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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Schunemann, H. J., e R. A. Klocke. "Influence of carbon dioxide kinetics on pulmonary carbon dioxide exchange". Journal of Applied Physiology 74, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1993): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.715.

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In the absence of erythrocytes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) localized to the pulmonary capillary endothelium catalyzes the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO2. We studied the effects of lung CA and the reactions of CO2 on CO2 excretion in isolated lungs perfused with buffer. In indicator-dilution experiments, recoveries of dissolved CO2 and acetylene (C2H2) in the venous effluent were delayed significantly compared with a vascular indicator because the gases were distributed in both the vascular and alveolar volumes. In a second group of experiments, the kinetics of CO2 excretion were monitored with a plethysmographic method after injection of a bolus containing dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate. Exchange was compared with excretion of dissolved C2H2. The rate of excretion of dissolved CO2 and C2H2 was identical, indicating that CO2 is exchanged in the same manner as an inert gas. When bicarbonate was injected, CO2 excretion lagged behind C2H2 excretion by approximately 0.3 s. Inhibition of lung CA with acetazolamide reduced the quantity of CO2 exchanged to one-fourth of control and decreased the delay in exchange by one-half.

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Petroianu, Georg, Wolfgang Maleck, Wolfgang Bergler e Roderich Ruefer. "Carbon Monoxide and Nonquantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043120.

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AbstractIntroduction:The capnometric demonstration of end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) is a reliable method of differentiating between a correct endotracheal tube position and an accidental misplacement of the tube into the esophagus. Recently, several CO2 detectors have been introduced for monitoring end-tidal CO2 in the “out-of-hospital” setting, where quantitative capnometry with capnography is not yet available.Hypothesis:These devices are not influenced by carbon monoxide (CO) present in lethal concentration.Methods:A heated (37°C) 2.3 L reservoir bag filled one-third full with water (representing the stomach in esophageal misintubation) was machine ventilated (tidal volume: 450 ml; frequency: 16/min) with the following mixtures for three minutes each: 1) 95% O2, 5% CO; 2) 45% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O; and 3) 44% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O, 1% halothane. The presence of end-tidal CO2 was monitored with each of the following devices: 1) MiniCAP™ III CO2 Detector; 2) StatCAP™ CO2 Detector; 3) EasyCAP™ CO2 Detector; PediCAP™ CO2 Detector; and 5) Colibri™ CO2 Detector.Results:In none of the cases was the presence of CO2 signaled by the detector.Conclusion:The presence of 5% CO does not interfere with infrared spectrometry detection (MiniCAP™ and StatCAP™) or chemical detection (EasyCAP™, PediCAP™, and Colibri™) of CO2. The devices can be used safely in patients with CO poisoning for monitoring of endotracheal tube position.

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He, Liang-Nian, Jin-Quan Wang e Jing-Lun Wang. "Carbon dioxide chemistry: Examples and challenges in chemical utilization of carbon dioxide". Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, n. 11 (31 ottobre 2009): 2069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-22.

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The development of catalytic methods for chemical transformation of CO2 into useful compounds is of paramount importance from a standpoint of C1 chemistry and so-called green chemistry. The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of CO2 molecule presents significant challenges in designing efficient chemical transformations based on this potential feedstock. In this context, efforts to convert CO2 to useful chemicals will inevitably rely on its activation through molecular catalysts, particularly transition-metal catalysts. Two preparative processes employing solid catalyst or CO2-philic homogeneous catalyst were devised for environmentally benign synthesis of organic carbonates and oxazolidinones under solvent-free conditions. Those processes represent pathways for greener chemical fixations of CO2 to afford industrial useful materials such as organic carbonates and oxazolidinones with great potential applications.

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Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain e Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture". Processes 8, n. 6 (30 maggio 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.

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Guo, Jiaqi, Yijia Hu e Yifan Zhao. "The Development of Carbon Dioxide Captures and Biochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 6 (27 luglio 2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v6i.1034.

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In recent years, human activities have led to significant CO2 emissions. The increase in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) has led to consequences such as global warming and an accelerated rate of glacial melting, making global environmental development more challenging. Even though the monoethanolamine (MEA) method of capturing carbon dioxide is now widely used in industry, the disadvantages of this method still exist, mainly because of the difficult economic balance. Since CO2 is inevitable due to human activities, converting the generated CO2 into high-value clean energy to alleviate the greenhouse effect is a current research hotspot. Therefore, finding a perfect method for capturing CO2 from industrial and commercial operations as soon as possible is certainly a high priority. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles and practical applications of physical and chemical methods of CO2 capture and biochemical technology in the conversion of the captured CO2 into value-added products. The paper describes the current status and challenges faced in the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and finally shows the advantages and prospects of each method. This will lead to the development of a new carbon economy with commercial value, which in turn will facilitate the implementation of CCS on a global scale, ultimately leading to the goal of global carbon neutrality.

