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Murphy, Fiona, Paloma Sales, Sheigla Murphy, Sheigla Averill, Nicholas Lau e Sye-Ok Sato. "Baby Boomers and Cannabis Delivery Systems". Journal of Drug Issues 45, n. 3 (10 aprile 2015): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042615580991.
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Osaghae, Ikponmwosa, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Banda A. A. Khalifa, Rajesh Talluri e Sanjay Shete. "Cannabis Use among Cancer Survivors: Use Pattern, Product Type, and Timing of Use". Cancers 15, n. 24 (13 dicembre 2023): 5822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245822.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Despite growing interest in the use of cannabis for the treatment of cancer-related symptoms, there are limited studies that have assessed the use pattern, type, and mode of delivery of cannabis products used by cancer survivors. This study describes the current state of the use pattern, product type, and mode of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors. This was a cross-sectional study of cancer survivors from 41 U.S. states who received treatment at the largest NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. The weighted prevalence of the use patterns, product types, and modes of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors was estimated. A total of 1886 cancer survivors were included in the study, with 915 (48% [95% CI: 45–51]) reporting ever using cannabis. Of survivors who had ever used cannabis, 36% (95% CI: 33–40) were current users. Among survivors who reported cannabis use after diagnosis, 40% used cannabis during and after cancer treatment, 35% used cannabis during treatment, and 25% used cannabis after completing their cancer treatment. Additionally, 48% of survivors reported an increase in cannabis use since cancer diagnosis. The commonest types of cannabis products used by cancer survivors were dry leaf cannabis (71%), cannabidiol (CBD) oil (46%), and cannabis candy (40%). Moreover, cancer survivors frequently used baked goods (32%), creams and gels (21%), and tinctures (18%). Furthermore, among ever users, the predominant mode of use was cannabis inhalation/smoking (69%) compared to eating/drinking (59%). More so, the common mode of inhalation/smoking of cannabis products were rolled cannabis cigarettes (79%), pipes (36%), water pipes (34%), vaporizers or vapes (14%), and e-cigarette devices (14%). A substantial number of cancer survivors use cannabis during cancer treatment, with increased use following cancer diagnosis. The forms and modes of delivery of cannabis varied among survivors, with most survivors inhaling or smoking cannabis. There is a need to educate healthcare providers (HCPs) and survivors on current evidence of cannabis use and strengthen cannabis regulatory frameworks to optimize benefits and minimize adverse events from cannabis use during cancer treatment.
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Gill, Harkiran K., e Sean D. Young. "Exploring cannabis use reasons and experiences among mobile cannabis delivery patients". Journal of Substance Use 24, n. 1 (29 giugno 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2018.1489012.
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Ouellette, Rachel R., Sophia Selino e Grace Kong. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and E-Liquid Modifications to Vape Cannabis Depicted in Online Videos". JAMA Network Open 6, n. 11 (2 novembre 2023): e2341075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.41075.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ImportanceElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were created to vape nicotine e-liquids; however, social media demonstrates increased ENDS modifications to vape cannabis. Analysis of social media content helps with understanding ENDS modifications for cannabis use, overlapping markets for ENDS and cannabis, and the need for additional regulation.ObjectiveTo analyze online videos for use, modification, and marketing of ENDS to vape cannabis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this qualitative study, 10 searches were performed on YouTube on July 14, 2022, using different combinations of relevant search terms to identify videos depicting modifications to ENDS and e-liquids to vape cannabis. The first 40 videos from each search (400 videos total, 152 without duplicates) were extracted, of which 59 included depiction or discussion of cannabis vaping content. Content analysis of videos included iterative development of codes, consensus building across team members, and reliability checks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMetadata (ie, video length, number of likes, comments, and views) were extracted for included videos. Coding was performed for uploader type, modifications to ENDS and e-liquids, devices used, cannabis products vaped, age restriction, purchasing links, health claims, and discussion of warning messages and cannabis regulations.ResultsOf the 59 videos analyzed, 34 (58%) included tetrahydrocannabinol; 33 (56%), cannabidiol; and 8 (14%), both. A total of 21 videos (36%) were age-restricted, while 25 (42%) included purchasing links for cannabis products, 20 (34%) for ENDS, and 7 (12%) for nicotine e-liquids. Twenty-six videos (44%) made claims about health benefits of vaping cannabis. Forty-one videos (69%) demonstrated vaping manufacturer-made cannabis products (eg, cannabis concentrates) with no modifications needed. Eighteen videos (31%) depicted modifications to e-liquids or ENDS for cannabis use. The most frequent modification was mixing e-liquids with cannabis products to be compatible with ENDS. The most frequently reported reason for modifications was to vape cannabis in public by using the same devices used for nicotine.Conclusions and RelevanceThis qualitative study of online videos found high frequencies of statements about health benefits from vaping cannabis, frequent purchasing links, and inadequate age restrictions. Exposure to such content on social media platforms may increase risk of cannabis vaping among youth. Use of the same devices for multiple substances may also enable dual use and complicate the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulation of ENDS.
