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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Capillary number"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Capillary number"

Guo, Hu, Ma Dou, Wang Hanqing, Fuyong Wang, Gu Yuanyuan, Zhaoyan Yu, Wang Yansheng e Yiqiang Li. "Proper Use of Capillary Number in Chemical Flooding". Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4307368.

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Capillary number theory is very important for chemical flooding enhanced oil recovery. The difference between microscopic capillary number and the microscopic one is easy to confuse. After decades of development, great progress has been made in capillary number theory and it has important but sometimes incorrect application in EOR. The capillary number theory was based on capillary tube bundles and Darcy’s law hypothesis, and this should always be kept in mind when used in chemical flooding EOR. The flow in low permeability porous media often shows obvious non-Darcy effects, which is beyond Darcy’s law. Experiments data from ASP flooding and SP flooding showed that remaining oil saturation was not always decreasing as capillary number kept on increasing. Relative permeability was proved function of capillary number; its rate dependence was affected by capillary end effects. The mobility control should be given priority rather than lowering IFT. The displacement efficiency was not increased as displacement velocity increased as expected in heavy oil chemical flooding. Largest capillary number does not always make highest recovery in chemical flooding in heterogeneous reservoir. Misuse of CDC in EOR included the ignorance of mobility ratio, Darcy linear flow hypothesis, difference between microscopic capillary number and the microscopic one, and heterogeneity caused flow regime alteration. Displacement of continuous oil or remobilization of discontinuous oil was quite different.

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Willführ, Alper, Christina Brandenberger, Tanja Piatkowski, Roman Grothausmann, Jens Randel Nyengaard, Matthias Ochs e Christian Mühlfeld. "Estimation of the number of alveolar capillaries by the Euler number (Euler-Poincaré characteristic)". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, n. 11 (1 dicembre 2015): L1286—L1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00410.2014.

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The lung parenchyma provides a maximal surface area of blood-containing capillaries that are in close contact with a large surface area of the air-containing alveoli. Volume and surface area of capillaries are the classic stereological parameters to characterize the alveolar capillary network (ACN) and have provided essential structure-function information of the lung. When loss (rarefaction) or gain (angiogenesis) of capillaries occurs, these parameters may not be sufficient to provide mechanistic insight. Therefore, it would be desirable to estimate the number of capillaries, as it contains more distinct and mechanistically oriented information. Here, we present a new stereological method to estimate the number of capillary loops in the ACN. One advantage of this method is that it is independent of the shape, size, or distribution of the capillaries. We used consecutive, 1 μm-thick sections from epoxy resin-embedded material as a physical disector. The Euler-Poincaré characteristic of capillary networks can be estimated by counting the easily recognizable topological constellations of “islands,” “bridges,” and “holes.” The total number of capillary loops in the ACN can then be calculated from the Euler-Poincaré characteristic. With the use of the established estimator of alveolar number, it is possible to obtain the mean number of capillary loops per alveolus. In conclusion, estimation of alveolar capillaries by design-based stereology is an efficient and unbiased method to characterize the ACN and may be particularly useful for studies on emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, or lung development.

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Zhang, Yan, Min Zhang e Shujuan Qi. "Heat and Mass Transfer in a Thin Liquid Film over an Unsteady Stretching Surface in the Presence of Thermosolutal Capillarity and Variable Magnetic Field". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8521580.

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The heat and mass transfer characteristics of a liquid film which contain thermosolutal capillarity and a variable magnetic field over an unsteady stretching sheet have been investigated. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration are established and transformed to a set of coupled ordinary equations with the aid of similarity transformation. The analytical solutions are obtained using the double-parameter transformation perturbation expansion method. The effects of various relevant parameters such as unsteady parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, thermocapillary number, and solutal capillary number on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are discussed and presented graphically. Results show that increasing values of thermocapillary number and solutal capillary number both lead to a decrease in the temperature and concentration fields. Furthermore, the influences of thermocapillary number on various fields are more remarkable in comparison to the solutal capillary number.

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Canbazoğlu, Suat, e Fazıl Canbulut. "A note on the flow coefficients of capillary tube and small orifice restrictors exposed to very low Reynolds number flow". Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 57, n. 3 (1 giugno 2005): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368790510595084.

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PurposeThe main objective of this study was to obtain the flow restricting capacity by determining their flow coefficients and to investigate the unsteady flow with low Reynolds number in the flow‐restricting devices such as orifices and capillary tubes having small diameters.Design/methodology/approachThere is an enormous literature on the flow of Newtonian fluids through capillaries and orifices particularly in many application fields of the mechanical and chemical engineering. But most of the experimental results in literature are given for steady flows at moderate and high Reynolds numbers (Re>500). In this study, the unsteady flow at low Reynolds number (10<Re<650) through flow‐restricting devices such as orifices and capillary tubes having very small diameters between 0.35 and 0.70 mm were experimentally investigated.FindingsThe capillary tubes have much more capillarity property with respect to equal diameter orifices. Increasing the ratio of capillary tube length to tube diameter and decreasing the ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter before orifice increase the throttling or restricting property of the orifices and the capillary tubes. The orifices can be preferred to the capillary tubes having the same diameter at the same system pressure for the hydraulic systems or circuits requiring small velocity variations. The capillary tubes provide higher pressure losses and they can be also used as hydraulic accumulators in hydraulic control devices to attenuate flow‐induced vibrations because of their large pressure coefficients. An important feature of the results obtained for capillary tubes and small orifices is that as the d/D for orifices increases and the L/d reduces for capillary tubes, higher values C are obtained and the transition from viscous to inertia‐controlled flow appears to take place at lower Reynolds numbers. This may be explained by the fact that for small orifices with high d/D ratios and for capillary tubes with small L/d ratios, the losses due to viscous shear are small. Another important feature of the results is that the least variations in C for small orifices and the higher variations in C for capillary tubes occur when the d/D and L/d ratios are smallest. This has favourable implications in hydraulic control devices since a constant value for the C may be assumed even at relatively low values of Re.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, there is not enough information in the literature about the flow coefficients of unsteady flows through capillary tubes and small orifices at low Reynolds numbers. This paper fulfils this gap.

