Bibliografie tematiche / Catalysts

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Catalysts"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 21 settembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Catalysts"

1

Dagorne, Samuel. "Recent Developments on N-Heterocyclic Carbene Supported Zinc Complexes: Synthesis and Use in Catalysis". Synthesis 50, n. 18 (28 giugno 2018): 3662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610088.

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The present contribution reviews the synthesis, reactivity, and use in catalysis of NHC–Zn complexes reported since 2013. NHC-stabilized Zn(II) species typically display enhanced stability relative to common organozinc species (such as Zn dialkyls), a feature of interest for the mediation of various chemical processes and the stabilization of reactive Zn-based species. Their use in catalysis is essentially dominated by reduction reactions of various unsaturated small molecules (including CO2), thus primarily involving Zn–H and Zn–alkyl derivatives as catalysts. Simple NHC adducts of Zn(II) dihalides also appear as effective catalysts for the reduction amination of CO2 and borylation of alkyl/aryl halides. Stable and well-defined Zn alkoxides have also been prepared and behave as effective catalysts in the polymerization of cyclic esters/carbonates for the production of well-defined biodegradable materials. Overall, the attractive features of NHC-based Zn(II) species include ready access, a reasonable stability/reactivity balance, and steric/electronic tunability (through the NHC source), which should promote their further development.1 Introduction2 NHC-Supported Zinc Alkyl/Aryl Species2.1 Synthesis2.2 Reactivity and Use in Catalysis3 NHC-Supported Zinc Hydride Species3.1 Synthesis3.2 Reactivity and Use in Catalysis4 NHC-Supported Zinc Amido/Alkoxide Species4.1 Synthesis4.2 Use in Catalysis5 NHC-Supported Zinc Dihalide Species5.1 Synthesis5.2 Use in Catalysis6 Other NHC-Stabilized Zn Species7 Conclusion
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Crawford, Jennifer, e Matthew Sigman. "Conformational Dynamics in Asymmetric Catalysis: Is Catalyst Flexibility a Design Element?" Synthesis 51, n. 05 (8 gennaio 2019): 1021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611636.

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Traditionally, highly selective low molecular weight catalysts have been designed to contain rigidifying structural elements. As a result, many proposed stereochemical models rely on steric repulsion for explaining the observed selectivity. Recently, as is the case for enzymatic systems, it has become apparent that some flexibility can be beneficial for imparting selectivity. Dynamic catalysts can reorganize to maximize attractive non-covalent interactions that stabilize the favored diastereomeric transition state, while minimizing repulsive non-covalent interactions for enhanced selectivity. This short review discusses catalyst conformational dynamics and how these effects have proven beneficial for a variety of catalyst classes, including tropos ligands, cinchona alkaloids, hydrogen-bond donating catalysts, and peptides.1 Introduction2 Tropos Ligands3 Cinchona Alkaloids4 Hydrogen-Bond Donating Catalysts5 Peptide Catalysts6 Conclusion
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Newman, R. A., J. A. Blazy, T. G. Fawcett, L. F. Whiting e R. A. Stowe. "Use of the Dow-Developed DSC/XRD/MS in the Study of Several Model Copper-Based Catalyst Systems". Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021650.

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Due to the difficulty of analyzing materials at high temperatures and in reactive atmospheres, solid-state catalysts have often been developed with little knowledge of the true chemical behavior of the catalyst, except on a bulk scale. In the field of solid-state catalysis research, a great deal of time and effort is presently being spent to better characterize the chemical and physical properties which determine a particular catalyst‘s efficiency, lifetime, and selectivity. Recently, we have undertaken a study of model copper catalysts at The Dow Chemical Company in an effort to better understand the chemical and physical properties which determine the efficiency, regenerability, and lifetime of this type of solid state catalyst.
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Kaplunenko, Volodymyr, e Mykola Kosinov. "Electric field - induced catalysis. Laws of field catalysis". InterConf, n. 26(129) (18 ottobre 2022): 332–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.10.2022.037.

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Abstract.The article explores a new type of catalysis - electric field catalysis. The laws of field catalysis are given. The characteristics of the electric field are determined, which set the values of the characteristics of the field catalysis. Field catalysis and field catalyst do not fit into the traditional definition of catalysis and catalyst, which may require a revision of the terminology of catalysis. The field is a more versatile catalyst compared to material catalysts, both in terms of its application to a wider range of chemical reactions, and in the ability to control the rate and selectivity. It is shown that a common donor-acceptor mechanism of catalysis is realized in heterogeneous and field catalysis. Generalized formulas are obtained, from which, as partial results, the laws of heterogeneous and field catalysis follow. New definitions of catalyst and field catalysis are given. The class of material catalysts has been expanded and supplemented with field catalysts.
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Lomic, Gizela, Erne Kis, Goran Boskovic e Radmila Marinkovic-Neducin. "Application of scanning electron microscopy in catalysis". Acta Periodica Technologica, n. 35 (2004): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0435067l.