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Pote, Siddhesh, Parul Khurana, Gaganjyot Kaur e Sonali Kokane. "Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis Plant". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 9, n. 03 (28 settembre 2023): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v9i03.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this review article is to outline the role of the plant Cannabis sativa in treating human ailments. Giant pharmaceuticalcompanies are marketing phytochemicals extracted from Cannabis plant and its derivatives to treat epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.The present review emphasizes cannabinoids – its derivatives and synthetic analogs – as an active pharmaceutical Ingredient to treatailments related to autoimmune human body responses. The endocannabinoid system CB1 and CB2 respond differently to variousphytochemicals such as cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and terpenes. They also interact with the endogenous ligands synthesized bythe human body. The role of nanotechnology in the design of a drug delivery system is discussed in this review. The advantages with theuse of Quantum dots are briefly outlined. Cannabis-based phytochemicals are known for psychotic and non-psychotic effects. We haveunderlined the immense potential of this plant in treating diseases. Cannabidiol (CBD) as one of the main non-psychotic phytochemicals,has established itself as an active pharmaceutical agent in some approved medicines worldwide. Cannabis-based phytochemicals can beused as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Future direction in this field could be a synthesis of derivatives of cannabidiol and its targeteddrug delivery to the cannabinoid receptors. In the oral route, the terpenes give the wholesome experience of consuming Cannabis.
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Fataar, Fathima, e David Hammond. "The Prevalence of Vaping and Smoking as Modes of Delivery for Nicotine and Cannabis among Youth in Canada, England and the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 21 (25 ottobre 2019): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214111.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Vaping has become an increasingly common mode of administration for both nicotine and cannabis, with overlap among users, devices, as well as nicotine and cannabis companies. There is a need to understand patterns of use among youth, including the way nicotine and cannabis are administered. Methods: Data are from Wave 2 of the ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping survey, an online survey conducted in 2018 among 16–19 year-olds recruited from commercial panels in Canada (n = 3757), England (n = 3819), and the U.S. (n = 3961). The prevalence of past 30-day vaping nicotine, non-nicotine and cannabis substances, as well as cannabis modes of use was examined. Logistic regression models examined between country differences in prevalence. Results: Past 30-day cannabis use was highest among Canadian youth (16.6%), followed by youth in the U.S. (13.8%) and England (9.0%). Vaping e-cigarettes was substantially more prevalent than vaping cannabis in all three countries. All forms of cannabis use were higher among Canadian and U.S. youth compared to England (p < 0.001 for all). Past 30-day cannabis users in the U.S. were more likely to report vaping cannabis oil (30.1%), and consuming solid concentrates such as wax and shatter (30.2%), compared to cannabis users in Canada (18.6% and 22.9%) and England (14.3% and 11.0%; p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: Youth are administering cannabis and nicotine using a wide diversity of modes. Cannabis users in the U.S.—where an increasing number of states have legalized medical and non-medical cannabis—reported notably higher use of more potent cannabis products, including cannabis oils and extracts.
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Cranford, Jason A., e Donald C. Cooper. "The manufacture of filtered cannabis cigarettes: uniform particle distribution and combustion properties for consistent cannabinoid delivery". F1000Research 4 (17 dicembre 2015): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7472.1.
