Tesi sul tema "Carnal nature"

La présente thèse étudie la création en plusieurs arts de quatre écrivains artistes contem-porains : le musicologue italien Alessandro Baricco, le peintre américain Percival Everett, le sculpteur bosnien Nedžad Ibrišimović et le photographe et cinéaste belge Jean-Philippe Toussaint. Notre travail s’intéresse principalement aux enjeux psychologiques des créations qui élar-gissent le champ de leur recherche au-delà du langage verbal. Pour comprendre le rôle de la deuxième discipline par rapport à l’écriture, nous analysons d’abord les caractéristiques gé-nérales de la création telle qu’elle est mise en scène dans l’univers romanesque. En nous inspirant des théories psychanalytiques qui décrivent l’expérience psychique de la symboli-sation à travers le langage, les jeux d’enfant et les arts, nous étudions le processus de la (dé)construction du sens. L’art visuel semble ainsi puissamment stimuler la rencontre avec l’autre. Cette rencontre fait partie de l’expérience de celui qui quitte les structures de sens familières pour s’orienter, mû par le désir, dans un domaine inconnu. Ce dernier rapproche l’artiste d’une identité archaïque dont l’existence est ancrée dans le corps. L’expérience sen-sorielle ouvre sur un aspect invisible du monde réel. Tout en le libérant des schèmes de per-ception conventionnels, ce vécu livre l’artiste à ses profondes angoisses. Créer signifie dès lors trouver un code de l’œuvre qui serait apte à la fois à protéger de l’angoisse et maintenir la liberté de l’être. La création en dispositifs variés s’inscrit dans une recherche qui répond à cette double exigence de la création
This thesis studies the work of four contemporary novelists who express themselves in one or more other artistic fields: Italian musicologist Alessandro Baricco, American painter Per-cival Everett, Bosnian sculptor Nedžad Ibrišimović, and Belgian photographer and filmma-ker Jean-Philippe Toussaint. Our work is interested primarily in the psychological issues of creation that extend themselves beyond verbal language. In order to understand the role of other disciplines compared to writing, we first analyze general features of artistic experience as they are represented in the fictional universes of their novels. Inspired by psychoanalytic theories highlighting the effects that initial experiences of lan-guage learning and childhood games have on later artistic creation, we analyze the artistic act as the transformation of an old sense into a new form, opening the artist up to the world from which he once felt excluded. Our analyses show, for example, that visual arts have a particular role in questioning one’s relation to an alternate nature. Driven by his own desire, the artist abandons the familiar structures of meaning and inevitably arrives at an unknown area. Immersed in this new place, he gets closer to an archaic identity based on carnal nature. The sensorial experience opens him up to an invisible aspect of the real world. On one hand, he is finally liberated from conventional perception, on the other, the experience of something new makes him face his deepest fears. Therefore, creating means finding a code that can both assure protection from primal anxieties while maintaining movement and freedom of being. Creation in several arts is a response to this double demand of artistic ex-pression

Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region. Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours. This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out. Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions: * A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance, * Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more 'active' sea lion response than the usual 'sleeping or resting' behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour. Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk. Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island. The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing ('incidental ecotourists'). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species. The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.

Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region. Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours. This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out. Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions: * A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance, * Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more 'active' sea lion response than the usual 'sleeping or resting' behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour. Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk. Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island. The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing ('incidental ecotourists'). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species. The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
The Yellow Cardinal, Gubernatrix cristata, is a threatened passerine that had its populations drastically reduced, mainly by illegal capture and wildlife trade, and habitat loss. Natural history information of the species is few and often innacurate. In order to raise awareness of the Yellow Cardinal and provide subsidies for its conservation, we studied the autecology of the Brazilian population of Yellow Cardinal. Our study was conducted in the municipality of Barra do Quara?, westernmost State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during two breeding seasons (October to February, 2013?2015), after a brief pilot-study that started in 2012. We ringed 35 (seven females, 14 males and 14 young) out of 53 individuals found, and by September 2015, the whole Brazilian population of Yellow Cardinal had 38 individuals. We monitored 30 nests, where we observed various aspects of species autecology. We found evidence that leaves may be an important food item in species diet. The adults sex ratio is 1.5:1 and the lifespan is at least 8 years. Pairs are socially monogamous and territorial, with male-biased philopatry and female-biased dispersion. Mean size of breeding territories is 18 ha and mean home range is 27.7 ha. Some pairs and nests (23%) are attended by one or two additional individuals (nest helpers), which contribute on nest and territory defence, and on feeding of nestlings and fledglings. Breeding season starts from first week of October, with a peak of active nests in mid-November and lasts until mid-February. The open-cup nests are built in six days by female, almost all of them in Prosopis affinis, at mean nest height from ground of 2.4 m. Clutch size is three eggs, which female incubates during 12.9 days. The hatching rate is 76% and nestlings fledge after 16 days. Parental care is biparental or cooperative, and the pair have high frequency of visits to the nest than helpers. Nestling survival rate is 67% with mean productivity of 1.6 fledgling per successful nest, and was higher in nests attended by helpers. We recorded second broods after successful attempts, on which helpers were present. Mean interval between nesting attempts was 15.6 days and mean distance was 220.7 m. Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis, parasites nests of Yellow Cardinal, with frequency of 67% and intensity of 1.9 egg per parasitized nest. Punctured eggs by female cowbirds led to abandonment of 15% of parasitized nests. From six nests where cowbirds hatched, in two (33%) Yellow Cardinal successfully fledged. Nestlings can be parasitized by botfly larvae (Philornis sp.), with prevalence in 33% of nests where nestlings hatched. Predation was the main cause of nest losses (73%) and we recorded a Leopardus geoffroyi preying on a nest with eggs. The apparent nest success was 27% and the Mayfield nesting success was 18%. The fledgling survival rate during the first month outside the nest was 62%. We recorded a case of inbreeding, between father and daughter. Large home range needs and factors that may adversely affect breeding success (e.g. inbreeding, predation, parasitism) can aggravate the status of the Brazilian population and species. It reinforces the importance of autecology studies and their contribution to the conservation schemes.
O cardeal-amarelo, Gubernatrix cristata, e um p?ssaro amea?ado de extin??o, que teve suas popula??es drasticamente reduzidas devido a captura e ao com?rcio ilegal de fauna silvestre, ale m da perda de habitat. Informa??es sobre a historia natural da esp?cie s?o escassas e frequentemente imprecisas. No intuito de fornecer subs?dios para a sua conserva??o, nos estudamos a autoecologia da popula??o brasileira de cardeal-amarelo. O estudo foi conduzido no munic?pio de Barra do Quara?, no extremo oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, durante duas temporadas reprodutivas (outubro?fevereiro, 2013?2015), apos breve projeto-piloto iniciado em 2012. Marcamos 35 (sete femeas, 14 machos e 14 filhotes) de 53 indiv?duos encontrados, e ate setembro de 2015, a popula??o brasileira de cardeal-amarelo era de 38 indiv?duos. Monitoramos 30 ninhos ao todo, onde observamos v?rios aspectos da autoecologia da esp?cie. Encontramos evidencias de que folhas parecem ser um item alimentar importante na dieta da esp?cie. A raz?o sexual dos adultos e 1,5:1 e pode chegar a idade de pelo menos 8 anos. Os casais s?o socialmente monog?micos e territoriais, com tend?ncia para filopatria dos machos e dispers?o das femeas. O tamanho m?dio dos territ?rios reprodutivos e 18 ha e da ?rea de vida e 27,7 ha. Alguns casais e ninhos (23%) s?o atendidos por um ou dois indiv?duos adicionais (ajudantes de ninho), que contribuem na defesa do ninho e territ?rio, e na alimenta??o dos ninhegos e filhotes apos sa?rem do ninho. A reprodu??o inicia na primeira semana de outubro, com pico de ninhos ativos na segunda quinzena de novembro e perdura ate meados de fevereiro. Os ninhos em forma de ta?a s?o constru?dos em 6 dias pela f?mea, quase todos em Prosopis affinis, a altura media de 2,4 m. Tr?s ovos e o tamanho de ninhada, os quais a f?mea incuba por 12,9 dias. A taxa de eclos?o e de 76% e os ninhegos saem do ninho apos 16 dias. O cuidado e biparental ou cooperativo, e o casal tem maior frequ?ncia de visitas ao ninho do que os ajudantes. A taxa de sobreviv?ncia de ninhegos foi 67% com produtividade media de 1,6 filhote por ninho com sucesso, e foi maior nos ninhos atendidos por ajudantes. Registramos segunda postura apos um sucesso, onde ajudantes estavam presentes. O intervalo m?dio entre tentativas foi 15,6 dias e a distancia media 220,7 m. O vira-bosta, Molothrus bonariensis, parasita os ninhos de cardeal-amarelo, com frequ?ncia de 67% e intensidade de 1,9 ovo por ninho parasitado. Ovos furados por femeas de vira-bosta levaram ao abandono de 15% dos ninhos parasitados. De seis ninhos onde filhotes de vira-bosta eclodiram, em dois (33%) o cardeal-amarelo teve sucesso. Os ninhegos podem ser parasitados por larvas de mosca (Philornis sp.), e ocorreu em 33% dos ninhos onde os ninhegos eclodiram. Preda??o foi a principal causa de perda de ninhos (73%) e registramos um Leopardus geoffroyi predando um ninho com ovos. O sucesso aparente dos ninhos foi 27% e o sucesso de Mayfield foi 18%. A taxa de sobreviv?ncia dos filhotes no primeiro m?s fora do ninho foi 62%. Registramos um caso de endogamia, entre pai e filha. Necessidade de grandes ?reas de vida e fatores que podem afetar negativamente o sucesso reprodutivo (e.g. endogamia, preda??o, parasitismo), podem agravar a estado de conserva??o da popula??o brasileira e da esp?cie, refor?ando a import?ncia dos estudos de autoecologia e sua contribui??o para os planos de conserva??o.

