Tesi sul tema "Capteurs quantiques"
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Tran, Manh Trung. "Développement de capteurs nanocomposites quantiques résistifs pour la prévention des escarres". Thesis, Lorient, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORIS514.
Testo completoBedsores or chronic skin wounds (in general) have been called ‘a silent epidemic’ posing a significant threat to public health and the economy. However, the current wounds monitoring managements are not only extremely expensive and not mobile but often limited to a single factor monitoring such as vertical pressure, pH or moisture level. Therefore, the willing to implement preventative measurements by another technique which is low-cost, portable and able to monitor several risk factors of bedsores, especially at its early-stage, is the origin of this research. Undertaking an inspiration from our previous research on the development of polymer nanocomposite-based sensors, this thesis was initiated by Prof. Jean-François Feller with the objective to the development of Quantum Resistive Sensors (QRS) for the anticipate detection of bedsores (especially for disable patients who are not capable to move their body by their own self). This has been performed following two strategies: (i) analysis of emited from skin volatile organic compounds (biomarkers) from bedsores by quantum resistive vapour sensors (vQRS) and (ii) pressure monitoring by a quantum resistive pressure sensor (pQRS). On the first approach, a electronic nose (E-nose) composed of nine quantum resistive vapour sensors (vQRS) was fabricated to analyse synthetic blends including three bedsores biomarkers (benzyl alcohol, tetradecene and pentadecane) and water. Then, a set of real samples (healthy skin taken from the healthy volunteer’s skin, background and two bedsores samples collected from the bedsores patients’ skin) was successfully collected and analysed by our current E-nose. On the second approach, hybrid TPU/pG2%/CNT4% nanocomposites were assembled into a 4 then 16 sensors array to prove feasibility to monitor applied forces in real time. Nowadays, wearable health devices are required to better monitor health status and provide more data to clinicians with a potential for earlier diagnostic and guidance of treatment. Therefore, a Human Machine Interface (HMI) based on a Raspberry PI Card with a touch screen and Bluetooth connection has been successfully developed to effectively follow applied forces in real time
Das, Aparna. "Boîtes quantiques de semi-conducteurs nitrures pour des applications aux capteurs opto-chimiques". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870365.
Testo completoLassoued, Saïda. "Modélisation de transistors a homo et hétéro-jonctions, compatibles avec une filière submicronique : influence de phénomènes quantiques". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0089.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is the study of a submicronic bi polar transistor, compatible with a silicon technology (BICMOS), developed by CNET lndustry (Meylan-France). First of all, we discuss with the doping level profiles. We develop a (co)diffusion modeling into the polysilicon and the monocrystalline silicon underneath. Then, we present static electrical characteristics such Gummel's ones, and dynamic measurements such as capacitances. We consider the effects of process on device parameters such as current gain and cut-off frequency. These characterizations point out the technological drawbacks concerning the device behavior. The core of the subject lies in developing a bidimensional device simulator dealing with the so-called drift-diffusion model. Moreover, we have to model the electrical transport through a very thin oxide (15 A) located between polysilicon and monosilicon, which increases the gain current by decreasing the hale current. Then we add the resolution of the Schroedinger equation to make the simulations fully numerical. The method used for this former one is a transfer matrix algorithm. Finally, we study a hetero junction transistor structure: a bipolar transistor with a SiGe-doped base. This structure gives high cut-off frequency specified for RF applications
Israbian, Claude. "Détecteurs infrarouge quantiques multi-éléments : analyse de limitations intrinsèques et mise en oeuvre de techniques contribuant à un fonctionnement optimal". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30070.
Testo completoFoix, Dominique. "Caractéristiques structurales et électroniques de verres chalcogénures : Etude par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS) et calculs quantiques". Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3032.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is the analysis by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) of chalcogenide glasses associated with theoretical calculations. The first part of this report deals with thiosilicate and thiogermanate glasses for which a XPS analyses of core peaks allowed us to determine the influence of a change of modifier content and nature. In order to support the experimental results, ab initio calculations (HF - LanL2DZ) were performed on clusters modelling thiogermanate glasses. Beside this core peak study, the XPS valence spectra of thiogermanate and thiosilicates glasses were analysed. These analyses were based on theoretical calculations performed in a FPLAPW method on reference crystalline materials such as GeS2, Na2GeS3 et SiS2. The second part of this report concerns the study of the chemical evolution (for soaked samples) at the surface of a membrane of chemical sensors based on thioarseniate glasses and sensitive to cupric ions
Aristin, Pascale. "Fabrication et caractérisation de photodiodes à avalanche à puits quantiques multiples GaAs". Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0029.