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Here we describe a manufacturing process for the production of commercial filtered Cranfords cannabis cigarettes (CN). Unlike production of filtered tobacco cigarettes, standardization in the manufacture of cannabinoid containing cigarettes is lacking. The numerous cannabis strains with variable cannabinoid content, differences in cultivation methods and variability in assembly associated with hand-rolled cannabis cigarettes makes consistent cannabinoid inhalation dosing challenging. To address the growing need for standardization in the manufacture of cannabis cigarettes we developed a process for the production of filtered CN using machine-rolled tobacco cigarette equipment. The processed CN packing density, particle size distribution and curing procedures were designed to produce filtered CN that were identical in appearance and qualitatively similar in combustion properties to market-leading filtered commercial tobacco cigarettes. Quality control procedures were implemented to assure consistency in the manufacturing process and minimize variability associated with cigarette production such as inconsistencies in packing density, particle size, and combustion rate of mainstream smoke. Passive inverted smoldering assessment indicated that CN cigarettes burned at a faster rate compared to commercial filtered tobacco cigarettes of similar density. Overall, it is expected that machine-rolled standardized cannabis cigarettes with control over filler particle sizes, packing density and smoldering rates will contribute to making inhalation dosing of cannabis cigarettes more effective for therapeutic use.
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Hernández-Serrano, Olga, Maria Eugènia Gras, Mariano Gacto, Alicia Brugarola e Sílvia Font-Mayolas. "Family Climate and Intention to Use Cannabis as Predictors of Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Problems among Young University Students". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 17 (3 settembre 2021): 9308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179308.
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Determining the predictive variables associated with cannabis use and cannabis-related problems can ease the identification of young cannabis consumers who can benefit from prevention interventions. This study aimed: (1) to describe, among university students, the cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, intention to use cannabis and family climate based on the gender and the people the student lives with; (2) to explore whether the family climate and intention to use cannabis are predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. The sample was composed of 339 Spanish undergraduates (51.9% females) in a 17-to-25 age range (19.67 ± 1.53). The variables were assessed through a battery based on the ESPAD survey, cannabis abuse screening test, cannabis use intention questionnaire and family climate scale. More men than women had used cannabis in the precedent year and showed greater intention to use cannabis, whereas more women than men showed greater self-efficacy in not using cannabis. The family climate did not predict cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. However, subjective norms and self-efficacy were key predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, respectively. Different factors seemed to predict the use cannabis in the past year versus cannabis-related problems, and these differences may help inform the development and delivery of preventative efforts.
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Gourlay, Douglas. "Addiction and Pain Medicine". Pain Research and Management 10, suppl a (2005): 38A—43A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/512653.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The adequate cotreatment of chronic pain and addiction disorders is a complex and challenging problem for health care professionals. There is great potential for cannabinoids in the treatment of pain; however, the increasing prevalence of recreational cannabis use has led to a considerable increase in the number of people seeking treatment for cannabis use disorders. Evidence that cannabis abuse liability is higher than previously thought suggests that individuals with a history of substance abuse may be at an increased risk after taking cannabinoids, even for medicinal purposes. Smoked cannabis is significantly more reinforcing than other cannabinoid administration methods. In addition, it is clear that the smoked route of cannabis delivery is associated with a number of adverse health consequences. Thus, there is a need for pharmaceutical-grade products of known purity and concentration using delivery systems optimized for safety. Another factor that needs to be considered when assessing the practicality of prescribing medicinal cannabinoids is the difficulty in differentiating illicit from prescribed cannabinoids in urine drug testing. Overall, a thorough assessment of the risk/benefit profile of cannabinoids as they relate to a patient’s substance abuse history is suggested.
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Camacho-Rivera, Marlene, Jessica Y. Islam, Diane L. Rodriguez e Denise C. Vidot. "Cannabis Use among Cancer Survivors amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the COVID-19 Cannabis Health Study". Cancers 13, n. 14 (13 luglio 2021): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143495.