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Truby, J. M., S. P. Mueller, E. W. Llewellin e H. M. Mader. "The rheology of three-phase suspensions at low bubble capillary number". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, n. 2173 (gennaio 2015): 20140557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0557.

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We develop a model for the rheology of a three-phase suspension of bubbles and particles in a Newtonian liquid undergoing steady flow. We adopt an ‘effective-medium’ approach in which the bubbly liquid is treated as a continuous medium which suspends the particles. The resulting three-phase model combines separate two-phase models for bubble suspension rheology and particle suspension rheology, which are taken from the literature. The model is validated against new experimental data for three-phase suspensions of bubbles and spherical particles, collected in the low bubble capillary number regime. Good agreement is found across the experimental range of particle volume fraction ( 0 ≤ ϕ p ≲ 0.5 ) and bubble volume fraction ( 0 ≤ ϕ b ≲ 0.3 ). Consistent with model predictions, experimental results demonstrate that adding bubbles to a dilute particle suspension at low capillarity increases its viscosity, while adding bubbles to a concentrated particle suspension decreases its viscosity. The model accounts for particle anisometry and is easily extended to account for variable capillarity, but has not been experimentally validated for these cases.

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Hawkes, Elizabeth D., e James E. Neffendorf. "Kestenbaum׳s capillary number test - A forgotten sign?" Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 3, n. 6 (novembre 2014): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2014.09.087.

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Kutter, Bruce L. "Effects of capillary number, Bond number, and gas solubility on water saturation of sand specimens". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, n. 2 (febbraio 2013): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0250.

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To better understand how to prepare completely water-saturated specimens or centrifuge models from dry sand, the mechanisms of the infiltration and filling of pores in sand are studied. Complete saturation has been shown by others to be especially important in studies involving the triggering of liquefaction. This paper discusses how the degree of saturation obtained during infiltration increases with the “Bond number”, Bo (ratio of body forces and capillary forces), and the “capillary number”, Ca (ratio of viscous forces and capillary forces), as well as the solubility of gas bubbles in the pore fluid. Bo is varied by changing the particle size, fluid density, and centrifugal acceleration. Ca is varied by changing the fluid viscosity and infiltration rate. The dissolution of gas is encouraged by replacing pore air by CO2 (56 times more soluble in water than N2), by de-airing the liquid prior to infiltration or by increasing the pore fluid pressure after infiltration. Infiltration experiments performed at 1g and in a centrifuge are presented. A new technique for measuring the degree of saturation is also presented. Quantitative pressure–saturation relations are presented for different gasses, illustrating the importance of replacement of air by CO2. Spinning a specimen in a centrifuge during infiltration is also useful for speeding up the saturation process and for achieving higher degrees of saturation.

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Jansons, Kalvis M. "Moving contact lines at non-zero capillary number". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 167, n. -1 (giugno 1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086002860.

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Al-Fossail, Khalid, e Lyman L. Handy. "Correlation between capillary number and residual water saturation". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 134, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(90)90273-q.

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Zhu, L., E. Lauga e L. Brandt. "Low-Reynolds-number swimming in a capillary tube". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 726 (31 maggio 2013): 285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.225.

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AbstractWe use the boundary element method to study the low-Reynolds-number locomotion of a spherical model microorganism in a circular tube. The swimmer propels itself by tangential or normal surface motion in a tube whose radius is of the order of the swimmer size. Hydrodynamic interactions with the tube walls significantly affect the average swimming speed and power consumption of the model microorganism. In the case of swimming parallel to the tube axis, the locomotion speed is always reduced (respectively, increased) for swimmers with tangential (respectively, normal) deformation. In all cases, the rate of work necessary for swimming is increased by confinement. Swimmers with no force dipoles in the far field generally follow helical trajectories, solely induced by hydrodynamic interactions with the tube walls, and in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations for Paramecium. Swimmers of the puller type always display stable locomotion at a location which depends on the strength of their force dipoles: swimmers with weak dipoles (small $\alpha $) swim in the centre of the tube while those with strong dipoles (large $\alpha $) swim near the walls. In contrast, pusher swimmers and those employing normal deformation are unstable and end up crashing into the walls of the tube. Similar dynamics is observed for swimming into a curved tube. These results could be relevant for the future design of artificial microswimmers in confined geometries.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Capillary number"

Bao, Yanyao. "Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations for Dynamic Capillary Interactions". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19592.

