Articoli di riviste: "Cannibalism"

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Houghton, R. J., C. Wood e X. Lambin. "Size-mediated, density-dependent cannibalism in the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) (Decapoda, Astacidea), an invasive crayfish in Britain". Crustaceana 90, n. 4 (2017): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003653.

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The role of cannibalism in crayfish populations is not well understood, despite being a potentially key density-dependent process underpinning population dynamics. We studied the incidence of cannibalism in an introduced signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus population in a Scottish lowland river in September 2014. Animals were sampled using six different sampling techniques simultaneously, revealing variable densities and size distributions across the site. Cannibalism prevalence was estimated by analysing the gut contents of crayfish >20 mm CL for the presence of crayfish fragments, which was found to be 20% of dissected individuals. When seeking evidence of relationships between the sizes of cannibals and ‘prey’, the density of conspecifics <56% the size of a dissected individual yielded the best fit. The relationship between cannibalism probability and crayfish size and density was equally well described by three different metrics of crayfish density. Cannibalism increased with crayfish size and density but did not vary according to sex. These results suggest that large P. leniusculus frequently cannibalize smaller (prey) conspecifics, and that the probability of cannibalism is dependent upon the relative size of cannibal-to-prey and the density of the smaller crayfish. We suggest that removing large individuals, as targeted by many traditional removal techniques, may lead to reduced cannibalism and therefore a compensatory increase in juvenile survival.

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Bunke, Mandy, Mhairi E. Alexander, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Melanie J. Hatcher, Rachel Paterson e Alison M. Dunn. "Eaten alive: cannibalism is enhanced by parasites". Royal Society Open Science 2, n. 3 (marzo 2015): 140369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140369.

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Cannibalism is ubiquitous in nature and especially pervasive in consumers with stage-specific resource utilization in resource-limited environments. Cannibalism is thus influential in the structure and functioning of biological communities. Parasites are also pervasive in nature and, we hypothesize, might affect cannibalism since infection can alter host foraging behaviour. We investigated the effects of a common parasite, the microsporidian Pleistophora mulleri , on the cannibalism rate of its host, the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus . Parasitic infection increased the rate of cannibalism by adults towards uninfected juvenile conspecifics, as measured by adult functional responses, that is, the rate of resource uptake as a function of resource density. This may reflect the increased metabolic requirements of the host as driven by the parasite. Furthermore, when presented with a choice, uninfected adults preferred to cannibalize uninfected rather than infected juvenile conspecifics, probably reflecting selection pressure to avoid the risk of parasite acquisition. By contrast, infected adults were indiscriminate with respect to infection status of their victims, probably owing to metabolic costs of infection and the lack of risk as the cannibals were already infected. Thus parasitism, by enhancing cannibalism rates, may have previously unrecognized effects on stage structure and population dynamics for cannibalistic species and may also act as a selective pressure leading to changes in resource use.

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Kohda, Masanori, Nobuhiro Ohnishi, Noboru Okuda, Tomohiro Takeyama e Omar Myint. "Mate availability facilitates cannibalistic behaviour in a nest brooding fish: effects of timing during the brood cycle". Behaviour 148, n. 2 (2011): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x554242.

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AbstractFilial cannibalism, eating one's own viable offspring, is accepted as an adaptive response to trade-offs between current and future reproduction. Theoretical models predict that high mate availability may induce more filial cannibalism, but this prediction is rarely tested. To examine this prediction, we performed laboratory experiments using the nest breeding goby Rhinogobius flumineus. Subject males were allowed to mate with a gravid female and care for the broods. A separate gravid female housed in a small cage (stimulus-female) was shown to the subject males at one of three different points during the brood cycle: prior to spawning, within 1 day after spawning and 1 week after spawning. Empty cages were shown as a control. Males that were shown the stimulus-female before spawning cannibalised more eggs than control males. In contrast, males that were shown the stimulus-females after spawning cannibalised as few eggs as control males did. Additionally, males that were shown the stimulus-female prior to spawning did not court females more intensively than other males. Thus, we suggest that the presence of an additional mate, rather than energy expenditure associated with courtship directed toward an additional mate, can facilitate males to cannibalise their eggs.

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Abdelwahab, A. H., J. P. Michaud, M. H. Bayoumy, S. S. Awadalla e M. El-Gendy. "No nutritional benefits of egg cannibalism for Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on a high-quality diet". Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, n. 3 (11 settembre 2017): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000827.

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AbstractEgg cannibalism serves various functions in the Coccinellidae. Here we examined the fitness consequences of egg cannibalism by neonates, fourth instar larvae, and prereproductive adults of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, with beetles fed a diet of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs. Cannibalism of two eggs by neonates had no effect on development, and cannibalism of five eggs by fourth instars did not benefit any aspect of reproduction, but delayed pupation slightly. Cannibalism of eggs by pre-reproductive adults had no effect on reproductive success in any combination of reciprocal crosses of cannibals and non-cannibals. Females did not recognize, nor avoid consuming, their own clutches, and cannibalism propensity did not change following mating and onset of oviposition in either sex. These results contrast with those for more strictly aphidophagous species in which larvae gain developmental benefits, and females may recognize and avoid filial egg clusters while using cannibalism to interfere with conspecific females, whereas males reduce egg cannibalism after mating because they cannot recognize filial clusters. Egg cannibalism may confer developmental benefits to C. maculata when diet is suboptimal, as previously shown, but no such benefits were evident on the high-quality E. kuehniella egg diet. Female C. maculata do not require aphids to reproduce and distribute their eggs broadly in the environment, given that larvae can develop on pollen and non-aphid prey. Thus, C. maculata is not subject to the intraspecific competition that selects for cannibalism in more aphidophagous species, and also lacks many secondary adaptations associated with the behaviour.