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Clinical indications for medicinal cannabis use include those with cancer, a subgroup advised to avoid exposure to COVID-19. This study aims to identify changes to cannabis use, methods of cannabis delivery, and coping strategies among cancer survivors since the pandemic by cancer status. Chi-squared tests were used for univariate comparisons of demographic characteristics, cannabis use patterns, COVID-19 symptoms, and coping behaviors by cancer survivor status. Data included 158 responses between 21 March 2020 and 23 March 2021, from medicinal cannabis users, categorized as cancer survivors (n = 79) along with age-matched medicinal cannabis users without a history of cancer (n = 79). Compared to adults without a history of cancer, cancer survivors were more likely to report use of cannabis as a way of managing nausea/vomiting (40.5% versus 20.3%, p = 0.006), headaches or migraines (35.4% versus 19.0%, p = 0.020), seizures (8.9% versus 1.3%, p = 0.029), and sleep problems (70.9% versus 54.4%, p = 0.033), or as an appetite stimulant (39.2% versus 17.7%, p = 0.003). Nearly 23% of cancer survivors reported an advanced cannabis supply of more than 3 months compared to 14.3% of adults without a history of cancer (p = 0.002); though the majority of cancer survivors reported less than a one-month supply. No statistically significant differences were observed by cancer survivor status by cannabis dose, delivery, or sharing of electronic vaping devices, joints, or blunts. Cancer survivors were more likely to report a fear of being diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to adults without a history of cancer (58.2% versus 40.5%, p = 0.026). Given the frequency of mental and physical health symptoms reported among cancer survivors, clinicians should consider conversations about cannabis use with their patients, in particular among cancer survivors.
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Mahmoudinoodezh, Haleh, Srinivasa Reddy Telukutla, Sukhvir Kaur Bhangu, Ava Bachari, Francesca Cavalieri e Nitin Mantri. "The Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Cannabinoids". Pharmaceutics 14, n. 2 (18 febbraio 2022): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020438.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recently, several studies have indicated an increased interest in the scientific community regarding the application of Cannabis sativa plants, and their extracts, for medicinal purposes. This plant of enormous medicinal potential has been legalised in an increasing number of countries globally. Due to the recent changes in therapeutic and recreational legislation, cannabis and cannabinoids are now frequently permitted for use in clinical settings. However, with their highly lipophilic features and very low aqueous solubility, cannabinoids are prone to degradation, specifically in solution, as they are light-, temperature-, and auto-oxidation-sensitive. Thus, plant-derived cannabinoids have been developed for oral, nasal-inhalation, intranasal, mucosal (sublingual and buccal), transcutaneous (transdermal), local (topical), and parenteral deliveries. Among these administrations routes, topical and transdermal products usually have a higher bioavailability rate with a prolonged steady-state plasma concentration. Additionally, these administrations have the potential to eliminate the psychotropic impacts of the drug by its diffusion into a nonreactive, dead stratum corneum. This modality avoids oral administration and, thus, the first-pass metabolism, leading to constant cannabinoid plasma levels. This review article investigates the practicality of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin in accordance with existing literature.
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Spindle, Tory R., Edward J. Cone, Nicolas J. Schlienz, John M. Mitchell, George E. Bigelow, Ronald Flegel, Eugene Hayes e Ryan Vandrey. "Acute Pharmacokinetic Profile of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Human Blood and Oral Fluid". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, n. 4 (7 gennaio 2019): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky104.
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Abstract Currently, an unprecedented number of individuals can legally access cannabis. Vaporization is increasingly popular as a method to self-administer cannabis, partly due to perception of reduced harm compared with smoking. Few controlled laboratory studies of cannabis have used vaporization as a delivery method or evaluated the acute effects of cannabis among infrequent cannabis users. This study compared the concentrations of cannabinoids in whole blood and oral fluid after administration of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who were infrequent users of cannabis. Seventeen healthy adults, with no past-month cannabis use, self-administered smoked or vaporized cannabis containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses of 0, 10 and 25 mg in six double-blind outpatient sessions. Whole blood and oral fluid specimens were obtained at baseline and for 8 h after cannabis administration. Cannabinoid concentrations were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) methods. Sensitivity, specificity and agreement between ELISA and LC–MS-MS results were assessed. Subjective, cognitive performance and cardiovascular effects were assessed. The highest concentrations of cannabinoids in both whole blood and oral fluid were typically observed at the first time point (+10 min) after drug administration. In blood, THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations were dose-dependent for both methods of administration, but higher following vaporization compared with smoking. THC was detected longer in oral fluid compared to blood and THCCOOH detection in oral fluid was rare and highly erratic. For whole blood, greater detection sensitivity for ELISA testing was observed in vaporized conditions. Conversely, for oral fluid, greater sensitivity was observed in smoked sessions. Blood and/or oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations were weakly to moderately correlated with pharmacodynamic outcomes. Cannabis pharmacokinetics vary by method of inhalation and biological matrix being tested. Vaporization appears to be a more efficient method of delivery compared with smoking.
