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Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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1

Przyłęcka, M., W. Gęstwa e G. E. Totten. "Modelling of phase transformations and hardening of carbonitrided steels". Journal de Physique IV 120 (dicembre 2004): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120014.

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There are a variety of opinions regarding the influence of retained austenite and carbides on the properties exhibited by carbonitrided steels. In this paper, the development of a model marking relationship between phase composition, and properties of hardened carbonitrided steel has been presented. A summary of the impact of structure on properties is provided in Table 1. In the study reported here, the impact of thermal processing conditions on retained austenite and carbides was examined for carbonitrided and hardened 20 (C22), 20H (20Cr4), 15HN (17CrNi6-6) and 16HG (16MnCr5) steels. The models that are reported were experimentally validated. In particular, the results obtained for structure with respect to hardness and abrasive wear resistance were discussed for carbonitrided and hardened 20H (20Cr4) steel.
2

Popova, N. A., E. L. Nikonenko, A. V. Nikonenko, V. E. Gromov e O. A. Peregudov. "INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTIC PLASMA CARBONITRIDING ON STRUCTURAL PHASE STATE OF FERRITIC-PEARLITIC STEELS". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, n. 10 (3 novembre 2019): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-782-789.

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The change in phase composition and fine texture occurring in the ferritic-pearlitic 0.18C – 1Cr – 3Ni – 1Mo – Fe, 0.3C – 1Cr – 1Mn – 1Si – Fe and 0.34C – 1Cr – 1Ni – 1Mo – Fe steels under electrolytic plasma carbonitriding was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method conducted on thin foils. Carbonitriding was implemented by surface saturation with nitrogen and carbon in aqueous solution under the temperature of 800 – 860 °C during 5 minutes. All steels were investigated before and after carbonitriding. It was ascertained that in the original state steel is given as a mixture of grains of pearlite and ferrite. Carbonitriding has led to creation of modified layers: the bigger was the amount of pearlite before the beginning of carbonitriding, the thicker was modified layer. Carbonitriding resulted in significant qualitative changes in phase state and structure of steel. It was revealed that in the surface area of modified layer along the matrix, there were also particles of other phases: carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides. In the course of removing from the surface of carbonitrided sample, their complete set and volume fractions decrease and at the end of modified layer only one carbide phase is present in all steels, i.e. cementite. It was found that matrix of all steels after carbonitriding is tempered packet (lath) and lamellar martensite. In the surface area of carbonitrided layer the volume fractions of lath and lamellar martensite depend on the original state of steel – the bigger was the amount of pearlite in steel the less lath martensite and the more lamellar martensite was formed. Such a dependency cannot be observed in the central area, and at the end of carbonitrided layer volume fractions of martensite packets and plates are commensurate.
3

Jagielska-Wiaderek, K. "Depth-Profiles of Corrosion Properties of Carbonitrided AISI 405 Steel". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, n. 2 (1 giugno 2012): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0068-6.

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Depth-Profiles of Corrosion Properties of Carbonitrided AISI 405 SteelElectrochemical polarisation characteristics of AISI 405 type stainless steel, carbonitrided in fluid flow, are presented. The evaluation of the corrosion resistance of carbonitrided stainless steel was carried out by using the so called progressive thinning method, consisting in determination of polarisation characteristics on increasingly-deeper situated regions of the top layer. This method made it possible to determine changes in particular corrosion parameters read out from potentiokinetic polarisation curves, thus enabling the depth profiles of these parameters. The resistance of the AISI 405 steel against acid corrosion was determined in acidified 0.5M sulphate solutions having three different pH values, namely 1, 2 and 4. The thickness of the carbonitrided layer has been evaluated on the basis of the spectrophotometric analysis of carbon content and microhardness on the cross section of the surfacial layer.
4

Gao, Jiewei, Guangze Dai, Junwen Zhao, Hengkui Li, Lei Xu e Zhenyu Zhu. "Influence of Indentation on the Fatigue Strength of Carbonitrided Plain Steel". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/492693.

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To study the influence of indentation on the fatigue strength of untreated and carbonitrided specimens of S38C steel, the fatigue limit of specimens with and without indentations was tested. Fracture surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the fatigue strength of the untreated specimen decreases with increasing dimension of indentation, without significant difference compared to the predicted results. Compared to the fatigue limit of the untreated specimen, those of the carbonitrided specimen and the carbonitrided specimen whose compound layer was polished were improved by 12% and 40%, respectively. The fatigue strength of the carbonitrided specimen decreased sharply with increasing indentation size because of the presence of microcracks in the compound layer. When the compound layer was removed, the fatigue limit was observed to be less sensitive to indentation than that of the carbonitrided specimen.
5

