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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Zolotareva, O. K. "BIOCATALYTIC CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE PROMOTED BY CARBONIC ANHYDRASE." Biotechnologia Acta 16, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech16.05.005.

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The rapid and steady increase in the concentration of CO2, the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, leads to extreme weather and climate events. Due to the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), the concentration of CO2 in the air has been increasing in recent decades by more than 2 ppm per year, and in the last year alone - by 3.29 ppm. To prevent the "worst" scenarios of climate change, immediate and significant reductions in CO2 emissions through carbon management are needed. Aim. Analysis of the current state of research and prospects for the use of carbonic anhydrase in environmental decarbonization programs. Results. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that accelerates the exchange of CO2 and HCO3 in solution by a factor of 104 to 106. To date, 7 types of CAs have been identified in different organisms. CA is required to provide a rapid supply of CO2 and HCO3 for various metabolic pathways in the body, explaining its multiple independent origins during evolution. Enzymes isolated from bacteria and mammalian tissues have been tested in CO2 sequestration projects using carbonic anhydrase (CA). The most studied is one of the isoforms of human KAz - hCAII - the most active natural enzyme. Its drawbacks have been instability over time, high sensitivity to temperature, low tolerance to contaminants such as sulphur compounds and the impossibility of reuse. Molecular modelling and enzyme immobilisation methods were used to overcome these limitations. Immobilisation was shown to provide greater thermal and storage stability and increased reusability. Conclusions. Capturing carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most cost-effective methods to mitigate global warming, the development of which requires significant efforts to improve the stability and thermal stability of CAs.

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Schunemann, H. J., and R. A. Klocke. "Influence of carbon dioxide kinetics on pulmonary carbon dioxide exchange." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.715.

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In the absence of erythrocytes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) localized to the pulmonary capillary endothelium catalyzes the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO2. We studied the effects of lung CA and the reactions of CO2 on CO2 excretion in isolated lungs perfused with buffer. In indicator-dilution experiments, recoveries of dissolved CO2 and acetylene (C2H2) in the venous effluent were delayed significantly compared with a vascular indicator because the gases were distributed in both the vascular and alveolar volumes. In a second group of experiments, the kinetics of CO2 excretion were monitored with a plethysmographic method after injection of a bolus containing dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate. Exchange was compared with excretion of dissolved C2H2. The rate of excretion of dissolved CO2 and C2H2 was identical, indicating that CO2 is exchanged in the same manner as an inert gas. When bicarbonate was injected, CO2 excretion lagged behind C2H2 excretion by approximately 0.3 s. Inhibition of lung CA with acetazolamide reduced the quantity of CO2 exchanged to one-fourth of control and decreased the delay in exchange by one-half.

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Sima, Sergiu, and Catinca Secuianu. "The Effect of Functional Groups on the Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Binaries and Their Role in CCS." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123733.

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In recent years we have focused our efforts on investigating various binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide to find the best candidate for CO2 capture and, therefore, for applications in the field of CCS and CCUS technologies. Continuing this project, the present study investigates the phase behavior of three binary systems containing carbon dioxide and different oxygenated compounds. Two thermodynamic models are examined for their ability to predict the phase behavior of these systems. The selected models are the well-known Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state and the General Equation of State (GEOS), which is a generalization for all cubic equations of state with two, three, and four parameters, coupled with classical van der Waals mixing rules (two-parameter conventional mixing rule, 2PCMR). The carbon dioxide + ethyl acetate, carbon dioxide + 1,4-dioxane, and carbon dioxide + 1,2-dimethoxyethane binary systems were analyzed based on GEOS and PR equation of state models. The modeling approach is entirely predictive. Previously, it was proved that this approach was successful for members of the same homologous series. Unique sets of binary interaction parameters for each equation of state, determined for the carbon dioxide + 2-butanol binary model system, based on k12–l12 method, were used to examine the three systems. It was shown that the models predict that CO2 solubility in the three substances increases globally in the order 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethyl acetate. CO2 solubility in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1.4-dioxane, and ethyl acetate reduces with increasing temperature for the same pressure, and increases with lowering temperature for the same pressure, indicating a physical dissolving process of CO2 in all three substances. However, CO2 solubility for the carbon dioxide + ether systems (1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) is better at low temperatures and pressures, and decreases with increasing pressures, leading to higher critical points for the mixtures. By contrast, the solubility of ethyl acetate in carbon dioxide is less dependent on temperatures and pressures, and the mixture has lower pressures critical points. In other words, the ethers offer better solubilization at low pressures; however, the ester has better overall miscibility in terms of lower critical pressures. Among the binary systems investigated, the 1,2-dimethoxyethane is the best solvent for CO2 absorption.

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Petroianu, Georg, Wolfgang Maleck, Wolfgang Bergler, and Roderich Ruefer. "Carbon Monoxide and Nonquantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043120.

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AbstractIntroduction:The capnometric demonstration of end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) is a reliable method of differentiating between a correct endotracheal tube position and an accidental misplacement of the tube into the esophagus. Recently, several CO2 detectors have been introduced for monitoring end-tidal CO2 in the “out-of-hospital” setting, where quantitative capnometry with capnography is not yet available.Hypothesis:These devices are not influenced by carbon monoxide (CO) present in lethal concentration.Methods:A heated (37°C) 2.3 L reservoir bag filled one-third full with water (representing the stomach in esophageal misintubation) was machine ventilated (tidal volume: 450 ml; frequency: 16/min) with the following mixtures for three minutes each: 1) 95% O2, 5% CO; 2) 45% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O; and 3) 44% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O, 1% halothane. The presence of end-tidal CO2 was monitored with each of the following devices: 1) MiniCAP™ III CO2 Detector; 2) StatCAP™ CO2 Detector; 3) EasyCAP™ CO2 Detector; PediCAP™ CO2 Detector; and 5) Colibri™ CO2 Detector.Results:In none of the cases was the presence of CO2 signaled by the detector.Conclusion:The presence of 5% CO does not interfere with infrared spectrometry detection (MiniCAP™ and StatCAP™) or chemical detection (EasyCAP™, PediCAP™, and Colibri™) of CO2. The devices can be used safely in patients with CO poisoning for monitoring of endotracheal tube position.