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O desenvolvimento de materiais comp?sitos abrange as mais diversas ?reas de aplica??o. Dentre os comp?sitos, t?m-se, especialmente, os materiais de origem org?nica, que possuem maior potencial de biodegrabilidade e por isso t?m apresentado relev?ncia e destaque no cen?rio contempor?neo de preserva??o ambiental e desenvolvimento sustent?vel. Seguindo essa perspectiva de apelo ecol?gico, foram desenvolvidos comp?sitos com insumos naturais brasileiros. Esses comp?sitos foram fabricados com l?tex (borracha natural) e fibra de carna?ba, em diferentes propor??es m?ssicas. As formula??es variaram em 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de fibra em rela??o ? matriz. Esses materiais foram concebidos visando aplica??o em sistemas de isolamentos t?rmicos que requeiram prote??o t?rmica de superf?cies e/ou redu??o de perda de energia t?rmica. Para tanto, os comp?sitos foram caracterizados atrav?s de ensaios t?rmicos de condutividade, calor espec?fico, difusividade e termogravimetria. Assim como, tamb?m foram caracterizados quanto aos seus aspectos f?sico-mec?nicos, atrav?s de ensaios de densidade, teor de umidade, resist?ncia ? tra??o e dureza. A caracteriza??o dos materiais revelou que a os comp?sitos apresentam potencial de isolamento t?rmico superior ao da borracha natural que foi utilizada como refer?ncia. Dessa forma, os materiais comp?sitos em quest?o apresentam-se como alternativa vi?vel e eficaz de concep??o de novo material isolante t?rmico.
The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.

Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region. Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours. This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out. Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions: • A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance, • Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more ‘active’ sea lion response than the usual ‘sleeping or resting’ behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour. Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk. Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island. The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing (‘incidental ecotourists’). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species. The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.