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Schluter, Magdalen G., e David C. Hodgins. "Measuring recent cannabis use across modes of delivery: Development and validation of the Cannabis Engagement Assessment". Addictive Behaviors Reports 15 (giugno 2022): 100413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100413.
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Mathre, Mary. "Cannabis series — the whole story Part 5: Research and development of Cannabis preparations and delivery systems". Drugs and Alcohol Today 2, n. 4 (dicembre 2002): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17459265200200027.
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Ryan, Jennie E., Sean Esteban McCabe e Carol J. Boyd. "Medicinal Cannabis: Policy, Patients, and Providers". Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 22, n. 2 (10 febbraio 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154421989609.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Medicinal cannabis is legal in some form in 47 states, 3 United States territories, and the District of Columbia. An estimated three million Americans use cannabis for relief of a variety of illnesses, and this figure is expected to grow based on policy changes. However, cannabis remains illegal at the federal level as a Schedule I drug under the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. Schedule I classification of cannabis has impeded the advancement of research, leaving providers with little evidence-based information to educate their patients. Furthermore, the disparities in individual state laws create significant social and health inequities in gaining access to medicinal cannabis. Conflicting state and federal policies regarding medicinal cannabis create logistical and ethical dilemmas, and all U.S. stakeholders—patients, providers, and health delivery systems—may be impacted by conflicting federal and state policies. This brief addresses the impact of conflicting cannabis policies.
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Hemsing, Natalie, e Lorraine Greaves. "New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n. 10 (25 settembre 2018): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097.
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Recreational cannabis use is in the process of being legalized in Canada, and new products and devices for both nicotine and cannabis vaping are being introduced. Yet, research on the harms of involuntary exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) and cannabis vaping is in its infancy, and there is a lack of investigation on sex-specific health effects and gendered patterns of exposure and use. We argue that responses to ENDS and cannabis vaping exposures should align with policy and progress on restricting exposure to tobacco secondhand smoke (SHS). Furthermore, we argue that sex, gender, and equity considerations should be integrated in both research and policy to benefit all Canadians.
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Sands, Mike. "The entrepreneur and the bureaucrat… or vice versa". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1, n. 1 (febbraio 2000): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146575030000100108.
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In Notes from the Front, practising entrepreneurs offer personal perspectives on significant issues in light of their own business experience. This issue's author, Mike Sands, is founder and Managing Director of the Durham Associates Group of companies based in the UK. He is 49 and has an MBA from Durham University Business School. Before forming Durham Associates 10 years ago, he was involved in an electronics start-up company that was successfully sold after four years. His current company generates about half of its income from design work, particularly from what is known as ‘new media’, and half from the delivery of postgraduate university management programmes in the UK and overseas. The company has grown from 2 people to 38 and currently has a turnover approaching £3 million.
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Sands, Mike. "The Entrepreneur and the Bureaucrat … or Vice Versa". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1, n. 1 (febbraio 2000): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000000101298522.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Notes from the Front, practising entrepreneurs offer personal perspectives on significant issues in light of their own business experience. This issue's author, Mike Sands, is founder and Managing Director of the Durham Associates Group of companies based in the UK. He is 49 and has an MBA from Durham University Business School. Before forming Durham Associates 10 years ago, he was involved in an electronics start-up company that was successfully sold after four years. His current company generates about half of its income from design work, particularly from what is known as ‘new media’, and half from the delivery of postgraduate university management programmes in the UK and overseas. The company has grown from 2 people to 38 and currently has a turnover approaching £3 million.
