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Tesi sul tema "Caractérisation operando"
Kouvatas, Cassandre. "Caractérisation structurale multiéchelle operando de catalyseurs industriels de type phosphate de vanadium". Thesis, Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCR0042.
Testo completoVanadium phosphates are used in industry as catalysts for the oxidation of butane into maleic anhydride. This class of material has been studied since the 1980s in order to improve the catalytic performances. However, most studies focus on the supposed active surface, whereas recent work revealed the importance of the bulk material for the catalytic activity. Moreover, the structural descriptions of the VOPO4 polymorphs still show some inaccuracies. The existence and the role of the VOPO4 which are evidenced in the post mortem catalyst are still debated. Thus, this manuscript offers a structural characterization of these materials using a multiscale approach, combining theoretical calculations, ex situ, in situ and operando solid state NMR (31P and 51V) and X-ray diffraction studies. Different features have been developed : - The synthesis of the polymorphs VOPO4 has been study, because these compounds are difficult to obtain with a good purity and are sensitive to the preparation route; - Besides, a methodological investigation has been developed, linked with the improvement of the resolution of the 31P spectra. Furthermore, essential elements have been provided thanks to the combination of GIPAW NMR parameters calculations, homonuclear dipolar correlation experiments and extraction of NMR parameters (other than isotropic chemical shift). Room temperature studies have been made on VOPO4 including the local ordering aspects ; - Structural studies have also been realized in situ and under non-reactive atmosphere, combining solid state NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques in order to evaluate the changes induced by temperature (ordering, influence on phase transitions). In the same way, solid state NMR and X-ray diffraction operando experiments have been performed to study the VOPO4 polymorphs and the (VO)2P2O7 under catalytic conditions, in order to have a better description of the behavior of these phases during the industrial process. This fundamental approach will provide a better understanding of the structure of these compounds and more precisely in catalytic conditions
Colinot, Fanny. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie Infra-rouge Operando des espèces absorbées et réactionnelles en catalyse d'oxydation". Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2030.
Testo completoIncoming new regulations concerning environmental protection require new combustion solutions. In this context Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) systems are developed. These allow a reduction consummation of fuel and, at the same time, a reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions. However, the oxidation catalysis will be affected by these rather low working temperatures and will lead to high levels of CO and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas. It will be thus necessary to increase the oxidation catalytic performances in order to ensure the total oxidation of CO and hydrocarbon species at low temperatures, preferably without any NO to NO2 oxidation. This work deals with the infrared in situ and operando studies of several materials chosen as suitable oxidation catalysts. The operando study is a pertinent technique to analyze both the different species which are adsorbed on the surface and the activity of the catalyst when it is exposed to a gas flow representative of a LTC exhaust mixture under realistic conditions. The results of these analyses have allowed us to put in evidence differences in behavior between Pd and Pt supported catalysts. All the Pd supported catalysts have presented, on the whole, better performances than the Pt supported catalysts. Moreover the NO to NO2 oxidation is very limited (<4 ppm over 350°C) on the palladium catalyst. The quantity of palladium can be considerably decreased by increasing the dispersion without affecting the catalytic activity. The Pd/ZrPrO2 catalyst has shown the most promising performances and has been studied in detail (stability, optimization…)
Krause, Kevin. "Caractérisation infrarouge operando des électrolyseurs à membrane électrolytique polymère pour la séparation de l'eau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0022.