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He, Liang-Nian, Jin-Quan Wang, and Jing-Lun Wang. "Carbon dioxide chemistry: Examples and challenges in chemical utilization of carbon dioxide." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 11 (October 31, 2009): 2069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-22.

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The development of catalytic methods for chemical transformation of CO2 into useful compounds is of paramount importance from a standpoint of C1 chemistry and so-called green chemistry. The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of CO2 molecule presents significant challenges in designing efficient chemical transformations based on this potential feedstock. In this context, efforts to convert CO2 to useful chemicals will inevitably rely on its activation through molecular catalysts, particularly transition-metal catalysts. Two preparative processes employing solid catalyst or CO2-philic homogeneous catalyst were devised for environmentally benign synthesis of organic carbonates and oxazolidinones under solvent-free conditions. Those processes represent pathways for greener chemical fixations of CO2 to afford industrial useful materials such as organic carbonates and oxazolidinones with great potential applications.

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Lanjewar, Aditya Anand. "CO2 Sequestration." Research and Analysis Journal 4, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj/v4i10.01.

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Starting with an overview of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management. An application of Science is called Engineering; an application of Engineering is called Technology; and applying the Knowledge of Science, Engineering & Technology in Management. Globally, due to the realization that, from last three decades, carbon dioxide sequestration gaining interest to reduce the concentration of CO2. CO2 Sequestration terms as CO2 capture. In the atmosphere capture carbon dioxide through chemical process and physical process. This process is not new and used by petroleum, petrochemical, chemical and power industries. Carbon dioxide Sequestration Technology involves the process of extracting, separating, transporting and storage. Carbon dioxide emissions can be preventing before release into the atmosphere. By this, global warming can be defer and dangerous climate change can be stop. The most important challenges that should be considered are regulatory, political, technical and economical

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Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.

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Baumann, Jürg, Robert Beer, and Gion Calzaferri. "Interaction of Carbon Dioxide with Silver Zeolites." CHIMIA 42, no. 3 (March 31, 1988): 100. https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.1988.100.

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Photooxidation of water to O2 and of Cl⊖ to Cl2 by Ag⊕-exchanged zeolite A is briefly reviewed. Thermodynamic considerations concerning the free energy storage during these reactions are given. Interaction of CO2 with Ag⊕-exchanged zeolite A of various Ag⊕ content, in the original and partially reduced state, is probed by in situ FTIR transmission spectroscopy. Chemisorbed, carbonate-like species are found in samples of low silver content. The CO2 physisorption capacity is lowest for highly Ag⊕-exchanged samples. After removing the physisorbed CO2 by evacuation, a small amount of weakly bound CO2 remains in the zeolite. Its ν3 (asymmetric stretching) frequency is cation dependent, reflecting some specific interaction with the cations. On chemical reduction of the Ag⊕, the amount of weakly bound CO2 markedly increases, accompanied by spectral changes of the ν3 band of CO2.

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Guo, Jiaqi, Yijia Hu, and Yifan Zhao. "The Development of Carbon Dioxide Captures and Biochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 6 (July 27, 2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v6i.1034.

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In recent years, human activities have led to significant CO2 emissions. The increase in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) has led to consequences such as global warming and an accelerated rate of glacial melting, making global environmental development more challenging. Even though the monoethanolamine (MEA) method of capturing carbon dioxide is now widely used in industry, the disadvantages of this method still exist, mainly because of the difficult economic balance. Since CO2 is inevitable due to human activities, converting the generated CO2 into high-value clean energy to alleviate the greenhouse effect is a current research hotspot. Therefore, finding a perfect method for capturing CO2 from industrial and commercial operations as soon as possible is certainly a high priority. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles and practical applications of physical and chemical methods of CO2 capture and biochemical technology in the conversion of the captured CO2 into value-added products. The paper describes the current status and challenges faced in the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and finally shows the advantages and prospects of each method. This will lead to the development of a new carbon economy with commercial value, which in turn will facilitate the implementation of CCS on a global scale, ultimately leading to the goal of global carbon neutrality.

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ONOGBOSELE, Donatus Otaigbe, and Ebikabowei Biedomo ADUKU. "Urbanization and Climate Change in Nigeria." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 09, no. 03 (2025): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2025.9305.

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The study investigates the impact of urbanization on climate change in Nigeria in the period 1981 to 2023, utilising the Cobb-Douglas production function as a framework for analysis. The equations were estimated with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator. The urban population growth rate was used as a proxy for urbanization (UBAN), whereas carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were used to represent climatic change. Empirical results showed a direct and significant impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC) variable also had a direct and significant impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While renewable energy consumption (REC) had an indirect and insignificant impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, Domestic investment (GFCF) had an indirect and significant impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Also, population growth (LAB) rate had a direct and insignificant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Based on the aforementioned results, the government should prioritise urban planning, this can balance the demand for urban growth with the need to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, thereby addressing climate change in Nigeria. Also, there should be strategic investments in green technologies, sustainable infrastructure, and energy-efficient systems in Nigeria. Despite its high cost, it has the potential to cut carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and prevent climate change.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

NGUYEN, TUYET. "Carbon dioxide in ice rink refrigeration." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118099.