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Sima, Sergiu, e Catinca Secuianu. "The Effect of Functional Groups on the Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Binaries and Their Role in CCS". Molecules 26, n. 12 (18 giugno 2021): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123733.

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In recent years we have focused our efforts on investigating various binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide to find the best candidate for CO2 capture and, therefore, for applications in the field of CCS and CCUS technologies. Continuing this project, the present study investigates the phase behavior of three binary systems containing carbon dioxide and different oxygenated compounds. Two thermodynamic models are examined for their ability to predict the phase behavior of these systems. The selected models are the well-known Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state and the General Equation of State (GEOS), which is a generalization for all cubic equations of state with two, three, and four parameters, coupled with classical van der Waals mixing rules (two-parameter conventional mixing rule, 2PCMR). The carbon dioxide + ethyl acetate, carbon dioxide + 1,4-dioxane, and carbon dioxide + 1,2-dimethoxyethane binary systems were analyzed based on GEOS and PR equation of state models. The modeling approach is entirely predictive. Previously, it was proved that this approach was successful for members of the same homologous series. Unique sets of binary interaction parameters for each equation of state, determined for the carbon dioxide + 2-butanol binary model system, based on k12–l12 method, were used to examine the three systems. It was shown that the models predict that CO2 solubility in the three substances increases globally in the order 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethyl acetate. CO2 solubility in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1.4-dioxane, and ethyl acetate reduces with increasing temperature for the same pressure, and increases with lowering temperature for the same pressure, indicating a physical dissolving process of CO2 in all three substances. However, CO2 solubility for the carbon dioxide + ether systems (1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) is better at low temperatures and pressures, and decreases with increasing pressures, leading to higher critical points for the mixtures. By contrast, the solubility of ethyl acetate in carbon dioxide is less dependent on temperatures and pressures, and the mixture has lower pressures critical points. In other words, the ethers offer better solubilization at low pressures; however, the ester has better overall miscibility in terms of lower critical pressures. Among the binary systems investigated, the 1,2-dimethoxyethane is the best solvent for CO2 absorption.

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Lanjewar, Aditya Anand. "CO2 Sequestration". Research and Analysis Journal 4, n. 10 (9 ottobre 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj/v4i10.01.

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Starting with an overview of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management. An application of Science is called Engineering; an application of Engineering is called Technology; and applying the Knowledge of Science, Engineering & Technology in Management. Globally, due to the realization that, from last three decades, carbon dioxide sequestration gaining interest to reduce the concentration of CO2. CO2 Sequestration terms as CO2 capture. In the atmosphere capture carbon dioxide through chemical process and physical process. This process is not new and used by petroleum, petrochemical, chemical and power industries. Carbon dioxide Sequestration Technology involves the process of extracting, separating, transporting and storage. Carbon dioxide emissions can be preventing before release into the atmosphere. By this, global warming can be defer and dangerous climate change can be stop. The most important challenges that should be considered are regulatory, political, technical and economical

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Popa, Teodor, e Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa. "Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage". Advanced Materials Research 1036 (ottobre 2014): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.975.

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Increased focus on reducing CO2 emissions has created growing interest in CO2 capture from industrial processes for storage in underground formations. New technical solutions, costs and energy requirements for ship-based transport of CO2 are presented. All elements in the transport chain, namely liquefaction, storage, loading system, dedicated CO2 ship (s), onshore loading and unloading, and offshore unloading systems are included in the paper. Over 80 % from the primary energy consumed all over the world is obtained from fossil oil and natural gas. The last researches have shown the energy dependences of these types of fuels. The transition to the economy based on the low influence of the carbon, the carbon capture technology, is the main means to reconsider the fossil fuels for meeting the needs for reduction of negative emissions. This is necessary for keeping the world temperature at normal levels. The main target of this paper is to put highlight the negative effect of CO2 emissions and the interest in recovery of carbon dioxide from flue gases trough multiple factors: the merchant CO2 market, renewed interest in enhanced oil recovery, and the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also takes in account modalities of transport and storage of CO2. Solutions for CO2 capture and injection into caverns instead of natural deposits were found worldwide. These solutions are not applicable however all over the world and they are not a priority in the environment protection activity.Another important aspect calls for all merchant ships requirements regarding CO2 emissions through index calculation and development of Management Plan. Also, to increase the control of CO2 it would be useful to identify the caverns where it is possible to deposit the CO2, to build new special ship for CO2 transport or replace natural deposits through CO2 injection.

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Back, Martin R., James G. Caridi, Irvin F. Hawkins e James M. Seeger. "ANGIOGRAPHY WITH CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)". Surgical Clinics of North America 78, n. 4 (agosto 1998): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70335-2.

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Ehret, David L., e Peter A. Jolliffe. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide exchange of bean plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, n. 11 (1 novembre 1985): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-283.