Testo completoUnderstanding and improving mass and ionic transport mechanisms within the membrane used in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water splitting electrolyzers is vital for achieving improved efficiencies that would enable the use of water electrolysis in sustainable energy infrastructures. A better understanding of mass and ion transport within the PEM are essential to achieving the improved performance and efficiencies necessary for wide-scale commercialization of these devices. The work from this thesis aims to improve characterization methods for measuring PEM hydration using an operating microfluidic PEM electrolysis chip coupled with operando infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This development of this thesis is organized through two parts.In part one and prior to the development of the microfluidic electrolyzer, the experimental setup for IR characterization via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and IR thermography was developed. This setup was tested through a microfluidic chip designed for semi-transparency in mid-wave IR light. Two exothermic acid-base reactions were imaged in the chip to simultaneously quantify heat and mass transport in the microfluidic channel. Concentration fields of each chemical species and thermal fields of the chemical reactions were resolved from the acquired IR images. Experimental results were used to validate an advection diffusion simulation of the chemical reaction within a meshed replica of the microfluidic chip, for which there was a strong agreement between the results from each dataset.In part two, the methods from part one were honed for the fabrication of the first microfluidic PEM water electrolyzer for transmission-based IR characterization. The water content within the PEM of the microfluidic water electrolyzer was characterized through two operando IR spectroscopy setups. The first IR experimental setup utilized a synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy setup, where the water content of the PEM was quantified using IR for the first time, albeit only at a single point. The second microfluidic PEM electrolyzer setup used a broadband IR source combined with other techniques to distinguish contributions from ohmic, kinetic, and mass transport losses while acquiring IR images. Images were acquired during potentiostatic operation for a range of anolyte concentrations. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and distribution of relaxation times (DRT) unveiled that higher anolyte concentrations were accompanied by reduced ohmic losses but higher kinetic and mass transport losses. The higher mass transport losses were investigated through images averaged over comparable time scales to EIS and DRT results, and implied that inefficient gas removal occurred at the cathode. These effects were further investigated through the PEM hydration (λ_(H_2 O)) via three characteristic regions where the adjacent channels were either wet, dry, or a mix of both. The local channel wetness was observed to strongly affect the PEM’s hydration through gradients that manifested between cathode and anode channels.Results from this thesis show the potential of transmission-based IR techniques for elucidating transport mechanisms in PEMs of operating microfluidic electrolyzers. Implementing layers that are traditionally implemented in fuel cells and electrolyzers for gas-liquid management into the microfluidic PEM electrolyzer could greatly improve results obtained from the presented methods. Consequently, IR techniques could potentially be used to achieve the contactless quantification of phenomena such as electro- or thermo-osmotic drag. The findings in this thesis provide valuable insights for membrane characterization in electrochemical devices with integrated PEMs, and will inform the next generation of electrolyzer design
Gousseau, Simon. "Caractérisation in operando de l’endommagement par électromigration des interconnexions 3D : Vers un modèle éléments finis prédictif". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0015/document.
Testo completo3D integration, conception mode of chips stacking, aims at both systems densification and functions diversification. The downsizing of 3D interconnects dimensions and the increase of current density rise the hazard related to electromigration. An accurate knowledge of the phenomenon is required to develop a predictive modeling of the failure in order to anticipate the difficulties as soon as the stage of technologies conception. Thus, a hitherto unseen SEM in operando observation method is devised. The test structure with “high density” through silicon vias (TSV) is tested at 350 °C with an injected current density of about 1 MA/cm², and simultaneously characterized. Regular shots of micrographs inform about the voids nucleation, forced in copper lines above the TSV, and about the scenario of their evolution. Islets formation and voids curing are also observed during the tens to hundreds hours of tests. A clear relation is established between voids evolution and the one of the electrical resistance. The different tests, completed by post-mortem analyses (FIB-SEM, EBSD, TEM), demonstrate the impact of microstructure on the depletion mechanism. Grains boundaries are preferential voids nucleation sites and influence the voids evolution. A probable effect of grains size and crystallographic orientation is revealed. Finally, the study focuses on the implementation of a multiphysics modeling in a finite elements code of the voids nucleation phase. This modeling is constituted of the main terms of the migration management
Antitomaso, Philippe. "Caractérisation et évolution du mécanisme électrochimique d'électrodes négatives à base d'étain et d'antimoine". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT195/document.