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The average energy consumption of one ice rink is around 1000MWh/year, which approximately69% is occupied by the refrigeration unit and heating demand. With the aim of decreasing theenergy consumption, a new concept of refrigeration system with CO2 as a refrigerant has beendeveloped and it is promising to become a high potential next generation for refrigeration systemin ice rink.This thesis is to evaluate a new refrigerant application in ice rink refrigeration system underthree different aspects; energy performance, heat recovery potential and economic efﬁciency. Inorder to make this evaluation, three main tasks are executed. Firstly, literature review and marketstatistic are processed to give a general picture of the CO2 development as a refrigerant. Secondly, asoftware Pack Calculation II is used for the simulations of CO2 refrigeration system and traditionalice rink refrigeration system. Älta ice rink located in Sweden, is chosen as a reference case forsimulation’s input data. The simulation results is to compare these system in terms of energyperformance and heat recovery potential. Finally, life cycle cost of these systems is calculated toinvestigate the economic beneﬁts from this new application.Results from this study show good beneﬁts of the new CO2 application in ice rink. Fromthe market statistics, CO2 has become a successful refrigerant in supermarket food and beverageindustry with 1331 CO2 refrigeration system installed until 2011 in Europe (Shecco2012). In icerink industry, 24 ice rinks have been applied CO2 in the second cycle of refrigeration system; oneice rink in Canada applied a refrigeration system with only CO2 in the ﬁrst cycle and the distributionsystem.From the simulation’s result, CO2 full system has been proven as the most efﬁciency sys-tem with the lowest energy consumption (30% lower than NH3/Brine system and 46% lower thanCO2/Brine system) and the highest COP (6.4 in comparison with 4.9 of NH3/Brine system and4.37 of CO2/Brine system). Regarding heat recovery potential, CO2 full system has highest energysaving in comparison with the other two systems.Due to lower energy cost and service cost, the life cycle cost of CO2 full system is loweraround 13% than the traditional NH3/Brine system, furthermore, the component cost of CO2 sys-tem is promising to decrease in the next years thanks to the rapid development of this market insupermarket industry.To conclude, CO2 full system has high potential to become a next generation of refrigerationsystem in ice rink, however, because of its transcritical working, this application can be restrictedin the regions of warm climate.

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Dębek, Radoslaw. "Novel catalysts for chemical CO2 utilization." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066215/document.

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L'augmentation des émissions de dioxyde de carbone force l'implémentation de différentes stratégies de réduction des émissions de CO2 qui peuvent être divisées en deux groupes principaux: (i) Le captage du carbone et stockage (CCS) and (ii) le captage du carbone et utilisation (CCU). Un des procédés convertissant le CO2 en un produit à valeur ajoutée est le reformage à sec du méthane (DRM). Cependant le procédé de DRM n'a pas été commercialisé en raison de la forte endothermicité de la réaction et par manque de catalyseur actif, stable et bon marché à ce jour. Les matériaux possédant des propriétés bénéfiques pour la réaction de DRM et pouvant inclure les composants catalyseurs désirés à savoir Ni, MgO et Al2O3 sont les hydrotalcites. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'évaluer la performance catalytique de différents systèmes catalytiques à base d'hydrotalcite contenant du nickel lors de DRM. Cette thèse a été divisée en trois parties: (i) l'influence de l'introduction de nickel dans un système catalytique à base d'hydrotalcite, (ii) l'évaluation de la teneur en nickel des couches de brucite de l'hydrotalcite sur les propriétés catalytiques du matériau et (iii) l'évaluation de l'effet des promoteurs Ce et/ou Zr. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, plusieurs catalyseurs à base d'hydrotalcite ont été synthétisés par la méthode de co-précipitation. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux préparés ont été évalués au moyen d'analyse élémentaire (XRF ou ICP-MS), XRD, FTIR, N2-sorption à basse température, H2-TPR, CO2-DPT, TEM, expériences SEM et TG. Les matériaux ont ensuite été testés dans la réaction de DRM à 550, 650 et 750°C The growing emissions of carbon dioxide forced implementation of different CO2 emissions reduction strategies, which may be divided into two main groups: (i) carbon capture and storage (CCS) and (ii) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies. The latter approach allows to recycle CO2. One of the processes that converts CO2 into added-value products is dry reforming of methane (DRM). The DRM process has not yet been commercialized due to the high endothermicity of the reaction and lack of cheap, active and stable catalysts.The materials which have beneficial properties in DRM reaction and may include desired catalysts components i.e. Ni, MgO and Al2O3 are hydrotalcites. The main goal of this PhD thesis was to evaluate catalytic performance of different hydrotalcite-based catalytic systems containing nickel in methane dry reforming process. This PhD was divided into three parts: (i) the comparison of the influence of nickel introduction into HTs-based catalytic system, (ii) the evaluation of wide range of nickel content in hydrotalcite brucite-like layers on materials catalytic properties and (iii) the evaluation of the effect of Ce and/or Zr promoters. In order to address these issues a number of different hydrotalcite-based catalysts was synthesized by co-precipitation. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials were evaluated by means of elemental analysis (XRF or ICP-MS), XRD, FTIR, low temperature N2 sorption, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, TEM, SEM and TG experiments. The materials were subsequently tested in the DRM reaction. Most of catalytic tests were carried out at 550°C, but higher temperatures (650 and 750°C) were also studied

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Dervieux, Emmanuel. "Non-invasive transcutaneous characterisation of blood carbon dioxide (CO2) content." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAD043.