Testo completoTaleb, Fethallah. "Nouvelles sources lasers massivement accordables pour les applications télécom et les nouveaux capteurs". Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAR0003/document.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the study and realization of broadband vertical cavity lasers emitting at 1,55 µm, useful for telecom applications, integrated sensors and medical imaging. ln order to achieve tunable VCSELs over broad spectral range(>> 50 nm), this thesis focused on the study and improvement the key components of these devices, which are: Bragg mirrors, active region and optical and thermal performances of VCSELs. The high index contrast (Δn~1,9) of dielectric materials (a-Si/a-SiN.) allowed a large bandwidth mirror (~700 nm) and high reflectivity (99.6%), ensuring a good VCSEL operation. For the active region, we opted for using quantum dashes, and thanks to their size dispersion allow having a broadband gain material. The realization of the quantum dashes based VCSEL with dielectric mirrors allowed a first international demonstration of a laser emission over a broadband of 117 nm, covering the optical telecommunication C and L bands. The laser emission is obtained under continuous optical pumping up to 42°C with a maximum output power of 1.3 mW. To improve the emitted laser power, a study based on the number of the output mirror pairs was conducted. For a variable number of pairs (4, 5 and 6 pairs), the best compromise was obtained for an output mirror with 4 pairs only, for which the output power is increasing from 0.1 mW (6 pairs) to 1.3 mW (4 pairs). ln this case, besides the increase of the output power, performance improvement is also reflected by improved external differential quantum efficiency of the laser and an increase in the operating range of the pump power. To improve the thermal aspect of the VCSEL, an approach based on the use of hybrid mirror was developed. This allows to keep even to improve the reflectivity of the standard dielectric mirror while reducing its number of pairs. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated a 29 % reduction in thermal resistance, confirming the effectiveness of the hybrid mirror to be a potential alternative to standard dielectric mirror. This improvement in term of thermal dissipation allowed an increase in operating temperature up to 45°C and a maximum output power of 1.8 mW. The realization of TSHEC process based on buried hybrid mirror, allowed further optical and thermal enhancements. Thus, with a 20 µm Bragg mirror diameter, we have demonstrated a maximum output power of 2.2 mW with a larger pump power operating range and a temperature operating up to 55 °C. All these optimizations will soon be implemented within the tunable VCSEL structures of HYPOCAMP ANR project
Guillot, Fabien. "Développement de nanostructures à base de semiconducteurs III-Nitrures pour l'optoélectronique infrarouge". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10230.
Testo completoThis work focuses on the molecular-beam epitaxial growth and characterization of nanostructures based on nitride semiconductors (GaN, AlN and alloys) in order to develop advanced optoelectronic devices based on intraband transitions, towards the next generation of high-speed telecommunication systems. A first set of results reports on the growth of nitride thin layers, including AlGaN alloys. Our study has demonstrated that the growth of layers whose Al molar fraction stays below 35% requires an excess of Ga. For higher Al content, it is necessary to use In as a surfactant or to grow super-alloys GaN/AlN. Studies on doping these structures with Si have also been performed. We have then studied multilayered structures of Si-doped GaN/AlN quantum wells. They display p-polarized intersubband absorption peaks at wavelengths in the telecommunication range at room temperature. The effect of various growth and design parameters has been studied. Various characterizations were applied to the assessment of the internal electric field and the conduction band offset between GaN and AlN in our structures. About the fabrication of multilayered structures of Si-doped GaN/AlN quantum dots, we have adapted the growth techniques in order to minimize the size of the dots, to tune the intraband absorption within the telecommunication range. The absorption energy can be adjusted by modifying the amount of GaN in the dots, the growth temperature and the ripening time. Finally, these structures have been processed for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. We have focused on devices based on absorption (quantum wells and quantum dots based photodetectors, electro-optical modulators) and based on the emission of infrared light at telecommunication wavelengths. The promising performance of these devices constitutes a first step towards the fabrication of telecommunication devices based on nitride semiconductors
Guillot, Fabien. "Développement de nanostructures à base de semiconducteurs III-Nitrures pour l'optoélectronique infrarouge". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365896.
Testo completoCallen, Olivier. "Nouvelle méthode d'investigation par effet Hall des états d'interface dans les composants à base d'hétérostructures III-V". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20029.