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Frost, Duncan. "‘Provisions being scarce and pale death drawing nigh, / They'd try to cast lots to see who should die’". Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, n. 2 (30 gennaio 2020): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i2.459.

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Ballads actively shaped contemporary popular mentalities and through analysing ballads historians are presented with a world of propaganda and persuasion, aimed at a broad spectrum of society from literate to illiterate. Nineteenth-century ballads describing shipwrecks highlight the moral ambiguities present in extreme life-or-death situations. Many such ballads teach that survival cannibalism was rational, pragmatic, civilised and should be actively encouraged. This article demonstrates how ballads placed cannibalism into a chivalrous context, allowed sailors to vicariously experience the events thereby learning a prescribed ‘ritual’ to follow and made breaking the anthropophagic taboo socially acceptable, even virtuous. In fictitious ballad narratives, cannibalism is a test of virtue as one person offers their body as sustenance to preserve a starving friend. It is not a horrific departure from civilised attitudes, but a heroic self-sacrifice. Ballads recounting real events of shipwreck cannibalism helped to promote the ‘civilised cannibalism’ ritual of drawing lots to select the victim, placing anthropophagy within a democratic, equitable process. Shipwreck cannibalism ballads offer a contrast to other European descriptions of cannibalism, as the sailor-cannibals are never presented with any of the traits associated with the imagined, non-European cannibal of colonial discourse.

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Jindal, Shagun, Aneesh P. H. Bose, Constance M. O'Connor e Sigal Balshine. "A test of male infanticide as a reproductive tactic in a cichlid fish". Royal Society Open Science 4, n. 3 (marzo 2017): 160891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160891.

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Infanticide and offspring cannibalism are taxonomically widespread phenomena. In some group-living species, a new dominant individual taking over a group can benefit from infanticide if doing so induces potential mates to become reproductively available sooner. Despite widespread observations of infanticide (i.e. egg cannibalism) among fishes, no study has investigated whether egg cannibalism occurs in fishes as a result of group takeovers, or how this type of cannibalism might be adaptive. Using the cooperatively breeding cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher , we tested whether new unrelated males entering the dominant position in a social group were more likely to cannibalize eggs, and whether such cannibalism would shorten the interval until the female's next spawning. Females spawned again sooner if their broods were removed than if they were cared for. Egg cannibalism occurred frequently after a group takeover event, and was rarer if the original male remained with the group. While dominant breeder females were initially highly aggressive towards newcomer males that took over the group, the degree of resistance depended on relative body size differences between the new pair and, ultimately, female aggression did not prevent egg cannibalism. Egg cannibalism, however, did not shorten the duration until subsequent spawning, or increase fecundity during subsequent breeding in our laboratory setting. Our results show that infanticide as mediated through group takeovers is a taxonomically widespread behaviour.

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Loadman, N. L., G. E. E. Moodie e J. A. Mathias. "Significance of Cannibalism in Larval Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, n. 3 (1 marzo 1986): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-073.

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Cannibalism by larval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) was studied to determine the ecological consequences and implications of cohort cannibalism in intensive culture systems and in natural communities. Two categories of cannibalistic behavior were observed. Trunk attacks were the most frequent (92%), and nearly always (98%) resulted in the escape of the victim; however, victims suffered a 19% mortality rate within 24 h of the attack. Tail attacks were less frequent but almost always resulted in ingestion of the victim. Tail attacks had a mean duration of 3.5 h and were more easily observed than trunk attacks (mean duration = 20 s). Under conditions of unlimited food, cannibalism could not be shown to confer an advantage in either growth or survival upon cannibals. The rate of cannibalism increased as food density decreased, but depended on the availability of light. Trunk attacks among larval walleye may be a higher source of mortality than the more commonly observed tail attack behavior.

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Sepúlveda-Quiroz, César Antonio, Graciela María Pérez-Jiménez, Gloria Gertrudis Asencio-Alcudia, Omar Mendoza-Porras, Luis Daniel Jiménez-Martínez, Mario A. Galaviz-Espinoza, Dariel Tovar-Ramirez, Rafael Martinez-Garcia, Carina Shianya Alvarez-Villagomez e Carlos Alfonso Alvarez-Gonzalez. "Tryptophan Reduces Intracohort Cannibalism Behavior in Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus) Larvae". Fishes 9, n. 1 (21 gennaio 2024): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010040.