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Leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax) grown in atmospheres enriched in CO2 (1400 μL L−1) showed a decrease in CO2 exchange capacity when compared with unenriched plants (340 μL L−1) measured at the same CO2 concentration. The decrease was not associated with changes in chlorophyll concentration or photorespiratory activity. The decrease was less evident in older leaves, in leaves maintained at low light intensity, and in those with reduced chlorophyll contents. Respiration rates in leaves of CO2-enriched plants increased only under conditions that caused a concurrent decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Enriched leaves had higher starch contents than unenriched leaves. The results were consistent with the idea that CO2 enrichment decreases photosynthetic capacity when photoassimilate supply exceeds sink demand.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

NGUYEN, TUYET. "Carbon dioxide in ice rink refrigeration". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118099.

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The average energy consumption of one ice rink is around 1000MWh/year, which approximately69% is occupied by the refrigeration unit and heating demand. With the aim of decreasing theenergy consumption, a new concept of refrigeration system with CO2 as a refrigerant has beendeveloped and it is promising to become a high potential next generation for refrigeration systemin ice rink.This thesis is to evaluate a new refrigerant application in ice rink refrigeration system underthree different aspects; energy performance, heat recovery potential and economic efﬁciency. Inorder to make this evaluation, three main tasks are executed. Firstly, literature review and marketstatistic are processed to give a general picture of the CO2 development as a refrigerant. Secondly, asoftware Pack Calculation II is used for the simulations of CO2 refrigeration system and traditionalice rink refrigeration system. Älta ice rink located in Sweden, is chosen as a reference case forsimulation’s input data. The simulation results is to compare these system in terms of energyperformance and heat recovery potential. Finally, life cycle cost of these systems is calculated toinvestigate the economic beneﬁts from this new application.Results from this study show good beneﬁts of the new CO2 application in ice rink. Fromthe market statistics, CO2 has become a successful refrigerant in supermarket food and beverageindustry with 1331 CO2 refrigeration system installed until 2011 in Europe (Shecco2012). In icerink industry, 24 ice rinks have been applied CO2 in the second cycle of refrigeration system; oneice rink in Canada applied a refrigeration system with only CO2 in the ﬁrst cycle and the distributionsystem.From the simulation’s result, CO2 full system has been proven as the most efﬁciency sys-tem with the lowest energy consumption (30% lower than NH3/Brine system and 46% lower thanCO2/Brine system) and the highest COP (6.4 in comparison with 4.9 of NH3/Brine system and4.37 of CO2/Brine system). Regarding heat recovery potential, CO2 full system has highest energysaving in comparison with the other two systems.Due to lower energy cost and service cost, the life cycle cost of CO2 full system is loweraround 13% than the traditional NH3/Brine system, furthermore, the component cost of CO2 sys-tem is promising to decrease in the next years thanks to the rapid development of this market insupermarket industry.To conclude, CO2 full system has high potential to become a next generation of refrigerationsystem in ice rink, however, because of its transcritical working, this application can be restrictedin the regions of warm climate.

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Murray, Paul R. "High peak power, pulsed, planar waveguide CO2 lasers". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1225.

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Dębek, Radoslaw. "Novel catalysts for chemical CO2 utilization". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066215/document.

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L'augmentation des émissions de dioxyde de carbone force l'implémentation de différentes stratégies de réduction des émissions de CO2 qui peuvent être divisées en deux groupes principaux: (i) Le captage du carbone et stockage (CCS) and (ii) le captage du carbone et utilisation (CCU). Un des procédés convertissant le CO2 en un produit à valeur ajoutée est le reformage à sec du méthane (DRM). Cependant le procédé de DRM n'a pas été commercialisé en raison de la forte endothermicité de la réaction et par manque de catalyseur actif, stable et bon marché à ce jour. Les matériaux possédant des propriétés bénéfiques pour la réaction de DRM et pouvant inclure les composants catalyseurs désirés à savoir Ni, MgO et Al2O3 sont les hydrotalcites. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'évaluer la performance catalytique de différents systèmes catalytiques à base d'hydrotalcite contenant du nickel lors de DRM. Cette thèse a été divisée en trois parties: (i) l'influence de l'introduction de nickel dans un système catalytique à base d'hydrotalcite, (ii) l'évaluation de la teneur en nickel des couches de brucite de l'hydrotalcite sur les propriétés catalytiques du matériau et (iii) l'évaluation de l'effet des promoteurs Ce et/ou Zr. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, plusieurs catalyseurs à base d'hydrotalcite ont été synthétisés par la méthode de co-précipitation. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux préparés ont été évalués au moyen d'analyse élémentaire (XRF ou ICP-MS), XRD, FTIR, N2-sorption à basse température, H2-TPR, CO2-DPT, TEM, expériences SEM et TG. Les matériaux ont ensuite été testés dans la réaction de DRM à 550, 650 et 750°C
The growing emissions of carbon dioxide forced implementation of different CO2 emissions reduction strategies, which may be divided into two main groups: (i) carbon capture and storage (CCS) and (ii) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies. The latter approach allows to recycle CO2. One of the processes that converts CO2 into added-value products is dry reforming of methane (DRM). The DRM process has not yet been commercialized due to the high endothermicity of the reaction and lack of cheap, active and stable catalysts.The materials which have beneficial properties in DRM reaction and may include desired catalysts components i.e. Ni, MgO and Al2O3 are hydrotalcites. The main goal of this PhD thesis was to evaluate catalytic performance of different hydrotalcite-based catalytic systems containing nickel in methane dry reforming process. This PhD was divided into three parts: (i) the comparison of the influence of nickel introduction into HTs-based catalytic system, (ii) the evaluation of wide range of nickel content in hydrotalcite brucite-like layers on materials catalytic properties and (iii) the evaluation of the effect of Ce and/or Zr promoters. In order to address these issues a number of different hydrotalcite-based catalysts was synthesized by co-precipitation. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials were evaluated by means of elemental analysis (XRF or ICP-MS), XRD, FTIR, low temperature N2 sorption, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, TEM, SEM and TG experiments. The materials were subsequently tested in the DRM reaction. Most of catalytic tests were carried out at 550°C, but higher temperatures (650 and 750°C) were also studied