Testo completoMarquet, Noémie. "Towards a hybrid electrostatic/atomic accelerometer for future space missions : study of rotation impact on a cold atom interferometer and mitigation strategy". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP169.
Testo completoSpace gravimetry missions aim to determine the Earth gravity field with great accuracy. The data gathered are very useful in the sciences of climatology, hydrology or geophysics and to understand global climate change. These missions board state-of-the-art space electrostatic accelerometers displaying a very good sensitivity but also a long-term drift. By combining an electrostatic accelerometer with a very stable cold atom accelerometer, the correction of this drift is possible. Such accelerometers principle relies on atomic interferometry and one of the difficulties of space measurements is the interferometer contrast loss due the satellite rotation around the Earth. In this work, we experimentally implemented a method to limit the impact of rotation of the interferometer with an original setup. The hybrid lab prototype is the combination of an electrostatic accelerometer and a cold atom interferometer. The proof-mass of the electrostatic accelerometer, very well controlled in angle and position, is employed as an actuated retro-reflection mirror for the interferometer. The method tested to limit the rotation impact, consists in the rotation of the retro-reflection mirror to keep the direction of measurement constant during the interferometer. With the rotation compensation method, a contrast recovery up to 99% was demonstrated. Moreover, the impact of such a method on the phase shift bias was also measured and confronted to models. With an accurate model, the phase shift bias can be corrected from the measurement. Lastly, a study of the expected performances of a rotation compensated atom accelerometer boarded on a satellite was conducted. Under the considered hypothesis, the rotation should lead to an acceleration uncertainty of 7 x 10⁻¹⁰ ms⁻ ² for a 1 s interrogation time
Asghari, Zahra Sadat. "Highf requency optoelectronic devices in the mid infrared wavelength region". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC111.
Testo completoMid infrared (MIR) covers the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between optics and THz ranges. This frequency range is of great interest for applications in spectroscopy and free space optical communications. The progress on unipolar devices based on intersubband transitions, has introduced in the MIR a new family of semiconductor lasers and detectors. These optoelectronic devices are indeed based on optical transitions between electronic states in the conduction band of a complex sequence of quantum wells. Their characteristic lifetime is of the order of picoseconds and therefore intersubband devices have a great potential for wideband ultrafast applications.The aim of this work is the design of a system for high data bit rate free space optical communication in the mid infrared spectral region, with all the components operating at room temperature. To this end, we investigate the high frequency performances of quantum cascade detectors (QCD) and lasers (QCL).Firstly, we carefully explore the electrical and optical characteristics of QCD at 4.9 μm operating at room temperature. A detailed study of the band structure and charge distribution at different operating temperature and under different applied bias is reported. We demonstrate a background limited infrared photodetector (BLIP) temperature of 135 K and a detectivity at this temperature of 2 × 1011 Jones, which is at the state of the art. We then focus on QCD response to high frequency modulation. We engineered and realized an electronic system compatible with high frequency operation. We report an optical response up to 5.4 GHz with a 50 × 50 (μm)2 square mesa using a gold air-bridge technology. Thanks to rectification measurements, we show that the band-pass is limited by the specific detector bandstructure. For the high frequency modulation of QCLs, we develop a plug and play system with an optimization on the injection contact that allows the demonstration of a cut off frequency of 10 GHz, limited by the photodetector. Finally, we present a proof of principle demonstration of a free space optical communication experiment using a QCL and a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) at 4 Gb/s. We use a Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation technique and we obtain a bit error rate of 10(−5)
Couturaud, Olivier. "Effets tunnels dans des nano-capteurs de Hall". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20122.
Testo completoAs part of this thesis, we studied a family of Hall effect sensors , composed of submicrometers Hall cross and microgradiometers made from optimized quantum wells. The first one left this thesis is dedicated to manufacture and to characterization of sensors. They will study everything of manners the resistance of contacts and the depletion length restricting the functioning of sensors In second part, we study the tunnel effect of electrons between the edges of the sample. In the presence of a quantizing magnetic field, at the transition between two quantized Hall plateaus, a succession of sharp peaks is detected in the Hall signal RH and in the longitudinal resistance RL. The peaks appearing on the high-í side of the RL transition appear to be different from the peaks appearing on the low-í side. They mainly differ by their temperature dependence. On the high-í side of the RL transition, the temperature evolution of the peaks is typical for resonant tunneling through a single state in one of the antidots that are progressively formed when the initially occupied LL is emptied. On the low í of the transition, by contrast, the temperature dependence is different. This may be related to the asymmetry of the density of states
Balland, Yann. "Mesure des interactions atomes-surface avec un capteur quantique à atomes froids". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS134.