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Complex interactions in porous media play an important role on many industrial and geotechnical applications, such as groundwater treatment, porous catalysts, carbon geosequestration, and oil recovery. Rate-dependent wetting effects are of great significance in understanding the multiphase behaviours of porous media thus further throw light on engineering solutions to the above problems. In this thesis, a modified smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model is applied to simulate (1) the contact angle dynamics and (2) stretching of liquid bridge at meso-scale. This SPH model adopted an inter-particle force formulation with short-range repulsive force and long-range attractive force to take into account single-phase and multiphase interactions. Particularly, a newly-introduced viscous force is imposed at the liquid-solid interface to capture the rate-dependent behaviours of contact angle without prescribing additional arbitrary condition or force. After identification of model parameters, the rate-dependent contact angle behaviours are studied for both wetting and dewetting phenomena. By analysing the contact angle results of fluid at triple-line region with different moving speeds, the dynamic contact angles and corresponding capillary numbers can be correlated by power law functions. The derived correlation and constants are compared with different forms of empirical power law functions and the results are satisfactory. Moreover, we investigated the properties of stretching liquid bridges, including shape evolution, liquid transfer ratio and flow condition under dynamic loading. Different stretching rates are applied, and the shapes of liquid bridge at same breakup distance is presented. By differentiating the wettability of top and bottom substrates, the liquid transfer ratio regarding wettability difference and substrate moving speed is studied.

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Zhao, Wenfeng, e 赵文峰. "Capillary electrophoresis and related methodologies for assessment of mitochondrial number in HepG2 cells based on cardiolipin content andnanoparticle analysis". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45877531.

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Nguyen, Viet Hoai Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "A dynamic network model for imbibition and film flow". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Petroleum Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25495.

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This thesis describes a new dynamic network model for imbibition which is based on a physically realistic description of the complex dynamics of corner film flow, swelling and snap-off. The model shows that film flow is a capillary driven non-linear diffusive process and that the competition between snapoff and frontal displacements is rate dependent and results in rate dependent relative permeabilities and residual saturations. In contrast to previously published models in which length scales for snap-off are either specified a priori or calculated assuming steady-state film flow and constant film conductivities, in the present model, snap-off arises as a natural consequence of the fully transient nature of film flow and swelling. The network model is used to analyse the complex interaction between displacement rate, contact angle, aspect ratio and pore and throat shape on relative permeability and residual saturation. Computed relative permeabilities and residual saturations are compared with laboratory measurements reported in the literature. It is concluded that the magnitude of the rate effect on imbibition relative permeabilities and residual saturations for a particular rock microstructure and wettability condition depends largely on the pore-throat aspect ratio. Higher aspect ratios result in stronger rate effects than do smaller aspect ratios.

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Calisgan, Huseyin. "Comprehensive Modelling Of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability And Its Influence On Field Performance". Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606667/index.pdf.

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The productivity of most gas condensate wells is reduced significantly due to condensate banking when the bottom hole pressure falls below the dew point. The liquid drop-out in these very high rate gas wells may lead to low recovery problems. The most important parameter for determining condensate well productivity is the effective gas permeability in the near wellbore region, where very high velocities can occur. An understanding of the characteristics of the high-velocity gas-condensate flow and relative permeability data is necessary for accurate forecast of well productivity. In order to tackle this goal, a series of two-phase drainage relative permeability measurements on a moderate permeability North Marmara &ndash
1 gas well carbonate core plug sample, using a simple synthetic binary retrograde condensate fluid sample were conducted under reservoir conditions which corresponded to near miscible conditions. As a fluid system, the model of methanol/n-hexane system was used as a binary model that exhibits a critical point at ambient conditions. The interfacial tension by means of temperature and the flow rate were varied in the laboratory measurements. The laboratory experiments were repeated for the same conditions of interfacial tension and flow rate at immobile water saturation to observe the influence of brine saturation in gas condensate systems. The laboratory experiment results show a clear trend from the immiscible relative permeability to miscible relative permeability lines with decreasing interfacial tension and increasing velocity. So that, if the interfacial tension is high and the flow velocity is low, the relative permeability functions clearly curved, whereas the relative permeability curves straighten as a linear at lower values of the interfacial tension and higher values of the flow velocity. The presence of the immobile brine saturation in the porous medium shows the same shape of behavior for relative permeability curves with a small difference that is the initial wetting phase saturations in the relative permeability curve shifts to the left in the presence of immobile water saturation. A simple new mathematical model is developed to compute the gas and condensate relative permeabilities as a function of the three-parameter. It is called as condensate number
NK so that the new model is more sensitivity to temperature that represents implicitly the effect of interfacial tension. The new model generated the results were in good agreement with the literature data and the laboratory test results. Additionally, the end point relative permeability data and residual saturations satisfactorily correlate with literature data. The proposed model has fairly good fitness results for the condensate relative permeability curves compared to that of gas case. This model, with typical parameters for gas condensates, can be used to describe the relative permeability behavior and to run a compositional simulation study of a single well to better understand the productivity of the field.

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Fan, Ming. "Pore-scale Study of Flow and Transport in Energy Georeservoirs". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101863.