Ding, Hongqin, Shuyun Jiang e Jiang Xu. "Effect of chemical heat treatment on cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, n. 11 (20 aprile 2019): 1753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119845741.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of chemical heat treatments on cavitation erosion resistance of the 304 stainless steel. Three types of diffusion layers are prepared on the 304 stainless steel using gas nitriding, gas carburizing, and carbonitriding treatments. Phase composition and surface microstructure of the diffusion layers are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. And then, the cavitation erosion behavior of the diffusion layers are tested and compared with the one of the 304 stainless steel. The cavitation test is performed in an ultrasonic vibration system integrated with an electrochemical workstation. The mass loss, scanning electron microscopic morphology, and electrochemical test are adopted to assess the surface damage of the diffusion layers. A measurement for the mechanical properties of the diffusion layers shows that the hardness and the elastic modulus of the gas nitrided diffusion layer, carbonitrided diffusion layer, carburized diffusion layer, and 304 stainless steel are 5.3 GPa and 260 GPa, 4.2 GPa and 236 GPa, 4.0 GPa and 210 GPa, 2.5 GPa and 193 GPa, respectively. A cavitation erosion test of 14 h shows that mass loss of the gas nitrided diffusion layer, carbonitrided diffusion layer, carburized diffusion layer, and 304 stainless steel is 5.19 mg, 8.97 mg, 14.37 mg, and 6.62 mg, respectively. The electrochemical test results also indicate that the gas nitrided diffusion layer has a higher corrosion resistance than the carburized diffusion layer, carbonitrided diffusion layer, and stainless steel under cavitation erosion condition. As a conclusion, the gas nitrided diffusion layer is capable of enhancing the cavitation erosion resistance of the stainless steel, while the carburized diffusion layer and carbonitrided diffusion layer increases the mass loss of the stainless steel under cavitation erosion condition.
6

Fan, Xin Min, Jie Wen Huang, Qun Yang e Jun Jie Gan. "Plasma Electrolytic Carbonitriding of 20CrMnTi Steel". Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (ottobre 2010): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1393.

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A carbontirided layer was produced on 20CrMnTi steel by plasma electrolytic carbonitriding (PEC/N). Scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis was employed to study the morphology and chemical composition of the carbonitrided layer. Hardness of the layer was measured using a microhardness tester, and the phase structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The results show that a compact carbonitrided layer can be obtained on the surface of 20CrMnTi steel. The thickness of the layer increases with carbontriding time. When the sample was treated at 120V for 20min, the thickness is 45μm and the highest microhardness is 766HV0.05. The carbontrided layers are composed of Fe3C, Fe5C2, ε-Fe3N and α-Fe.
7

Stechyshyn, M. S., М. E. Skyba, N. М. Stechyshyna, О. О. Solariov e О. М. Kalnaguz. "Physicochemical Properties of Carbonitrided KhVG Steel". Materials Science 56, n. 6 (maggio 2021): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-021-00502-9.

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8

Stechyshyn, M. S., V. P. Oleksandrenko, А. V. Martynyuk, М. М. Luk’yanyuk, М. Ya Dovzhyk e V. О. Herasymenko. "Physicochemical Properties of Carbonitrided 40Kh Steel". Materials Science 56, n. 3 (novembre 2020): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-020-00439-5.

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9

Ivanov, I. V., M. V. Mohylenets, K. A. Dumenko, L. Kryvchyk, T. S. Khokhlova e V. L. Pinchuk. "Carbonitration of a Tool for Pressing Stainless Steel Pipes". Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, n. 2 (2020): C17—C21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(2).c3.

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To upgrade the operational stability of the tool at LLC “Karbaz”, Sumy, Ukraine, carbonation of tools and samples for research in melts of salts of cyanates and carbonates of alkali metals at 570–580 °C was carried out to obtain a layer thickness of 0.15–0.25 mm and a hardness of 1000–1150 НV. Tests of the tool in real operating conditions were carried out at the press station at LLC “VO Oscar”, Dnipro, Ukraine. The purpose of the test is to evaluate the feasibility of carbonitriding of thermo-strengthened matrix rings and needle-mandrels to improve their stability, hardness, heat resistance, and endurance. If the stability of matrix rings after conventional heat setting varies around 4–6 presses, the rings additionally subjected to chemical-thermal treatment (carbonitration) demonstrated the stability of 7–9 presses due to higher hardness, heat resistance, the formation of a special structure on the surface due to carbonitration in salt melts cyanates and carbonates. Nitrogen and carbon present in the carbonitrided layer slowed down the processes of transformation of solid solutions and coagulation of carbonitride phases. The high hardness of the carbonitrified layer is maintained up to temperatures above 650 °C. If the stability of the needle-mandrels after conventional heat treatment varies between 50–80 presses, the needles, additionally subjected to chemical-thermal treatment (carbonitration) showed the stability of 100–130 presses due to higher hardness, wear resistance, heat resistance, the formation of a special surface structure due to carbonitration in melts of salts of cyanates and carbonates. Keywords: needle-mandrel, matrix ring, pressing, heat treatment, carbonitration.
10

Vasil'eva, E. V., T. I. Chochaeva e M. V. Luchka. "Corrosion resistance of carbonitrided cases on 3Kh4M2FS steel". Soviet Materials Science 21, n. 3 (1985): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00730616.