Testo completoThis thesis presents the first force measurements at close range between an atom and a surface, which was the ultimate objective of the Forca-G project. The force is measured by atom interferometry with atoms trapped in potential wells formed by a vertical optical lattice. Stimulated Raman transitions are used to measure the energy difference between two wells, i.e. the force applied to the atoms. By moving the atoms to different distances from the mirror in a controlled manner using a Bloch lift, it is possible to measure variations in surface forces with a spatial resolution of the order of a micrometre. In the vicinity of the surface, a force measurement sensitivity of 3,4 x 10-28 N has been achieved, which is state-of-the-art for surface force measurements. At atom-surface distances of less than a hundred micrometres, electrostatic forces dominate, due to the electrostatic fields generated by atoms adsorbed on the surface. By modelling these fields, another force is highlighted: the Casimir-Polder force. These parasitic electric fields have been measured directly with the trapped atoms, making it possible to correct, albeit imperfectly, the measurements of the impact of the electrostatic forces. Finally, we have shown that the amplitude and the orientation of the atom-surface forces are modified by the illumination of the surface with UV light, which charges the surface
Lethien, Christophe. "Étude et réalisation d'un transducteur et d'un système de transmission fibre multimode - radio à 850nm pour applications GSM, UMTS et WIFI". Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/893b3cd1-ae6a-4f03-95cf-442695977ddc.
Testo completoMabrouk, Salima. "Synthèse par voie colloïdale et étude des propriétés optiques et structurales de nanocristaux ternaires ZnSeS dopés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0169.
Testo completoIn recent years, ternary QDs have experienced an exponential development thanks to their properties, especially their photoluminescence, which can be controlled not only by their size but also by their composition. As part of this thesis, we developed a new "green" synthesis in aqueous media of ZnSeS-doped ternary QDs and we studied the effect of the variation of the dopant (Mn2+, Cu2+, or Cu2+/Al3+) as well as its localization (in the core or in the shell) on their optical and structural properties. The first part of this work describes the synthesis of ZnSeS:Mn ternary QDs and ZnSeS:Mn/ZnS core/shell using 2-MPA as a ligand. The results obtained show that these nanocrystals can be prepared with quantum yields of 22% and 41%, respectively. These QDs have shown excellent photostability under UV irradiation and can easily be transferred to the organic phase using the hydrophobic octanethiol ligand without altering their optical properties. Subsequently, core/shell ZnSeS/ZnS:Cu/ZnS QDs for which the Cu dopant is introduced into the first shell were prepared using 3-MPA as a ligand. Excellent (photo)stability in the presence of air and oxygen was observed. ZnSeS/ZnS:Cu/ZnS core/shell QDs have a 20% photoluminescence quantum yield and have been used as photoluminescent probes for the detection of Pb2+ ions in aqueous media. A selective extinction of the photoluminescence emission in the presence of Pb2+ ions was observed. Finally, Cu and Al co-doped QDs, ZnSeS/ZnS:Cu/ZnS:Al/ZnS (first shell doped with Cu2+ and second shell doped with Al3+) were prepared. Co-doping allows the improvement of the optical properties, including quantum efficiency (up to 32%) as well as the photoluminescence lifetime of Cu-doped QDs
Luna, bugallo Andrès de. "Fabrication and characterization of nanodevices based on III-V nanowires". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112117/document.
Testo completoSemiconductor nanowires are nanostructures with lengths up to few microns and small cross sections (10ths of nanometers). In the recent years the development in the field of III-N nanowire technology has been spectacular. In particular they are consider as promising building in nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics devices; such as photodetectors, transistors, biosensors, light source, solar cells, etc. In this work, we present fabrication and the characterization of photodetector and light emitter based devices on III-N nanowires. First we present a study of a visible blind photodetector based on p-i-n GaN nanowires ensembles grown on Si (111). We show that these devices exhibit a high responsivity exceeding that of thin film counterparts. We also demonstrate UV photodetectors based on single nanowires containing GaN/AlN multi-axial quantum discs in the intrinsic region of the nanowires. Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy show spectral contributions above and below the GaN bandgap according to the variation of the discs thickness. The photocurrent spectra show a sub-band-gap peak related to the interband absorption between the confined states in the large Qdiscs. Finally we present a study of photodetectors and light emitters based on radial InGaN/GaN MQW embedded in GaN wires. The wires used as photodetectors showed a contribution below the GaN bandgap. OBIC measurements demonstrate that, this signal is exclusively generated in the InGaN MQW region. We showed that LEDs based on this structure show a electroluminescence emission and a red shift when the In content present in the QWs increases which is in good agreement with photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence results
Grappin, Florence. "Capteur multicanal à grand champ pour la détection d'ultrasons : matériaux pour l'adaptation dynamique de front d'onde : étude et implantation du capteur". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112038.