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A short survey of various information obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and nano-structured materials have been presented. The capabilities of SEM analysis and its application in testing catalysts in different fields of heterogeneous catalysis are illustrated. The results encompass the proper way of catalyst preparation, the mechanism of catalyst active sites formation catalysts changes and catalyst degradation during their application in different chemical processes. Presented SEM pictures have been taken on a SEM JOEL ISM 35 over 25 years of studies in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Liu, Jingyue. "Advanced Electron Microscopy Characterization of Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts". Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, n. 1 (22 gennaio 2004): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040310.

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Heterogeneous catalysis is one of the oldest nanosciences. Although model catalysts can be designed, synthesized, and, to a certain degree, characterized, industrial heterogeneous catalysts are often chemically and physically complex systems that have been developed through many years of catalytic art, technology, and science. The preparation of commercial catalysts is generally not well controlled and is often based on accumulated experiences. Catalyst characterization is thus critical to developing new catalysts with better activity, selectivity, and/or stability. Advanced electron microscopy, among many characterization techniques, can provide useful information for the fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis and for guiding the development of industrial catalysts. In this article, we discuss the recent developments in applying advanced electron microscopy techniques to characterizing model and industrial heterogeneous catalysts. The importance of understanding the catalyst nanostructure and the challenges and opportunities of advanced electron microscopy in developing nanostructured catalysts are also discussed.
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Guerrero Fajardo, Carlos Alberto, Yvonne N’Guyen, Claire Courson e Anne Cécile Roger. "Fe/SiO2 catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde". Ingeniería e Investigación 26, n. 2 (1 maggio 2006): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v26n2.14735.

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Selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde was analysed with iron catalysts supported on silica prepared by the sol-gel method, leading to obtaining a large support surface area facilitating high dispersion of iron on silica’s amorphous surface. Seven catalysts were prepared; one of them corresponded to the silica support and another five having an iron load 0.1-0.5% in weight. Catalyst 7 (0.5% Fe in weight) was prepared with neutral pH control and had the most homogeneous characteristics since it did not present isolated iron species, corroborated by SEM and TEM analysis. The highest BET areas were 1,757 and 993 m2.g-1 for 0.5% Fe catalysts, having an average 36% microporosity and 43% mesoporosity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the catalyst’s amorphous structure. Catalytic activity was carried out with catalyser 7 at atmospheric pressure in a quartz reactor using a CH4/O2/N2=7.5/1/4 reaction mixture at 400-750°C temperature range. Reaction products were analysed by gas chromatography with TCD. The heterogeneous catalysts displayed greater methane conversion (but with methanol selectivity) whereas homogenous catalyst 7 gave better results regarding formaldehyde. The highest conversion percentage (8.60% mol) for catalyser 7 was presented at 650°C. Formaldehyde selectivity was 50% mol in the 600-650°C range and maximum yield (0.31g HCHO/Kg catalyst) was found in this range; it was thus considered that 650°C for the reaction was thereby the best operating temperature.
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Trigoura, Leslie, Yalan Xing e Bhanu P. S. Chauhan. "Recyclable Catalysts for Alkyne Functionalization". Molecules 26, n. 12 (9 giugno 2021): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123525.

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In this review, we present an assessment of recent advances in alkyne functionalization reactions, classified according to different classes of recyclable catalysts. In this work, we have incorporated and reviewed the activity and selectivity of recyclable catalytic systems such as polysiloxane-encapsulated novel metal nanoparticle-based catalysts, silica–copper-supported nanocatalysts, graphitic carbon-supported nanocatalysts, metal organic framework (MOF) catalysts, porous organic framework (POP) catalysts, bio-material-supported catalysts, and metal/solvent free recyclable catalysts. In addition, several alkyne functionalization reactions have been elucidated to demonstrate the success and efficiency of recyclable catalysts. In addition, this review also provides the fundamental knowledge required for utilization of green catalysts, which can combine the advantageous features of both homogeneous (catalyst modulation) and heterogeneous (catalyst recycling) catalysis.
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Yap, Daryl Q. J., Raju Cheerlavancha, Renecia Lowe, Siyao Wang e Luke Hunter. "Investigation of cis- and trans-4-Fluoroprolines as Enantioselective Catalysts in a Variety of Organic Transformations". Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, n. 1 (2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14129.

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Stereoselective fluorination is known to rigidify the ring structure of l-proline, as a result of a combination of electrostatic and hyperconjugative effects associated with the C–F bond. This is a potential strategy for enhancing the enantioselectivity of proline-catalysed reactions. In this study, cis- and trans-4-fluoroprolines were investigated as catalysts in five different organic transformations, including examples of both enamine and iminium ion catalysis. Some significant differences in enantioselectivity were observed between the cis- and trans-isomers of the fluorinated catalysts, confirming that the ring pucker is important. However, no substantial improvements were observed relative to the parent catalyst, l-proline.
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Gai, P. L., K. Kourtakis, H. Dindi e S. Ziemecki. "Novel Xerogel Catalyst Materials for Hydrogenation Reactions and the Role of Atomic Scale Interfaces". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (agosto 1999): 704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016846.