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11

Arques, J. L., e J. M. Prado. "The dry wear resistance of a carbonitrided steel". Wear 103, n. 4 (giugno 1985): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(85)90029-8.

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12

OHKI, Chikara. "Estimation of Nitrogen Concentration Distribution for Carbonitrided SUJ2 Steel". Tetsu-to-Hagane 93, n. 3 (2007): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.93.220.

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13

Arthur, E. K., E. Ampaw, K. J. Akinluwade, A. R. Adetunji, O. O. Adewoye e Winston O. Soboyejo. "Carbon and Nitrogen Concentration Profiles of Cassava-Pack Carbonitrided Steel: Model and Experiment". Advanced Materials Research 1132 (dicembre 2015): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.313.

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Cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding is a surface hardening procedure that utilizes the high cyanide content that is present in processed cassava leaves to thermochemically diffuse carbon and/or nitrogen into the interstitial sites of steel. This paper presents analytical models for the prediction of carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles, as well as the total case depths associated with the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen during the cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding of low carbon steel. Using Fick's second law of diffusion and approximate initial and boundary conditions, two separate analytical models were presented for intermediate and high temperature cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding processes. The trends in the total case depths are shown to be qualitatively similar to experimental measurements of case depths. The implications of the results are discussed for the surface hardening of steels by carbonitriding processes.
14

Ghanem, Abdelkarim, e Mohamedali Terres. "The influence of carbon potential after gas-carbonitriding on the microstructure and fatigue behavior of low alloyed steel". Materials Research Express 9, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2022): 026505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac4e3c.

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Abstract In this paper, the effects of gas-carbonitriding time on fatigue limit improvement of low alloy steel specimens were investigated by experimental tests of three points fatigue flexion. Besides, metallurgical evaluations and micro-Vickers hardness tests were performed employing metallographic techniques, optical, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. Test findings showed that this amount remarkably improved the components fatigue resistance. The fatigue life of carbonitrided specimens was prolonged between 16%, for CN11 (i.e. austenization-870°/7 h, atmosphere with 1% carbon potential, quenching-oil medium and tempering-200 °C/1 h), and 32%, for CN21(i.e. austenization-870°/8 h, atmosphere with 1, 2% carbon potential, quenching-oil medium and tempering-200 °C/1 h), compared to the untreated state. It is obvious, from the fractography analysis, utilizing (SEM), that fatigue cracks appeared first at the carbonitrided specimens surface.
15

Dean, SW, JS Lee, BH Song, SJ Yoo, CN Park e HS Han. "Characteristics of Vanadium Alloyed Carbonitrided Steel for Rolling Bearing Applications". Journal of ASTM International 3, n. 10 (2006): 100422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai100422.

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16

YOSHIDA, Akira, Kiichi MIYANISHI, Yuji OHUE, Takafumi HARA, Norihisa SATOH e Komei FUJITA. "Fatigue and dynamic performance of a carbonitrided SCr420 steel gear." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 56, n. 531 (1990): 3009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.56.3009.

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17

Ito, Shigekazu, Tomoki Hanyuda e Sadayuki Nakamura. "Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on Pitting Life of Carbonitrided Steel." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 71, n. 1 (2000): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.71.5.

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18

Kochmański, Paweł, Jolanta Baranowska e Sebastian Fryska. "Microstructure of Low-Temperature Gas-Carbonitrided Layers on Austenitic Stainless Steel". Metals 9, n. 8 (25 luglio 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080817.

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Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents the results of microstructural examinations on gas carbonitrided layers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive spectrometry X-ray microanalysis (WDS), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction. The main objective of the work is to discuss the microstructural and morphological changes occurring in the layers depending on the process parameter such as temperature and atmosphere composition. The carbonitrided layers comprise two sublayers: an outer layer enriched in nitrogen and an inner layer enriched in carbon. It is found that both the microstructure and the thickness depend on the technological parameters of the thermochemical treatment. The treatment temperature is particularly important, increasing both the total and the nitrogen-rich sublayer thickness regardless of the atmosphere type. The nitrogen potential has a positive influence on the thickness of the nitrogen-stabilised S-phase sublayer. Layers treated for 5 h at temperatures of 400 and 450 °C are composed of an internal carbon-enriched S-phase sublayer and an outer nitrogen-enriched S-phase sublayer that can be divided into ferromagnetic and paramagnetic zones. In the outer sublayer, symmetry distortion of the fcc crystal system is observed and stacking faults may have occurred. With layers produced at 500 °C for 5 h, the outer nitrogen-enriched sublayer contains fine precipitates of nitrides and carbides.
19

Żółciak, Tadeusz, e Zbigniew Łataś. "Ammonia dilution during nitriding and carbonitridingin a fluidized bed of 41CrAlMo7 constructional steel". Inżynieria Powierzchni 24, n. 3 (5 dicembre 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5787.