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Cette thèse cherche à développer une méthode non-invasive de mesure du taux de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) artériel, dont la connaissance est cruciale sur le plan clinique. Deux approches principales sont étudiées : la carbamétrie pulsée, qui extrapole les principes de l'oxymétrie à la carbamino-hémoglobine via des techniques spectrophotométriques, et l’étude de la diffusion transcutanée du CO2, qui donne des indications sur le contenu en CO2 des tissus sous-cutanés. La première approche s'est révélée être une impasse, tandis que la seconde montre un plus grand potentiel. En particulier, la piste d’un capteur se présentant sous la forme d’un patch contenant un fluorophore sensible au pH semble particulièrement prometteuse. Une première étude clinique visant à mieux caractériser la diffusion transcutanée du CO2 a été réalisée, permettant le dimensionnement d’un tel patch. Une étude théorique approfondie est ensuite menée, et des prototypes de patchs sont conçus, présentant une réponse au CO2 satisfaisante. La thèse conclut que – malgré les nombreuses améliorations qui restent à apporter au patch ainsi conçu – cette nouvelle modalité de mesure pourrait permettre le suivi médical continu et portatif du CO2 This thesis aims to develop a non-invasive method for measuring arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) content, which is crucial in clinical practice. Two main approaches are investigated: pulse carbametry, which extrapolates oximetry principles to carbaminohaemoglobin using spectrophotometric techniques, and the study of transcutaneous CO2 diffusion, which provides insights into the CO2 content of subcutaneous tissues. The first approach proved to be a dead-end, while the second shows greater potential. In particular, the concept of a sensor in the form of a patch containing a pH-sensitive fluorophore appears especially promising. A preliminary clinical study was conducted to better characterize transcutaneous CO2 diffusion, enabling the dimensioning of such a patch. An in-depth theoretical study followed, leading to the development of patch prototypes that exhibited a satisfactory response to CO2. This thesis concludes that, despite the many improvements still needed for the patch to be usable in a real-life clinical context, this new measurement modality could pave the way for continuous and portable CO2 monitoring in medical care

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Murray, Paul R. "High peak power, pulsed, planar waveguide CO2 lasers." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1225.

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Momin, Farhana. "Reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47525.

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Silylated amines, also known as reversible ionic liquids (RevILs), have been designed and structurally modified by our group for potential use as solvents for CO₂ capture from flue gas. An ideal CO₂ capture ionic liquid should be able to selectively and reversibly capture CO₂ and have tolerance for other components in flue gas, including SO₂, NO₂, and O₂. In this project, we study the reactivity, selectivity, uptake capacity, and reversibility of RevILs in the presence of pure SO₂ and mixed gas streams tosimulate flue gas compositions. Tripropylsilylamine (TPSA), a candidate CO₂ capture RevIL, reacts with pure SO₂ to form an ionic liquid consisting of an ammonium group and a salfamate group, supported by IR and NMR results. The resulting IL with pure SO₂ partially reverses when heated to temperatures of upto 500 C in the TGA. TGA analysis of the ionic liquid formed from a 4 vol% SO₂ in CO₂ mixture indicates a possible reversal temperature in the 86-163 C range.

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Dingilian, Kayane Kohar. "Homogeneous Nucleation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Supersonic Nozzles." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1607019789125519.

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Marszewska, Jowita E. "Development of microporosity in carbons for carbon dioxide adsorption." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1492043634249216.

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González, Fabra Joan. "Computational Design of Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Recycling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664728.

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La utilització del diòxid de carboni com a substrat s'ha convertit en una estratègia popular des d'una perspectiva ambiental i econòmica per mitigar les emissions de CO2 a l'atmosfera i, al mateix temps, reduir la dependència del petroli per proporcionar substrats amb carboni. L'activació del diòxid de carboni és un procés complicat a causa de la seva estabilitat. El disseny de nous catalitzadors és una tasca complexa que requereix la combinació de tècniques experimentals i teòriques. Una d'aquestes és la modelització molecular, que permet descriure detalladament el sistema i comprendre com es comporta, o com té lloc un mecanisme de reacció. La combinació de dos factors, com l'augment de la potència computacional i la millora de l'eficiència dels algoritmes, ens permet estudiar grans sistemes amb un nivell raonable de precisió, imitar les condicions experimentals i, en conseqüència, obtenir informació crucial. En aquesta Tesi estudiem computacionalment diverses reaccions on es fa servir diòxid de carboni com a substrat. Descrivim detalladament el mecanisme de reacció tenint en compte els resultats experimentals proporcionats pels nostres col·laboradors. Els nostres resultats contribueixen a entendre millor com funcionen les reaccions de fixació de CO2 i, en conseqüència, pot ajudar al disseny racional de nous i més actius catalitzadors per a reaccions que involucren CO2 o substrats similars. La utilización del dióxido de carbono como sustrato se ha convertido en una popular estrategia desde una perspectiva ambiental y económica para mitigar las emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera y, al mismo tiempo, reducir la dependencia del petróleo para proporcionar sustratos con carbono. La activación del dióxido de carbono es un proceso complicado debido a su estabilidad. El diseño de nuevos catalizadores es una tarea compleja que requiere la combinación de técnicas experimentales y teóricas. Una de estas es la modelización molecular, que permite describir detalladamente el sistema y comprender cómo se comporta, o cómo tiene lugar un mecanismo de reacción. La combinación de dos factores, como el aumento de la potencia computacional y la mejora de la eficiencia de los algoritmos, nos permite estudiar grandes sistemas con un nivel razonable de precisión, imitar las condiciones experimentales y, en consecuencia, obtener información crucial. En esta Tesis estudiamos computacionalmente varias reacciones en las que se usa dióxido de carbono como sustrato. Describimos detalladamente el mecanismo de reacción teniendo en cuenta los resultados experimentales proporcionados por nuestros colaboradores. Nuestros resultados contribuyen a comprender mejor cómo funcionan las reacciones de fijación de CO2 y, en consecuencia, puede ayudar en el diseño racional de nuevos y más activos catalizadores para reacciones que involucran CO2 o sustratos similares. The utilization of carbon dioxide as chemical substrate has become a popular strategy from an environmental and economic perspective to mitigate CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and, at the same time, reduce the petroleum dependency to provide carbon based substrates. The activation of carbon dioxide is not a straightforward process. The design of new catalysts is a complex task that requires the combination of several experimental and theoretical techniques. One of the most relevant is molecular modelling, which allow to describe the system in detail and to understand how the system behaves or how a reaction mechanism takes place. Nowadays, the combination of two factors, being the increase of the computational power and the improved efficiency of the theoretical algorithms, enable computational chemists to study large systems at a reasonable level of accuracy, to mimic the experimental conditions, and consequently, obtain crucial information on the studied system. In this Thesis we studied computationally several reactions where carbon dioxide was used as substrate. We described in detail the reaction mechanism for all cases, taking into consideration the experimental results provided by our collaborators. The results collected in this Thesis contribute to understand better how important CO2 fixation reactions work and consequently, these results may help in the rational design of new and more active catalysts for this type of reactions involving CO2 or substrates of similar properties.