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The intracohort cannibalism present in tropical gar larvae (A. tropicus) generates great problems in its culture, as in other fish species around the world. The addition of tryptophan (Trp) (10, 20, and 30 g/kg) and a control diet (CD) without Trp were evaluated in A. tropicus larvae regarding growth, survival, cannibalism, behavior, digestive enzymatic activity, and genes related to aggressiveness and/or cannibalism in two stages: 0–13 days after hatching (DAH); and only cannibals (14–24 DAH). In the first stage, no differences were observed in growth parameters; cannibalism was lower with the use of Trp, with the lowest percentage being the 10 g/kg Trp treatment (56.75 ± 2.47%) compared to CD (64.75 ± 1.76%). In the second stage, survival was greater in 10 g/kg Trp (75.00 ± 7.07%) than in CD (23.33 ± 5.77%). Thus, cannibalism was lower with 10 g/kg Trp (20.0 ± 10.0%) compared to CD (76.66 ± 5.77%). Cannibal larvae fed with 10 g/kg Trp had a greater enzymatic activity in acid and alkaline proteases and leucine aminopeptidase, as well as the overexpression of avpi1, crh, and htr1a and the subexpression of tph1, th, sstr1, and hdc (p < 0.05). No aggressive behaviors were recorded in the larvae fed with the 10 g/kg Trp treatment, unlike those fed with CD. The use of 10 g/kg Trp improves survival and reduces cannibalism in A. tropicus larvae.

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Graybill, Rhiannon. "A Child Is Being Eaten: Maternal Cannibalism and the Hebrew Bible in the Company of Fairy Tales". Journal of Biblical Literature 141, n. 2 (15 giugno 2022): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.141.2.2022.3.

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Abstract The Hebrew Bible contains multiple texts in which mothers eat their children. Deuteronomy 28, Lam 2 and 4, and 2 Kgs 6 all offer variations on the theme of maternal cannibalism. While these passages are often written off as gruesome, exceptional, or motivated by extreme necessity (such as starvation), such approaches miss the literary and ideological significance of maternal cannibalism. This study, in contrast, approaches the biblical accounts through another body of literature with its own rich assembly of cannibalistic mothers: the classic fairy tales. Reading with fairy tales surfaces four important points: (1) starvation is insufficient to explain cannibalism; (2) cooking children, as much as eating them, is narratively significant and should be analyzed as such; (3) some mothers are indeed Bad Mothers, even as (4) cannibalism does not preclude affection and love—including at least some mothers who cannibalize their children. Taken together, these principles challenge the assumed norms of maternity, while offering new ways of reading and responding to the cannibal mothers of the Hebrew Bible.

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Bellamy, Desmond Fraser. "A ‘horrid way of feeding’". Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, n. 3 (26 giugno 2020): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i3.456.

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Cannibalism both fascinates and repels. The concept of the cannibal has changed and evolved, from the semi- or in-human anthropophagi of Classical texts to the ‘savage’ cannibals of colonial times, whose alleged aberrations served as a justification for invasion, conversion and extermination, to the contemporary cannibal driven often by psychosexual drives. Cannibal texts typically present the act as pervasive, aggressive and repulsive. If these parameters are admitted, alleged cannibals immediately fall outside normative European humanist morality. This paper examines cannibalism as a major delineator of the civilised human. Cannibals offer social scientists a handy milestone to confirm the constant improvement and progress of humanity. The idea that colonised peoples were not savage, degenerate cannibals threatens the concept of the ‘Great Chain of Being’, which was assumed to show an inexorable progress from plants to animals to humans, and upward toward the divine, led by enlightened Western civilisation. But cannibal mythology, factual or imaginary, offers an opportunity to re-evaluate the assumptions of human supremacism and see ourselves as edible, natural beings.

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Sion Ng, Lay, e Ruzbeh Babaee. "Exploding and Being Swallowed: Cannibalism in Toni Morrison’s Beloved". International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.1p.11.

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Cannibalism is a meta-discourse in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. In Alan Rice’s “Who’s Eating Whom,” Beloved’s dream of “exploding and being swallowed” has been critically linked to the cruel practices of slavery, yet it is important to note the way in which the dream of “being swallowed” is largely unexplored. This paper concentrates on the latter aspect, stating that in Beloved, cannibalism and slavery relate not only to the domination of black slaves by white masters, but also to the black mother-child relationships between Sethe and Beloved, Sethe and Denver, and the black sister-sister relationship between Denver and Beloved. This paper argues that the whites designate themselves as the ones who represent civilization through implanting the image of cannibalism into the black Other. Ironically, the system of slavery precisely deconstructs the images that they have built of themselves, making them something no more than cannibals.

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Shorland, Sophie. "'Bites here and there'". Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, n. 2 (9 gennaio 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i2.550.

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A conference review of the 2018 conference, 'Bites here and there': Literal and Metaphorical Cannibalisms across Disciplines, held at the University of Warwick and organised by Giulia Champion. This one-day interdisciplinary and international conference sought to explore the evolution of the tropes of cannibalism and the use of this taboo across time.

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PERRY, J. C., e B. D. ROITBERG. "Games among cannibals: competition to cannibalize and parent-offspring conflict lead to increased sibling cannibalism". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18, n. 6 (12 ottobre 2005): 1523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00941.x.

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McCarthy, Maeve L., e Howard H. Whiteman. "A model of inter-cohort cannibalism and paedomorphosis in Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum". International Journal of Biomathematics 09, n. 02 (14 gennaio 2016): 1650030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524516500303.