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We are developing a new family of heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation catalysis. Catalyst synthesis is accomplished using colloidal polymerization chemistry which produce high surface area xerogel catalysts. These xerogels have been synthesized by one-step sol gel chemistry. These catalysts contain ruthenium and modifiers such as gold occluded or incorporated in a titanium oxide matrix. The materials, especially the modified systems exhibit favorable performance in microreactor evaluations for hydrogenation reactions and exhibit high activities. Nanostructural studies have revealed that the materials contain dispersed catalyst clusters which are desirable microstructures for the catalysis since the majority of the atoms are exposed to catalysis and are potentially active sites.The composition and atomic structure of the xerogel catalysts containing ruthenium and other metals have been examined using our in-house developments of environmental high resolution electron microscopy (EHREM) the atomic scale [1-3] and low voltage high resolution SEM (LVSEM)[4] methods.
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Tesi sul tema "Catalysts"

1

Beckler, Robert Kendall. "Polynuclear metal complexes as model mixed oxide catalysts". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11897.

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Liu, Hongying. "Syntheses, structures, and catalysis of polynuclear metal complexes". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30561.

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Paliga, James Francis. "Developing Earth-abundant metal-catalysts for hydrofunctionalisation". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31115.

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The iron-catalysed hydromagnesiation of styrene derivatives has been developed further from previous publications, expanding the electrophile scope to enable the regioselective formation of new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds (Scheme A1). A commercially available pre-catalyst and ligand were used to give an operationally simple procedure that did not require prior synthesis of a catalyst. This work also investigated the hydromagnesiation of dienes, using a screen of ligands commonly used in transition metal catalysis. An investigation into the magnesium-catalysed hydroboration of olefins was also carried out. Although mostly unsuccessful, it was demonstrated that in the presence of a magnesium catalyst, a small amount of vinyl boronic ester could be formed from an alkyne (Scheme A2). Simple magnesium salts were also investigated for the reduction of carbonyls. Lastly, this work explored the titanium-catalysed hydrosilylation of olefins, using a novel activation method developed within the group (Scheme A3). The results were compared to those published previously using traditional organometallic activation methods and attempts at identifying conditions to improve chemoselectivity were carried out.
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Clarke, Richard John. "Mesopore immobilised bis(oxazoline) catalysts for enantioselective catalysis". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3578/.

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Mesoporous silica materials have the potential to replace many conventional silicas for uses such as supports for heterogeneous catalysis and absorbents. The large pore size and high surface area make them ideal for supporting bulky organometallic catalysts for enantioselective reactions. We have immobilised chiral bis(oxazoline) metal complexes onto the surfaces of some of these versatile supports (MCM-41 and MCM-48) via different tethering strategies. The resulting heterogeneous catalysts were shown to be highly active in the enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate.
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Rosenthal, Daniel Jay. "Estimating the acid site density of silica-alumina by infrared spectroscopy using a selective reactant poison". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10222.

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Trant, Aoife Geraldine. "Structural and catalytic studies of novel Au/Ni enantioselective catalysts". Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/854.

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Reddy, P. K. "Exploration of catalysts and catalysis under near working conditions". Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2018. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/4577.

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Gill, Christopher Stephen. "Novel hybrid organic/inorganic single-sited catalysts and supports for fine chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28218.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Jones, Christopher; Committee Member: Agrawal, Pradeep; Committee Member: Teja, Amyn; Committee Member: Weck, Marcus; Committee Member: Zhang, John.
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Nguyen, Joseph Vu. "Design, synthesis, and optimization of recoverable and recyclable silica-immobilized atom transfer radical polymerization catalysts". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6860.

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Despite the growing interest in heterogeneous polymerization catalysis, the majority of the polymerization catalysts used industrially are single-use entities that are left in the polymer product. Recoverable and recyclable polymerization catalysts have not reached the industrial utility of single-use catalysts because the catalyst and product separation have not become economical. The successful development of recyclable transition metal polymerization catalysts must take a rational design approach, hence academic and industrial researchers need to further expand the fundamental science and engineering of recyclable polymerization catalysis to gain an understanding of critical parameters that allow for the design of economically viable, recoverable solid polymerization catalysts. Unfortunately, the rapid development of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization over the past 10 years has not resulted in its wide spread industrial practice. Numerous reports regarding the immobilization of transition metal ATRP catalysts, in attempts to increase its applicability, have extended the fundamentals of recyclable polymerization catalysis. However, for industrial viability, more research is required in the area of how the catalyst complex immobilization methodology and support structure affect the catalyst polymerization performance, regeneration, and recyclability. A comprehensive rational catalyst design approach of silica-immobilized ATRP catalyst was undertaken to answer these questions and are discussed here.
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Meyer, Simon [Verfasser]. "Carbide Materials as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports for Applications in Water Electrolysis and in Heterogeneous Catalysis / Simon Meyer". München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058284967/34.