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Momin, Farhana. "Reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47525.

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Silylated amines, also known as reversible ionic liquids (RevILs), have been designed and structurally modified by our group for potential use as solvents for CO₂ capture from flue gas. An ideal CO₂ capture ionic liquid should be able to selectively and reversibly capture CO₂ and have tolerance for other components in flue gas, including SO₂, NO₂, and O₂. In this project, we study the reactivity, selectivity, uptake capacity, and reversibility of RevILs in the presence of pure SO₂ and mixed gas streams tosimulate flue gas compositions. Tripropylsilylamine (TPSA), a candidate CO₂ capture RevIL, reacts with pure SO₂ to form an ionic liquid consisting of an ammonium group and a salfamate group, supported by IR and NMR results. The resulting IL with pure SO₂ partially reverses when heated to temperatures of upto 500 C in the TGA. TGA analysis of the ionic liquid formed from a 4 vol% SO₂ in CO₂ mixture indicates a possible reversal temperature in the 86-163 C range.

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Dingilian, Kayane Kohar. "Homogeneous Nucleation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Supersonic Nozzles". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1607019789125519.

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Marszewska, Jowita E. "Development of microporosity in carbons for carbon dioxide adsorption". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1492043634249216.

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González, Fabra Joan. "Computational Design of Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Recycling". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664728.

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La utilització del diòxid de carboni com a substrat s'ha convertit en una estratègia popular des d'una perspectiva ambiental i econòmica per mitigar les emissions de CO2 a l'atmosfera i, al mateix temps, reduir la dependència del petroli per proporcionar substrats amb carboni. L'activació del diòxid de carboni és un procés complicat a causa de la seva estabilitat. El disseny de nous catalitzadors és una tasca complexa que requereix la combinació de tècniques experimentals i teòriques. Una d'aquestes és la modelització molecular, que permet descriure detalladament el sistema i comprendre com es comporta, o com té lloc un mecanisme de reacció. La combinació de dos factors, com l'augment de la potència computacional i la millora de l'eficiència dels algoritmes, ens permet estudiar grans sistemes amb un nivell raonable de precisió, imitar les condicions experimentals i, en conseqüència, obtenir informació crucial. En aquesta Tesi estudiem computacionalment diverses reaccions on es fa servir diòxid de carboni com a substrat. Descrivim detalladament el mecanisme de reacció tenint en compte els resultats experimentals proporcionats pels nostres col·laboradors. Els nostres resultats contribueixen a entendre millor com funcionen les reaccions de fixació de CO2 i, en conseqüència, pot ajudar al disseny racional de nous i més actius catalitzadors per a reaccions que involucren CO2 o substrats similars.
La utilización del dióxido de carbono como sustrato se ha convertido en una popular estrategia desde una perspectiva ambiental y económica para mitigar las emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera y, al mismo tiempo, reducir la dependencia del petróleo para proporcionar sustratos con carbono. La activación del dióxido de carbono es un proceso complicado debido a su estabilidad. El diseño de nuevos catalizadores es una tarea compleja que requiere la combinación de técnicas experimentales y teóricas. Una de estas es la modelización molecular, que permite describir detalladamente el sistema y comprender cómo se comporta, o cómo tiene lugar un mecanismo de reacción. La combinación de dos factores, como el aumento de la potencia computacional y la mejora de la eficiencia de los algoritmos, nos permite estudiar grandes sistemas con un nivel razonable de precisión, imitar las condiciones experimentales y, en consecuencia, obtener información crucial. En esta Tesis estudiamos computacionalmente varias reacciones en las que se usa dióxido de carbono como sustrato. Describimos detalladamente el mecanismo de reacción teniendo en cuenta los resultados experimentales proporcionados por nuestros colaboradores. Nuestros resultados contribuyen a comprender mejor cómo funcionan las reacciones de fijación de CO2 y, en consecuencia, puede ayudar en el diseño racional de nuevos y más activos catalizadores para reacciones que involucran CO2 o sustratos similares.
The utilization of carbon dioxide as chemical substrate has become a popular strategy from an environmental and economic perspective to mitigate CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and, at the same time, reduce the petroleum dependency to provide carbon based substrates. The activation of carbon dioxide is not a straightforward process. The design of new catalysts is a complex task that requires the combination of several experimental and theoretical techniques. One of the most relevant is molecular modelling, which allow to describe the system in detail and to understand how the system behaves or how a reaction mechanism takes place. Nowadays, the combination of two factors, being the increase of the computational power and the improved efficiency of the theoretical algorithms, enable computational chemists to study large systems at a reasonable level of accuracy, to mimic the experimental conditions, and consequently, obtain crucial information on the studied system. In this Thesis we studied computationally several reactions where carbon dioxide was used as substrate. We described in detail the reaction mechanism for all cases, taking into consideration the experimental results provided by our collaborators. The results collected in this Thesis contribute to understand better how important CO2 fixation reactions work and consequently, these results may help in the rational design of new and more active catalysts for this type of reactions involving CO2 or substrates of similar properties.