Testo completoUltrasonic waves are often used by industrials to test the structure of parts. Most of time, they work with piezoelectric transducers to generate and detect these waves but this technique needs a contact between the object to test and the transducers whereas optics allows to have non-contact and non-destructive systems (“laser-ultrasonic”). The optical detection of ultrasonic waves consists in the demodulation of the phase modulation carried by the laser beam that is backscattered by the part in which ultrasonic waves propagate. An interferometer operates this demodulation. Because of the roughness of the object’s surface, the interferometer has to be speckle insensitive. The holographic ultrasonic sensor is an interferometer that demodulates the phase in real time thanks to dynamical gratings written in a photorefractive material. The presented work can be divided into two parts. First, we studied photorefractive materials to improve the results achieved by the sensor. We compared experimental measurements for semi-conductors crystals (InP, CdTe) with the theoretical model describing their photorefractive properties. We also created a new method to characterize photorefractive multiquantum wells at a fixed wavelength and compared their efficiency in the sensor with the one obtained with bulk crystals. Second, we developed the multichannel photorefractive ultrasonic sensor. We studied the means to implement the imaging systems necessary to work with several testing points on the object, and the consequences on the eventual presence of cross-talk. Then, we implemented the experimental setup and demonstrated the simultaneous demodulation of different ultrasonic signals
Kaoukab-Raji, Jaber. "EPVOM et caractérisation de couches de Ga1-xInx(Asy)Sb1-y pour la photodétection au-delà de 2 micromètresEtude des mécanismes de croissance du Ga1-xInxSb". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20059.
Testo completoLakard, Boris. "Etude de molécules aminées bi- ou trifonctionnelles par électrochimie, spectroscopie et modélisation quantique : Application à l'élaboration de capteurs chimiques et biochimique". Besançon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA2004.
Testo completoAfter we found a new electrochemical way to synthesize thin films of polyethylenimine and polypropylenimine at electrode surfaces, we have realized a detailed electrochemical study of these reactions and we have characterized polymers obtained by electrochemical oxidation using various spectroscopies and microscopies (SEM, AFM, Raman, IR, XPS). Then we have determinated electropolymerization mechanisms using ab initio calculations. And finally, we have developed applications of these electrosynthesized polymers in the field of chemical sensors (pH sensors) and biochemical sensors (for the urea detection)
Marques, Cécile. "Étude et modélisation de la conversion rayonnement lumineux-signal électrique dans les capteurs d'images à pixels actifs". Toulouse, ENSAE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ESAE0011.
Testo completoAlauze, Xavier. "Optimisation d'un capteur de force à atomes ultrafroids piégés dans un réseau optique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS215.
Testo completoThe aim of the ForCa-G project (for Casimir-Polder Force and Gravitation) is to measure short range forces between an atom and a macroscopic surface. Our force sensor involves 87Rb atoms trapped in a vertical optical lattice where two-photon Raman transitions allow to create a coherent superposition of spatially separated states and thus realize an atom interferometer to measure the variation of the potential in the vertical direction. Given the high position dependence of atom-surface interaction forces, a very high spatial resolution of the sensor is required. A micrometric spatial resolution of the force measurement is achieved by reducing the size of the atomic source using evaporative cooling. The relative sensitivity, obtained for the measurement of the gravitational force, of 5 x 10-6 at 1 s, which averages down to 8 x 10-8 in 1 h, is at the state of the art for such a spatial resolution. Improving this resolution implies an increase in atomic density. A study of atomic interactions is then carried out in the particular configuration of our trapped atom interferometer where we have a coherent control over the wavepackets overlap. In order to improve the spatial resolution further, we will select a single eigenstate of the system. For that, we lift the degeneracy of the energy increment between adjacent wells using a super-lattice
Tonnelé, Claire. "Modélisation des propriétés photophysiques de capteurs chimiques pour des applications de détection de cations par fibre optique". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918201.