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Libri sul tema "Catalysts"

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International Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation (8th 1999 Brugge, Belgium). Catalyst deactivation 1999: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium, Brugge, Belgium, October 10-13, 1999. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999.

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2

1937-, Anderson James A., e Fernández Garcia Marcos, a cura di. Supported metals in catalysis. London: Imperial College Press, 2005.

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Ma, Zhen, e Sheng Dai, a cura di. Heterogeneous Gold Catalysts and Catalysis. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782621645.

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Maurizio, Benaglia, a cura di. Recoverable and recyclable catalysts. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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5

Wijngaarden, R. J. Industrial catalysis: Optimizing catalysts and processes. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1998.

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1934-, Davis Burtron H., e Occelli Mario L. 1942-, a cura di. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, catalysts and catalysis. Boston: Elsevier, 2007.

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Zhou, Qi-Lin. Privileged chiral ligands and catalysts. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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Martin, Hersch, e Freedonia Group, a cura di. Catalysts. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 1996.

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1938-, Cybulski Andrzej, e Moulijn Jacob A, a cura di. Structured catalysts and reactors. 2a ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.

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Butt, John B. Activation, deactivation, and poisoning of catalysts. San Diego: Academic Press, 1988.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Catalysts"

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Pennington, John. "Catalysts and Catalysis". In An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 309–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0613-9_12.

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Pennington, J. "Catalysts and Catalysis". In an introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 304–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6438-6_11.

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3

Gao, Yuanfeng, Hong Lv, Yongwen Sun, Han Yao, Ding Hu e Cunman Zhang. "Enhancement of Acidic HER by Fe Doped CoP with Bimetallic Synergy". In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 465–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_45.

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AbstractCompared to single metal site catalysis, the bimetallic synergistic strategy can exploit the complementary ability of different active sites for active species uptake and desorption to develop excellent catalysts. Pure phase metal phosphides are a disadvantage as a promising electrocatalyst for platinum-free hydrogen precipitation with either too strong or too weak adsorption of hydrogen. Here, synthetic Fe-doped CoP particles anchored with MWCNTs, which exhibited excellent catalytic performance for HER, required an overpotential of 123 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 58.8 mV dec−1. It was found experimentally that Fe doping improved the conductivity of the catalyst regulated the electronic structure of CoP, and optimized the overall hydrogen adsorption energy of the catalyst. The difference in hydrogen adsorption strength of Fe, Co is used to break the symmetry constraint of single active center and improve the intrinsic activity of the catalyst, a strategy that can be used to guide the preparation of inexpensive and high performance catalysts.
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Dong, Shuai, Hao Liu, Xinyuan Liu, Chaoqun Li, Zhengyang Gao e Weijie Yang. "H-Mg Bond Weakening Mechanism of Graphene-Based Single-Atom Catalysts on MgH2(110) Surface". In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 485–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_47.

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AbstractSolid-state hydrogen storage is gradually becoming an effective way for the large-scale storage and transportation of hydrogen energy. Magnesium hydride (MgH2) has become a promising candidate among solid-state hydrogen storage materials due to its high hydrogen storage density, low cost and good safety. However, ambiguous H-Mg bond weakening mechanism of various catalysts on MgH2 hinders the development of novel catalysts for MgH2 dehydrogenation. To overcome this problem, we applied the model catalyst, single-atom catalyst with accurately characterizable coordination structure, to understand the interaction between catalyst and MgH2 surface through spin-polarized density-functional theory calculation. We constructed heterogeneous interface structures between single-atom catalysts and MgH2 surface including nine kinds of transition metal atoms. The interaction between single-atom catalysts and MgH2 surface has been well explored through bond length, electron localization function, charge density difference and crystal orbital Hamiltonian population, providing the intrinsic information of H-Mg bond weakening mechanism over single-atom catalysts. This work can establish the foundational guide for the design of novel dehydrogenation catalysts.
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Fox, Malcolm A. "Catalysts". In Glossary for the Worldwide Transportation of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials, 39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11890-0_15.

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Pierre, A. "Catalysts". In Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users, 369–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88953-5_49.

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Bury, Dominika, Michał Jakubczak, Jan Bogacki, Piotr Marcinowski e Agnieszka Jastrzębska. "Catalysts". In Wastewater Treatment with the Fenton Process, 35–74. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003364085-3.

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Catlow, C. R. A., C. M. Barker, R. G. Bell, S. T. Bromley, D. S. Coombes, F. Corá, S. French et al. "Computer Modelling of Catalysts and Catalysis". In Combinatorial Catalysis and High Throughput Catalyst Design and Testing, 3–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4329-5_1.

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Zhang, Peng, Songzhe Chen, Laijun Wang e Ping Zhang. "Study on the High-Performance Catalyst for Sulfuric Acid Decomposition in the IS Cycle". In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 370–82. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_36.