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Nitriding of 41CrAlMo7 steel was carried out in a fluidized bed of aluminum oxide at a constant temperature of 570oC/4h in ammonia with technical nitrogen or with nitrogen-hydrogen mixture. Carbonitriding was carried out in ammonia with technical nitrogen for two different carbon carriers. In addition, one process was carried out in ammonia with the addition of 5% propane. The influence of diluting ammonia with pure and technical nitrogen upon the hardness and thickness of the nitrided layer was investigated. The hardness and thickness of the carbonitrided layer in ammonia with technical nitrogen and natural gas or carbon dioxide were compared with the parameters of the layer carbonitrided in ammonia and propan. High surface hardness and thickness of the nitrided layer were obtained with the participation of 70% of pure nitrogen or 30% of technical nitrogen in a mixture with ammonia after preliminary oxidation at 350oC/ 30min in air. In case of carbonitriding, the highest hardness and thickness of the nitrided layer were obtained in a mixture of ammonia with and the addition of 5% propane, and the highest thickness of the nitride compound zone in a mixture of ammonia and technical nitrogen with the addition of natural gas or carbon dioxide.
20

Van Wijk, S., Manuel François, E. Sura e M. Frabolot. "Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Evolution in Carbonitrided Shot-Peened Steel". Materials Science Forum 681 (marzo 2011): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.374.

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Carbonitriding followed by shot peening is an important industrial process to improve the mechanical properties of components, especially by producing compressive residual stresses. In addition, a high hardness and strength produced by this process enhances the surface properties and leads also a high resistance to fatigue. In this study, shot peening with different parameters have been employed to treat the carbonitrided specimens. The measurements of residual stress and residual austenite were performed by X-ray diffraction. It is shown, with a simple eigenstrain model, that residual austenite transformation under shot impact contributes to a significant fraction of residual stresses. When the material (750 HV) is peened with 800 HV shot, it represents about 50%, the remaining is due to plasticity. When it is peened with 640HV shot, 100% of residual stresses can be explained by austenite transformation.
21

Moussa, Charbel, Olivier Bartier, Gérard Mauvoisin, Xavier Hernot, Jean-Marc Collin e Guillaume Delattre. "Experimental and numerical investigation on carbonitrided steel characterization with spherical indentation". Surface and Coatings Technology 258 (novembre 2014): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.07.080.

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22

Katemi, Richard J., Jeremy Epp, Franz Hoffmann e Matthias Steinbacher. "Investigations of Residual Stress Distributions in Retained Austenite and Martensite after Carbonitriding of a Low Alloy Steel". Advanced Materials Research 996 (agosto 2014): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.550.

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Specimens of low alloy steel were carbonitrided under different conditions to attain varying levels of carbon and nitrogen contents. The residual stress depth distribution was evaluated in martensite and retained austenite by X-ray diffraction. Beside standard evaluations, triaxial residual stress states with σ33≠0 in both phases were also considered. High values of residual stresses in both phases were observed. The sign, magnitude and location of maximum compressive residual stresses were greatly influenced by the level of carbon and nitrogen contents.
23

Katemi, Richard J., e Jeremy Epp. "Influence of Tempering and Cryogenic Treatment on Retained Austenite and Residual Stresses in Carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 Low Alloy Steel". Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, n. 1 (30 giugno 2019): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v38i1.497.

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This work investigated the influence of tempering conditions coupled with cryogenic treatment on thermal stabilization of retained austenite and residual stress distributions in carbonitrided 18CrNiMo76 low alloy steel samples. The carbonitriding conditions were set to enable attaining surface carbon and nitrogen content of 0.87 and 0.34 mass.-percent respectively. After carbonitriding, some of the samples were subjected to varying tempering conditions followed by cryogenic treatment at -120 °C using nitrogen gas. Analysis of both retained austenite and residual stresses was conducted using X-ray diffraction. In the as-quenched state, carbonitrided samples contained 52 mass.-percent. Samples that were directly subjected to the cryogenic treatment after quenching retained only about 20 mass.-percent of austenite. Samples subjected to variant tempering conditions coupled with cryogenic treatment retained at least 30 masses.-percent of austenite. A thermal stabilization of retained austenite which increases with increasing temperature was identified. On tempering at 240°C for 14 hours retained austenite becomes unstable and decomposes to bainite leading to the low initial amount of retained austenite before cryogenic treatment. It can be concluded that the tempering process coupled with cryogenic treatment leads to an increasing hardness, to higher compressive residual stresses as well as to a shift of the location of maximum compressive residual stress toward the surface.
24