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Cannibalism is widespread in size-structured populations. If cannibals and victims are in different life stages, dominant cohorts of cannibals can regulate recruitment. Arizona Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, exhibit facultative paedomorphosis in which salamander larvae either metamorphose into terrestrial adults or become sexually mature while still in their larval form. Although many salamanders exhibit cannibalism of larvae, the Arizona Tiger Salamander also exhibits cannibalism of young by the aquatic adults. We formulate a differential equations model of this system under the assumption that the terrestrial adults do not impact the system beyond their contribution to the birth of young larvae. We establish non-negativity, boundedness and persistence of the salamander population under certain assumptions. We consider the equilibrium states of the system in the presence or absence of a birth contribution from the terrestrial or metamorph adults. Constant per capita paedomorphosis leads to asymptotically stable equilibria. The per capita paedomorphosis rate of the larvae must be density dependent in order for periodic solutions to exist. Furthermore, the stage transition rate must be sufficiently decreasing in order to guarantee the existence of an unstable equilibrium. Periodic solutions are only possible in the presence of a unique nontrivial unstable equilibrium. Our results conform to previous theory on paedomorphosis which suggests general applicability of our results to similar systems.

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DeVore, Jayna L., Michael R. Crossland, Richard Shine e Simon Ducatez. "The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n. 35 (23 agosto 2021): e2100765118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100765118.

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Biotic conflict can create evolutionary arms races, in which innovation in one group increases selective pressure on another, such that organisms must constantly adapt to maintain the same level of fitness. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the same species. Intraspecific conflict can be an especially important selective force in high-density invasive populations, which may favor the evolution of strategies for outcompeting or eliminating conspecifics. Cannibalism is one such strategy; by killing and consuming their intraspecific competitors, cannibals enhance their own performance. Cannibalistic behaviors may therefore be favored in invasive populations. Here, we show that cane toad tadpoles (Rhinella marina) from invasive Australian populations have evolved an increased propensity to cannibalize younger conspecifics as well as a unique adaptation to cannibalism—a strong attraction to vulnerable hatchlings—that is absent in the native range. In response, vulnerable conspecifics from invasive populations have evolved both stronger constitutive defenses and greater cannibal-induced plastic responses than their native range counterparts (i.e., rapid prefeeding development and inducible developmental acceleration). These inducible defenses are costly, incurring performance reductions during the subsequent life stage, explaining why plasticity is limited in native populations where hatchlings are not targeted by cannibalistic tadpoles. These results demonstrate the importance of intraspecific conflict in driving rapid evolution, highlight how plasticity can facilitate adaptation following shifts in selective pressure, and show that evolutionary processes can produce mechanisms that regulate invasive populations.

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Lukes, Steven. "Liberalism for the liberals, cannibalism for the cannibals". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 4, n. 4 (dicembre 2001): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230108403363.

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Ng, Lisa. "Cannibalism". Cuizine 2, n. 1 (30 marzo 2010): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039515ar.

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D.F.S. "Cannibalism". Americas 55, n. 3 (gennaio 1999): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500028042.

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Lester, David, John White e Brandi Giordano. "Cannibalism". OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 70, n. 4 (marzo 2015): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815573732.

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A dataset of 73 variables was complied on 345 serial killers, 31 of whom who engaged in cannibalism. A distinction was made between those who engaged only in cannibalism, those who engaged in necrophilia, and those who engaged in both or neither. Those who engaged in both cannibalism and necrophilia were the most psychiatrically disturbed and deviant, but those who engaged in only cannibalism were more disturbed and deviant in their actions than those who engaged in neither behavior.

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Fouilloux, Chloe, Eva Ringler e Bibiana Rojas. "Cannibalism". Current Biology 29, n. 24 (dicembre 2019): R1295—R1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.068.

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Wheatley, Michael. "For Fame and Fashion". Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, n. 2 (30 gennaio 2020): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i2.458.

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This research explores the ways cannibalism in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Haunted (2005) and Nicolas Winding Refn’s film The Neon Demon (2016) are a consequence, and reflective, of the consuming nature of creative industries. The research draws from this exploration that the consumptive characteristics of cannibalism often allegorise the processes and careers of artists. Specifically, the sacrificial nature of putting oneself into one’s work, the notion of the tortured artist, and the competitive nature of creative industries, where the hierarchy is ascended through others’ losses. In the framing narrative of Haunted, seventeen writers are trapped within an isolated writing retreat under the illusion of re-enacting the Villa Diodati and writing their individual masterpieces. When inspiration fails them, they sabotage their food supply in order to enhance their suffering, and thus their eventual memoirs. The writers turn to cannibalism, not only to survive but to remove the competition. By consuming each other, they attempt to manufacture themselves as ‘tortured artists’, competing to create the most painful story of the ‘writing retreat from hell’. In The Neon Demon, the protagonist, Jesse, begins as an innocent young woman who becomes embroiled in the cutthroat modelling industry. Favoured for her natural beauty, Jesse antagonises her fellow models, developing narcissistic tendencies in the process. At the film’s end she is cannibalised by these rivals, indicating the industrial consumption of her purity, the restoration of individual beauty by leeching off of the young, and the retaining of the hierarchy by removing the competition. Employing close readings of both literary and cinematic primary source material, this interdisciplinary study investigates a satirical trend within cultural representations of cannibalism against consumptive and competitive creative industries. In each text, cannibalism manifests as a consequence of these industrial pressures, as the desire for fame forces people to commit unsavoury deeds. In this regard, cannibalism acts as an extreme extrapolation of the dehumanising consequences of working within this capitalist confine.