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Saada, Rim. "Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value added chemicals". Thesis, London South Bank University, 2015. http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1649/.

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Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are significantly increasing since the industrial revolution at an accelerating rate causing environmental impact such as global warming and climate change. Projections indicate that CO2 concentrations will continue to rise to unsustainable levels. This highlights the scale of the challenge our scientists are facing in order to reduce CO2 emissions and underpins the importance of promoting green process engineering for the utilisation of CO2 as a valuable commodity in the process industry. The transformation of CO2 to value-added chemicals such as organic carbonates provides a promising technological advancement aimed at reducing CO2 atmospheric concentrations to sustainable levels. Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a promising green compound that exhibits versatile and excellent chemical properties and therefore finds applications as an intermediate in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. DMC has a high oxygen content and can be used as an oxygenate additive to gasoline to improve its performance and reduce exhaust emission. The conventional method for DMC synthesis involves the utilisation of phosgene as a toxic feedstock. Thus, greener and more sustainable synthetic processes for the synthesis of DMC are required. Recently, non-toxic synthetic routes have been explored; these include, oxidative carbonylation of carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and MeOH, direct synthesis from MeOH and CO2 and the transesterification of cyclic carbonates and methanol (MeOH). The oxidative carbonylation route suffers from the use of expensive raw materials and corrosive reagents as well as being hazardous due to the explosive potential of CO. The direct production of DMC from MeOH and CO2 offers an attractive and green synthetic route for DMC synthesis. Also, the synthesis of DMC via the transesterification of cyclic carbonates and MeOH, where cyclic carbonates can be synthesised from their corresponding epoxides and CO2, makes the synthesis of DMC via transesterification route more environmentally friendly and desirable in terms of green chemistry and sustainable development. Therefore, in this research new greener catalytic processes for DMC synthesis via addition of MeOH to CO2 route and transesterification route have been explored. In this work, several commercially available heterogeneous catalysts such as ceria and lanthana doped zirconia (Ce–La–Zr–O), ceria doped zirconia (Ce–Zr– O), lanthana doped zirconia (La–Zr–O), lanthanum oxide (La–O) and zirconium oxide (Zr–O) have been extensively assessed for the synthesis of DMC. Strongly coupled graphene based inorganic nanocomposites represent an exciting and new class of functional materials and therefore the utilisation of graphene oxide (GO) as a suitable support for metal oxide catalysts has been explored. Ceria doped zirconia graphene nanocomposites (Ce–Zr/GO) have been synthesised using conventional wet impregnation methods. Samples of Ce–Zr/GO have been subjected to heat treatment at various temperatures (773 K, 873 K, 973 K and 1073 K) in an attempt to enhance their catalytic performance. As-prepared Ce– Zr/GO sample and the corresponding heat treated samples have been assessed for the direct synthesis for DMC from MeOH and CO2. Furthermore, a new innovative approach has been employed for synthesising advanced, highly efficient and active heterogeneous catalysts via utilisation of a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) reactor. Tin doped zirconium oxide (Zr–Sn– O) and tin doped zirconia/graphene nanocomposite (Zr–Sn/GO) have been assessed as suitable heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of DMC via the transesterification route. The catalysts were characterised using various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement. A heterogeneous catalytic process for the synthesis of DMC has been investigated using a high pressure reactor. The effect of various reaction parameters such as the reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time and the use of a dehydrating agent was studied for the optimisation of DMC synthesis. Reusability studies were conducted to evaluate the long term stability of the heterogeneous catalysts by recycling and reusing the catalyst several times for the synthesis of DMC. Tin doped zirconia graphene oxide (Sn–Zr/GO) nanocomposite catalyst has been found to be the best performed catalyst for the synthesis of DMC as compared to other catalysts evaluated in this research work. This can be attributed to the phase composition and crystallinity of the catalyst along with the defects on the graphene sheet such as, holes, acid/basic groups and presence of residual which can provide additional active catalytic sites. Catalyst reusability studies evidently showed that Sn–Zr/GO nanocomposite can be easily recovered and reused without any significant reduction in the catalytic performance. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has track record in helping researchers in modeling and optimisation of the experimental design for various applications in food industry, catalysis and chemical reaction engineering. Therefore, it has been employed to evaluate the relationship between multiple process variables in order to optimise a specified response (i.e. yield of DMC). RSM using Box-Behneken design (BBD) was carried out for process modeling and optimisation, with an aim to better understand the relationship between five operating variables (i.e. MeOH:PC molar ratio, catalyst loading (w/w), reaction temperature, reaction time and stirring speed) and their impact on the yield of DMC. A model for the synthesis of DMC by transesterification of PC and MeOH has been developed using BBD to compare the experimental data and the predicted results by the BBD model. Furthermore, regression analysis was applied to establish the optimum reaction conditions for a maximising DMC synthesis. The BBD model predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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Erlandsson, Jennifer, e Fredrik Tannoury. "Climate Footprint on Transportation and Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281757.