Testo completoMohgouk, Zouknak Louis David. "Optimisation d'oxydes métalliques pour la réalisation d’électrode en adéquation avec le matériau photosensible dans l'infrarouge". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT031.
Testo completoOver the past few decades, the development of zero-dimensional (0D) materials or quantum dots (QDs) has grown significantly. Among these materials, lead sulphide (PbS) QDs have received particular attention due to their outstanding properties, including tunable optical absorption from 600 to 2600 nm. PbS QDs are considered to be one of the most promising materials for the next generation of infrared sensors. There is therefore growing interest in their use in industrial applications. When these materials are integrated into optoelectronic devices, they require the use of efficient charge extraction electrodes, as well as a transparent electrical contact in the IR for better performance. In this thesis work, we studied the properties of hole extraction electrodes (HTL) based on transition metal oxides and the transparent electrical contact based on In2O3 (TCO or transparent and conductive oxide) prepared by sputtering. These studies were initially carried out on individual layers of TCO and HTL. Characterisation of the TCO films showed that hydrogen doping can improve their optical properties in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (the region of interest for the targeted applications). Secondly, in order to fabricate photodiode structures, they were integrated onto a film of PbS QDs deposited on an electrode optimised for electron extraction and transport. Appropriate characterisations have shown that ultra-thin NiOx films can be better alternatives to the MoOx layers traditionally used as hole extraction and transport materials on PbS QD films
Cobo, Elie. "Capteur d'images CMOS à sensibilité améliorée dans le proche infrarouge par des nanostructures optiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2022. http://intranet.isae-supaero.fr/intradoc/intranet/doc/theses/2022_Cobo_Elie.pdf.
Testo completoImage sensors occupy nearly half of the optoelectronic components market with a size of $19.1 billion. Their performance and the low production cost make them the leading technology for imaging in the visible range (400 nm -700 nm). On the other hand, near-infrared imaging (700 nm - 1400 nm) is also growing rapidly. Applied in the medical field, it allows the visualization of fluorescent agents in vivo, in real time and in a non-invasive way to assist in surgery, the study of diseases and diagnosis. Near-infrared medical imaging will represent $216 million in 2021 with a projection of $405 million in 2028. But the medical field is not the only application : eye tracking, gesture and facial recognition, and improved visibility at night are all features that can be leveraged for better computer vision, so the NIR sensor market is expected to grow by almost 10% annually from 2020 to 2025. Unfortunately, to take advantage of the growth of the CMOS image sensor market for near-infrared imaging faces a major problem: the imagers manufactured by the CMOS process are designed from silicon, which is certainly a very good candidate for visible absorption, but much less so for wavelengths above 800 nm. Indeed, if only a few hundred nanometers of silicon are enough to absorb light at 400 nm, it is necessary to count tens or even hundreds of micrometers for the wavelengths higher than 800 nm. To address this issue, foundries have begun to offer sensors with a deeper sensitive area, for example from 3 µm thickness optimized for the visible to 12 µm. If this process allows an improvement of the sensitivity, it deteriorates at the same time the spatial resolution of the imager induced by the increase of the crosstalk. Other solutions involving photon traps, in particular by texturing silicon, are recently investigated but require the addition of new manufacturing steps to the standard process. In this work , we have demonstrated, by opto-electrical si mulations, the design of a diffraction grating integrated from the layer of fabrication of the poly-silicon transistors gate, layer that is already present in the standard manufacturing of a CMOS image sensor. This grating has the dual function of increasing the effective propagation length in the silicon and of acting as an antireflection layer. This implementation of a grating in the image sensor with the addition of deep isolation trenches to confine the diffracted light inside the pixel, allowed a relative improvement of the external quantum efficiency of 35.5% at a wavelength of 850 nm as well as an improvement of the crosstalk of 6.9%. This architecture with an active thickness of 3 µm allows to obtain an improvement equivalent to that of an increase of the active layer by a factor of 3 without deteriorating the crosstalk that comes with this epitaxial enlargement. To go further, we studied the integration of this grating designed from the transistor gate layer to a CMOS image sensor with backside illumination. Thus, by using the grating not in transmission but in reflection, we have shown a significant improvement of the absorption in the near infrared over a wide spectral band (from 650 nm to 1100 nm). Indeed, the absorption of an image sensor with a mirror at the back face designed from a poly-silicon grating and the first aluminum metallization layer is more than twice the absorption of a standard image sensor at a wavelength of 850 nm
Cayron, Charles. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de diodes lasers, pour horloges Rubidium et Césium, refroidissement d'atomes et capteurs inertiels". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984686.