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AbstractThe iodine-sulfur cycle coupled with a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is a clean and efficient hydrogen production technology. The sulfuric acid decomposition reaction is the highest temperature process in the iodine-sulfur cycle, which requires 850 °C high temperature and catalyst to carry out at a high conversion rate. This study prepared a series of loaded sulfuric acid decomposition catalysts using anatase TiO2 and Ta2O5 as catalyst carriers and precious metal Pt as the active component. XRD, BET, and ICP-MS characterization of the catalysts demonstrated that the high calcination temperature could increase the crystallinity and content of the active components and decrease the specific surface area of the catalysts. The Pt/TiO2-850 catalyst showed good performance under different feed concentrations, reaction temperatures, and particle sizes. In addition, the scale-up production does not affect the Pt/TiO2-850 catalyst reaction performance. The Pt/TiO2-850 catalyst was tested in a bayonet-tube SiC reactor with a 100-h high throughput lifetime, which proved that the Pt/TiO2-850 catalyst has good stability.
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Otterstedt, Jan-Erik, e Dale A. Brandreth. "Catalyst Supports and Small Particle Catalysts". In Small Particles Technology, 327–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6523-6_7.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Catalysts"

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Parks, James E., H. Douglas Ferguson, Aaron M. Williams e John M. E. Storey. "Lean NOx Trap Catalysis for NOx Reduction in Natural Gas Engine Applications". In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0871.

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Reliable power generation and distribution is a critical infrastructure for the public and industry. Large-bore spark-ignited natural gas reciprocating engines are a reliable source of power generation. Lean operation enables efficient operation, and engines can conveniently be placed wherever natural gas resources are located. However, stricter emission regulations may limit the installation and use of more natural gas reciprocating engines if emissions cannot be reduced. Natural gas engine emissions of concern are generally methane, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Methane and carbon monoxide can be controlled by oxidation catalysts; however NOx emissions are difficult to control in lean exhaust conditions. One method of reducing NOx in lean exhaust conditions is lean NOx trap catalysis. Lean NOx trap technologies (also known as NOx adsorber catalysts, NOx storage and reduction catalysts, etc.) have demonstrated >90% NOx reduction for diesel reciprocating engines and natural gas turbines. In the work presented here, the feasibility of a lean NOx trap catalyst for lean burn natural gas reciprocating engines will be studied. Tests were conducted on a Cummins 8.3-liter engine on a dynamometer. The lean Nox trap catalyst was controlled in a valved exhaust system that utilized natural gas as the catalyst reductant. Oxidation and reformer catalysts were used to enhance utilization of methane for catalyst regeneration. The feasibility of this approach will be discussed based on the observed NOx reduction and associated fuel penalties.
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2

Zhang, Aihua. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING METHOD IN CATALYTIC MATERIALS". In Topics In Chemical & Material Engineering (TCME). Volkson Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/smmp.01.2023.24.27.

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Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing complex data sets and making predictions in a wide range of applications, including catalysis. Bycombining statistical methods, algorithms, and computational power, machine learning can help identify patterns and relationships in catalytic systems that are difficult or impossible to discern using traditional approaches. This can lead to more efficient and effective catalyst design, optimization, and prediction of catalytic activity. Machine learning has already been successfully applied to various aspects of catalysis, including catalyst discovery, reaction mechanism identification, and kinetic modeling. The continued integration of machine learning with catalysis research holds great promise for advancing our understanding of catalytic systems and developing new and improved catalysts for important industrial processes.
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3

Karakurkchi, A., N. Sakhnenko, M. Ved, I. Parsadanov e S. Menshov. "Nanostructured Oxide-Metal Catalysts for Intra-Cylinder Catalysis". In 2018 IEEE 8th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap.2018.8914840.

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McGuire, Nicholas E., Neal P. Sullivan, Robert J. Kee, Huayang Zhu, James A. Nabity, Jeffrey R. Engel, David T. Wickham e Michael Kaufman. "Hexaaluminate Catalysts for Fuel Reforming". In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65231.

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Hexaaluminate catalysts offer excellent high-temperature stability compared to the equivalent metal-based catalysts. Their stability also lends well to use as a catalyst support. However, use of novel hexaaluminates is limited in fuel processing for fuel-cell applications. In this paper, we report on the performance of hexaaluminates as a catalyst support in the steam reforming of methane. The hexaaluminates are synthesized by a metal-exchange process using alumoxane precursors that enable a wide range of metal substitutions. Performance is evaluated using a unique stagnation-flow reactor that enables detailed probing of the boundary layer above the catalyst-impregnated stagnation surface. Experimental results are compared with models to understand fundamental reaction kinetics and optimize catalyst performance. RhSr-substituted hexaaluminates with a Rh impregnation are shown to yield the best performance. Scanning- and Transmission-Electron Microscopy are used to characterize the different types of hexaaluminates, and to examine the effect of aging on catalyst structure.
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5

Inoue, Shuhei, Takeshi Nakajima, Kazuya Nomura e Yoshihiro Kikuchi. "Selective Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Blending Catalysts". In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32524.