SANTIAGO, Vívian Romero. Avaliação de formulações cosméticas contendo bioaditivos antioxidantes derivados do LCC. 2016. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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The Brazilian companies together are responsible to produce annually 70,000 tons of almonds cashew, generating about 45 thousand tons of liquid cashew nut shell (CNSL) in the year. The CNSL is often discarded in Chestnut beneficiation process, but this fluid and its the main constituents (Cardanol and Cardol) are a natural source of phenolic compounds and unsaturated long chain. This feature gives some important properties for use as antioxidant activity. Assessing the main characteristics of this compound, the work was to study the activity of LCC constituents as active antioxidant potential for cosmetic products, for antioxidant efficacy in skin and repellent action. Formulations were prepared using cardanol, cardol saturated and unsaturated, in concentrations from 0.03 to 20% for bactericidal activity and more specifically from 0.03 to 0.1% antioxidant. Formulations BHT were prepared and used as a reference. By DPPH method it was possible to verify that all formulations showed higher antioxidant activity or similar to the formulations containing the BHT in all concentrations. In addition, these formulations were subjected to antimicrobial tests and were active against strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that in addition to antioxidant, these can be employed as antimicrobial active formulations. It has also produced a moisturizer repellent with LCC Natural, technical, and Cardol Cardanol comparing its activity to a commercial repellent N, N-dimethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). In tests using mice, the product showed the percentage of repellency of 98% to 100% compared with the pure moisturizer. Furthermore, in studies with humans, it has been found that the Natural CNSL was repellency of 93.8%, followed by 92.4% cardol. These values ​​have proved to be equivalent to the percentage of commercial repellent DEET (93.6%). In addition to other activities, the cardanol was tested as a biological shield in pigskin, this asset was used to decrease free radicals in the skin with the submission to radiation UV. This was served to the skin with a proprietary delivery system favoring its solubility in aqueous vehicles and their permeation into the skin. It was shown to reduce the formation of radicals lives in the presence of this antioxidant. Thus, the results presented here will contribute to sustainable development and origin of natural and effective raw materials. However, many studies are still necessary in order to add value to a substrate that has a lot of potential but that is little explored.
As empresas Brasileiras juntas produzem anualmente 70 mil toneladas de amêndoas de castanha de caju, gerando cerca de 45 mil toneladas de Líquido da Casca de Castanha do caju (LCC) por ano. O LCC muitas vezes é descartado no processo de beneficiamento da castanha, porém esse líquido e seus constituintes marjoritários (Cardanol e Cardol) são uma fonte natural de compostos fenólicos de cadeia longa e insaturada. Essa característica confere algumas propriedades importantes para sua utilização como a atividade antioxidante. Avaliando as principais características desse composto, o trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a atividade dos constituintes do LCC como potencial ativo antioxidante para produtos cosméticos, para eficácia antioxidante na pele e ação repelente. Foram preparadas formulações utilizando cardanol, cardol saturado e insaturado, nas concentrações de 0,03 a 20% para atividade bactericida e, mais especificamente, de 0,03 a 0,1% para atividade antioxidante. Formulações com o BHT foram preparadas e usadas como referência. Através do método do 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) foi possível verificar que todas as formulações apresentaram atividade antioxidante superior ou semelhante às formulações que continha o butil-hidroxi-tolueno (BHT) em todas as concentrações estudadas. Além disso, essas formulações foram submetidas a testes antimicrobianos e foram ativas contra cepas de Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, indicando que, além de antioxidante, estes podem ser empregados como ativos antimicrobianos em formulações. Foi produzido também um hidratante repelente com o LCC Natural, Técnico, Cardol e Cardanol comparando sua atividade a um repelente comercial N,N-dimetil-meta-toluamida (DEET). Nos ensaios utilizando ratos brancos, os produtos apresentaram a percentagem de repelência de 98 a 100% em comparação com o hidratante puro. Além disso, em ensaios com seres humanos, verificou-se que o LCC Natural teve repelência de 93,8%, seguido do cardol de 92,4%. Estes valores demonstraram ser equivalentes à percentagem de repelente comercial DEET (93,6%). Além das demais atividades, o cardanol foi testado como protetor biológico em pele de porco, esse ativo foi utilizado para diminuição de radicais livres na pele com a submissão a radiação Ultravioleta. Esse foi veiculado na pele com um sistema de liberação patenteado que favoreceu a sua solubilidade em veículos aquosos e a sua permeação na pele. Foi evidenciado a redução da formação dos radicais lives na presença desse antioxidante. Dessa forma, os resultados aqui apresentados irão contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável e origem de matérias primas naturais e eficazes. Porém, muitos estudos ainda devem ser realizados afim de agregar valor a um substrato que tem muito potencial, mas que é muito pouco explorado.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq.
The increase in life expectancy is a worldwide occurrence that shows the relative success of public health politics, and Brazil is among the countries where people are living longer and in better physical health. But the increase in life expectancy has a negative effect: the appearance of degenerative diseases typical of old age, including several forms of dementia, like Alzheimer?s Disease (AD) that is certainly the most important. It is an irreversible and progressive disease characterized by neuronal deterioration that results in loss of cognitive functions such as memory, communication skills, judgment and reasoning. Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are medicines used for the treatment of AD and act reversibly inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Evidences suggest that the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), closely related to AChE, plays a significant role in AD because it is involved in neural functions such as cholinergic co-regulation and non-cholinergic neurotransmission. The aim of this research is to provide new substances with anticholinesterase action by using ?-carboline derivatives from the natural product harmane and carry out a kinetic study to determine the inhibition profile of the enzymes AChE e BChE, which could help in the discovery of new compounds which could be useful in the treatment of AD. Firstly, a screening was carried out with seven ?-carboline derivatives. In a second stage, a kinetic investigation, employing Ellman?s method, was run with these compounds and all of them presented high anticholinesterase action for both AChE and BChE. All seven derivatives presented a non-competitive reversible inhibition.
Torres, Juliana Mariano. ESTUDO CIN?TICO DA ATIVIDADE ANTICOLINESTER?SICA DE DERIVADOS -CARBOL?NICOS DO PRODUTO NATURAL HARMANA. 2011. Disserta??o (mestrado em Qu?mica Org?nica). Instituto de Ci?ncias Exatas, Departamento de Qu?mica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. O aumento da expectativa de vida ? um fen?meno mundial que mostra o relativo sucesso de pol?ticas de sa?de p?blica, e o Brasil se inclui entre os pa?ses em que as pessoas est?o vivendo por mais tempo e em condi??es melhores de sa?de. No entanto, o aumento da expectativa de vida tem como efeito negativo o aparecimento de doen?as degenerativas, t?picas de idades mais avan?adas, incluindo-se as v?rias formas de dem?ncia e entre estas, a mais importante ?, sem d?vida, a Doen?a de Alzheimer (DA), patologia irrevers?vel e progressiva caracterizada pela deteriora??o neuronal que resulta em perda de fun??es cognitivas, tais como mem?ria, capacidade de comunica??o, julgamento e racioc?nio. Para o tratamento da DA s?o utilizados f?rmacos como o donepezil, galantamina e rivastigmina, os quais agem inibindo revers?velmente a acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Evid?ncias sugerem que a enzima butirilcolinesterase (BChE), intimamente relacionada com a AChE, tem um papel significante na DA, uma vez que est? envolvida em fun??es neurais tais como a corregula??o da neurotransmiss?o colin?rgica e n?o-colin?rgica. Esta pesquisa pretendeu estudar novas subst?ncias com a??o anticolinester?sica utilizando derivados -carbol?nicos do produto natural harmana, bem como fazer um estudo cin?tico a fim de descobrir qual o perfil de inibi??o das enzimas AChE e BChE, a fim de buscar novos compostos que poderiam ser ?teis no tratamento dos sintomas da DA. Desta forma, foi efetuada preliminarmente uma triagem com 7 derivados -carbol?nicos e posteriormente foi realizada uma investiga??o cin?tica com estes compostos, uma vez que, todos apresentaram alta a??o anticolinester?sica tanto para AChE quanto para BChE. A cin?tica enzim?tica foi estudada segundo o m?todo de Ellman. Contudo, observou-se que todos os 7 derivados apresentaram uma inibi??o revers?vel n?o competitiva.

El presente trabajo de tesis está enfocado en desarrollar una metodología para el estudio de los efectos del terreno sobre tuberías de gas enterradas (gasoductos), basado en la problemática encontrada de las cargas inesperadas sobre las instalaciones de gas debido al suelo en proyectos al interior del país, como lo es Camisea. Para lograr este objetivo, se utilizó el modelo constitutivo de Drucker - Prager para representar el terreno, así como también las propiedades de cohesión y ángulo de fricción para definir su comportamiento mecánico. El estudio está basado en el análisis por elementos finitos de diferentes modelos que incluyen terreno y tubería bajo los efectos de diferentes cargas: peso propio del terreno, carga vertical sobre la superficie del terreno, carga oblicua sobre la superficie del terreno y presencia de una falla o plano de deslizamiento al interior del terreno pasando por la posición donde está enterrada la tubería. Para tal estudio, se usó el software ANSYS en sus versiones 14 y 14.5. Asimismo, se trabajó una parte en conjunto con el Centro Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para la Ingenería (CIMNE), quienes apoyaron en el estudio desde su sede en Cataluña, Barcelona. Ellos desarrollaron el modelo de plasticidad de Drucker – Prager en el software COMET y mostraron algunas simulaciones que permitieron estudiar el comportamiento del suelo cuando existen deformaciones plásticas en el mismo. Una vez realizadas las simulaciones y el análisis de las mismas, se pudieron obtener conclusiones que podrán servir como directrices en investigaciones futuras sobre el tema. Se encontró que las cargas sobre el terreno tienen poca o nula influencia sobre la tubería si esta se encuentra enterrada a una profundidad adecuada; además, se observó un aumento de la magnitud de los esfuerzos en presencia de una falla en el terreno, que fue representada como un plano de deslizamiento del mismo.
Tesis