Xie, You, Xiaoling Meng, Xiangyang Deng e Shichao Li. "Large (Ti, V) Carbonitride in Nonquenched and Tempered Steel 38MnVS6". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (30 agosto 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7281399.

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Large (Ti, V) carbonitrides with size even up to tens of microns in autoparts steel 38MnVS6 are studied in this work. A great number of micron-sized (Ti, V) carbonitrides are found in continuous casting billet, and the atomic ratios of V/Ti are mainly distributed in range 0.130–0.200 with an average value of 0.171. The large (Ti, V) carbonitrides have irregular morphologies, and some even have an obviously extending shape along the dendrite boundary. 3D morphologies of the large (Ti, V) carbonitride after being etched by AA solution present obvious long and flake shapes. The large (Ti, V) carbonitride has high thermal stability even at 1200°C, even though the atomic ratio of V/Ti has a decreasing tendency. There are still many large (Ti, V) carbonitrides in the rolled bar and partially broken in some which are clearly visible. According to the Thermo-Calc calculation result, the large (Ti, V) carbonitride precipitates in liquid steel during solidification. The chemical compositional characteristic is the result of subsequent mutual diffusion of elements Ti, V, C, and N. Simply reducing the content of Ti, even 13 ppm cannot eliminate the large (Ti, V) carbonitride for the nitrogen-containing, nonquenched, and tempered steel, but the quantity and size of large carbonitride are significantly reduced.
25

Kanchanomai, C., e W. Limtrakarn. "Effect of Residual Stress on Fatigue Failure of Carbonitrided Low-Carbon Steel". Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 17, n. 6 (dicembre 2008): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-008-9212-x.

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Munteanu,, D., e F. Vaz,. "Tribological Researches on Rolling - Friction Coefficient, for Carburized and Carbonitrided Steel Surfaces". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 16, n. 6 (dicembre 2005): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.2005.16.6.407.

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27

Mussa, Abdulbaset, Pavel Krakhmalev, Aydın Şelte e Jens Bergström. "Development of a New PM Tool Steel for Optimization of Cold Working of Advanced High-Strength Steels". Metals 10, n. 10 (3 ottobre 2020): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101326.

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In the present study, Uddeholm Vancron SuperClean cold work tool steel was investigated concerning wear resistance and fatigue strength, using laboratory and semi-industrial tests. The Uddeholm Vancron SuperClean was designed with the help of ThermoCalc calculations to contain a high amount of a carbonitride phase, which was suggested to improve tribological performance of this tool steel. In order to investigate the tested steel, galling tests with a slider-on flat-surface tribotester and semi-industrial punching tests were performed on an advanced high-strength steel, CP1180HD. Uddeholm Vanadis 8 SuperClean containing only a carbide phase and Uddeholm Vancron 40 containing a mixture of carbides and carbonitrides were also tested to compare the performance of the tool steels. The microstructure and wear mechanisms were characterized with scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the carbonitrides presented in Uddeholm Vancron SuperClean improved its resistance to material transfer and galling. Semi-industrial punching tests also confirmed that Uddeholm Vancron SuperClean cold work tool steel also possesses enhanced resistance to chipping and fatigue crack nucleation, which confirms the beneficial role of the carbonitride phase in wear resistance of cold work tool steel.
28

Campagna, Victoria, Randy Bowers, Derek O. Northwood, Xichen Sun e Peter Bauerle. "Distortion and Residual Stresses in Nitrocarburized and Carbonitrided SAE 1010 Plain Carbon Steel". SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 1, n. 1 (14 aprile 2008): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1421.

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Moussa, Charbel, Olivier Bartier, Xavier Hernot, Gérard Mauvoisin, Jean-Marc Collin e Guillaume Delattre. "Mechanical characterization of carbonitrided steel with spherical indentation using the average representative strain". Materials & Design 89 (gennaio 2016): 1191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.067.

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30

Van Wijk, S., M. François e E. Sura. "Shot-peening of carbonitrided steel: influence of the process on the mechanical state". EPJ Web of Conferences 6 (2010): 44001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100644001.

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31

Kurosawa, Kazuyoshi, Hong-Ling Li, Yusuke Ujihira, Kiyoshi Nomura e Ryuji Kojima. "Characterization of carbonitrided layers formed on stainless steel by conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26, n. 11 (novembre 1995): 2983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02669654.