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Saada, Rim. "Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value added chemicals." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2015. http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1649/.

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Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are significantly increasing since the industrial revolution at an accelerating rate causing environmental impact such as global warming and climate change. Projections indicate that CO2 concentrations will continue to rise to unsustainable levels. This highlights the scale of the challenge our scientists are facing in order to reduce CO2 emissions and underpins the importance of promoting green process engineering for the utilisation of CO2 as a valuable commodity in the process industry. The transformation of CO2 to value-added chemicals such as organic carbonates provides a promising technological advancement aimed at reducing CO2 atmospheric concentrations to sustainable levels. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a promising green compound that exhibits versatile and excellent chemical properties and therefore finds applications as an intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. DMC has a high oxygen content and can be used as an oxygenate additive to gasoline to improve its performance and reduce exhaust emission. The conventional method for DMC synthesis involves the utilisation of phosgene as a toxic feedstock. Thus, greener and more sustainable synthetic processes for the synthesis of DMC are required. Recently, non-toxic synthetic routes have been explored; these include, oxidative carbonylation of carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and MeOH, direct synthesis from MeOH and CO2 and the transesterification of cyclic carbonates and methanol (MeOH). The oxidative carbonylation route suffers from the use of expensive raw materials and corrosive reagents as well as being hazardous due to the explosive potential of CO. The direct production of DMC from MeOH and CO2 offers an attractive and green synthetic route for DMC synthesis. Also, the synthesis of DMC via the transesterification of cyclic carbonates and MeOH, where cyclic carbonates can be synthesised from their corresponding epoxides and CO2, makes the synthesis of DMC via transesterification route more environmentally friendly and desirable in terms of green chemistry and sustainable development. Therefore, in this research new greener catalytic processes for DMC synthesis via addition of MeOH to CO2 route and transesterification route have been explored. In this work, several commercially available heterogeneous catalysts such as ceria and lanthana doped zirconia (Ce–La–Zr–O), ceria doped zirconia (Ce–Zr– O), lanthana doped zirconia (La–Zr–O), lanthanum oxide (La–O) and zirconium oxide (Zr–O) have been extensively assessed for the synthesis of DMC. Strongly coupled graphene based inorganic nanocomposites represent an exciting and new class of functional materials and therefore the utilisation of graphene oxide (GO) as a suitable support for metal oxide catalysts has been explored. Ceria doped zirconia graphene nanocomposites (Ce–Zr/GO) have been synthesised using conventional wet impregnation methods. Samples of Ce–Zr/GO have been subjected to heat treatment at various temperatures (773 K, 873 K, 973 K and 1073 K) in an attempt to enhance their catalytic performance. As-prepared Ce– Zr/GO sample and the corresponding heat treated samples have been assessed for the direct synthesis for DMC from MeOH and CO2. Furthermore, a new innovative approach has been employed for synthesising advanced, highly efficient and active heterogeneous catalysts via utilisation of a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) reactor. Tin doped zirconium oxide (Zr–Sn– O) and tin doped zirconia/graphene nanocomposite (Zr–Sn/GO) have been assessed as suitable heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of DMC via the transesterification route. The catalysts were characterised using various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement. A heterogeneous catalytic process for the synthesis of DMC has been investigated using a high pressure reactor. The effect of various reaction parameters such as the reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time and the use of a dehydrating agent was studied for the optimisation of DMC synthesis. Reusability studies were conducted to evaluate the long term stability of the heterogeneous catalysts by recycling and reusing the catalyst several times for the synthesis of DMC. Tin doped zirconia graphene oxide (Sn–Zr/GO) nanocomposite catalyst has been found to be the best performed catalyst for the synthesis of DMC as compared to other catalysts evaluated in this research work. This can be attributed to the phase composition and crystallinity of the catalyst along with the defects on the graphene sheet such as, holes, acid/basic groups and presence of residual which can provide additional active catalytic sites. Catalyst reusability studies evidently showed that Sn–Zr/GO nanocomposite can be easily recovered and reused without any significant reduction in the catalytic performance. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has track record in helping researchers in modeling and optimisation of the experimental design for various applications in food industry, catalysis and chemical reaction engineering. Therefore, it has been employed to evaluate the relationship between multiple process variables in order to optimise a specified response (i.e. yield of DMC). RSM using Box-Behneken design (BBD) was carried out for process modeling and optimisation, with an aim to better understand the relationship between five operating variables (i.e. MeOH:PC molar ratio, catalyst loading (w/w), reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed) and their impact on the yield of DMC. A model for the synthesis of DMC by transesterification of PC and MeOH has been developed using BBD to compare the experimental data and the predicted results by the BBD model. Furthermore, regression analysis was applied to establish the optimum reaction conditions for a maximising DMC synthesis. The BBD model predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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Erlandsson, Jennifer, and Fredrik Tannoury. "Climate Footprint on Transportation and Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281757.