Testo completoMbow, Babacar. "Etude des réponses spectrales dans le proche infra-rouge des composés mixtes III-V, ternaires et quaternaires, à base de GaSb et de leurs dérivés". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20048.
Testo completoRaman, Venkadesh. "A smart composite based on carbon fiber and epoxy matrix for new offshore wind-turbines. Multi-scale numerical and analytical modelings". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0016.
Testo completoSmart structures have been developed as to monitor structures that have to operate in demanding industrial applications with includes harsh environments (Aeronautics and aerospace, Civil engineering, nuclear and chemical power plants…), too. Current study is focused on the suggestion of new smart composite materials that can be successfully used for wind blade structures in offshore energy generation farms. Indeed, to bring expectable energy-generation performances, new generation wind blades have to exceed 100m length, which is a hardly achievable target given that actual constitutive composite materials are based on glass-fibers, that are notably known to be very heavy and lacking stiffness. Therefore, the switch to carbon fibers (lighter and stiffer) becomes mandatory. In this thesis, we propose the implementation of a smart composite material that is based on carbon fibers and epoxy matrix (here called parent material). Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) and Quantum-Resistive Sensors (QRS) will be used for detection of over-strained areas all over the structure. This choice is expected to enable for accurate documentation and instant sending of critical information to engineers. To achieve this goal of development of a new smart material for a critical application in offshore wind generation, we have chosen to illustrate it in a research document that is grouping several aspects, summarized in 5 chapters. The thesis is conducted using numerical and analytical modelings. The document is not having the ambition to be exhaustive. It is intended to present a pragmatic research that emphasize how areas of mechanical weakness can be diagnosed, what are the solutions that can be suggested and how we can support them, what are the issues pertaining to the use of embedded sensors and some experimental results that give appraisal of current performance status and what could be future trends
Allogho, Guy-Germain. "Elaboration par E. P. V. O. M. D'un photodétecteur à Ga1-XInXSb et Ga1-XAsYSb1-Y pour télécommunications à plus de deux micromètres". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20104.
Testo completoSirmain, Gilles. "Etude, réalisation, et métrologie de photodétecteurs infrarouge à bande d'impuretés bloquée à base de silicium dopé antimoine". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30065.
Testo completoWirtschafter, Benjamin. "Interféromètre à atomes froids piégés sur puce avec séparation spatiale". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASP056.
Testo completoFor more than 30 years, many laboratories have developed atomic physics experiments to measure accelerations or rotations using atomic gases manipulated by magnetic fields and cooled by laser. However, most of these experiments are too cumbersome and fill entire rooms. Therefore, it is necessary to drastically reduce their size in order to be able to consider industrial applications to cold atom sensors outside the laboratory. Although many efforts have been made in recent years, particularly at Onera and Muquans, the size of the complete device is still too large for certain applications. In the late 1990s, it was demonstrated that atoms could be trapped and manipulated on a chip, thereby reducing both the size and power consumption of these sensors compared to laboratory experiments. It is within this framework that Thales has begun to take an interest in producing on-chip inertial sensors with cold atoms for autonomous navigation. The technique adopted by our group allows the realization of each of the functions necessary to obtain an inertial measurement unit on the same atomic chip. It is based on the selective spatial separation of atomic clouds in a magnetic trap via the dressing of internal states in the microwave domain. The objective of this thesis is to design and evaluate the feasibility of new types of inertial sensors based on interferometry, using cooled atoms trapped in the vicinity of a chip throughout the measurement sequence. In Chapter 1, we present the possible applications of atomic interferometers and the challenges to be met to miniaturize these sensors and make them embedded. We then compare the performances between competing technologies. Chapter 2 is devoted to the theoretical description of the different techniques used in the experiment. The cooling of atoms by Doppler effect and magnetic trapping are explained in particular, then we describe a sequence of Ramsey interferometry in the case of a clock, as well as in the case of an accelerometer, i.e. a sequence of Ramsey including a selective spatial separation of the two states of the interferometer using microwave dressing. In Chapter 3, we describe the entire experimental setup and all the preparation steps of the cloud of atoms from the sublimation of rubidium to the transfer into the interferometry trap. We describe there the way in which one controls the experiment as well as the various modes of detection of the atoms. In Chapter 4, we present the results obtained during the thesis. We begin by demonstrating individual selective displacements of polarized clouds in one of the two states of the interferometer, followed by simultaneous displacement of both states. We present an original method to calibrate the position of the magnetic trap, then we present the interference fringes obtained during Ramsey sequences with spatial separation of the two states. Finally, we present a study of fringe contrast as a function of cloud temperature, as well as Allan variance measures
Taforeau, Julien. "Un spectromètre à pixels actifs pour la métrologie des champs neutroniques". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065781.