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Tendo em vista a crescente busca por materiais que possam cada vez mais melhorar a efici?ncia de isolantes t?rmicos e que n?o causem agress?o ao meio ambiente, temos a utiliza??o da palha da carna?ba como uma alternativa de refor?o em comp?sitos de isola??o t?rmica. O comp?sito ? formado por fibras naturais da folha da carna?ba que possui propriedades f?sico-qu?micas desej?veis para ser utilizado como isolante t?rmico e o min?rio Caulim, que se caracteriza por ser quimicamente inerte e possuir baixa condutividade t?rmica. O comp?sito citado foi submetido a ensaios para determinar a sua condutividade t?rmica, densidade e resist?ncia ? temperatura. As propriedades f?sicas, estruturais e morfol?gicas das mat?rias-primas foram investigadas atrav?s de an?lises de termogravimetria, difra??o de raios X, fluoresc?ncia de raios X e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura.
Thinking about the growing search for materials than can improve the efficiency of thermal insulations, and that do not cause aggressions to the environment, we decided to use the leaf of the carnauba as an alternative reinforcement in composites of thermal insulation. The composite is formed by natural fibers of leaves of the carnauba, that possesses good physicochemical properties to work as a thermal insulation and the minerium caulim, that is characterized for being chemical inert and possesses low thermal conductivity. The carna?ba straw acquired was-covered with impurities, it was subjected to various washing processes for these impurities do not interfere in the tests, the caulimwas used without any treatment for their processing. After cleaning, the straw was milled in a knife mill to be in the form of powder, this powder was mixed with kaolin to be more homogeneous, the mixture was properly hydrated and pressed to make specimenfor testing.The composite was divided into formulations of 10%, 30% and 50%, this value indicates the percentage of the fiber mass of the carnauba powderper total mass of the composite, after that, the specimens were manufactured by the pressing method. The specimens have been tested to determine conductivity, resistance, diffusivity. Analyses of thermogravimetry, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence were done, and a compression test to determine whether it could be used in wall cladding. The composite showed satisfactory results in their thermal characteristics, the composite showed satisfactory results in their thermal characteristics , with an operating range of up to 150 ? C and an average thermal conductivity of 0.199 W /m.K and quite feasible in the item cost-effective, but somewhat limited by their place of application.

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This thesis will study the platonic thinking under the Natural Law perspective, especially in The Republic, and its following concretization and integration in Laws. We aim to observe how the platonic doctrine does not change radically, but rather completes itself with the combination of the two mentioned works, for which we shall weave our analysis setting out from the logical temporal proposition in the platonic thinking, considering also the research of his conception of Justice in order to verify the maturity of its posture as it relates to the organization of the polis
A presente tese predispõe-se a estudar o pensamento platônico na perspectiva do Direito Natural, em especial na República, e sua consequente positivação e integração na obra As Leis. Visamos apresentar como a doutrina platônica de justiça não muda radicalmente, mas se completa com a conjugação das obras mencionadas. Para isso, partiremos da proposta temporal lógica do pensamento platônico, bem como da pesquisa de sua concepção de Justiça a fim de verificarmos a maturidade de sua postura com relação à organização da pólis

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera en Recursos Naturales Renovables
El suelo es el mayor reservorio de carbono en los ecosistemas terrestres. La respiración del suelo (Rs) corresponde a un importante flujo de transferencia de dióxido de carbono (CO2) desde el suelo hacia la atmósfera. La Rs está compuesta por la respiración de las raíces y la respiración de la biota del suelo (descomposición de la materia orgánica). Se caracteriza por tener variaciones temporales y espaciales debido a la interacción de factores biológicos, físicos y químicos. La investigación fue realizada en el Campo Experimental Agronómico Las Cardas durante los días julianos (DJ): 28-31, 56-59, 91-94, 126-129 del año 2008, en un matorral desértico costero de Flourensia thurifera. La finalidad de este estudio fue medir y comparar la Rs del matorral en un sitio de condición natural y otro forestado con Acacia saligna. Las mediciones de Rs fueron realizadas por el método de cámara cerrada dinámica con el equipo LI-8100 Automated Soil CO2 Flux System (LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) conectado a una cámara de 20 cm de diámetro y provisto de sensores de temperatura y humedad de suelo. Los modelos empíricos para estimar la Rs han sido asociados a la temperatura de suelo y humedad de suelo, sin embargo los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación, indicaron que durante un año seco, la Rs fue explicada mejor por la temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. La Rs fue baja en ambos sitios, pudiendo deberse principalmente a la sequía que afectaba a la región. El sitio de matorral natural presentó significativamente mayores flujos que el sitio forestado, lo cual estaría relacionado a la mayor superficie de suelo desnudo, al menor contenido de materia orgánica en el suelo y al bajo prendimiento y sobrevivencia de A. saligna. Se observó en ambos sitios que la Rs disminuyó con los DJ, siendo el quiebre más evidente el que se produjo entre las campañas de los DJ 56-59 y 91-94, coincidentes con el cambio de estación de verano a otoño. Como la investigación fue realizada sólo en una fracción de la temporada seca, se recomienda realizar observaciones en otras épocas del año.
The main objective of this investigation was to compare soil respiration in a shrubland of the Mediterranean Desertic-Oceanic biclimatic region of Chile in natural condition and afforested with Acacia saligna.. The specific objectives were: · Identify the major environmental factors controlling of daily variability of soil respiration. · Quantify soil CO2 efflux during dry season. The results show that in a dry year, soil respiration was related to temperature and relative humidity. Soil respiration was low in both sites, mainly due to the drought affecting the region. The natural site higher CO2 fluxes than the afforested one (p < 0,05), probably as a result of surface of bare soil, a lower content of organic matter in the soil and to lower growth rate and survival of A. saligna. In both sites, soil respiration decreased as Julian Day increased. This was most evident between measurements of dates 2 and 3, coinciding with the seasonal change from summer to autumn. This research was carried out in part of the dry season, therefore it is advisable to monitor other seasons.