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes are considered the most attractive material and a lot of synthesis processes are developed. Among these synthesis processes chemical vapor deposition processes are considered to be most suitable for macroscopic production. In many CVD processes the alcohol catalytic CVD process can be the best process because it can produce very pure nanotubes without any purification. However, cobalt is essential as a catalyst that makes the flexibility of catalysts restricted. In this paper, our investigation mainly focused on as follows: The efficiency of combined catalysts with/without cobalt. The diameter distributions against catalysts density. The electrical states of catalysts near Fermi level. Consequently, almost all of cobalt containing catalysts worked well, and the diameter distributions were proportional to the particle size. Efficient catalysts had enough states around Fermi level and the cobalt-less efficient catalyst cluster model showed the similar density of state to the cobalt cluster. Thus, noticing to the DOS, other efficient catalysts can be discovered and the diameter distribution will be controllable by adjusting temperature, a catalyst size, and a catalyst combination without any complicated techniques and facilities.
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Bond, Gary, A. Halman, H. Eccles, R. Mao, S. Pollington, P. Hinde, V. Demidyuk e A. Gkelios. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROWAVE AND BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA FOR THE REGENERATION OF SPENT ZEOLITE CATALYSTS". In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9936.

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Due to their acid characteristics and pore structure, which can induce high product selectivity; zeolite catalysts are used extensively in industry to catalyse reactions involving hydrocarbons. However, these catalysts can suffer from deactivation due to cracking reactions that result in the deposition of carbon leading to poisoning of the acid sites and blocking of the pores [1]. Depending upon the reaction and the particular catalyst involved this deactivation may take place over several months or even years but in some cases occurs in minutes. Therefore, zeolite catalysts are frequently reactivated / regenerated. This generally involves a thermal treatment involving air which results in oxidation of the carbon [2]. However, the oxidation of carbon is highly exothermic, and if not carefully controlled, results in the generation of exceedingly high localized temperatures which can destroy the zeolite structure and result in subsequent loss of catalyst activity. More conservative thermal treatments can result in incomplete regeneration and again a catalyst displaying inferior activity. This paper explores the use of non-thermal plasma which had been either generated using microwaves or via a barrier discharge to regenerate spent zeolite catalysts. The catalyst, H-mordenite, was tested for the disproportionation of toluene (Figure 1) using conventional heating. The spent catalyst was then regenerated using a plasma or conventional thermal treatment before having its activity re-evaluated for the toluene disproportionation reaction as previous. Fig. 1. Reaction Scheme for Toluene Disproportionation. Interestingly, not only is plasma regeneration highly effective but also catalysts can be regenerated in greatly reduced times. There is an additional advantage in that plasma regeneration can impart physical properties that result in a zeolite that is resistant to further deactivation. However, the results are highly dependent upon the experimental conditions involved for plasma regeneration. References Wu J, Leu L., Appl. Catal., 1983; 7:283-294. M. Guisnet and P. Magnoux, Deactivation of Zeolites by Coking. Prevention of Deactivation and Regeneration. In: Zeolite Microporous Solids: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. E.G. Derouane, F Lemos, C. Naccache, F. Ramôa Ribeiro, Eds. Pages 437-456. Springer 1992.
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Dumeignil, Franck, Benjamin Katryniok e Negissa Ebadi Pour. "Glycerol polymerization over stable and selective calcium hydroxyapatite". In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/dpka8345.

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Abstract (sommario):
High catalytic activity and large availability of Ca-based catalysts make them particulartly attractive for the glycerol polymerization reaction. However, this kind of catalyts usually suffers from a poor stability under the reactions conditions. We present herein the use of Ca-hydroxyapatites (HAps), a very abundant Ca source in the nature, as glycerol polymerization catalysts combining high performance in terms of selectivity and high resistance to deactivation by leaching. We have synthesized, characterized and tested Ca-rich, stochiometric and Ca-deficient HAps. The two latter ones were fully selective to triglycerol at a glycerol conversion of 15 %, at 245 °C after 8 h in the presence of 0.5 mol.% of catalyst. Under the same reaction conditions, the Ca-rich HAp was highly selective to di- and triglycerol (88 %) at a glycerol conversion of 27 %. All the catalysts proved to be stable with negligible Ca species leaching according to the ICP-OES results.
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Bae, J. M., S. Ahmed, R. Kumar e E. Doss. "Structured Catalysts for Autothermal Reforming of Hydrocarbon Fuels". In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1715.