Testo completoDelmas, Marie. "Analyse des performances des photodiodes à superréseaux InAs/GaSb pour le moyen infrarouge". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS260.
Testo completoAmong the high performance cooled infrared (IR) photodetector systems, the InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) is an emerging material which may complement the currently technologies already established. Over the last 10 years, the Institut d'Electronique du Sud (IES) of the University of Montpellier has developed skills in both the growth of SL materials by molecular beam epitaxy and the process fabrication of pin photodiodes. The photodiode fabricated by the IES group are at the state of the art in the mid IR (3 – 5 μm). During this thesis, we studied two structures with different SL periods for the pin active zone showing the same cut-off wavelength of 5 μm at 80K: the structure called InAs-rich structure presents InAs layer thicker than the GaSb layer in each SL period while this configuration is reversed in the case of the GaSb-rich structure. These SL structures have very different electrical and electro-optical characteristics. In particular, the current densities of the InAs-rich structure are very good, about 10-8 A/cm2 at 80K - two orders of magnitude greater than that of GaSb-rich. The aim of this thesis work was therefore to analyze the performance of these photodiodes. For this purpose, we developed a simulation method with the SILVACO TCAD tool. Using this tool, we found that the InAs-rich diodes are limited at low temperatures (typically under 120K) by generation recombination and/or by assisted tunneling currents. The lifetimes extracted from the simulation follows the T-1/2 law, which demonstrates that the limiting mechanism is SRH recombination. However, we found that we could not study the current densities of the GaSb-rich structure using the same procedure. We demonstrate that these results are strongly related to the presence of the electric field in the absorption zone of the device. This electric field generates, at low biases, a strong tunneling current through localized Wannier-Stark states, which strongly limits the overall current despite material improvements. Finally, we define the design conditions to achieve an optimized SL barrier structure and propose a design for SL structures targeting the long wavelength domain
Migliaccio, Claire. "Passifs fonctionnels en technologie supraconductrice HTc : applications aux SQUIDs couplés HF". Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0020.
Testo completoToussaint, Kathleen. "Greffage de complexes de terres rares luminescents sur silicium cristallin et silicium nano-cristallin pour la détection de NO en phase gazeuse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0107.
Testo completoThis thesis is about the synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanostructures doped with rare earth ions that can be used as sensor for gases such as nitrogen monoxide (NO). Crystalline silicon, which is used as a substrate here, is a poor light emitter because of its indirect gap. It is challenging for the microelectronic and optical telecommunications industries to obtain optical properties, including emission, from this material. Thanks to quantum confinement in silicon nanostructures, a radiative emission can be obtained at room temperature. A possible way to enhance these properties is to modify the surface in such a way that it becomes optically active. In this work, complexes containing luminescent elements as lanthanides were grafted on the silicon surface. These elements are very interesting for optical applications because the wavelength of their emission peaks is almost independent of the environment and an emission from the blue to the near infrared can be obtained, depending on the rare earth. To produce inorganic/organic hybrid materials, different steps were developed and optimized during this work. So as to attach the rare-earth based complexes to the silicon surface, that surface is oxidized in order to generate reactive groups like silanols. A second required step is the functionalization of the surface by an aminosilane (APTES) which enables to link the silica surface and the complexes. To fix the optically active ions, it is necessary to complex the lanthanide ions with a ligand (DOTAGA) that can react with the ammine group to create a covalent bound of the complex. In this work, it is shown that the synthesized lanthanide complexes (Tb, Eu, Ce, Yb and Nd) are optically active and that after grafting on the silicon surface, Tb, Eu and Ce based complexes have a strong luminescence while Yb and Nd based complexes are weakly active. The same type of results are obtained when the complexes are grafted on porous silicon. Moreover, the effect of the environment, in particular a nitrogen oxide one, is studied on these samples in order to check whether they can be used as NO sensors
Guérin, Juliette. "Synthèse et étude de ligands diaryléthènes photochromes de type Salen : Compréhension de l'interaction métal-photochrome pour la commutation optique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979420.
Testo completoJorel, Corentin. "Développement de Jonctions Supraconductrices à Effet Tunnel pour le comptage de photons en astronomie". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009943.
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