Testo completoThis thesis takes place following on from the results obtained by C. Marino on a conversion type material TiSnSb. The interesting electrochemical performance of TiSnSb vs. Li are due to a close mixture of the lithiated species at the end of the discharge. All the interfaces between lithiated antimony phase (Li3Sb), lithiated tin phase (Li7Sn2) and titanium nanoparticles are optimized, leading to a facilitated charge transfer, which assures the rebuilding of TiSnSb on charge. In this context, the main objective was to try to create same type of mixture at the end of the discharge, with an adjustable nature and amount of elements leading to an effective conversion reaction. Through numerous tests, it was proved that the pristine fingerprint material created by the intermetallic crystalline compound play a key role in the conversion mechanism, which is tricky to reproduce by some other ways.The synthesis was oriented toward SnSb to evaluate the role of titanium in the good performance of TiSnSb. Tin antimony alloy was completely investigated as negative electrode material, from the synthesis to the electrochemical mechanism at 25°C and 60°C at the first cycle and its evolution throughout the cycling. Furthermore, failure mechanism was also identified.A new synthetic route for the intermetallic compounds as electrode active materials was developed by using the microwaves. The synthesis takes place directly under air, without oxide formation in a record time of one minute for 1 gram of SnSb. Electrochemical performance of microwave-SnSb were compared with that of SnSb prepared by mecanosynthesis.The electrochemical mechanism of SnSb, poorly described in the literature was reinvestigated. Considering the complexity of the electrochemical mechanism, operando XRD and 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy were both performed on SnSb and on the simple mixture of Sn+Sb. Analysis of galvanostatic measurements of SnSb alloy, Sn+Sb mixture and Sb vs. Li was completed to identify the mechanism and understanding failure mechanism.The last part of the thesis was devoted to the ageing mechanism of SnSb depending on the cycling temperature. The cycling duration was 6 months and one year at 60°C and 25°C respectively. These long cycling highlighted some original phenomena, never described in the literature, which are still under investigation
Yoboue, Anthony. "Préparation et caractérisation de catalyseurs bifonctionnels Re/SiO2 pour la conversion directe de méthanol en diméthoxyméthane". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10131/document.
Testo completoBulk or supported rhenium oxide based catalysts, are known to have good performances in terms of direct conversion of methanol to dimethoxymethane. This refined reaction needs a bifunctional acid-redox catalyst and, is in line with short process research dealing with biomass reagents. The supported oxorhenate active phase structure is still under debate, but seems to be highly dependent of (i) the rhenium oxide fast desorption rate (ii) and the support physical-chemical properties. In this study, we have, without any doubt, shown the presence of several entities which seem to be dependent of the rhenium loading. In the case of conformist catalysts, the massive rhenium oxide desorption during the reaction makes it very difficult to correlate structure and reactivity. So, we developed an alternate synthesis path and prepared a Re/SiO2 catalyst, which performances are among the best up to date. Thanks to an opening in situ study based on Raman spectroscopy and XAS in Operando conditions, it has been possible to suggest, for this active phase, a genuine structure looking like RexOy.nH2O. Other specificities, like the catalyst nano-structure are mentioned to explain the rhenium desorption restriction. During the reaction, the redox couple ReVI/ReIV is responsible of the mild methanol oxidation to formaldehyde, while the ReVII specie possesses enough acidity to rapidly condensate two methanol molecules with the absorbed formaldehyde to form dimethoxymethane
Tonin, Guillaume. "Caractérisation operando des accumulateurs Li/S par tomographie d’absorption et diffraction des rayons X, vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes électrochimiques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI036/document.
Testo completoThe main objective was to identify the degradations phenomena and the limiting processes occurring while cycling Li/S accumulators to therefore put in relation the electrode morphology, the cell design, the electrochemical performances and the degradations phenomena. A new design of operando cell has been developed to be suitable with ESRF experiments. Operando Absorption and X-ray Diffraction tomography technics were performed. Thanks to both technics, the morphological changes and transport limitation kinetics along the 3D positive electrode have been evidenced. In addition, the lithium electrode/electrolyte interface has been characterized and heterogeneous stripping/plating has been evidenced, leading to low electrochemical performances while cycling
Lesage, Clément. "Caractérisation par Quick-XAS operando du rôle de l’additif organique sur le mécanisme de sulfuration en phase liquide des catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS565.