Reception of innocuous fresh meat is relevant to the production of safe food by food services. Thus, federal sanitary legislation has determined the evaluation and approval of raw material during reception. The objective of this study was to develop procedures for characterizing the quality of fresh meat during reception in food services. In the first phase, when revising safety criteria, it was verified that federal legislation and technical standards for food services were recently published and present a wide, general approach concerning raw material reception. It determined specifications of criteria for evaluation and selection of suppliers, verification of transport system, requirements for the reception area, and the inspection of raw materials through the analysis of packaging, labeling, and temperature. In the second phase, when investigating supply and procedures for meat purchase in 35 university restaurants of Federal Institutions of Higher Education on the five regions of Brazil, it was observed that bovine meat was more frequent purchased in the South and Midwest regions, and that in the North and Northeast poultry was more frequently used. Still, the supply of meat products exceeds that of pork and fish in this region. Purchase occurred mainly by bidding in restaurants administered under the system of selfmanagement, resulting in meat provision by different suppliers. A nutritionist worked as technical manager. The main safety criteria on supplier selection were the requirement of product registration in the Inspection Service and of company regulation by the Health Surveillance. Weaknesses were found relating to physical and functional structures, transport system of the raw material, and record and monitoring of temperature. Was demonstrated, in the second phase of research, that Southeast restaurants presented a higher adequacy percentage to hygienic and sanitary criteria in meat reception, followed by the South, Midwest, Northeast, and North. The third phase was a case study about sanitary quality of fresh bovine meat approved in reception by a university restaurant of a Southern Federal Institutions of Higher Education. A descriptive sensorial method was applied to evaluate the quality of fresh bovine meat at reception. Documental, microbiological, and physical-chemical analysis were made using samples of lean bovine meat. The samples were fresh, cooled, vacuum bagged and not matured, and provided by slaughterhouses registered in the Federal Inspection System. The sensory parameters selected by the team to characterize fresh bovine meat were the appearance (color, uniformity, brightness) and odor (characteristic of fresh meat, metallic, rancid and strange). The sensory criterion was defined by association between the scores given by evaluators and counts of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, pH values, temperature, and instrumental color of meat samples. Documentary analysis demonstrated adequacy to Best Practices procedures in meat reception. In addition to a positive experience to improve the supplier selection, the transport system, and the meat quality in public bidding purchase by including security criteria on bid notices. It became evident, through analysis, that the microbiological, physical-chemical, and sensory quality of the bovine meat purchased from qualified suppliers did not meet the security parameters established by legislative organs. Correlations between variables indicated that all physical-chemical tests, as well as sensory parameters of characteristic and strange odor, confirmed the counts of Aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Color of the meat was correlated with the mold and yeast count. Upon considerations drawn from the development of this research, in the fourth phase, it was possible to formulate procedure for safe acquisition of fresh meat by food services. Consists of documents related to evaluation and selection of meat products suppliers; transport system evaluation; self-evaluation for reception area in food services; food handlers and technical manager; raw material inspection procedures (fresh meat); raw material return; raw material inspection plan.
A recepção de carnes in natura inócuas é relevante para produção de alimentos seguros nos serviços de alimentação. Com isso, é determinada pela legislação sanitária federal, a avaliação e aprovação da matéria-prima na recepção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver procedimentos para caracterização da qualidade de carnes bovinas in natura na recepção de serviços de alimentação. Na primeira fase, ao revisar os critérios de segurança, verificou-se que a legislação federal e normas técnicas, para os serviços de alimentação foram publicadas recentemente e apresentam uma abordagem ampla e genérica sobre a recepção da matéria-prima. É determinada a especificação dos critérios para avaliação e seleção dos fornecedores, verificação do sistema de transporte, área de recepção e inspeção da matéria-prima, através da análise da embalagem, rotulagem e temperatura. Na segunda fase, ao investigar a oferta e os procedimentos na aquisição de carnes em 35 restaurantes universitários das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior das cinco regiões do Brasil foi observado que a carne bovina era mais frequente nas regiões Sul e Centro-oeste e a carne de frango, nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Ainda, a oferta de produtos cárneos, superava a de suíno e de peixe em todas as regiões. A aquisição das carnes ocorria, principalmente, por meio de licitação, nos restaurantes administrados sob o sistema de autogestão, o que implicava no abastecimento de carnes por diferentes fornecedores. O nutricionista era o responsável técnico e para seleção do fornecedor, os principais critérios de segurança utilizados eram a exigência do registro do produto no Serviço de Inspeção e a regulamentação da empresa fornecedora junto à Vigilância Sanitária. As fragilidades foram relativas à estrutura físico-funcional, sistema de transporte da matéria-prima e registros e monitoramentos da temperatura. Demonstrou-se, na segunda fase da pesquisa, que os restaurantes da região Sudeste apresentaram maior percentual de adequação aos critérios higiênico-sanitários na recepção das carnes, seguidos da região Sul, Centro-Oeste, Nordeste e Norte. Na terceira fase, realizou-se um estudo de caso sobre a qualidade sanitária da carne bovina in natura aprovada na recepção de restaurante universitário de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior da região Sul. Para avaliar a qualidade das carnes bovinas in natura na recepção aplicou-se um método sensorial descritivo e realizaram-se análises documentais, microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais, de amostras compostas da carne bovina magra, in natura, resfriadas, embaladas a vácuo e não maturadas, fornecidas por frigoríficos registrados no Sistema de Inspeção Federal. Os parâmetros sensoriais definidos pela equipe, para caracterizar a carne bovina in natura foram a aparência (cor, uniformidade e brilho) e odor (característico da carne fresca, metálico, a ranço e estranho). O critério sensorial foi definido por meio de associações entre as notas atribuídas pelos avaliadores e as contagens dos micro-organismos Aeróbios Mesófilos e Psicrotróficos, valores de pH, temperatura e cor instrumental das amostras de carne. A análise documental demonstrou a adequação dos procedimentos de Boas Práticas na recepção das carnes. Além disso, a experiência positiva para aprimorar a seleção de fornecedores, sistema de transporte e qualidade das carnes, na aquisição por licitação pública, com a inclusão dos critérios de segurança nos editais. Evidenciou-se, por meio das análises, que a qualidade microbiologia, físico-química e sensorial da carne bovina adquirida de fornecedores qualificados não atenderam plenamente aos parâmetros de segurança estabelecidos pelos órgãos legisladores. As correlações das variáveis indicaram que todos os testes físico-químicos, bem como, os parâmetros sensoriais, odor característico e estranho, confirmaram as contagens dos micro-organismos Aeróbios Mesófilos e os Psicrotróficos. A cor da carne foi correlacionada com as contagens de Bolores e Leveduras. Mediante as considerações extraídas nesta pesquisa, na quarta fase, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos para aquisição de carnes in natura em serviço de alimentação. São compostos por documentos relativos à avaliação e seleção de fornecedores de carnes; avaliação do sistema de transporte; auto-avaliação da área de recepção do serviço de alimentação; avaliação dos manipuladores de alimentos e responsável técnico; Inspeção da matériaprima (carnes in natura); Devolução da matéria-prima; Plano de inspeção da matéria-prima.