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Optimizing proppant pack conductivity and proppant-transport and -deposition patterns in a hydraulic fracture is of critical importance to sustain effective and economical production of petroleum hydrocarbons. In this research, a numerical modeling approach, combining the discrete element method (DEM) with the lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation, was developed to provide fundamental insights into the factors regulating the interactions between reservoir depletion, proppant-particle compaction and movement, single-/multiphase flows and non-Darcy flows in a hydraulic fracture, and fracture conductivity evolution from a partial-monolayer proppant concentration to a multilayer proppant concentration. The potential effects of mixed proppants of different sizes and types on the fracture conductivity were also investigated. The simulation results demonstrate that a proppant pack with a smaller diameter coefficient of variation (COV), defined as the ratio of standard deviation of diameter to mean diameter, provides better support to the fracture; the relative permeability of oil was more sensitive to changes in geometry and stress; when effective stress increased continuously, oil relative permeability increased nonmonotonically; the combination of high diameter COV and high effective stress leads to a larger pressure drop and consequently a stronger non-Darcy flow effect. The study of proppant mixtures shows that mixing of similar proppant sizes (mesh-size-20/40) has less influence on the overall fracture conductivity than mixing a very fine mesh size (mesh-size-100); selection of proppant type is more important than proppant size selection when a proppant mixture is used. Increasing larger-size proppant composition in the proppant mixture helps maintain fracture conductivity when the mixture contains lower-strength proppants. These findings have important implications to the optimization of proppant placement, completion design, and well production. In the hydraulic-mechanical rock-proppant system, a fundamental understanding of multiphase flow in the formation rock is critical in achieving sustainable long-term productivity within a reservoir. Specifically, the interactions between the critical dimensionless numbers associated with multiphase flow, including contact angle, viscosity ratio, and capillary number (Ca), were investigated using X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning and LB modeling. The primary novel finding of this study is that the viscosity ratio affects the rate of change of the relative permeability curves for both phases when the contact angle changes continuously. Simulation results also indicate that the change in non-wetting fluid relative permeability was larger when the flow direction was switched from vertical to horizontal, which indicated that there was stronger anisotropy in larger pore networks that were primarily occupied by the non-wetting fluid. This study advances the fundamental understanding of the multiphysics processes associated with multiphase flow in geologic materials and provides insight into upscaling methodologies that account for the influence of pore-scale processes in core- and larger-scale modeling frameworks. During reservoir depletion processes, reservoir formation damage is an issue that will affect the reservoir productivity and various phases in fluid recovery. Invasion of formation fine particles into the proppant pack can affect the proppant pack permeability, leading to potential conductivity loss. The combined DEM-LB numerical framework was used to evaluate the role of proppant particle size heterogeneity (variation in proppant particle diameter) and effective stress on the migration of detached fine particles in a proppant supported fracture. Simulation results demonstrate that a critical fine particle size exists: when a particle diameter is larger or smaller than this size, the deposition rate increases; the transport of smaller fines is dominated by Brownian motion, whereas the migration of larger fines is dominated by interception and gravitational settling; this study also indicates that proppant packs with a more heterogeneous particle-diameter distribution provide better fines control. The findings of this study shed lights on the relationship between changing pore geometries, fluid flow, and fine particle migration through a propped hydraulic fracture during the reservoir depletion process.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Stehlík, Martin. "Modelování dvoufázového proudění bublin v mikrofluidice". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318673.

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The goal of submitted thesis is to perform a computer simulation of bubble creation in T-channel. In the first section of the paper, the theoretical applications of microfluidic bubble, micromachines and droplet formation are described. In the second part of the text, author uses cross flowing method for simulation od bubble creation. Furthermore, several settings in computer simulation software Fluent are mentioned. In addition, the influence of velocity at the T-channel inlet on surface tension and on bubble length is presented.

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Oughanem, Rezki. "Étude multi-échelles des courbes de désaturation capillaire par tomographie RX". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980511.

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L'injection de tensioactifs est une méthode très appliquée dans le domaine de la récupération améliorée des hydrocarbures. Cependant, son efficacité repose sur la capacité de ces agents chimiques à mobiliser l'huile résiduelle en diminuant la tension interfaciale entre l'huile et l'eau. Des modèles à l'échelle du réservoir calculent l'efficacité de la récupération d'huile résiduelle par injection de solutions contenant des tensioactifs. Les mécanismes physiques pris en compte dans les modélisations font intervenir la physico-chimie du système roche-fluide et une courbe globale donnant la saturation résiduelle en huile en fonction du nombre capillaire (courbe de désaturation capillaire). Cette donnée est majeure dans le calcul de l'efficacité de récupération d'huile par injection de solutions de tensioactifs. En effet la mobilisation de l'huile résiduelle laissée en place après injection d'eau n'est possible qu'en augmentant considérablement le nombre capillaire. La prédiction de l'efficacité d'un procédé chimique de récupération passe par la compréhension, à l'échelle du pore, du processus de mobilisation des ganglions d'huile suivant la structure poreuse et le nombre capillaire. L'objet de cette thèse est de caractériser la récupération d'huile tertiaire en fonction du nombre capillaire dans diverses roches mouillables à l'eau. Ces courbes permettront de quantifier l'effet de la microstructure, les hétérogénéités du milieu poreux et diverses propriétés pétrophysiques sur la récupération d'huile. Cette thèse permettra aussi de caractériser les différents mécanismes d'action de tensioactifs sur la mobilisation d'huile résiduelle dans le milieu poreux. L'expérimentation par tomographie RX est utilisée. La tomographie RX permettra de caractériser les courbes de désaturation capillaire à l'échelle de Darcy et visualiser localement le déplacement d'huile résiduelle à travers les milieux poreux. Des essais d'écoulement diphasique sous micro-CT permettront d'observer in-situ et d'étudier les interfaces eau/huile et leurs évolutions en 3D au sein du milieu poreux en fonction du nombre capillaire.

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Hongbo, Li. "The effect of interfacial tension in CO₂ assisted polymer processing". Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1087479703.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 145 p. : ill. (some col.). Advisors: David L. Tomasko and L. James Lee, Dept. of Chemical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-145).

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Thiébaud, Marine. "Quelques aspects de la physique des interfaces cisaillées : Hydrodynamique et Fluctuations". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769006.