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In order to combat climate change there is a need to achieve negative emissions. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a promising technology that offers the possibility to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the atmosphere. However, this also implies that the BECCS process needs to store more CO2 than it emits. The purpose of this study is to examine the liquefaction, intermediate storage, transportation and long term storage of CO2 and evaluate the climate impact of the energy use and the leakage of CO2. This thesis is based on data collected through an extensive literature study and several interviews that were performed with relevant actors and informants. A key finding in this thesis is that the energy use through the examined steps of BECCS is responsible for the bulk of the CO2 emissions. Liquefaction and the transportation plays an essential role as it has the highest energy usage. Unfortunately the energy use of injecting CO2 into the geological formation remains unknown because of lack of data. The leakages found throughout the process were often negligible or even zero. However the leakages from injecting CO2 through pipeline and the CO2 leakage from long term storage was found to be of some significance. The total BECCS related carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, are summarised in three scenarios ranging from approximately 49-58 kg CO2e per stored tonne of CO2. In these scenario calculations, some assumptions have had to be made. In order to evaluate the true and total environmental impact of BECCS, further research will be needed.
Dagens samhälle står inför avsevärda miljömässiga utmaningar, inte minst då mängden växthusgaser (GHG) i atmosfären kommer behöva reduceras drastiskt för att undvika två graders uppvärmning. Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) är en teknologi med potential att avlägsna koldioxid (CO2) inte bara från nya utsläpp, utan även i bästa fall från atmosfären. I det specifika fall som denna rapport tittar närmare på, förbränns biomassa för att skapa fjärrvärme, men istället för att CO2 släpps ut i luften så fångas den upp och komprimeras till flytande form. Därefter kan CO2 transporteras till en injektionsanläggning för att slutligen pumpas ner i en geologiskt lämplig berggrund. Denna process kan resultera i negativa utsläpp om mer CO2 lagras än vad processen skapar och släpper ut. Målet med detta kandidatexamensarbete är att undersöka energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 under förvätskningen, den kortsiktiga lagringen, transporten samt den långsiktiga lagringen av CO2. Kandidatexamensarbetet är framförallt baserat på data insamlad i form av en litteraturstudie. Denna data har även kompletterats med data från flertalet intervjuer med forskare och anställda på företag som arbetar med BECCS. Flera antaganden har varit nödvändiga då det i dagsläget finns en brist på information angående energianvändningen och läckaget av CO2 i processens delsteg. Energianvändningen för injektionen av CO2 förblir okänd då det inte fanns någon relevant information att tillgå. Då läckaget visade sig vara försumbart eller noll i flera delsteg, utgör energianvändningen en signifikant andel av de totala utsläppen. De största utsläppen av CO2 inom ramen för BECCS processen orsakas därför av förvätskningsprocessen och transporten av CO2 då dessa delar är mest energikrävande. Resultatet av kandidatexamensarbetet kan sammanfattas i tre scenarion, ett lågt scenario, ett median scenario och ett högt scenario. Slutsatsen var att samtliga inkluderade steg av BECCS resulterar i ett utsläpp mellan 49-58 kg koldioxidekvivalenter (CO2e) per ton CO2 som lagras. För att kunna kvantifiera den totala klimatpåverkan av BECCS finns ett behov av ytterligare studier som tar hänsyn till alla delsteg under processen.