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Por falta de investimento em geração de energia no setor elétrico nacional, associado ao crescimento da demanda devido ao crescimento da economia brasileira, há uma previsão de um novo racionamento de energia elétrica a partir de 2007. Esta falta de investimento governamental e privado de grande porte torna imperativo que as empresas que não queiram sofrer cortes de produção devido à redução do fornecimento de energia elétrica invistam na geração de energia local. Uma das opções mais importantes para a geração descentralizada de energia é a utilização de grupos geradores utilizando motores de combustão interna. Por isso, é muito importante o conhecimento das condições operacionais de grupos geradores sob diferentes regimes e tipos de carga. Deste modo, este trabalho analisou o funcionamento de um grupo gerador de 30 kWe, visando atender o suprimento de energia elétrica para residências, condomínios e pequenos centros comerciais. O grupo gerador é constituído de um motor, que opera no ciclo Otto e utiliza gás natural como combustível; e um alternador de 37 kVA, sendo acondicionado numa cabine silenciadora. Foi estudada a performance deste grupo gerador operando com cargas elétricas em potências variadas e diferentes tipos de cargas (resistiva, indutiva e desbalanceada). Sob diferentes regimes operacionais foram efetuadas as seguintes atividades: caracterização térmica operacional; verificação da qualidade da energia gerada; verificação dos poluentes gerados e obtenção dos rendimentos térmico e elétrico do grupo gerador. Também foi realizada uma análise econômica baseada nas diferentes condições operacionais deste grupo, ou seja, nas diferentes situações de geração elétrica e finalidades da geração. A análise econômica indicou que o projeto de geração de energia elétrica utilizando grupo gerador pode ser inviabilizado caso opere em condições adversas, ou seja, em cargas parciais e baixo rendimento térmico. Portanto, o grupo gerador deve ser dimensionado para funcionar nas condições ótimas de operação, ou seja, com alto rendimento. Os resultados das análises mostraram as variáveis da operação do grupo em diferentes cargas elétricas, indicando que os gases de exaustão do motor variam em composição de acordo com a carga elétrica gerada. Também foi evidenciado que a carga elétrica gerada tem pouca influência no calor de resfriamento, permanecendo praticamente constante. Porém, a mesma tem grande influência no rendimento do grupo gerador, atingindo 29% de rendimento em carga máxima

Um dos maiores desafios do setor produtivo de carne bovina está relacionado com a inconsistência na maciez. Várias estratégias de manejo nutricional e tecnologias pós-abate foram desenvolvidas com o intuito de diminuir a inconsistência na maciez. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência dos sistemas de produção e das diferentes estratégias nutricionais sobre as características de qualidade e maciez da carne de bovinos Bonsmara e de outros cruzamentos entre Bos taurus e Bos indicus. A utilização de tecnologias pós-abate que melhorem essas características também foi avaliada. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um deles nos Estados Unidos (Texas-EUA), em duas cidades diferentes em dois anos consecutivos onde novilhos Bonsmara sob pastejo, recebendo ou não suplementação ou confinados, tiveram avaliadas as características de qualidade e rendimento de carcaça pelo sistema de classificação americano (USDA), o perfil de ácidos graxos e as características sensoriais. O outro estudo foi realizado no Brasil com animais somente confinados no qual foram avaliados em dois diferentes músculos, o perfil de ácidos graxos, a maciez, cor e teor de gordura na carne. Nos EUA, ano e local tiveram impacto significativo na qualidade, rendimento e maciez, independente do manejo nutricional utilizado, sendo que os animais confinados apresentaram melhores resultados, além de terem resolvido os efeitos limitantes de ano e local. A estimulação elétrica melhorou a cor e a textura da carne e, o tempo de maturação foi o mais eficiente em melhorar a maciez. Novilhos confinados tiveram a carne mais clara e a gordura com menor teor de amarelo quando comparados aos novilhos abatidos logo após o periodo de pastejo, bem como sabor mais característico de carne cozida e menos predominante de grama. O atributo intensidade de sabor foi mais alto nos animais suplementados. A gordura intramuscular (GIM) e subcutânea dos novilhos não confinados apresentou maiores teores de ácido - linolênico. No Brasil, o fornecimento de caroço de algodão na dieta não foi suficiente para provocar modificação relevante no perfil de ácidos graxos nem nas características de maciez e cor da carne, embora sua inclusão tenha sido relacionada com menor teor de ácido -linolênico. O período de maturação foi eficiente no músculo Longissimus dorsi, e não interferiu nos resultados do Gluteo biceps, cuja carne apresentou valores baixos de força de cisalhamento, no primeiro dia pós-abate. Animais com maior predominância de genótipo zebuíno apresentaram menor teor de GIM e menor relação -6/-3.
One of the biggest challenges of the beef production sector is related to the inconsistency in tenderness. Several strategies of nutritional management and postharvest technologies were developed with the aim of reducing the inconsistency in tenderness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of production systems and nutritional strategies in the characteristics of quality and meat tenderness of beef from Bonsmara and Bos taurus and Bos indicus crosses. The use of postharvest technologies that improve these characteristics was also evaluated. For this purpose two experiments were conducted, one in the United States (Texas, USA), in two different cities for two consecutive years where grazing Bonsmara steers, receiving or not supplementation or confined, had been evaluated for quality and carcass yield by American classification system (USDA), the fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics. The other study was performed in Brazil with confined animals where the fatty acid profile, tenderness, color and fat content were evaluated in two different muscles in the carcasses. In the U.S., year and location had significant impact on quality, yield and tenderness, regardless of nutritional management used, with the confined animals showing better results, beyond had solved the limiting effects of year and location. Electrical stimulation improved the color and texture of the meat, and aging time was the most effective in improving the tenderness. Feedlot steers had the lighter meat with the lowest yellow fat content, when compared to steers slaughtered immediately after the grazing period, as well as the most characteristic flavor of cooked meat and less dominant grass flavor. The attribute flavor intensity was higher in the supplemented animals. The intramuscular (IMF) and subcutaneous fat of the not confined steers had higher levels of -linolenic acid. In Brazil, the supply of cottonseed in the diet was not enough to cause significant changes in fatty acid profile nor in tenderness and color characteristics of the meat, although its inclusion had been associated with lower levels of -linolenic acid. Aging was efficient in the Longissimus muscle, and not interfere with the shear force (SF) results in the Gluteus biceps, whose meat had the lowest SF values on the first day post-slaughter. Animals with a predominance of zebu genotype had lower levels of IMF and lower -6/-3 ratio.

This degree project has been made in cooperation with engineers working for GM Engineering/Saab Automobile AB in Trollhättan. The given name by Saab for the project is “Fuel efficiency improvements in All Wheel Drive(AWD)-system”. The main tasks of this thesis work were to investigate the size of the power losses in different parts on the propeller shaft, to design a computer program that calculates

coordinates and angles on a propeller shaft and to investigate the possibilities to put together a simplified formula that calculates the natural frequencies on a propeller shaft.

The main parts of this report are a compilation of the theory about AWD and mostly about the parts on the propeller shaft, and also a description of the developed computer program called Propeller Shaft Calculator. This report doesn’t concern power losses in the different joints because there were no such general equations to be found. The most common way to calculate the power losses inside a joint is to do tests were the power loss is measured at different angles, torque and speed and then use that data to put together an approximated equation.

Most of the work on this project has been on theory studies and on programming. The main result of the project is the program Propeller Shaft Calculator.

Propeller Shaft Calculator is a program that is designed in Microsoft Excel. All the menus are programmed in the visual basic editor in Excel. The program is supposed to be used as a help while designing new propeller shafts.

Propeller Shaft Calculator can calculate all the coordinates, lengths, angles and directions on a propeller shaft. It also calculates natural frequencies, plunge, estimated power loss on the second shaft and angles in the joints. In the program you can choose to do calculations on four different configurations of propeller shafts but can quite

easy upgrade the program with more choices.