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In order to combat climate change there is a need to achieve negative emissions. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a promising technology that offers the possibility to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the atmosphere. However, this also implies that the BECCS process needs to store more CO2 than it emits. The purpose of this study is to examine the liquefaction, intermediate storage, transportation and long term storage of CO2 and evaluate the climate impact of the energy use and the leakage of CO2. This thesis is based on data collected through an extensive literature study and several interviews that were performed with relevant actors and informants. A key finding in this thesis is that the energy use through the examined steps of BECCS is responsible for the bulk of the CO2 emissions. Liquefaction and the transportation plays an essential role as it has the highest energy usage. Unfortunately the energy use of injecting CO2 into the geological formation remains unknown because of lack of data. The leakages found throughout the process were often negligible or even zero. However the leakages from injecting CO2 through pipeline and the CO2 leakage from long term storage was found to be of some significance. The total BECCS related carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, are summarised in three scenarios ranging from approximately 49-58 kg CO2e per stored tonne of CO2. In these scenario calculations, some assumptions have had to be made. In order to evaluate the true and total environmental impact of BECCS, further research will be needed. Dagens samhälle står inför avsevärda miljömässiga utmaningar, inte minst då mängden växthusgaser (GHG) i atmosfären kommer behöva reduceras drastiskt för att undvika två graders uppvärmning. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) är en teknologi med potential att avlägsna koldioxid (CO2) inte bara från nya utsläpp, utan även i bästa fall från atmosfären. I det specifika fall som denna rapport tittar närmare på, förbränns biomassa för att skapa fjärrvärme, men istället för att CO2 släpps ut i luften så fångas den upp och komprimeras till flytande form. Därefter kan CO2 transporteras till en injektionsanläggning för att slutligen pumpas ner i en geologiskt lämplig berggrund. Denna process kan resultera i negativa utsläpp om mer CO2 lagras än vad processen skapar och släpper ut. Målet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att undersöka energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 under förvätskningen, den kortsiktiga lagringen, transporten samt den långsiktiga lagringen av CO2. Kandidatexamensarbetet är framförallt baserat på data insamlad i form av en litteraturstudie. Denna data har även kompletterats med data från flertalet intervjuer med forskare och anställda på företag som arbetar med BECCS. Flera antaganden har varit nödvändiga då det i dagsläget finns en brist på information angående energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 i processens delsteg. Energianvändningen för injektionen av CO2 förblir okänd då det inte fanns någon relevant information att tillgå. Då läckaget visade sig vara försumbart eller noll i flera delsteg, utgör energianvändningen en signifikant andel av de totala utsläppen. De största utsläppen av CO2 inom ramen för BECCS processen orsakas därför av förvätskningsprocessen och transporten av CO2 då dessa delar är mest energikrävande. Resultatet av kandidatexamensarbetet kan sammanfattas i tre scenarion, ett lågt scenario, ett median scenario och ett högt scenario. Slutsatsen var att samtliga inkluderade steg av BECCS resulterar i ett utsläpp mellan 49-58 kg koldioxidekvivalenter (CO2e) per ton CO2 som lagras. För att kunna kvantifiera den totala klimatpåverkan av BECCS finns ett behov av ytterligare studier som tar hänsyn till alla delsteg under processen.

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Libri sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Emissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énergie. 2nd ed. Paris: OECD, 2000.

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Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Émissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énérgie. 2nd ed. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2004.

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Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Émissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énérgie. 2nd ed. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2003.

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Viöl, Wolfgang. Gütegeschaltete Niederdruck-CO2-Laser. Berlin: Köster, 1994.

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Commission, European, ed. CO2 capture and storage projects. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communites, 2007.

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Cenian, Adam. Physical processes in the CO2-lasers media. Gdańsk: Wydawn. Instytutu Maszyn Przepływowych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2006.

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Sugimoto, Hiroyuki. A method forestimating the sea-air CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean. Tsukuba-shi: Meteorological Research Institute, 2012.

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Offenhauser, Friedrich. Limits to the modulation of high power CO2 lasers. Koln: DFVLR, 1986.

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H, Neis, and Beckmann G, eds. Die CO2-Problematik: Sachverhalte, Zusammenhänge, Hypothesen, Argumente. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 1993.

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Chung, Hyun-Sik. Why do CO2 emissions differ in China, Japan and Korea? Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 1998.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Flammer, Josef, Maneli Mozaffarieh, and Hans Bebie. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2)." In Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, 139–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32261-7_11.

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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "The CO2 Revolution." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 219–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_12.

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Hu, Boxun, and Steven L. Suib. "Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO2." In Green Carbon Dioxide, 51–97. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118831922.ch3.

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Clark, Ezra L., and Alexis T. Bell. "Chapter 3. Heterogeneous Electrochemical CO2 Reduction." In Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry, 98–150. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788015844-00098.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt, and N. Vogt. "78 CO2 Carbon dioxide." In Molecules Containing No Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 311. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70614-4_279.

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Stierstadt, Klaus. "The Carbon Dioxide CO2." In essentials, 11–13. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38313-8_3.

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Majchrzak-Kucęba, Izabela. "CO2." In The Carbon Chain in Carbon Dioxide Industrial Utilization Technologies, 17–35. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003336587-2.

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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "Use of CO2 as Technical Fluid (Technological Uses of CO2)." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 123–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_8.

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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "Solar Chemistry and CO2 Conversion." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 177–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_10.

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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "Reduction of the CO2 Production." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 45–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Joosten, M. W., T. Johnsen, H. H. Hardy, T. Jøssang, and J. Feder. "Fractal Behavior of CO2 Pits." In CORROSION 1992, 1–9. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92011.