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32

Fares, M. L., M. Z. Touhami, M. Belaid e H. Bruyas. "Surface characteristics analysis of nitrocarburized (Tenifer) and carbonitrided industrial steel AISI 02 types". Surface and Interface Analysis 41, n. 3 (28 novembre 2008): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2991.

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33

CAZACU, Nelu. "Use of Taguchi Methods for Hierarchy of Influence Factors in the Application of Carbonitration in a Fluidized Bed Steel for 41Cr4 Steel". Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, n. 3 (15 settembre 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.3.07.

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Abstract (sommario):
The work is based on carbonitriding in a fluidized layer with methane and ammonia gas applied to 41Cr4 steel samples. To achieve the best possible results, other factors must be taken into account, than those specific to carbonitring. It was necessary to use a partially factorial working procedure due to the increase in the number of factors. An A18 matrix has been used, with 18 lines of experiments in which three levels have been modified for 6 factors. The objective function was fixed at the final hardness after carbonitriding, hardening and tempering. The carbonitriding was performed in fluidized bed with granular solid ground and sorted to 0.1- to 0.16mm, and brought to fluidization with a mixture of methane and ammonia. The hardening has been done directly after carbonitriding in the fluidized bed. The experiments have been performed according to Taguchi Methods and the results indicate an optimal regime and the influence of the factors considered on the hardness after the thermo-chemical treatment and the thermal treatment. Metallographic analysis has been performed on the carbonitrided layer.
34

Neacsu, Marian Iulian, e Sorin Dobrovici. "Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Fluidized Layer Carbonitriding Process for 1C 25 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 1143 (febbraio 2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.180.

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Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents the experiment-based mathematical modelling of fluidized bed carbonitriding process for 1C 25 steel meant to optimize this type of thermochemical processing.Based on experimental results, the mathematical model was developed, which is a second order equation with three unknown terms (parameters): temperature, depth of carbonitrided layer, the percentage of ammonia.The mathematical model allowed the simulation of the fluidized layer carbonitriding process according to its parameters and the thermal energy optimization for obtaining HV hardness values in the range 300-400 MPa.Using the software package Matlab a graphical interface was done, through which all the combinations of technological parameters of the carbonitriding process are determined, leading to obtaining values of microhardness between 300 and 400 MPa, as well as the amount of energy consumed for each variant. The variant consuming the lowest energy is considered optimal.
35

Batista, António Castanhola, Joao P. Nobre e A. Morão Dias. "On a New Method Based on X-Ray Diffraction to Identify Stress-Strain Laws on Surface-Treated Materials". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (maggio 2006): 1623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1623.

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A characterisation technique based on the stress determination by X-ray diffraction has been developed. It enables the identification of elastoplastic stress-strain laws on materials presenting an in-depth gradient of mechanical properties on its cross section. This technique is especially suitable to the characterisation of surfaces due to the small X-rays penetration depth. The method was applied in the characterisation of a carbonitrided and shot-peened steel, allowing to evaluate the stress-strain laws of the material at the surface, the intermediate layers and the bulk material. In addition, the in-depth evolution of microhardness, residual stresses, diffraction peak broadening and retained austenite contents were analysed. This allowed to understand the results of the proposed technique.
36

Akulichev, A. G. "XRD study of variation of strengthening effects in carbonitrided 20Cr3MoVW steel by heat treatment". International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 8, n. 3 (6 maggio 2014): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1749514814z.000000000110.

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37

Zhu, Hong Mei, Ru Shu Peng e Chao Hui Weng. "Effects of the Laser Power on the Microstructure and Microhardness of the Carbonitrided 45 Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (febbraio 2013): 2613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2613.

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The 45 steel was processed by laser remelting after the carbonitriding heat treatment in this study. The microstructure morphology and microhardness of the laser-remelting layer at different laser powers were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness tester, respectively. The results show that a compact microstructure and a homogeneous element distribution can be achieved at the laser power of 1.2 kW under the given other laser parameters, and the microhardness was enhanced greatly.
38

Borges, C. F. M., E. Pfender e J. Heberlein. "Influence of nitrided and carbonitrided interlayers on enhanced nucleation of diamond on stainless steel 304". Diamond and Related Materials 10, n. 11 (novembre 2001): 1983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(01)00465-4.

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39

El-Hossary, F. M., N. Z. Negm, S. M. Khalil, A. M. Abed El-Rahman, M. Raaif e S. Mändl. "Effect of annealing temperature on hardness, thickness and phase structure of carbonitrided 304 stainless steel". Applied Physics A 99, n. 2 (24 febbraio 2010): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5564-9.