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Kilpatrick, Andrew David. "Fluid-mineral-CO2 interactions during geological storage of carbon dioxide". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8889/.

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In order utilise geological carbon dioxide storage (GCS) at an industrial scale predictions of reservoir scale behaviour, both chemical and physical must be made. In order to ground-truth the geochemical data underlying such predictions, laboratory experiments at temperatures and CO2 pressures relevant to GCS are essential. Mineral dissolution rate, CO2 solubility and pH data has been collected from batch experiments carried out on quartz, K-feldspar, albite, calcite, dolomite and Sherwood Sandstone materials. These experiments were designed to assess the influence of a variety of factors on dissolution rates: changes in grain size from 125μm - 180μm to 500μm - 600μm; changes in fluid composition from deionised water to 1.36M NaCl solution; changes in CO2 pressure from 4 bar to 31 bar; changes in temperature from 22°C to 70°C. Experiments carried out on the Sherwood Sandstone material also included work on consolidated rock, rather than the powder used in other experiments. Calculated dissolution rates for silicates were found to agree well with values calculated from literature-sourced dissolution equations and the USGS-produced general rate equation (USGS 2004) was found to be suitable for predicting these rates. Calculated dissolution rates for the carbonate minerals was found to be strongly retarded due to transport effects, with literature-sourced equations significantly over-predicting dissolution rates. Dissolution of the sandstone material was found to be dominated by K-feldspar and dolomite dissolution, rates of which compare favourably with those obtained from the single mineral experiments. A significant increase in porosity was observed in the core flow-through experiment, associated with dolomite dissolution. Several experiments were carried out using a Hele-Shaw cell in order to visualise the formation and migration of density plumes which form as CO2 dissolved into unsaturated fluids. Introduction of NaCl and decreases in permeability were found to significantly retard migration of CO2 saturated fluid, while minor heterogeneities in the cells served to focus and accelerate plume movement. Modelling work suggests that predictive models currently underestimate the rapidity of formation and migration of these plumes.

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Libri sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Émissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énérgie. 2^a ed. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2004.

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Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Émissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énérgie. 2^a ed. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2003.

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Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Emissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'énergie. 2^a ed. Paris: OECD, 2000.

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Viöl, Wolfgang. Gütegeschaltete Niederdruck-CO2-Laser. Berlin: Köster, 1994.

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CO2 enrichment in the greenhouse: Principles and practice. Portland, Or: Timber Press, 1988.

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Cenian, Adam. Physical processes in the CO2-lasers media. Gdańsk: Wydawn. Instytutu Maszyn Przepływowych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2006.

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Sugimoto, Hiroyuki. A method forestimating the sea-air CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean. Tsukuba-shi: Meteorological Research Institute, 2012.

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Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2010.

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Offenhauser, Friedrich. Limits to the modulation of high power CO2 lasers. Koln: DFVLR, 1986.

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Pembina cardium CO2 monitoring pilot: A CO2-EOR project, Alberta, Canada : final report. Sherwood Park, Alta: Geoscience Publishing, 2009.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Flammer, Josef, Maneli Mozaffarieh e Hans Bebie. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2)". In Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, 139–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32261-7_11.

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Aresta, Michele, e Angela Dibenedetto. "The CO2 Revolution". In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 219–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_12.

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Hirota, E., K. Kuchitsu, T. Steimle, J. Vogt e N. Vogt. "78 CO2 Carbon dioxide". In Molecules Containing No Carbon Atoms and Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 311. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70614-4_279.

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Stierstadt, Klaus. "The Carbon Dioxide CO2". In essentials, 11–13. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38313-8_3.

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Hu, Boxun, e Steven L. Suib. "Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO2". In Green Carbon Dioxide, 51–97. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118831922.ch3.

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Clark, Ezra L., e Alexis T. Bell. "Chapter 3. Heterogeneous Electrochemical CO2 Reduction". In Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry, 98–150. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788015844-00098.

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Majchrzak-Kucęba, Izabela. "CO2". In The Carbon Chain in Carbon Dioxide Industrial Utilization Technologies, 17–35. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003336587-2.

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Aresta, Michele, e Angela Dibenedetto. "Use of CO2 as Technical Fluid (Technological Uses of CO2)". In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 123–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_8.

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Aresta, Michele, e Angela Dibenedetto. "Solar Chemistry and CO2 Conversion". In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 177–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_10.

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Aresta, Michele, e Angela Dibenedetto. "Reduction of the CO2 Production". In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 45–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Freed, Charles. "Ultrastable Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers". In Cambridge Symposium-Fiber/LASE '86, a cura di Evan P. Chicklis e Daniel W. Trainor. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.937274.

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Hovorka, Susan. "Monitoring CO2 EOR Projects To Document Storage Permanence". In ACI’s 4th Carbon Dioxide Utilization Conference San Antonio, TX February 2015. US DOE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1749868.