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Abstract Corrosion problems associated with pitting in water containing dissolved carbon dioxide are a major concern in the oil and gas industry. The local, accelerated rate of corrosion, associated with carbon dioxide induced pitting, has caused large amounts of unplanned maintenance to oil and gas installations. The pattern of pit location and growth is impossible to predict reliably. The usual approach to corrosion control is to incorporate very large safety factors. The carbon dioxide corrosion process has been modelled by numerous investigators and studied by even more. A sound, quantitative methodology to predict the occurrence and severity of carbon dioxide pitting does not exist. The new tools of fractal geometry offer a methodology by which the pattern and possibly the growth of pits can be described. This preliminary study uses fractal geometry to describe the randomness of CO2 pitting associated with a field failure. The observed fractal behavior of CO2 pitting is an encouraging step toward more reliable predictions of CO2 corrosion rates.

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Tomoe, Y., M. Shimizu, and H. Kaneta. "Active Dissolution and Natural Passivation of Carbon Steel in Carbon Dioxide-Loaded Alkanolamine Solutions." In CORROSION 1996, 1–12. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96395.

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Abstract Corrosion rates of carbon steel specimens were measured in carbon dioxide(CO2)-loaded alkanolamine(amine) solutions by weight-loss tests and by the polarization resistance method. In dilute amine solutions, lower than 10[[illegible]] M, corrosion rates were controlled by the formation of protective FeCO3 scale as in hot, CO2 -H2O environments. Tested amines inhibited CO2 induced corrosion in the concentration range between 10-2 and 2M. In concentrated amine solutions, higher than 3M, primary and tertiary amines showed markedly different effects on carbon steel corrosion. The corrosion rates of carbon steel rose with the increase in primary amine concentration, whereas the corrosion rates of carbon steel stayed low in tertiary amine solutions even at 6M, due to the formation of protective FeCO3 settle. Tertiary amines absorb CO2 as HCO3 in the presence of water. On the contrary, primary amines absorb CO2 by two wars. One is as HCO3 like tertiary amines, and the other is direct absorption of CO2 without water, producing amine-carbamate. The chemical substances produced due to the absorption of CO2 by amines are considered to play important roles not only on corrosion rates but also on the morphology and protectiveness of corrosion products.

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Gulbrandsen, Egil. "Acetic Acid and Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of Carbon Steel Covered with Iron Carbonate." In CORROSION 2007, 1–22. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07322.

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Abstract Acetic acid and CO2 corrosion was investigated on carbon steel specimens covered with iron carbonate (FeCO3) layers. The tests were carried out at 80 °C, 0.5 bar CO2, using rotating cylinder electrodes. Protective iron carbonate layers did form in solutions with high FeCO3 supersaturation, both in presence and absence acetic acid. The protective effect of the FeCO3 layer failed with decreasing supersaturation. The results were interpreted in terms of the scaling tendency concept.

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Lim, J. Y., T. J. McKrell, G. Eastwick, and R. G. Ballinger. "Corrosion of Materials in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Environments." In CORROSION 2008, 1–18. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08430.

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Abstract The corrosion behavior of several metallic alloys have been determined in Supercritical CO2 at 650°C and CO2 pressures from 11.5-22.5 MPa for times from 1000 to 3000 hours. To accomplish this custom designed and fabricated high pressure testing systems were required. Residual Gas Analysis (RGA) monitoring of the gas inlet and outlet assured consistent gas chemistry. Weight gain as well as extensive surface analysis were performed to characterize the resulting oxide scales. Alloys tested include stainless steel Type SS316L, ODS steels MA956, MA957, and PM2000, and martensitic alloys HT9, T91 and the Russian alloy EP823. Initial results indicate that materials that form alumina/chromia scales (MA 956) are the most resistant to corrosion while Type SS316L stainless steel exhibited the poorest performance.

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Belarbi, Zineb, Lucas Teeter, Richard E. Chinn, Margaret Ziomek-Moroz, and Ömer N. Doğan. "Corrosion Behavior of Transmission Pipeline Steels in Dense-Phase Carbon Dioxide." In CONFERENCE 2022, 1–15. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17592.

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Abstract Pipeline transportation systems are the most cost-effective method to transport liquid or supercritical CO2 from points of capture to sites where it will be permanently stored or used for industrial purposes. Many factors complicate designing an efficient CO2 transmission pipeline and selecting materials. These factors include gas chemistry and impurities (O2, H2O, H2S), pressure, and velocity. The presence of impurities in supercritical CO2 can promote steel corrosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the corrosion behavior of three pipeline steels (X56, X65, and X100) exposed to dense-phase CO2 at 100 bar CO2 partial pressure and 30°C. The corrosion performance of each steel was evaluated in a CO2 saturated water phase and dense-phase CO2 utilizing an immersion autoclave. The weight loss method was used to investigate the corrosion performance of the pipeline steels in dense-phase CO2. Post-corrosion surface characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The data obtained show that each steel’s corrosion degradation is more dominant in the CO2 saturated water phase compared to dense-phase CO2.

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Song, Eun-Ha, Yun-Sig Lee, Dae-Young Kim, Che-Suk Lee, and Chil-Suk Shin. "Development of Supercritical CO2 Spray Coating System for VOC Reduction." In SSPC 2014 Greencoat, 1–12. SSPC, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2014-00055.

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Abstract Volatile organic solvent reduction technology in coating process is being extensively studied to prevent air pollution. Recently developed eco-friendly coatings such as water-borne coatings, solvent free coatings and powder coatings have many limitations regarding the workability and anti-corrosion performances. In this study, the green coating process using supercritical carbon dioxide was developed. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) acts as a volatile solvent instead of traditional organic solvent in the coating materials without pollution. A feasibility study of the supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent thinner on the various heavy-duty coatings was performed. Atomization and film deposit characteristics of coating materials were improved by supercritical carbon dioxide. Corrosion protection performance of the thin inorganic zinc coating films using supercritical carbon dioxide was the same as that of coating films using organic solvent.

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Clark, Brandi N., J. David McColskey, Ross Rentz, and Jeffrey W. Sowards. "Preliminary Results from the NIST Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Test Facility." In CORROSION 2017, 1–12. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09454.