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40

Brandolt, C. S., F. V. Gonçalves, I. D. Savaris, R. M. Schroeder e C. F. Malfatti. "The influence of the tempering temperature on hydrogen embrittlement in carbonitrided modified SAE 10B22 steel". Materials and Corrosion 67, n. 5 (8 ottobre 2015): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201508607.

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41

Lou, Yan Zhi. "HREM Study on Heterogeneous Formation of Titanium Carbonitride in Ti Microalloyed Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (ottobre 2013): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.541.

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Abstract (sommario):
HREM study on Ti-carbonitride particles in Ti-microalloyed steels has been carried out. It shows that many tiny Ti-carbonitride precipitates formed on nitride, sulfide or oxide particles. These carbonitrides possess twin relationship or have continuous interface with the particles existed already. The results imply that the twinning and epitaxial growth may be the important mechanisms for Ti-carbonitride formation in the steels. These nucleation mechanisms can highly lower the interfacial energy of new precipitates, resulting in the nucleation rate greatly increased. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the Ti-microalloyed steels are effectively improved.
42

Nan, Chun Yan, Derek O. Northwood, Randy J. Bowers e Xi Chen Sun. "Study on the Dimensional Changes and Residual Stresses in Carbonitrided and Ferritic Nitrocarburized SAE 1010 Plain Carbon Steel". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (gennaio 2010): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.829.

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Abstract (sommario):
Carbonitriding is a metallurgical surface modification technique that is widely used in the automotive industry to increase surface hardness and wear resistance. Given the problems associated with carbonitriding, such as dimensional distortion, oxidation and non-uniform surface hardness, nitrocarburizing has been proposed as an alternative heat treatment method to improve the surface characteristics. The major advantages of ferritic nitrocarburizing are the minimal dimensional changes and distortion due to the low process temperature at which no phase transformations occur. This increases productivity and product quality, and decreases costs. The focus of this study was to determine the effects of carbonitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing processes on the dimensional changes and residual stresses in a steel used for automotive applications. Navy C-ring specimens and prototype stamped parts made from SAE 1010 plain carbon steel were used in the testing. Gas, vacuum and ion ferritic nitrocarburizing processes with different heat treatment parameters were investigated. X-ray diffraction techniques were used for the residual stresses evaluation and surface phase analysis of the specimens.
43

Akhmetov, A. V., G. D. Kusainova, S. N. Sharkaev, K. M. Muskenova, V. B. Basin e T. S. Sejsimbinov. "A concept of control of processes of vanadium, niobium and titanium carbonitrides forming by consecutive alloying". Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, n. 9 (25 settembre 2018): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-9-48-57.

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Base on laboratory and industrial experiments, as well as subsequent studies of the microstructure of steel samples alloyed with a certain sequence by vanadium, niobium, and titanium, a concept including compliance with the order of those microalloying elements introducing into steel developed and justified. According to the concept, the sequence of introduction is determined by the difference in the degree of their thermodynamic affinity to the nitrogen and carbon dissolved in the steel.Investigations of the microstructure of experimental microalloyed samples by an optical microscope, with a magnification x250, showed the most significant grain refinement with a consecutive additive – first vanadium with niobium and after 10 minutes of holding – titanium.The efficiency of the developed alloying method for the advanced formation of vanadium and niobium carbonitrides was evaluated by studies with the Mira3 Tescan electron scanning microscope having an X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis system X-Act (Oxford Instruments). When studying the compositions and the form of carbonitrides discovered in steel samples alloyed with a different sequence of additives, it was established, that during simultaneous additive of titanium, vanadium and niobium into steel, titanium carbonitrides account for a majority, while vanadium and niobium carbonitrides are not actually formed or are represented by single inclusions. Conversely, in steel samples alloyed with a consecutive additive to steel, first vanadium with niobium and later titanium, carbonitride of vanadium and niobium inclusions prevail. In this case, titanium carbonitrides are represented only by single and fine inclusions. Thus, first introducing of vanadium and niobium, allows them to react fully with stoichiometrically insufficient concentrations of nitrogen and carbon, ahead of the formation of titanium nitrides.Based on the results of the research in JSC “ArcelorMittal Temirtau”, using the developed concept of consecutive alloying by carbonitride-forming elements, the technology of 09G2FB grade steel production with a ferrite-bainite structure developed and implemented, fully meeting API Spec 5L requirements for steel of strength category X80.
44

Yoozbashi, Mir Nariman. "Study of Substitution of Carburized16MnCr5 used in Sub-Axis of Machine Tool Spindle by Carbonitrided Steel". International Journal of Materials Engineering Innovation 13, n. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmatei.2022.10047997.