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Murphy, Olivia E. "Truthiness, Alternative Facts, and Ersatz Truths". Ethnic Studies Review 46, n. 3 (2023): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.3.48.

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In this paper, Truthiness, a mixed-media artwork by contemporary artist Andrea Carlson (Grand Portage Ojibwe), is utilized as a case study to illustrate the contexts for Carlson’s repeated artistic engagement with “cultural cannibalism.” Specifically, in Truthiness, from Carlson’s Windigo Series, the artist confronts settler colonizers’ historical labeling of Native Americans as “cannibals” and their own past and ongoing cultural cannibalization in the United States. As Carlson notes, this consumption ranges from opportunistic museum acquisitions to the roles of settlers in the 1862 Dakota Uprising. To analyze Carlson’s work, an iconographical and semiotics approach centered around the concept of symbolic anthropophagy is taken; as her utilization of many layered references demonstrates, Carlson herself engages in a form of cultural cannibalism through her appropriation and use of readily identifiable symbols and artworks in her work. As a whole, this paper aims to emphasize how, in Truthiness, Carlson flips visually the historical narrative that labeled Indigenous peoples as cannibals to label settler colonizers as windigos, insatiable monsters who consume without consequence.

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Rudolf, Volker H. W., e Janis Antonovics. "Disease transmission by cannibalism: rare event or common occurrence?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n. 1614 (27 febbraio 2007): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0449.

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Cannibalism has been documented as a possible disease transmission route in several species, including humans. However, the dynamics resulting from this type of disease transmission are not well understood. Using a theoretical model, we explore how cannibalism (i.e. killing and consumption of dead conspecifics) and intraspecific necrophagy (i.e. consumption of dead conspecifics) affect host–pathogen dynamics. We show that group cannibalism, i.e. shared consumption of victims, is a necessary condition for disease spread by cannibalism in the absence of alternative transmission modes. Thus, endemic diseases transmitted predominantly by cannibalism are likely to be rare, except in social organisms that share conspecific prey. These results are consistent with a review of the literature showing that diseases transmitted by cannibalism are infrequent in animals, even though both cannibalism and trophic transmission are very common.

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OKADA, Mamiko. "Remedial Cannibalism". JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 42, n. 1 (1993): 507–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.42.507.

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Kale, Alka. "Cellular Cannibalism". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 19, n. 1 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-029x.157191.

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Li, Yafei. "Cannibalism City". Ardeth, n. 8 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17454/ardeth08.06.

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Ealick, Steven E., e Tadhg P. Begley. "Molecular cannibalism". Nature 446, n. 7134 (marzo 2007): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/446387a.

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Branan, Nicole. "Neuron Cannibalism". Scientific American Mind 20, n. 4 (luglio 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0709-9a.

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Kleinig, John. "Conceptual Cannibalism". International Journal of Applied Philosophy 6, n. 2 (1991): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap1991621.

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Gould, Debby. "Midwifery cannibalism". British Journal of Midwifery 10, n. 4 (aprile 2002): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.4.10328.

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Harken, Alden H. "Cardiac cannibalism". Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 148, n. 6 (dicembre 2014): 3178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.09.070.

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Hussain, M., S. J. Rizvi e J. A. Usmani. "Dowry cannibalism". Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 3, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(96)90024-3.

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Koffi-Tessio, Marie-Hélène. "Of Cannibalism". American Book Review 29, n. 5 (2008): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2008.0097.

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Nishimura, Kinya, e Yutaka Isoda. "Evolution of cannibalism: referring to costs of cannibalism". Journal of Theoretical Biology 226, n. 3 (febbraio 2004): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.09.007.

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Levira, Allensia Sarah. "Cannibalism In In The Heart of the Sea". K@ta Kita 7, n. 2 (29 ottobre 2019): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.7.2.251-259.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study examine the causes and the after effects of cannibalism that the survivors of Essex commit in Ron Howard’s In The Heart of the Sea. The main theory for this study is the theory of human’s life and death instinct by Sigmund Freud and also the theory of survival cannibalism. In collecting the materials of the analysis, the researcher examine the details of the films multiple times to get the footage which later used as proofs to reveals the causes and effects of cannibalism. The findings showed that the unfulfilled basic needs and anxiety are the major causes of cannibalism and also that the guilty feeling and fear of people are the aftermath effects of cannibalism. This shows that the act of consuming human flesh affects their lives throughout their lives until they died of old age. As a result, cannibalism had a big impact, both negative and positive, on the survivors’ lives. Keywords: Cannibalism, Human Instinct, Survival, Anxiety

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Cunha, M., A. Berglund, T. Alves e N. M. Monteiro. "Reduced cannibalism during male pregnancy". Behaviour 153, n. 1 (2016): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003328.