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Tang, Ying, Sharad Yedave, Oleg Byl, Joseph Despres, Eric Tien, Steve Bishop e Joseph Sweeney. "Carbon Implantation Performance Improvement by Mixing Carbon Monoxide (CO) with Carbonyl Fluoride (COF2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)". In 2016 21st International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit.2016.7882851.

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Besua, C. E. "Effects of Impurities on Carbon Dioxide Storage Processes". In Second EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop 2010. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.155.8601.

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Gomez, J. L., e C. L. Ravazzoli. "Modelling the Reflectivity of a Carbon Dioxide Transition Zone". In Third EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143829.

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Jeng, F. F., J. F. Lewis, J. C. Graf e S. LaFuse. "CO2 Compressor Requirements for Integration of Space Station Carbon Dioxide Removal and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Assemblies". In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2195.

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Bae, Seong Jun, Yoonhan Ahn, Jekyoung Lee e Jeong Ik Lee. "Hybrid System of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle and Carbon Dioxide Rankine Cycle Combined Fuel Cell". In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25238.

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The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle has been receiving a lot of attention because it can achieve compact configuration and high thermal efficiency at relatively low temperature (450∼750 °C). However, to achieve high thermal efficiency of S-CO2 Brayton cycle, it requires a highly effective recuperator. Moreover, the temperature difference in the heat receiving section is limited for the S-CO2 Brayton cycle to achieve high thermal efficiency results in high mass flow rate and potentially high pressure drop in the cycle. Thus, to resolve these problems while providing flexibility to match with various heat sources, authors suggest a hybrid system of S-CO2 Brayton and Rankine cycle. This hybrid system utilizes the waste heat of the S-CO2 Brayton cycle as the heat input to the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Rankine cycle. Thus, the recuperator effectiveness does not always have to be high to achieve high efficiency, which results in reduction of the recuperator volume reduction. By controlling amount of the heat transfer from the cooler of the S-CO2 Brayton cycle to the Rankine cycle, the total system can be compact and can achieve wider operating range. Thus, the hybrid system of S-CO2 Brayton cycle and CO2 Rankine cycle can be coupled to various heat sources with more flexibility without trading off the performance. In this paper, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) system is selected to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed hybrid cycle system while comparing the proposed system’s performance to that of other cycle layouts as well.

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Ahmad, Mansor, Norhafizah Mohamed e Kazuo Nakayama. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Distribution in the Malay Basin, Malaysia". In PGCE 2005. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.257.4.

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Zakariasen, Kenneth, Joseph Barron e Thomas Boran. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser effects on dental hard tissues". In ICALEO® ‘88: Proceedings of the Laser Research in Medicine, Dentistry & Surgery Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5057954.

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Goh, C. C., L. M. Kamarudin, S. Shukri, N. S. Abdullah e A. Zakaria. "Monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in vehicle cabin". In 2016 3rd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iced.2016.7804682.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Carbon dioxide (CO2)"

Iota, V., Z. Jenei, J. Klepeis, W. Evans e C. Yoo. Pressure Induced Bonding Changes in Carbon Dioxide: Six Fold Coordinated CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926013.

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Judd, Kathleen S., Angela R. Kora, Steve A. Shankle e Kimberly M. Fowler. Inventory of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967004.

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Author, Not Given. Hydrogenation of Clean Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas Streams to Higher Molecular Weight Alcohols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035373.

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Lindquist, W. Brent. Up-Scaling Geochemical Reaction Rates for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Deep Saline Aquifers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948548.

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Howard, William R., Brian Wong, Michelle Okolica, Kimberly S. Bynum e R. A. James. The Prenatal Development Effects of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Exposure in Rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada583166.

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Peters, Catherine A. Up-Scaling Geochemical Reaction Rates for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Deep Saline Aquifers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1064444.

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Sun, Xiaolei, e Nancy T. Rink. Integrated Energy System with Beneficial Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Use - Final Scientific/Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1012555.

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Ruiz, Pauline, Achim Raschka, Pia Skoczinski, Jan Ravenstijn e Michael Carus. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as Chemical Feedstock for Polymers – Technologies, Polymers, Developers and Producers. Nova-Institut GmbH, gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/prwk5546.

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Hancu, Dan. Large Pilot-Scale Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture Project Using Aminosilicone Solvent.Final Scientific/Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1414342.

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Bansel, Prateek, Rubal Dua, Rico Krueger e Daniel Graham. Are Consumers Myopic About Future Fuel Costs? Insights from the Indian two-wheeler market. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp13.

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India has the world’s third highest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, after China and the United States. The transportation sector is the third largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in India, accounting for roughly 11% of all carbon dioxide emissions in 2016. Road transport accounts for around 94% of the total carbon dioxide emissions of the transportation sector.

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