population displacement, cartography.
La noche del 13 de noviembre de 1985, la erupción del volcán Nevado del Ruiz destruyó el 90% de la zona urbana del municipio de Armero y causó la muerte del 85% de la población. La catástrofe transformó completamente el espacio físico y social a tal punto de afectar los derechos de propiedad y la tenencia de la tierra de sus habitantes. Este estudio de caso propone un diagnóstico sobre las consecuencias del proyecto de relocalización de los sobrevivientes, desde la perspectiva de la transferencia de la propiedad inmobiliaria y del restablecimiento de los derechos de propiedad. Para esto, mediante un estudio cartográfico amplio se realizó la sistematización del registro de las propiedades de la zona urbana destruida y se examinó el cuadro jurídico que enmarcó el proyecto de relocalización de la población. Este estudio de la zona siniestrada permitió constatar que la gestión del riesgo es débil en esta zona del país. De hecho, todavía se enumera una serie de 601 granjas en la zona de riesgo volcánico, lo que demuestra una «dimensión positiva del riesgo». Desde una perspectiva social, las poblaciones desplazadas tras el terremoto de 1985 todavía hoy se encuentran en posiciones altamente vulnerables, pues no han recibido una indemnización completa por los derechos de las tierras que fueron afectadas por la erupción volcánica. Finalmente, la inseguridad en la tenencia es todavía fuerte después de 30 años, pues si la población sobreviviente fue relocalizada en sitios seguros, sus derechos de propiedad no. Estas personas siguen siendo los propietarios de parcelas en la zona devastada de Armero, y algunos permanecen en casas pertenecientes al Estado colombiano. Palabras clave: Tenencia de la tierra, gestión inmobiliaria, catastro, riesgo de desastre natural, vulnerabilidad, relocalización, desplazamiento de población, cartografía.
Bourcart, Léo. "Émergence et usages du concept de résilience dans les mondes académique et institutionnel". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH023/document.
Testo completoSince the beginning of the decade 2000, the concept of resilience has been repeatedly used in the institutional fields of international aid (emergency aid, development aid) and civil security (prevention, population protection, risks and crises management) until becoming impossible to ignore. In parallel, the concept of resilience has been used in various disciplines for a much longer time, like in psychology, geography, in the field of ecology, in political science, in management studies and in ergonomics. This thesis work precisely aims at identifying and making the inventory of these different academic and institutional uses. The first part of the thesis provides an accounting of the different uses of the concept of resilience in the disciplines and search fields previously mentioned. The second part is primarly focused on the use of the concept of resilience by the main international aid institutions and NGOs. It is secondly focused on the uses of the concept of resilience by the institutions and organizations directly involved in civil security issues at an international and European level and at a national level with the United States, the United Kingdom and France. It shows that the use of the concept of resilience can be interpreted as a reconfiguration process of their activity in a context where crises persistently happen and progressively weaken their own legitimacy and conditions of action
Peltier, Anne. "La gestion des risques naturels dans les montagnes d'Europe occidentale : étude comparative du Valais (Suisse), de la vallée d'Aoste (Italie) et des Hautes-Pyrénées (France)". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20072.
Testo completoComparative analysis shows that for two centuries there has been a certain convergence of speeches and public policies about risks: the approach on climatic change succeeded the speech on the deforestation of mountains, and legal hazard mapping replaced the afforestation and forests protection. However, a finer analysis reveals important differences in the repartition of the competences among the different actors of risk management, with the application of preventive information and more importantly hazard mapping. The political organisation, which gives a more or less significant role to local communities in the development of zoning, constitutes one of the explanations of these differences. Equally to be taken into consideration is the political culture as well as risk philosophy, which associates the present and inherited political, social, economic and cultural contexts as well as the dominant representations in the administrations
Ardon, Jean. "Modélisation probabiliste de la dépendance spatiale et temporelle appliquée à l’étude du péril sécheresse dans le cadre du régime français d’indemnisation des catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS002.
Testo completoThis work was performed at CCR, a French reinsurance company, within the studies that are conducted to model natural disasters, and particularly the drought hazard. Drought is the word used to denote the shrink-swell clay phenomenon that damages individual houses. These researches are related to an internal model that estimates the annual cost of a drought. This model crosses insurance data and soil moisture data to evaluate the cost of a occured event. CCR wants this model to be improved towards a probabilistic version by conceiving a generator of drought events that have to be realistic, although they are fictive. This generator will allow the estimation of the probability distribution of the drought cost. In order to conceive a fictive event generator for CCR’s drought model, mathematical tools have been used to model dependence between spatio-temporal random variables. The chosen method consists of studying and modeling separately spatial dependence and temporal dependence. Temporal dependence is modelized with time series models such as classical decomposition and autoregressive processes. Spatial dependence is modelized with kriging and copula theory. Spatial random noise is generated with a copula and then time series models are applied to rebuild original process. Kriging is used when generated data need to be interpolated, for example when data are generated only on a subset of the main grid. Results of the generator exploitation are given. They will be used by CCR for provisionning and pricing. These results will also be used for the estimation of the two-hundred-year cost of natural disasters within the new European Solvency II Directive
Guézo, Bernard. "Le territoire-étagé : un outil d'ingénierie pour agir sur la vulnérabilité des espaces métapolitains". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806092.
Testo completoRufat, Samuel. "Transition post socialiste et vulnerabilité urbaine à Bucarest". École normale supérieure-Lettres et sciences humaines (Lyon ; 2000-2009), 2008. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01999981.
Testo completoTransition periods correspond to a reinforcement of vulnerability for the authors of "The Environment as Hazard". This study tries to verify this assertion in the case of the end of socialism based upon the example of Bucharest. It starts from the assumption that there is an articulation between, on the one hand, the transformations of the “transition” period and, on the other hand, the metropolis as a “crucible” of hazard. Then, it tries to determine whether there was an increase in vulnerability in Bucharest during the last fifteen years. The various dimensions of vulnerability are analyzed according to five successive approaches: historical, epistemological, territorial, through the practices and risk management institutions and lastly risk perception. Through this journey, the study finds two types of results. First, the “transition” period resulted in a convergence of the reinforcement of the various dimensions of vulnerability, which leads in some cases to highly alarming situations. Then, the methods designed lead to two applications that go largely beyond the case of Bucharest: a new approach to vulnerability assessment and a new risk perception framework
Karouni, Ali. "Réalisation d'une plate-forme fondée sur la théorie de la décision, l'optimisation et la diffusion pour prévoir, modéliser et gérer une catastrophe naturelle : les feux de forêts". Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0043.
Testo completoDuring the last decades, the number of occurrences of natural disasters has increased noticeably which lead to catastrophic results on human as well as properties and green areas. But despite the huge amount of damages, this helps to draw the attention of researchers, organizations and the various governmental and non-governmental sectors towards analyzing these phenomena, their causes & effects, allowing to recognize their behaviors and the methods to predict their occurrence and thus reaching the phase of risk management contributing to prevent their incidence or limit the consequences. As the risk of happening often exists, the instantaneous presence of dangers is also possible. Here appears the importance of any effort that serves to tackle such crises. In this contribution, the phenomenon of forest fires is studied. In Lebanon, green areas declined dramatically during the last decades, what imposes an urgent intervention with strict governmental policies and support of non-governmental organizations. The global orientation is towards techniques that predict high fire risks, allowing for precautions to preclude fire occurrences or at least limit their consequences. Forest fire prediction proves to contribute in preventing fire occurrence or reducing its catastrophic impacts in worst cases on human lives, properties and green forestry