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Cannibalism provides energetic benefits but is also potentially costly, especially when directed towards kin. Since fitness costs increase with time and energy invested in offspring, cannibalism should be infrequent when parental investment is high. Thus, filial cannibalism in male syngnathids, a group known for the occurrence of male pregnancy, should be rare. Using the pipefish (Syngnathus abaster) we aimed to investigate whether cannibalism does occur in both sexes and how it is affected by reproductive and nutritional states. Although rare, we witnessed cannibalism both in the wild and in the laboratory. Unlike non-pregnant males and females, pregnant and post-partum males largely refrained from cannibalising juveniles. Reproducing males decreased their feeding activity, thus rendering cannibalism, towards kin or non-kin, less likely to occur. However, if not continuously fed, all pipefish adopted a cannibal strategy, revealing that sex and life history stages influenced the ratio between the benefits and costs of cannibalism.

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Maekawa, Koji, e Osamu Katano. "Individual Differences in Egg Cannibalism in Female Dark Chub (Pisces: Cyprinidae)". Behaviour 132, n. 3-4 (1995): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00720.

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AbstractNine of 41 identifiable females of dark chub, Zacco temmincki, in a river cannibalized eggs of other females. There was no significant difference in body size, condition factor or the location of home range between cannibals and noncannibals. In laboratory experiments, one male and two females were introduced into an aquarium to observe the behaviour of individual females while a pair spawned. The response of 16 females to spawning was observed and 15 of 16 females exhibited egg cannibalism. The percentages of egg-eating behaviour for individual females varied from 11.1 to 81.8%, and did not change significantly over the course of the experiment. Dark chub were multiple spawners. In a river the number of spawning sequences for cannibals was significantly higher than that for noncannibals. The number of eggs laid by cannibals was estimated to be 1.55 times as many as that by noncannibals.

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Duker, Adam Asher. "The Protestant Israelites of Sancerre: Jean de Léry and the Confessional Demarcation of Cannibalism". Journal of Early Modern History 18, n. 3 (21 marzo 2014): 255–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342414.

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Abstract This article explores how Jean de Léry understood Protestant, Catholic, and Brazilian acts of cannibalism. It argues that Léry constructed a new Huguenot confessional identity in the wake of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre by equating his own besieged community in Sancerre with the anthropophagous Israelites of the Hebrew Bible. He counts his own people as the worst of all cannibals, for like the ancient Israelites, the Huguenots of Sancerre possessed a superior understanding of God’s will but ate each other nonetheless. Léry makes these judgments by invoking examples of man-eating from the Bible and Josephus, as well as contemporary acts of cannibalism. His identification of the Huguenots with unfaithful Israel represents a break from the more optimistic conceptions of Israelite identity held by Jean Crespin and others prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. By equating the inhabitants of Sancerre with the cannibals of ancient Israel, Léry extends John Calvin’s sacramental reasoning concerning the linguistic relationship between the sign and the thing signified far beyond its original scope. He does this in order to come to grips with the new reality that the Huguenots, whose fortunes were ascending prior to the Massacre, were now witnessing a decidedly dark turn in what they perceived to be God’s providence.

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Brown, William D., e Katherine L. Barry. "Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, n. 1833 (29 giugno 2016): 20160656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0656.

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Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism argue that males may offset the cost of cannibalism if components of the male body are directly allocated to the eggs that they fertilize. We tested this idea in the praying mantid Tenodera sinensis . Males and females were fed differently radiolabelled crickets and allowed to mate. Half of the pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism and we prevented cannibalism in the other half. We assess the relative allocation of both male-derived somatic materials and ejaculate materials into the eggs and soma of the female. Our results show that male somatic investment contributes to production of offspring. The eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non-cannibalistic females, and there was an increase in the number of eggs produced subsequent to sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism thus increases male material investment in offspring. We also show that males provide substantial investment via the ejaculate, with males passing about 25% of their radiolabelled amino acids to females via the ejaculate even in the absence of cannibalism.

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Al Basheer, Aladeen, Jingjing Lyu, Adom Giffin e Rana D. Parshad. "The “Destabilizing” Effect of Cannibalism in a Spatially Explicit Three-Species Age Structured Predator-Prey Model". Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3896412.

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Cannibalism, the act of killing and consumption of conspecifics, is generally considered to be a stabilising process in ODE models of predator-prey systems. On the other hand, Sun et al. were the first to show that cannibalism can cause Turing instability, in the classical Rosenzweig-McArthur two-species PDE model, which is an impossibility without cannibalism. Magnússon’s classic work is the first to show that cannibalism in a structured three-species predator-prey ODE model can actually be destabilising. In the current manuscript we consider the PDE form of the three-species model proposed in Magnússon’s classic work. We prove that, in the absence of cannibalism, Turing instability is an impossibility in this model, forany range of parameters. However, theinclusionof cannibalism can cause Turing instability. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, we report thefirstcannibalism induced Turing instability result, in spatially explicit three-species age structured predator-prey systems. We also show that, in the classical ODE model proposed by Magnússon, cannibalism can act as a life boat mechanism,for the prey.

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Isaac, Barry L. "AZTEC CANNIBALISM: Nahua versus Spanish and mestizo accounts in the Valley of Mexico". Ancient Mesoamerica 16, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536105050030.