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Argonne national laboratory has been developing fuel processing technologies for fuel cell based electric power. We have reported the development of novel catalysts that are active and selective for hydrocarbon reforming reactions. It has been realized, however, that with pellet or conventional honeycomb catalysts, the reforming process is mass transport limited. This paper reports the development of catalyst structures with microchannels that are able to reduce the diffusion resistance and thereby achieve the same production rate within a smaller reactor bed. These microchannel reforming catalysts were prepared and tested with natural gas and gasoline-type fuels in a microreactor (1-cm dia.) at space velocities of up to 250,000 per hour. These catalysts have also been used in engineering-scale reactors (10 kWe, 7-cm dia.) with similar product qualities. Compared to pellet catalysts, the microchannel catalysts enable a nearly 5-fold reduction in catalyst weight and volume.
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Wu, Quanwen, Wenhua Luo, Daqiao Meng, Jinchun Bao e Jingwen Ba. "High Efficient Detritiation Catalysts for Fusion Safety". In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81269.

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Tritium is indispensable to the fusion reactor engineering, and it must be seriously defended because of its radioactivity and permeability. The method of catalytic oxidation and absorption is the most widely used process for tritium cleanup so far, in which detritiation catalyst is of great importance. The poor stability caused by the agglomeration of noble metal limits the life of detritiation catalysts. Here, Anti–Ostwald Ripening is used to prepare single-atom detritiation catalysts S-Pt/Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 for tritium (HT, DT and T2) oxidation. Single-atom dispersed Pt ensures the catalytic activity and decreased the economic cost. The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) keeps Pt from aggregating, thus increases the working life of catalyst. And Pd based catalyst supported by a cation ordered κ-Ce2Zr2O8 is prepared for tritiated methane (CH4-xTx) oxidation. Tritiated methane is mostly oxidized by Pd/κ-Ce2Zr2O8 at about 450 °C, which is at least 50 °C lower than normal catalysts (such as Pd/Al2O3).
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Das, Randip K., B. B. Ghosh, Souvik Bhattacharyya e Maya DuttaGupta. "Catalytic Control of SI Engine Emissions Over Ion-Exchanged X-Zeolites". In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-077.

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Three catalysts based on X-zeolite have been developed by exchanging its Na+ ion with Copper, Iron and Nickel metal ions and tested in a SI engine exhaust for a wide range of exhaust and operating conditions. Of the three catalysts, the Cu-X catalyst exhibits the best NOx and CO conversion performance while Ni-X shows slightly better performance compared to the Fe-X catalyst at any catalyst temperature. Unlike noble metals, the doped X-zeolite catalysts, studied here, exhibit significant NOx reduction for a wide λ range and exhibit a slow rate of decrease with increase in λ ratio. Back pressure developed across the catalyst bed is found to be well-afford able and power loss due to back pressure is only 0.216% at space velocity of 52500 /h. During 30 hours of testing of each catalyst, no significant deactivation of any catalyst is observed.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Catalysts"

1

Badrinarayanan e Olsen. PR-179-11201-R01 Performance Evaluation of Multiple Oxidation Catalysts on a Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), agosto 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010772.

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Two-way catalysts or oxidation catalysts are the common after-treatment systems used on lean burn natural gas engines to reduce CO, VOCs and formaldehyde emissions. The study evaluates the performance of oxidation catalysts from commercial vendors for varying catalyst temperature and space velocity. For this study, a part of the exhaust from a Waukesha VGF-18 GL lean burn natural gas engine was flowed through a catalyst slipstream system to assess the performance of the oxidation catalysts. The slipstream is used to reduce the size of the catalysts and to allow precise control of temperature and space velocity. Analyzers used include Rosemount 5-gas emissions bench, Nicolet Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer and HP 5890 Series II Gas Chromatograph. The oxidation catalysts were degreened at 1200oF (650oC) for 24 hours prior to performance testing. The reduction efficencies for the emission species varied among the oxidation catalysts tested from different vendors. Most oxidation catalysts showed over 90% maximum reduction efficiencies on CO, VOCs and formaldehyde. VOC reduction efficiency was limited by poor propane emission reduction efficiency at the catalyst temperatures tested. Saturated hydrocarbons such as propane showed low reduction efficiencies on all oxidation catalysts due to high activation energy. Variation in space velocity showed very little effect on the conversion efficiencies. Most species showed over 90% conversion efficiency during the space velocity sweep. Adding more catalyst volume may not increase the reduction efficiency of emission species. Varying cell density showed very little effect on performance of the oxidation catalysts. The friction factor correlation showed the friction factor for flow through a single channel is inversely proportional to cell density.
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Olsen, Daniel, Bryan Hackleman e Rodrigo Bauza Tellechaea. PR-179-16207-R01 Oxidation Catalyst Degradation on a 2-Stroke Lean-Burn NG Engine - Washing. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), maggio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011586.

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Abstract (sommario):
Oxidation catalysts are often utilized to reduce carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds in order to meet emissions regulations for large bore natural gas engines. These catalysts degrade over time and need to be replaced or regenerated to maintain emissions compliance. This work evaluates the effectiveness of catalyst regeneration, or catalyst washing. The evaluation is performed by utilizing field and laboratory slip streams combined with catalyst module performance (reduction efficiency) measurements and catalyst material surface analysis to quantify catalyst poisons.
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Stevens e Olsen. PR-179-12214-R01 CO Sensor Experimental Evaluation for Catalyst Health Monitoring. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), settembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010827.