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Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration has been hailed by some as the “critical enabling technology” needed to reconcile climate-change-driven reductions in CO2 emissions with the use of fossil fuels to meet increasing energy demands. However, transporting large quantities of CO2 would require a pipeline network the size of the existing natural gas network and a similar level of regulation. Unlike CO2 currently transported for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), anthropogenic CO2 is expected to contain corrosive contaminants associated with energy production (e.g., H2O, SOx, NOx, H2S). In order to successfully transport large volumes of anthropogenic CO2, the level of contaminant removal needed for pipeline safety and integrity will need to be balanced against the cost of CO2 purification. Gaps in the existing literature demonstrate a need for systematic investigation (through improved metrology) of the effect of expected contaminants on corrosion rate to inform pipeline design decisions. To address this issue, NIST has constructed a supercritical CO2 corrosion test facility. The facility is equipped with 3 high-temperature, high-pressure vessels and a gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) for simultaneous in situ monitoring of key contaminants. This paper outlines the capabilities of the new NIST facility, describes our corrosion test method, and reports preliminary corrosion test results.

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Jelinek, Jacob J., Kumar Sridharan, Mark Anderson, Todd R. Allen, Guoping Cao, and Vahid Firouzdor. "Corrosion Behavior of Alloys in High Temperature Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." In CORROSION 2012, 1–7. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01428.

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Abstract The supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is under consideration for power conversion of VHTR process heat and other energy-related applications because it allows for system simplification and high power conversion efficiencies. A high temperature, high pressure autoclave has been designed and constructed for testing materials corrosion in supercritical CO2 environments at temperatures and pressures of up to 650°C and 20MPa respectively. The system is equipped with a gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) unit for measuring inlet and outlet gas compositions. The gas flow rate, composition, pressure, and temperature are monitored automatically and continuously using LabView software. Using this facility, the corrosion behavior of select alloys was studied after exposure to supercritical CO2 at 450°C and 20 MPa for exposure durations of up to 1000hours. Tests were performed using research grade (99.9998%) CO2. The alloys selected for this study were two ferritic steels NF616 and HCM12A, 347 austenitic stainless steel, and advanced concept AFA (alumina-forming austenitic) alloy. The corrosion performance of the alloys was evaluated using weight change measurements and SEM/EDS analyses of the alloy samples after corrosion testing. The test equipment will be first described followed by a discussion of the corrosion behavior of the various alloys.

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Vitale, D. D., and H. E. Ebert. "A Screening Test for Elastomer Carbon Dioxide Explosive Decompression Resistance." In CORROSION 1988, 1–7. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88304.

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Abstract This paper describes a procedure to screen elastomer o-ring materials for resistance to carbon dioxide (CO2) explosive decompression damage. The test was designed to be an inexpensive, simple procedure to rapidly sort materials. It is performed at ambient laboratory temperature using bottle CO2. The test has been successful in ranking materials and has correlated with field service. In addition, the procedure is being used as a quality control check on incoming o-rings and has been incorporated in an o-ring material specification.

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Freed, Charles. "Ultrastable Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers." In Cambridge Symposium-Fiber/LASE '86, edited by Evan P. Chicklis and Daniel W. Trainor. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.937274.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Kang, Jong Woo, and Joshua Anthony Gapay. Factors Affecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in Trade. Asian Development Bank, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230479-2.

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This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation in exporter and importer economies on crossborder carbon flows. While stricter environmental regulations help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from domestic production, leading to lower CO2 emissions embodied in exports, stricter regulations on the importing side lead to higher CO2 emissions embodied in imports. Moreover, stricter environmental regulations could encourage further outsourcing of intermediate inputs by exporters, prompting carbon leakages in the upstream segment of global value chains.

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Iota, V., Z. Jenei, J. Klepeis, W. Evans, and C. Yoo. Pressure Induced Bonding Changes in Carbon Dioxide: Six Fold Coordinated CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926013.

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Judd, Kathleen S., Angela R. Kora, Steve A. Shankle, and Kimberly M. Fowler. Inventory of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967004.

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Mannucci, Gianluca. PR182-224504-R01 Transportation of CO2 SOTA, Gap Analysis and Future Project Roadmap. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000040.

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Carbon dioxide transport plays a crucial role in carbon capture and storage systems. As an economical and convenient carrier, pipelines have huge advantages in the transport of carbon dioxide. To aim to achieve a net-zero carbon emission over the next 20 - 30 years, the demand to lower carbon emission and the expansion of carbon capture, utilization and storage will require many new CO2 pipelines. This is a desk study on pipeline transportation of CO2 to define a future project roadmap and provide the necessary knowledge to safely and reliably transport anthropogenic CO2 by pipelines in either gas, liquid, dense phase.

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Lindquist, W. Brent. Up-Scaling Geochemical Reaction Rates for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Deep Saline Aquifers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948548.

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Howard, William R., Brian Wong, Michelle Okolica, Kimberly S. Bynum, and R. A. James. The Prenatal Development Effects of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Exposure in Rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada583166.

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Peters, Catherine A. Up-Scaling Geochemical Reaction Rates for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Deep Saline Aquifers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1064444.

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Sun, Xiaolei, and Nancy T. Rink. Integrated Energy System with Beneficial Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Use - Final Scientific/Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1012555.

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Ruiz, Pauline, Achim Raschka, Pia Skoczinski, Jan Ravenstijn, and Michael Carus. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as Chemical Feedstock for Polymers – Technologies, Polymers, Developers and Producers. Nova-Institut GmbH, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/prwk5546.

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Ruiz, Pauline, Pia Skoczinski, Achim Raschka, Nicolas Hark, Michael Carus, Aylin Özgen, Jasper Kern, and Nico Plum. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as Feedstock for Chemicals, Advanced Fuels, Polymers, Proteins and Minerals. Nova-Institut GmbH, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/hkbs8158.

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