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Ce travail porte sur l'étude théorique des interfaces entre deux fluides visqueux, soumis à un écoulement de Couette plan. Dans cette situation hors d'équilibre, les fluctuations thermiques de l'interface sont modifiées en raison du couplage par le cisaillement entre les effets visqueux et les effets de tension. Comme c'est le cas pour d'autres systèmes de matière molle (par exemple, les phases lamellaires), le cisaillement peut alors amplifier ou amortir les déformations interfaciales. On s'intéresse tout d'abord à la dynamique des fluctuations interfaciales. On montre que ces dernières vérifient une équation stochastique non-linéaire, dont la solution est contrôlée par un paramètre sans dimension qui contient toute l'information sur le système. La résolution à faible taux de cisaillement révèle que le déplacement quadratique moyen des fluctuations thermiques diminue avec l'écoulement, conformément aux observations expérimentales et numériques. Ensuite, on étudie l'influence des effets inertiels sur la stabilité de l'écoulement, dans le régime des fortes viscosités et des faibles tensions. Ce régime des grands nombres capillaires n'a été que très peu étudié, mais trouve sa pertinence par exemple dans les mélanges biphasiques de colloïdes et de polymères. Des critères de stabilité simples sont mis en évidence. Finalement, on réalise une étude numérique des propriétés des fluctuations interfaciales à grand cisaillement. Bien que les effets visqueux soient dominants, il en ressort une phénoménologie similaire à certains modèles de turbulence.

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Scheid, Benoît. "Evolution and stability of falling liquid films with thermocapillary effects". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211185.

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This thesis deals with the dynamics of a thin liquid film falling down a heated plate. The heating yields surface tension gradients that induce thermocapillary stresses on the free surface, thus affecting the stability and the evolution of the film. Accounting for the coherence of the flow due to viscosity, two main approaches that reduce the dimensionality of the original problem are usually considered depending on the flow rate (as measured by the Reynolds number): the `long wave' asymptotic expansion for small Reynolds numbers and the `integral boundary layer' approximation for moderate Reynolds numbers. The former suffers from singularities and the latter from incorrectness of the instability threshold for the occurrence of hydrodynamic waves. Thus, the aim of this thesis is twofold: in a first part, we define quantitatively the validity of the `long wave' evolution equation (Benney equation) for the film thickness h including the thermocapillary effect; and in a second part, we improve the `integral boundary layer' approach by combining a gradient expansion to a weighted residual method.

In the first part, we further investigate the Benney equation in its validity domain in the case of periodically inhomogeneous heating in the streamwise direction. It induces steady-state deformations of the free surface with increased transfer rate in regions where the film is thinner, and also in average. The inhomogeneities of the heating also modify the nature of travelling wave solutions at moderate temperature gradients and allows for suppressing wave motion at larger ones.

Moreover, large temperature gradients (for instance positive ones) in the streamwise direction produce large local film thickening that may in turn become unstable with respect to transverse disturbances such that the flow may organize in rivulet-like structures. The mechanism of such instability is elucidated via an energy analysis. The main features of the rivulet pattern are described experimentally and recovered by direct numerical simulations.

In the second part, various models are obtained, which are valid for larger Reynolds numbers than the Benney equation and account for second-order viscous and inertial effects. We then elaborate a strategy to select the optimal model in terms of linear stability properties and existence of nonlinear solutions (solitary waves), for the widest possible range of parameters. This model -- called reduced model -- is a system of three coupled evolution equations for the local film thickness h, the local flow rate q and the surface temperature Ts. Solutions of this model indicate that the interaction of the hydrodynamic and thermocapillary modes is non-trivial, especially in the region of large-amplitude solitary waves.

Finally, the three-dimensional evolution of the solutions of the reduced model in the presence of periodic forcing and noise compares favourably with available experimental data in isothermal conditions and with direct numerical simulations in non-isothermal conditions.

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Cette thèse analyse la dynamique d'un film mince s'écoulant le long d'une paroi chauffée. Le chauffage crée des gradients de tension superficielle qui induisent des tensions thermocapillaires à la surface libre, altérant ainsi la stabilité et l'évolution du film. Grâce à la cohérence de l'écoulement assurée par la viscosité, deux approches permettant de réduire la dimensionnalité du problème original sont habituellement considérées suivant le débit (mesuré par le nombre de Reynolds): l'approximation asymptotique dite `longues ondes' pour les faibles nombres de Reynolds et l'approximation `intégrale couche limite' pour les nombres de Reynolds modérés. Cependant, la première approximation souffre de singularités et la dernière de prédictions imprécises du seuil de stabilité des ondes hydrodynamiques à la surface du film. Le but de cette thèse est donc double: dans une première partie, il s'agit de déterminer, de manière quantitative, la validité de l'équation d'évolution `longues ondes' (ou équation de Benney) pour l'épaisseur du film h, en y incluant l'effet thermocapillaire; et dans une seconde partie, il s'agit d'améliorer l'approche `intégrale couche limite' en combinant un développement en gradients avec une méthode aux résidus pondérés.

Dans la première partie, nous étudions l'équation de Benney, dans son domaine de validité, dans le cas d'un chauffage inhomogène et périodique dans la direction de l'écoulement. Cela induit des déformations permanentes de la surface libre avec un accroissement du transfert de chaleur dans les régions où le film est plus mince, mais aussi en moyenne. Un chauffage inhomogène modifie également la nature des solutions d'ondes progressives pour des gradients de températures modérés et conduit même à leur suppression pour des gradients de températures plus importants. De plus, ceux-ci, lorsqu'ils sont par exemple positifs le long de l'écoulement, produisent des épaississements localisés du film qui peuvent à leur tour devenir instables par rapport à des perturbations suivant la direction transverse à l'écoulement. Ce dernier s'organise alors sous forme d'une structure en rivulets. Le mécanisme de cette instabilité est élucidé via une analyse énergétique des perturbations. Les principales caractéristiques des structures en rivulets sont décrites expérimentalement et retrouvées par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques.