Basically the program works like this:

First you choose the right propeller shaft in the main menu. Then you fill out the indata sheet with coordinates, lengths, material data and so on. As you type in the input data the output data will appear in the out-data sheet next to the in-data. Every propeller shaft has also a calculations sheet were more detailed calculations can be

found.

The program also has a built in help function and a warning function that lights a warning sign next to the values if they are outside the limits.

[ES] En los últimos años, se ha incrementado la sensibilidad en torno a las cuestiones ambientales derivadas del uso de los materiales poliméricos basados en el petróleo y el impacto de éstos en el medio ambiente. La concienciación social y ambiental adquirida por parte de los consumidores hace que industrias tradicionales, como la del juguete, donde el uso del plástico está ampliamente extendido, desee adaptarse voluntariamente a la demanda del mercado y las empresas quieran desarrollar nuevas líneas de producto empleando materiales más ecológicos y sostenibles. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el desarrollo y caracterización de biocomposites (biocompuestos) obtenidos a partir de una matriz polimérica procedente de fuentes renovables y biodegradable, concretamente almidón termoplástico (TPS), y como relleno, cáscara de almendra en polvo (ASP), aptos para ser procesados por inyección cuyas propiedades mecánicas, térmicas y estéticas permitan su uso en el sector del juguete. En un primer bloque, esta investigación estudia la influencia de la variedad de cáscara de almendra en las propiedades finales del biocomposite TPS/ASP desarrollado. Para ello, se seleccionan cinco variedades de almendra: Desmayo Rojo, Largueta, Marcona, Mollar y una mezcla comercial de variedades desconocidas, ya suministrada en formato polvo. También se estudia la influencia del tamaño de partícula de dicha carga (menor a 0.05 mm, 0.05[CA] En els últims anys, s'ha incrementat la sensibilitat entorn a les qüestions ambientals derivades de l'ús dels materials polimèrics basats en el petroli i l'impacte d'aquests en el medi ambient. La conscienciació social i ambiental adquirida per part dels consumidors fa que indústries tradicionals, com la del joguet, on l'ús del plàstic està àmpliament estés, desitge adaptar-se voluntàriament a la demanda del mercat i les empreses vullguen desenvolupar noves línies de producte emprant materials més ecològics i sostenibles. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el desenvolupament i caracterització de biocomposites obtinguts a partir d'una matriu polimèrica procedent de fonts renovables i biodegradable, concretament almidó termoplàstic (TPS), i com a càrrega, pols de corfa d'ametla (ASP), aptes per a ser processats per injecció, les propietats mecàniques, tèrmiques i estètiques de les quals, permeten el seu ús en el sector del joguet. En un primer bloc, aquesta investigació estudia la influència de la varietat de corfa d'ametla, en les propietats finals del biocomposite de TPS/ASP desenvolupat. Per a això, se seleccionen cinc varietats d'ametla: Desmai Roig, Largueta, Marcona, Mollar i una mescla comercial de varietats desconegudes, ja subministrada en format de pols. També s'estudia la influència del tamany de partícula (menor a 0.05 mm, 0.05[EN] In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the environmental issues arising from the use of petroleum-based polymeric materials and their impact on the environment. The social and environmental awareness consumers now have makes traditional industries, such as the toy industry, where the use of plastic is widespread, want to voluntarily adapt to market demand and develop new product lines using more ecological and sustainable materials. The main objective of this doctoral thesis is the development and characterisation of biocomposites developed from a polymeric matrix of renewable and biodegradable sources, specifically thermoplastic starch (TPS), and as a filler, almond shell powder (ASP), suitable for processing by injection moulding whose thermal-mechanical and aesthetic properties allow their use in the toy sector. In the first block, the influence of the variety of almond shells on the final properties of the polymeric matrix is studied. For this purpose, five varieties are selected: Desmayo Rojo, Largueta, Marcona, Mollar, and a commercial mixture of unknown varieties, already supplied in powder form. The influence of particle size (smaller than 0.05 mm, 0.05Ibáñez García, A. (2021). Desarrollo y caracterización de biocomposites con cáscara de almendra para el sector juguetero [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172341
TESIS

Nous développons dans ce travail de thèse un outil de simulation numérique pour les matériaux à changement de phase (MCP), en tenant compte du phénomène de convection naturelle dans la phase liquide, pour des configurations en deux et trois dimensions. Les équations de Navier-Stokes incompressible avec le modèle de Boussinesq pour la prise en compte des forces de flottabilité liées aux effets thermiques, couplées avec une formulation de l’équation d’énergie suivant la méthode d’enthalpie, sont résolues par une méthode d’éléments finis adaptatifs. Une approche mono-domaine, consistant à résoudre les mêmes systèmes d’équations dans les phases solide et liquide, est utilisée. La vitesse est ramenée à zéro dans la phase solide, en introduisant un terme de pénalisation dans l’équation de quantité de mouvement, suivant le modèle de Carman-Kozeny, consistant à freiner la vitesse à travers un milieu poreux. Une discrétisation spatiale des équations utilisant des éléments finis de Taylor-Hood, éléments finis P2 pour la vitesse et éléments finis P1 pour la pression, est appliquée, avec un schéma d’intégration en temps implicite d’ordre deux (GEAR). Le système d’équations non-linéaires est résolu par un algorithme de Newton. Les méthodes numériques sont implémentées avec le logiciel libre FreeFem++ (www.freefem.org), disponible pour tout système d’exploitation. Les programmes sont distribués sous forme de logiciel libre, sous la forme d’une forme de toolbox simple d’utilisation, permettant à l’utilisateur de rajouter d’autres configurations numériques pour des problèmes avecchangement de phase. Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit des cas de validation du code de calcul, en simulant des cas tests bien connus, présentés par ordre de difficulté croissant : convection naturelle de l’air, fusion d’un MCP, le cycle complet fusion-solidification, chauffage par le bas d’un MCP, et enfin, la solidification de l’eau
In this thesis we develop a numerical simulation tool for computing two and three-dimensional liquid-solid phase-change systems involving natural convection. It consists of solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with Boussinesq approximation for thermal effects combined with an enthalpy-porosity method for the phase-change modeling, using a finite elements method with mesh adaptivity. A single-domain approach is applied by solving the same set of equations over the whole domain. A Carman-Kozeny-type penalty term is added to the momentum equation to bring to zero the velocity in the solid phase through an artificial mushy region. Model equations are discretized using Galerkin triangular finite elements. Piecewise quadratic (P2) finite-elements are used for the velocity and piecewise linear (P1) for the pressure. The coupled system of equations is integrated in time using a second-order Gear scheme. Non-linearities are treated implicitly and the resulting discrete equations are solved using a Newton algorithm. The numerical method is implemented with the finite elements software FreeFem++ (www.freefem.org), available for all existing operating systems. The programs are written and distributed as an easy-to-use open-source toolbox, allowing the user to code new numerical algorithms for similar problems with phase-change. We present several validations, by simulating classical benchmark cases of increasing difficulty: natural convection of air, melting of a phase-change material, a melting-solidification cycle, a basal melting of a phase-change material, and finally, a water freezing case