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This article engages the debate about Aztec cannibalism principally through the analysis of three accounts of cannibalism by trickery set in the Valley of Mexico. These three tales are practically the only form in which cannibalism appears in the major Nahua (indigenous Nahuatl-speaking) writings of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The stories portray cannibalism as shocking, even abhorrent, to Aztecs—rather than as customary—and as a stratagem for humiliating an enemy or provoking a community to war. The contemporaneous Spanish writings, in contrast, are replete with allegations of customary cannibalism, while the major mestizo (Nahua mother and Spanish father) authors are divided in their treatment of the subject. The three-way critical comparison (Nahua, mestizo, Spanish) raises the possibility that the idea of customary cannibalism originated in Spanish culture and was then transmitted to the indigenous population during post-Conquest religious conversion and Hispanicization.

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Lingam, Ravi, e Simon Mason. "Self-cannibalism and cannibalism: a perverse defence against depression". International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 2, n. 1 (30 giugno 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v2n1.2020.42.

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This observational article describes three cases of self-cannibalism and cannibalism by patients in a secure setting. These are studies of severe personality disordered patients, each of whom have perpetrated terrible offences, usually on others. In our view, the inner world of the cannibalistic patient is committed to a narcissistic biting grip on his objects and is bent upon appropriating their good aspects. In our practice, we have observed a countertransference enactment that may be characterised as a roadblock to explore the past: to feel, to understand, and to repair. The aim of the perverse pact is to remain in a stuck state to protect the self from any awareness of feelings of depression. This is an enactment of the inherently deathly, inner relationship of the individual perpetrator. We believe it is essential to attempt to open up a space to explore the unthinkable act of cutting and eating flesh in the context of the person’s developmental history. Failure to do so within systems of care sets in motion a repeating cycle of a traumatic victim–victimiser dynamic associated with ever increasing risk.

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Abramovskiy, Aleksandr A. "Children — Victims of Cannibalism (based on the materials of the Chelyabinsk governorate of the early 20s of the XX century)". Victimology 10, n. 3 (13 luglio 2023): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2023-10-3-303-312.

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Under the extreme conditions of famine in the early 20s of the twentieth century, there appeared a new criminal wrongdoing, which had never existed in the Urals before — not just murder, but depriving somebody of life in order to eat the body of the murdered, including children . In the Verkhneuralsky County, cannibalism had become almost a commonplace, there were 13 such facts registered in the Chernigov Cossack village, 11 such facts registered in Velikopetrovskaya, 5 in Magnitnaya, 5 in the Polotsk village, and “mass corpse-eating”was registered in Kizelskaya . Cannibalism also spread to other parts of the governorate . One of the egregious facts of child cannibalism was recorded in the Nasledninskaya Cossack village of the Troitsky County . In the province, there was the following number of cases of cannibalism registered in the three most hunger-bitten counties: Verkhneuralsky — 84, Troitsk — 5, Miass — 7 . There are 98 facts in total in the governorate . The scope of cannibalism frightened and forced the executive committee on March 7, 1922 to consider the issue “On the fight in the Chelyabgubernia against cases of cannibalism, corpse-eating, selling the flesh of human beings and selling products from it in the form of pies, etc . on the market” Speaking about the role of the court in suppressing this wrongdoing, we note that the competence of the special session included the issue of considering cannibalism cases . Hunger, and as a result cannibalism, spread throughout the country, and caused a certain brutality of the population . The recurrence of cannibalism in the Chelyabinsk region arose during the hunger-bitten war years, for the first time such facts were recorded in 1943

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Nandy, Subir Kumar, Vinay Prasad e K. V. Venkatesh. "Effect of Temperature on the Cannibalistic Behavior of Bacillus subtilis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, n. 23 (26 settembre 2008): 7427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00683-08.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis resorts to cannibalism to delay sporulation under severe nutritional limitation. We report the effect of temperature on the dynamics of cannibalism demonstrated by B. subtilis. A model consisting of a delay differential equation may explain the effect of temperature on the dynamics of cannibalism.

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Zielińska, Dominika. "Uświęcać środki. Filmowe oblicza kanibalizmu". Kultura Popularna 2, n. 56 (29 giugno 2018): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1142.

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The aim of this article is to present the motive of cannibalism which appears in chosen film contexts. I am interested in how cannibalism can be used as a cultural communication code and how it exist as functional movie thread. Based on the theories of Mary Douglas, Sigmund Freud, Louis-Vincent Thomas, and Claude Leví-Strauss. I present several movie examples and I propose subjective interpretation of the cannibalism motive in the films in several aspects: cannibalism as the symbolic tool of revenge (The cook, the thief, the wife and her lover), as an allegory of consumerism (Jan Švankmajer’s movies), need of meat as determinant of behavior of movie characters (Delicatessen), and cannibalism as grotesque form of helping each other (Fried Green Tomatoes).

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Bortolotti, Gary R., Karen L. Wiebe e William M. Iko. "Cannibalism of nestling American kestrels by their parents and siblings". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, n. 6 (1 giugno 1991): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-205.