Dans la seconde partie, nous dérivons une famille de modèles valables pour des nombres de Reynolds plus grands que l'équation de Benney, qui prennent en compte les effets visqueux et inertiels du second ordre. Nous élaborons ensuite une stratégie pour sélectionner le modèle optimal en fonction de ses propriétés de stabilité linéaire et de l'existence de solutions non-linéaires (ondes solitaires), et ce pour la gamme de paramètres la plus large possible. Ce modèle -- appelé modèle réduit -- est un système de trois équations d'évolution couplées pour l'épaisseur locale de film h, le débit local q et la température de surface Ts. Les solutions de ce modèle indiquent que l'interaction des modes hydrodynamiques et thermocapillaires n'est pas triviale, spécialement dans le domaine des ondes solitaires de grande amplitude. Finalement, l'évolution tri-dimensionnelle des solutions du modèle réduit en présence d'un forçage périodique ou d'un bruit se compare favorablement aux données expérimentales disponibles en conditions isothermes, ainsi qu'aux simulations numériques directes en conditions non-isothermes

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Wang, Yu, Lianqing Qi, Yanjun Yin, Qigui Ma e Hongshen Wang. Development and Application of Classical Capillary Number Curve Theory. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2020.

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Development and Application of Classical Capillary Number Curve Theory. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2019-0-02514-9.

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Wang, Yu, Lianqing Qi, Yanjun Yin, Qigui Ma e Hongshen Wang. Development and Application of Classical Capillary Number Curve Theory. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2020.

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Aarts, D. G. A. L. Soft interfaces: the case of colloid–polymer mixtures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0013.

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In this chapter we discuss the interface of a phase separated colloid-polymer mixture. We start by highlighting a number of experimental studies, illustrating the richness of colloidal interface phenomena. This is followed by a derivation of the bulk phase behaviour within free volume theory. We subsequently calculate the interfacial tension using a squared gradient approach. The interfacial tension turns out to be ultralow, easily a million times smaller than a molecular interfacial tension. From the bulk and interface calculations we obtain the capillary length and compare to experiments, where good overall agreement is found. Finally, we focus on the thermal capillary waves of the interface and derive the static and dynamic height–height correlation functions, which describe the experimental data very well. We end with an outlook, where we address some outstanding questions concerning the behaviour of interfaces, to which colloids may provide unique insights.

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Carmeliet, Peter, Guy Eelen e Joanna Kalucka. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0008.

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Higher organisms have a cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels to supply vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. It is therefore not surprising that vascular disorders are leading causes of mortality. Understanding how new blood vessels form, creates opportunities to cure these life-threatening diseases. After birth, growth of blood vessels mainly occurs via two distinct mechanisms depending on the initial trigger: angiogenesis (referred here as capillary sprouting) is induced primarily by hypoxia, whereas arteriogenesis (referred here as the rapid enlargement of pre-existing collateral arteries, induced by vascular occlusion) is mainly driven by fluid shear stress. Arteriogenesis allows conductance of much larger volumes of blood per unit of time than does the increase in capillary density during angiogenesis. Notwithstanding these major differences, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis share a number of underlying mechanisms, e.g. the involvement of growth factor signalling. This chapter highlights the cellular and molecular events driving the two processes and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting angiogenesis in cancer and arteriogenesis in cardiovascular diseases.

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Lake, Larry, Russell T. Johns, William R. Rossen e Gary A. Pope. Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9781613993286.

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A revision of the 1989 classic, Enhanced Oil Recovery by Larry Lake, this text, Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery, retains the original work's emphasis on fractional flow theory and phase behavior to explain enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. There is additional coverage on cutting edge (or current) topics, such as low-salinity EOR, steam-assisted gravity drainage, and expanded coverage on thermodynamics and foam EOR. With its frequent reinforcement of two fundamental EOR principles, lowering the mobility ratio and increasing the capillary number, it is an excellent resource for undergraduate classes. Errata (http://go.spe.org/FEORerrata)

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Bocquet, Lydéric, David Quéré, Thomas A. Witten e Leticia F. Cugliandolo, a cura di. Soft Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.001.0001.

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Many of the distinctive and useful phenomena of soft matter come from its interaction with interfaces. Examples are the peeling of a strip of adhesive tape or the coating of a surface or the curling of a fibre via capillary forces or the electrically driven ow along a microchannel, or the collapse of a porous sponge. These interfacial phenomena are distinct from the intrinsic behaviour of a soft material like a gel or a microemulsion. Yet many forms of interfacial phenomena can be understood via common principles valid for many forms of soft matter. Our goal in organizing this school was to give students a grasp of these common principles and their many ramifications and possibilities. The school comprised over fifty 90-minute lectures over four weeks in July 2013. Four four-lecture courses by Howard Stone, Michael Cates, David Nelson, and L. Mahadevan served as an anchor for the program. A number of shorter courses and seminars rounded out the school.This volume presents lecture notes prepared by the speakers and submitted for publication after the school. The lectures are grouped under two main themes: Hydrodynamics and interfaces, and Soft matter.

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Lennon, Rachel, e Neil Turner. The molecular basis of glomerular basement membrane disorders. A cura di Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0320_update_001.