Die Dissertation leistet drei Beiträge zur Forschung: (1) Sie entwickelt ein neuartiges vierstufiges Modell wissenschaftlicher Theorien. Dieses Modell kombiniert logisch-empiristische Ansätze (Carnap, Popper, Frege) mit Konzepten von Metaphern & Narrativen (Wittgenstein, Burke, Morgan), erlaubt so deutlich präzisiere Beschreibungen wissenschaftlicher Theorien bereit und löst/mildert Widersprüche in logisch-empiristischen Modellen. (Realismus vs. Empirismus, analytische vs. synthetische Aussagen, Unterdeterminiertheit/ Holismus, wissenschaftliche Erklärungen, Demarkation) (2) Mit diesem Modell gelingt ein Reihenvergleich sechs biologischer Theorien von Lamarck (1809), über Cuvier (1811), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1835), Chambers (1844-60), Owen (1848-68), Wallace (1855/8) zu Darwin (1859-1872). Dieser Vergleich offenbart eine interessante Asymmetrie: Vergleicht man Darwin mit je einem Vorgänger, so bestehen zahlreiche wichtige Unterschiede. Vergleicht man ihn mit fünf Vorgängern, verschwinden diese fast völlig: Darwins originärer Beitrag zur Revolution in der Biologie des 19.Jh ist klein und seine Antwort nur eine aus einer kontinuierlichen Serie auf die empirischen Herausforderungen durch Paläontologie & Biogeographie seit Ende des 18. Jh. (3) Eine gestufte Rezeptionsanalyse zeigt, warum wir dennoch von einer Darwinschen Revolution sprechen. Zuerst zeigt eine quantitative Analyse der fast 2.000 biologischen Artikel in Britannien zwischen 1858 und 1876, dass Darwinsche Konzepte zwar wichtige Neuerungen brachten, jedoch nicht singulär herausragen. Verlässt man die Biologie und schaut sich die Rezeption bei anderen Wissenschaftlern und gebildeten Laien an, wechselt das Bild: Je weiter man aus der Biologie heraustritt, desto weniger Ebenen biologischen Wissens kennen die Rezipienten und desto sichtbarer wird Darwins Beitrag. Schließlich findet sich sein Beitrag in den abstraktesten Ebenen des biologischen Wissens: in Narrativ und Weltbild – den Ebenen die Laien rezipieren.
The dissertation makes three contributions to research: (1) It develops a novel 4-level-model of scientific theories which combines logical-empirical ideas (Carnap, Popper, Frege) with concepts of metaphors & narratives (Wittgenstein, Burke, Morgan), providing a new powerful toolbox for the analysis & comparison of scientific theories and overcoming/softening contradictions in logical-empirical models. (realism vs. empiricism, analytic vs. synthetic statements, holism, theory-laden observations, scientific explanations, demarcation) (2) Based on this model, the dissertation compares six biological theories from Lamarck (1809), via Cuvier (1811), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1835), Chambers (1844-60), Owen (1848-68), Wallace (1855/8) to Darwin (1859-1872) and reveals an interesting asymmetry: Compared to any one of his predecessors, Darwins theory appears very original, however, compared to all five predecessor theories, many of these differences disappear and it remains but a small original contribution by Darwin. Thus, Darwin’s is but one in a continuous series of responses to the challenges posed to biology by paleontology and biogeography since the end of the 18th century. (3) A 3-level reception analysis, finally, demonstrates why we speak of a Darwinian revolution nevertheless. (i) A quantitative analysis of nearly 2.000 biological articles reveals that Darwinian concepts where indeed an important theoretical innovation – but definitely not the most important of the time. (ii) When leaving the circle of biology and moving to scientists from other disciplines or educated laymen, the landscape changes. The further outside the biological community, the shallower the audience’s knowledge – and the more visible Darwin’s original contribution. After all, most of Darwin’s contribution can be found in the narrative and worldview of 19th century biology: the only level of knowledge which laymen receive.

Numbers are an important part of the cultural knowledge in the modern world. Its use is fundamental in the conception and development of modern science. There are different sets of numbers called numerical systems. The most frequently used numerical system is the set of natural numbers that is composed of positive integers. Natural numbers have several forms to express the cardinality; the most frequently used is the base-10 number system, it represents the number using base quantities and powers of ten. For example, the current calendar year could be expressed as 2018 ; it’s notation describes the additive and multiplicative composition of base quantities and powers of ten (i.e., 2*103 + 0*102 + 1*101 + 8*100). Also, we can use the notation 11111100010 (i.e., 1*210 + 1*29 + 1*28 + 1*27 + 1*26 + 1*25 + 0*24 + 0*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20) to express the same calendar year in base-2. Base number systems express cardinal values using addition and multiplication (two operations defined in natural numbers). However, even if the base-10 system looks close to the human experience; it is an abstract form that requires an external representation to communicate cardinal values. An example of these external representations are cardinal numbers, for example, the number 2018 is represented in English using the words two thousand eighteen, but in Spanish, the cardinal number dos mil dieciocho is used. Cardinal numbers are a particular case in childhood development because it is the first exposure that children have to the natural numbers. Then the properties of the cardinal numbers could be an essential part of children's number comprehension. But one question arises in this frame: What are the children's capacities that permit the children to understand cardinal numbers? One possibility that is proposed in the field of number cognition is that children’s comprehension of recursion in language triggers the acquisition of natural numbers. For some authors, recursion is an operation that is shared between natural numbers (specifically, cardinal numbers) and language (Barner, 2017; Cheung et al., 2017; Yang, 2016). In this study, we explore the relationship between recursion in language and cardinal numbers. To do so, we study the comprehension of recursive genitives and the production of cardinal numbers in English- speaking and Mandarin-speaking children. The results suggest an association in Mandarin-speaking children, but not in English-speaking children. While these empirical results are inconclusive, I provide a theoretical analysis that gives some insights into how the structure of cardinal numbers could be defined using the concept of recursion.

The Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC) was constructed as a national-popular symbol which would unite a multicultural society. Described as a 'Global Village', CMC was designed to appeal to the 'cultural tourist' of the 21st century. To this end, a marketing strategy was keyed to the Canadian interest in the mythical qualities of the Land. As a museum whose characteristic features have been its 'Indianness', the dissertation seeks to understand why a conflation of these two idioms, Land and 'Indianness', is seen to appeal to Canadians at this postmodern moment. The role of Douglas Cardinal, architect of the Museum, is examined in terms of his effect as a Canadian of Blackfoot, Metis, and German ancestry. Both the formal qualities of the architecture and its signification as a symbol of national identity are considered. This is shaped through an analysis of the iconography of the architecture in relation to traditional Native spiritual symbolism in order to construct a narrative surrounding the Museum which is identity specific. Primary source site visits and interviews were an integral aspect of the dissertation. My observations were developed and structured through the epistemological current of critical theory in anthropology, art history and cultural studies, drawing particularly on theories of postcolonial discourse and identity. Essentially the dissertation explores the relationship between the artistic subject, expressive form and the problematic of signification in relation to a symbol of national identity.

American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law. These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism. In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method. This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior. The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent. The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will. Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.