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We examined the frequency of cannibalism of nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in north-central Saskatchewan. We investigated human disturbance and food shortages as possible causes of it. Cannibalism of nestlings by their parents and siblings was confirmed by observation and by the presence of partially eaten carcasses, or inferred from the sudden disappearance of a nestling between frequent nest checks. Cannibalism occurred at 8% of 48 nests in 1988, and 18% of 92 nests in 1989. Not all nestlings that died were cannibalized. Where nestling mortality occurred, carcasses were eaten in at least 20% of nests in 1988, and 63% of nests in 1989. The chicks that were cannibalized died at a significantly younger age than those that died but were not cannibalized. The mass and age of the parent and the laying date were not associated with the occurrence of cannibalism. We found no strong evidence of a causal link between human disturbance and nestling mortality or cannibalism; however, the abundance of small mammal prey was inversely related to the frequency of cannibalism between years, and there were fewer prey and lower prey delivery rates in territories where cannibalism occurred than in territories where nestling mortality did not occur. The fact that some nestlings died but were not eaten suggests that such mortality was unrelated to food shortages. The food advantage of cannibalism may not outweigh potential disadvantages such as disease transmission.

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Li, Xiaoran, Qin Yue e Fengde Chen. "Global Stability of the Positive Equilibrium of a Leslie-Gower Predator-Prey Model Incorporating Predator Cannibalism". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 21 (31 dicembre 2022): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2022.21.44.

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A Leslie-Gower predator prey model with Holling II type cannibalism term on predator species is proposed and studied in this paper. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, we show that if the positive equilibrium exist, it is globally asymptotically stable. Our study indicates that suitable cannibalism has no influence on the persistent property of the system, however, cannibalism could reduce the final density of the predator species and increase the final density of the prey species. Excessive cannibalism may enhance the possibility of extinction to the predator species.

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Jesus, S., A. R. Costa, G. Simões, A. I. Gomes e P. Garrido. "You Look Good Enough to Eat: A Brief Exploration of Human Cannibalism and Mental Illness". European Psychiatry 66, S1 (marzo 2023): S961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2040.

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IntroductionAlthough evidence of cannibalism in humans dates back millennia, for most civilized societies, it is an unthinkable act of violence and strictly taboo. It is commonly relegated to the domain of horror films and literature, often associated with the likes of Jeffrey Dahmer or Hannibal Lecter. However, for some, this theme encompasses a pathological or sexual realm. Vorarephilia or sexual cannibalism is, at its simplest level, a psychosexual disorder characterized by the erotic desire to be consumed by, or to personally consume, another human being´s flesh.ObjectivesThe authors aim to review human sexual cannibalism as a concept and its eventual relationship to mental illness with recourse to the description of cases of human cannibalism documented in the literature.MethodsA brief non-systematized literature review utilizing various databases including Pubmed and Google Scholar, as well as complimentary literature and case reports when pertinent to the theme was performed.ResultsAlthough cannibalism is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom, its expression in humans is assumed to be a minority occurrence and relegated to stories of a more primal past. Pathological cannibalism is an extremely rare occurrence and has been described in association with severe psychotic mental illness and extreme forms of significant paraphilia. Sexual cannibalism appears as a rarity in humans and although the majority with this paraphilia do not partake in actual human consumption, remaining a fantasy-based desire, cases of cannibalism have been reported and tried.ConclusionsEating the flesh of one’s own species is probably one of the few remaining taboos in modern human societies. In humans, cannibalism is a rare occurrence and has been associated with mental illness. Due to the rarity of this phenomenon, with few cases documented in the literature, the underlying etiology, as well as potential environmental and individual risk factors are still to be defined, indicating a potential for further study.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Chen, Fengde, Tingjie Zhou, Qun Zhu e Qianqian Li. "The Influence of Nonlinear Cannibalism to Logistic Equation". International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics & Computer Science 3 (10 aprile 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232028.2023.3.1.

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A single species model with Holling II type cannibalism term is proposed and studied in this paper. Local and global stability property of the system are investigated. By applying the iterative method, we show that the system always admits the unique globally asymptotically stable positive equilibrium. A threshold value R0, which depends on the cannibalism rate and the transform rate, is obtained. Depending on R0 > 1, R0 = 1 or R0 < 1, the final density of the species will smaller or equal to or bigger than the system without cannibalism. Our study shows that if the cannibalism rate is too large, and transform rate is too small, then R0 > 1 and cannibalism has negative effect on the final density of the species, which increase the extinction property of the species.

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Burke, Nathan W., e Gregory I. Holwell. "Increased male mating success in the presence of prey and rivals in a sexually cannibalistic mantis". Behavioral Ecology 32, n. 4 (3 aprile 2021): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab022.

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Abstract Precopulatory sexual cannibalism—or cannibalism without mating—is expected to promote the evolution of male strategies that enhance mating success and reduce the risk of cannibalism, such as preferentially approaching feeding females. Sexual selection on male competitiveness has the potential to alter male mating decisions in the face of cannibalism risk, but such effects are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of prey availability and male–male competition on mating incidence in the highly cannibalistic Springbok mantis, Miomantis caffra. We found that matings were initiated more rapidly and more often in the presence of prey, suggesting that females distracted with foraging may be less of a threat. Competition between males also hastened the onset of copulation and led to higher mating success, with very large effects occurring in the presence of both prey and competitors, indicating that intrasexual competition may intensify attraction to foraging females. Taken together, our results suggest that precopulatory cannibalism has selected for male preference for foraging females and that males adjust their mating strategy to both the risk of competition and the threat of cannibalism.

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