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The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a condensed network of extracellular matrix molecules which provides a scaffold and niche to support the function of the overlying glomerular cells. Within the glomerulus, the GBM separates the fenestrated endothelial cells, which line capillary walls from the epithelial cells or podocytes, which cover the outer aspect of the capillaries. In common with basement membranes throughout the body, the GBM contains core components including collagen IV, laminins, nidogens, and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. However, specific isoforms of these proteins are required to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier.Across the spectrum of glomerular disease there is alteration in glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) and a number of histological patterns are recognized. The GBM can be thickened, expanded, split, and irregular; the mesangial matrix may be expanded and glomerulosclerosis represents a widespread accumulation of ECM proteins associated with loss of glomerular function. Whilst histological patterns may follow a sequence or provide diagnostic clues, there remains limited understanding about the mechanisms of ECM regulation and how this tight control is lost in glomerular disease. Monogenic disorders of the GBM including Alport and Pierson syndromes have highlighted the importance of both collagen IV and laminin isoforms and these observations provide important insights into mechanisms of glomerular disease.

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Vaheri, Antti, James N. Mills, Christina F. Spiropoulou e Brian Hjelle. Hantaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0035.

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Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are rodent- and insectivore-borne zoonotic viruses. Several hantaviruses are human pathogens, some with 10-35% mortality, and cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Hantaviruses are enveloped and have a three-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The L gene encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M gene encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the S gene encodes a nucleocapsid protein. In addition, the S genes of some hantaviruses have an NSs open reading frame that can act as an interferon antagonist. Similarities between phylogenies have suggested ancient codivergence of the viruses and their hosts to many authors, but increasing evidence for frequent, recent host switching and local adaptation has led to questioning of this model. Infected rodents establish persistent infections with little or no effect on the host. Humans are infected from aerosols of rodent excreta, direct contact of broken skin or mucous membranes with infectious virus, or rodent bite. One hantavirus, Andes virus, is unique in that it is known to be transmitted from person-to-person. HFRS and HCPS, although primarily affecting kidneys and lungs, respectively, share a number of clinical features, such as capillary leakage, TNF-, and thrombocytopenia; notably, hemorrhages and alterations in renal function also occur in HCPS and cardiac and pulmonary involvement are not rare in HFRS. Of the four structural proteins, both in humoral and cellular immunity, the nucleocapsid protein appears to be the principal immunogen. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses are seen in both HFRS and HCPS and may be important for both protective immunity and pathogenesis. Diagnosis is mainly based on detection of IgM antibodies although viral RNA (vRNA) may be readily, although not invariably, detected in blood, urine and saliva. For sero/genotyping neutralization tests/RNA sequencing are required. Formalin-inactivated vaccines have been widely used in China and Korea but not outside Asia. Hantaviruses are prime examples of emerging and re-emerging infections and, given the limited number of rodents and insectivores thus far studied, it is likely that many new hantaviruses will be detected in the near future.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Capillary number"

Nazarenko, Nelli N., e Anna G. Knyazeva. "Transfer of a Biological Fluid Through a Porous Wall of a Capillary". In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 503–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_22.

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AbstractThe treatise proposes a model of biological fluid transfer in a dedicated macropore with microporous walls. The distribution of concentrations and velocity studies in the capillary wall for two flow regimes—convective and diffusive. The largest impact on the redistribution of concentration between the capillary volume and its porous wall is made by Darcy number and correlation of diffusion coefficients and concentration expansion. The velocity in the interface vicinity increases with rising pressure in the capillary volume or under decreasing porosity or without consideration of the concentration expansion.

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Siegel, David. "The Behavior of a Capillary Surface for Small Bond Number". In Variational Methods for Free Surface Interfaces, 109–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4656-5_12.

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Brignardello, E., P. A. Molinatti, E. Beltramo, M. Gallo, V. Gatto, F. Pomero, A. Martini, M. Porta e G. Boccuzzi. "Dehydroepiandrosterone Prevents the Decrease in Bovine Retinal Capillary Pericytes Number Induced in vitro by High Glucose". In Frontiers in Diabetes, 232–34. Basel: KARGER, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000060889.

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Shevkar, Prafulla P., e Manoj Kumar Moharana. "Recirculation Zones and Its Implications in a Taylor Bubble Flow in a Square Mini/Microchannel at Low Capillary Number". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 59–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5183-3_7.

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Garofolo, Giuliano. "Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) Using Multiplex PCR and Multicolor Capillary Electrophoresis: Application to the Genotyping of Brucella Species". In Veterinary Infection Biology: Molecular Diagnostics and High-Throughput Strategies, 335–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_24.

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Zhang, Wei, e Rawi Ramautar. "Assessing the Energy Status of Low Numbers of Mammalian Cells by Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry". In Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry, 203–9. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_13.

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"Capillary Number". In Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers, 107. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119403647.ch49.

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"Indirect Assessment of Organelles in Cell Extract: Determination of Mitochondrial Number by Cardiolipin Content Using MC-CE Device Integrated with Laser-Induced Fluorescence". In Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices, 304–19. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18846-18.

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Qi, Lianqing, Zongzhao Liu, Chengzhi Yang, Yanjun Yin, Jirui Hou, Jian Zhang, Bo Huang e Fenggang Shi. "Supplement and optimization of classical capillary number experimental curve for enhanced oil recovery by combination flooding". In Development and Application of Classical Capillary Number Curve Theory, 1–30. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821225-7.00001-1.

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Qi, Lianqing, Hongshen Wang, Kaoping Song, Quangang Liu, Jinlin Wang, Tao Yu, Xiaochao Wang e Si Shen. "Digital research on field experiment of combination flooding". In Development and Application of Classical Capillary Number Curve Theory, 31–56. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821225-7.00002-3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Capillary number"

Ding, M., e A. Kantzas. "Capillary Number Correlations for Gas-Liquid Systems". In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2004-062.