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45

马, 欣新. "Microstructure of Carbonitrided Layer of Cr4Mo4V Steel Treated by Plasma-Based Ion Implantation at Elevated Temperature". Material Sciences 02, n. 03 (2012): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ms.2012.23022.

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46

Taweejun, Nipon, e Chaosuan Kanchanomai. "Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbonitrided Low-Carbon Steel". Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 24, n. 12 (30 ottobre 2015): 4853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1757-x.

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47

Katemi, Richard, e Jérémy Epp. "In-situ Observation of Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Evolutions during Tempering of carbonitrided DIN 1.6587 Alloy Steel". Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, n. 2 (30 giugno 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.785.

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This paper investigates the evolution of retained austenite and residual stresses during and after tempering of carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 low alloy steel carried out using in-situ X-ray diffraction technique. In this case, two carbonitriding treatments with different surface the retained austenite contents of 20 and 54 mass.-% are investigated. The tempering is carried out in a continuous heating mode to 650°C as well as in isothermal mode at holding temperature of 170, 240, and 300°C for 2 hours. During continuous heating at a heating rate of 10°C/min, the retained austenite started to decompose at 290°C. On isothermal holding at 170°C for 2 hours, the retained austenite remained relatively stable at 20 and 54 mass.-% while readily decomposed to less than 5 mass-% on holding at 300°C. On continuous heating, residual stress in martensite continuously relaxes and reaches full relaxation (0 MPa) at about 400°C. During isothermal holding, residual stresses in martensite are increasingly relaxed with increasing holding tempering. Further relaxation of residual stresses is observed during cooling whereas a cyclic variation of the residual stresses in the retained austenite could be determined. Keywords: Carbonitriding, retained austenite, residual stresses, tempering, in-situ XRD This paper investigates the evolution of retained austenite and residual stresses during and after tempering of carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 low alloy steel carried out using in-situ X-ray diffraction technique. In this case, two carbonitriding treatments with different surface the retained austenite contents of 20 and 54 mass.-% are investigated. The tempering is carried out in a continuous heating mode to 650°C as well as in isothermal mode at holding temperature of 170, 240, and 300°C for 2 hours. During continuous heating at a heating rate of 10°C/min, the retained austenite started to decompose at 290°C. On isothermal holding at 170°C for 2 hours, the retained austenite remained relatively stable at 20 and 54 mass.-% while readily decomposed to less than 5 mass-% on holding at 300°C. On continuous heating, residual stress in martensite continuously relaxes and reaches full relaxation (0 MPa) at about 400°C. During isothermal holding, residual stresses in martensite are increasingly relaxed with increasing holding tempering. Further relaxation of residual stresses is observed during cooling whereas a cyclic variation of the residual stresses in the retained austenite could be determined.
48

Grashkov, Sergey A., e Valery I. Kolmykov. "Surface Modification of Diesel Fuel Equipment Parts Made of KhVG Steel by Saturation with Nitrogen and Carbon to Increase Hardness and Wear Resistance". Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Engineering and Technologies 11, n. 4 (2021): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1528-2021-11-4-22-37.

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Purpose. Show that nitrocarburizing of KhVG steel in a highly active environment significantly increases its hardness and wear resistance due to surface modification with a large amount of carbonitrides. Methods. For research in an induction furnace, samples with a diameter of 50 m, 8 pieces of steel KHVG, were sub-jected to nitrocarburizing in a highly active nitrogen-carbon medium, which would provide saturation of the surface layers of steel with carbonitrides of iron alloys with manganese and chromium. Results. Investigation of the microstructure of modified samples from steel KhVG showed that in all modes of nitro-carburizing, a large amount of a new phase was formed in their surface layers. Inclusions of a new phase in the structure of nitrocarburized layers, as shown by the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, are carbonitrides isomorphic with cementol. The sizes of these carbonitrides vary in the range 3… 10 µm, and the microhardness - in the range Hµ 9150… 10500 MPa. The content of carbonitrides in the modified layers depends on both the temperature and the duration of nitrocarburizing. Conclusion. The presence of carbonitride inclusions in nitrocarburized layers on the surface of parts leads to a sig-nificant increase in their hardness and wear resistance. For practical purposes, it is possible to recommend the con-tent of carbonitrides in modified layers on the surface of parts of 50 ... 60%.
49

El-Hossary, F. M., M. Raaif, A. M. Abd El-Rahman e M. Abo EL-Kassem. "Tribo-Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Carbonitrided 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel by rf Plasma for Biomedical Applications". Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 08, n. 09 (2018): 358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2018.89024.

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50

El-Hossary, F. M., N. Z. Negm, S. M. Khalil e A. M. Abd Elrahman. "Formation and properties of a carbonitrided layer in 304 stainless steel using different radio frequency plasma powers". Thin Solid Films 405, n. 1-2 (febbraio 2002): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01729-1.

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