Testo completoTo meet the environmental standards on the sulfur content in fuels and improve the eco-efficiency of hydrotreatment processes, one lever is to develop more and more efficient catalysts. In the last years, the improvement of catalytic performances has been made possible by the addition of organic additives whose role is to improve the dispersion of the oxide precursors on the support and/or create a complex with the metals, which could lead to a simultaneous sulfidation and to a more active catalyst. Before its use, the catalyst may be activated via two different methods. The first one with a gas mixture (H₂S/H₂, 1 bar), was largely used at the laboratory scale to study the effect of organic additives. However, the second activation method with a liquid phase (Gasoil/H₂/DMDS) under 30 bar at 350°C is the one used at the industrial scale. To study in situ the sulfidation mechanism of additivated HDT catalysts in industrial conditions, a Quick-XAS analytical cell was developed and validated on the ROCK beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron. Quick-XAS is a technique of choice to characterize the formation of the active phase during the activation procedure and therefore evidence the role of organic additives (citric acid, triethyleneglycol, thioglycolic acid). This study has provided us with new knowledge to explain the changes observed in the active phase during liquid phase sulfidation and their effect on catalytic performance. In addition, coupling the Raman spectroscopy and the absorption spectroscopy to study the oxide phase has led to a better understanding of the role of the organic additives studied from the solid synthesis stage
Rochet, Amélie. "Caractérisation structurale de catalyseurs hétérogènes en conditions de fonctionnement par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X résolue dans le temps". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756909.
Testo completoLin, Haowen. "Realization and study of functional nano-circuits created by nanolithography on artificial multi-ferroic oxide heterostructures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP076.
Testo completoOxide electronics have attracted significant attention due to their rich variety of applicable mechanisms, such as resistive-switching and 2D electron gas. Conversely, artificial multiferroic oxide heterostructures, combing multiple functional ferroic properties, offer several degrees of freedom and functionalities for circuits. By integrating these two strategies, this study focuses on pioneering novel reconfigurable circuits based on epitaxial FeOₓ (or NiFe₂O₄)/\ce{BaTiO₃} heterostructures. An initial thorough investigation into the ferroic properties of the NiFe₂O₄/BaTiO₃ system not only established a solid foundation for later circuits designs, but also unveiled the diminished magnetic properties at the interface, for which issue a cure is proposed. Subsequent X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM) studies indicate that electric field poling can induce local chemical reduction, potentially increasing local conductance, which is a fundamental prerequisite for designing reconfigurable circuits. Through iterations of electrical testing, analysis, and improvement, we realized devices written by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) in epitaxial FeOₓ (or NiFe₂O₄)/BaTiO₃ heterostructures, where two electrodes defined by lithography are connected by a biased-PFM-tip-written conduction channel. The devices demonstrate a remarkable resistance change ratio of up to 9444\% in the FeOₓ/BaTiO₃ system. The scalability of resistance with device size indicates a homogeneous switching effect, pivotal for industrial applications. In situ and operando measurements have been developed and performed at multiple synchrotron beamlines to investigate the local chemical and structural changes with current injection. Intriguingly, two distinct breakdown patterns, in-plane and out-of-plane, were identified. The in-plane breakdown is typically characterized by the melting of electrodes, aggregation of Ti and Fe (observed by XPEEM and μ-X-ray fluorescence mapping), and degradation of crystallinity of the multilayers both beneath the electrode and the conduction channel (revealed by μ-X-ray diffraction). Conversely, the out-of-plane breakdown pattern exhibited multiple significant resistance drops with increasing injected current, without apparent in-plane structural or chemical variations. Complementary ex situ HRTEM (High resolution transmission electron microscopy) investigations of the cross-section of post mortem device suggest that the origin of out-of-plane breakdown is the formation of amorphous-phase vias (conduction paths) through the original epitaxial BaTiO₃ layer. These phenomena offer unique insights into current injection and breakdown effects in oxide electronics, paving the way for targeted optimization to enhance the robustness and reliability of oxide-based devices