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Abstract (sommario):
Oxidation catalysts and three-way catalysts can be used to reduce the amount of CO present in engine exhaust. For 2-stroke lean-burn engines, the oxidation catalyst degrades over time be-cause of the buildup of poisons such as sulfur, zinc, phosphorous, and calcium. Three-way cata-lysts used with stoichiometric engines also degrade over time. Emissions analyzers are often used to evaluate the degradation of oxidation catalysts and three-way catalysts, but it can be very time consuming and expensive. Ideally, a simple sensor system would be beneficial for operating companies to determine if the catalyst were out of compliance according to normal operating standards. An ECM CO sensor and recording device was acquired for testing. The CO sensor system was evaluated for its ability to monitor post-catalyst CO concentration. The results show that this CO sensor system is ineffective at monitoring post-catalyst CO concentration.
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Olsen e Neuner. PR-179-12207-R01 Performance Measurements of Oxidation Catalyst on an Exhaust Slipstream. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), agosto 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010800.

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Abstract (sommario):
Oxidation catalysts are effective at reducing CO, formaldehyde, and VOCs as long as the catalyst temperature is above the light-off temperature for each species. It is important to understand the effects of temperature and space velocity on regulated species in order to effectively apply oxidation catalyst technology to lean burn engines, in particular 2-stroke engines that typically have lower exhaust temperatures. Various catalysts were tested on an exhaust slipstream coupled to a 4-stroke lean-burn engine which allows tests to be conducted at different temperatures and flow rates. The effect of the oxidation catalysts on NO2 and odor are also discussed.
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Defoort, Willson e Olsen. L51849 Performance Evaluation of Exhaust Catalysts During the Initial Aging on Large Industrial Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), giugno 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011213.

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Abstract (sommario):
An investigation of catalyst performance during the initial aging process, providing insight into the deactivation rate of the catalyst and assisting in predicting the operational lifetime of the catalyst was preformed. The information gained through the test program provides a mechanism to assist in developing new technologies geared at reducing engine emission while providing improvements in efficiency, reliability, and operability for the aging industrial reciprocating engine fleet. Two natural gas lean burn engines, a 2-stroke, large bore slow speed and a 4-stroke medium bore medium speed, were operated at pre-determined conditions in conjunction with an oxidation catalyst. The aging process of the catalysts was observed. The research concluded that the catalyst performance is much lower than anticipated,particularly in relation to the aging process. During the aging process for the large bore 2-stroke engine (about 200 hours) the catalyst efficiency drops from 95% to 80% for CO and from 75% to 45% for CH2O. Results for the medium bore 4-stroke engine are better as a result of nearly 200°F higher catalyst temperatures. During aging (approximately 150 hours) the catalyst efficiencies are reduced from 99.2 to 97.7% for CO and from undetectable post catalyst levels (essentially 100% removal) to 67% for CH2O.
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Ravindra Datta, Ajeet Singh, Manuela Serban e Istvan Halasz. Supported Molten Metal Catalysis. A New Class of Catalysts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/889459.

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Swanson, Dr Larry, e Christopher Samuelson. PR-362-06208-R01 Evaluation of Byproduct Emissions from Gas Turbine SCR Catalyst. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), febbraio 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010978.

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The primary objective of the test program was to evaluate byproduct emissions at steady state and transient operating conditions for two commercially available SCR catalysts used in gas turbine applications. Both NOX removal efficiency and ammonia slip behavior were also examined to validate expected catalyst trends and activity. Even though the study replicated expected field catalyst process conditions as well as possible (e.g., flue gas temperatures, space velocities, and inlet species concentrations), the data and results are from pilot-scale testing only, and consequently may differ from actual gas turbine field tests.
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Pfefferle, Lisa D., e Gary L. Haller. Novel Reforming Catalysts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053078.

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Wayne Tikkanen. Homogeneous and Supported Niobium Catalysts as Lewis Acid and Radical Catalysts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922133.

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10

Bauza, Rodrigo, e Daniel Olsen. PR-179-20200-R01 Improved Catalyst Regeneration Process to Increase Poison Removal. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012106.

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Abstract (sommario):
In this work, the details of catalyst poison deposition are studied, and new catalyst restoration methods are explored. Lubrication oil makes its way through the combustion chamber and into the exhaust system, depositing poisons onto the catalyst and degrading catalyst performance. To estimate the degradation rate of the units and to find the best restoration method, two identical alumina-platinum oxidation catalysts were used in a dual setting, combining a field degradation engine and a laboratory testing engine. In order to find the best restoration process, the combination of both baking and washing is tested with poison deposition and performance analysis, and a hydrogen reduction is tested for the restoration of the platinum crystallites. The units were aged, then restored with the industry-standard washing procedure, then aged again until reaching non-compliance with emissions standards, and then restored a second time with a modified version of the industry-standard washing process that combines baking and washing. There is a related webinar.
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