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Garnes, J. M., A. M. Mathisen, A. Scheie e A. Skauge. "Capillary Number Relations for Some North, Sea Reservoir Sandstones". In SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20264-ms.

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Guo, Hu, Ma Dou, Wang Hanqing, Fuyong Wang, Gu Yuanyuan, Zhaoyan Yu, Wang Yansheng e Yiqiang Li. "Review of Capillary Number in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery". In SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/175172-ms.

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Bashiri, A., e N. Kasiri. "Properly Use Effect of Capillary Number on Residual Oil Saturation". In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/150800-ms.

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Johannesen, Else Birbeland, e Arne Graue. "Mobilization of Remaining Oil - Emphasis on Capillary Number and Wettability". In International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/108724-ms.

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Abeysinghe, Kumuduni Prasangika, Ingebret Fjelde e Arild Lohne. "Dependency of Remaining Oil Saturation on Wettability and Capillary Number". In SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/160883-ms.

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Hoang, D. A., V. van Steijn, L. M. Portela, M. T. Kreutzer e C. R. Kleijn. "Modeling of low-capillary number segmented flows in microchannels using OpenFOAM". In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756069.

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Shardt, Orest, J. J. Derksen e Sushanta K. Mitra. "Simulations of Droplet Collisions in Shear Flow". In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87106.

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When droplets collide in a shear flow, they may coalesce or remain separate after the collision. At low Reynolds numbers, droplets coalesce when the capillary number does not exceed a critical value. We present three-dimensional simulations of droplet coalescence in a simple shear flow. We use a free-energy lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and study the collision outcome as a function of the Reynolds and capillary numbers. We study the Reynolds number range from 0.2 to 1.4 and capillary numbers between 0.1 and 0.5. We determine the critical capillary number for the simulations (0.19) and find that it is does not depend on the Reynolds number. The simulations are compared with experiments on collisions between confined droplets in shear flow. The critical capillary number in the simulations is about a factor of 25 higher than the experimental value.

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Zhou, Xianmin, Ridha Al-Abdrabalnabi, Sarmad Zafar Khan e Muhammad Shahzad Kamal. "Interrelationship of Capillary Number, Interfacial Tension, Injection Flow Rate and Temperature by Surfactant Flooding for Oil-wet Carbonate Reservoirs". In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205749-ms.

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Abstract After water flooding in carbonate reservoirs, a significant fraction of the original oil as remaining oil is left in the swept zone. The remaining oil in the pore, trapped by viscous and capillary forces, is to target for improved and enhanced oil recovery. The mobilization of remaining oil can be predicted by a dimensionless parameter called capillary number. The interfacial tension and injection flow rate strongly affect the capillary number. Unfortunately, the interrelationship between capillary number, interfacial tension, injection flow rate, and the temperature has been poorly studied for carbonate reservoirs. This paper focuses on studying the remaining oil saturations at different orders of magnitude capillary numbers related to interfacial tension, injection flow rate, and temperature by seawater and surfactant flooding. Several core flooding experiments were performed by changing the injection rate and surfactant concentrations at evaluated conditions. Four displacement experiments of seawater/oil and surfactant solution/oil were performed using oil-wet carbonate cores to obtain the relationship between the residual oil saturation vs. the capillary number. The surfactant flooding experiments with different concentrations of 0.01 and 0.2 wt% were conducted when the remaining oil saturation was reached after water flooding. Three core flooding experiments were conducted at ambient conditions, and one was under evaluated conditions of a temperature of 100° and pore pressure of 3200 psi. Several injection rates were selected to experiment with a 0.2 wt% surfactant solution, which is to study the effect of injection rate on the capillary number and residual oil saturation. The experimental findings show that some remaining oil can be recovered from oil-wet carbonate cores if the capillary number increases by a critical Nc =2.1E-05 by surfactant flooding at reservoir conditions. After water flooding, the remaining oil saturation was decreased from 51% to 16% with 0.01wt% surfactant flooding. The reduction of interfacial tension from 6.77dyne/cm to 0.017dyne/cm led to an increased capillary number. It decreased the remaining oil saturation by about 5% OOIP when the capillary number increases three magnitudes. The effect of temperature and injection rate on the capillary number was observed based on experimental displacement results. Compared with results between the ambient and specified conditions, the effect of temperature on the capillary number is significant. Under the same capillary number, the remaining oil recovered by surfactant flooding at HPHT conditions was higher than that at ambient conditions. Also, the effect of the injection flow rate on the capillary number was observed by 0.2wt % surfactant flooding for all experiments. The capillary number increased with an increase in the injection rate for both ambient and evaluated conditions. This paper provides valuable results to evaluate the interrelationship between remaining oil and capillary numbers by surfactant flooding and design field application for oil-wet carbonate reservoirs.

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Kumar, Piyush, e Manabendra Pathak. "Influence of Capillary Number on Pressure Profile Evolution in Microfluidic T-Junction". In The 5th World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. Avestia Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icmfht20.116.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Capillary number"

Brown, R. A. Thermal-capillary model with axisymmetric fluid flow for analysis of Czochralski crystal growth of high Prandtl number materials: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6237678.

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Glass, R. J., L. Yarrington e M. J. Nicholl. Development and experimental evaluation of models for low capillary number two-phase flows in rough walled fractures relevant to natural gradient conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/534488.

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Kishore K. Mohanty. IMPACT OF CAPILLARY AND BOND NUMBERS ON RELATIVE PERMEABILITY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833411.

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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas e S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, aprile 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.

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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.

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