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Kaufmann, Christopher, Kevin Yang, Atul Malhotra, Khai Nguyen, Reva Nafsu e Alison Moore. "Use of Cannabis for Sleep: Patterns of Use Among a Sample of Patients in a Geriatrics Clinic". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1927.
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Abstract Cannabis may be useful for treatment of sleep problems in older adults. Little is known about use patterns of cannabis for sleep. We conducted a clinic-based anonymous survey in a geriatrics clinic in La Jolla, CA. Among n=568 surveys, 10% reported recent use (within past 6 months). Among recent users, 30% reported using cannabis for sleep, most finding it helpful. Compared to cannabis users for other conditions, cannabis users for sleep were more likely to use THC containing products (62.5% vs. 32.1%), use cannabis on a daily or weekly basis (76.2% vs. 43.2%), use vape pens (29.2% vs. 6.9%), and to obtain cannabis via a delivery service (33.3% vs. 14.0%) (all p’s<0.05). Only 40% reported their doctor knew about their cannabis use. Our findings suggest sleep is a common reason for using cannabis. Future research should assess how use patterns can result in effective treatment for sleep in older adults. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Aging Interest Group.
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, Anna, Wiktoria Nogalska, Zofia Maszewska, Mateusz Maleszka, Maria Dobroń, Agnieszka Szary, Aleksandra Kępa et al. "The Use of Compounds Derived from Cannabis sativa in the Treatment of Epilepsy, Painful Conditions, and Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 11 (25 maggio 2024): 5749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115749.
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Neurological disorders present a wide range of symptoms and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Cannabis sativa, with its diverse chemical composition, offers potential therapeutic benefits due to its anticonvulsive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Beyond cannabinoids, cannabis contains terpenes and polyphenols, which synergistically enhance its pharmacological effects. Various administration routes, including vaporization, oral ingestion, sublingual, and rectal, provide flexibility in treatment delivery. This review shows the therapeutic efficacy of cannabis in managing neurological disorders such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, and painful pathologies. Drawing from surveys, patient studies, and clinical trials, it highlights the potential of cannabis in alleviating symptoms, slowing disease progression, and improving overall quality of life for patients. Understanding the diverse therapeutic mechanisms of cannabis can open up possibilities for using this plant for individual patient needs.
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Crosland, B. Adam, Bharti Garg, Gretchen E. Bandoli, Ava D. Mandelbaum, Sarena Hayer, Kimberly S. Ryan, Lyndsey E. Shorey-Kendrick et al. "Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes After Combined Prenatal Cannabis and Nicotine Exposure". JAMA Network Open 7, n. 5 (7 maggio 2024): e2410151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10151.
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ImportanceThe prevalence of cannabis use in pregnancy is rising and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. In parallel, combined prenatal use of cannabis and nicotine is also increasing, but little is known about the combined impact of both substances on pregnancy and offspring outcomes compared with each substance alone.ObjectiveTo assess the perinatal outcomes associated with combined cannabis and nicotine exposure compared with each substance alone during pregnancy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective population-based cohort study included linked hospital discharge data (obtained from the California Department of Health Care Access and Information) and vital statistics (obtained from the California Department of Public Health) from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2019. Pregnant individuals with singleton gestations and gestational ages of 23 to 42 weeks were included. Data were analyzed from October 14, 2023, to March 4, 2024.ExposuresCannabis-related diagnosis and prenatal nicotine product use were captured using codes from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe main outcomes were infant and neonatal death, infants small for gestational age, and preterm delivery. Results were analyzed by multivariable Poisson regression models.ResultsA total of 3 129 259 pregnant individuals were included (mean [SD] maternal age 29.3 [6.0] years), of whom 23 007 (0.7%) had a cannabis-related diagnosis, 56 811 (1.8%) had a nicotine-use diagnosis, and 10 312 (0.3%) had both in pregnancy. Compared with nonusers, those with cannabis or nicotine use diagnoses alone had increased rates of infant (0.7% for both) and neonatal (0.3% for both) death, small for gestational age (14.3% and 13.7%, respectively), and preterm delivery (&lt;37 weeks) (12.2% and 12.0%, respectively). Moreover, risks in those with both cannabis and nicotine use were higher for infant death (1.2%; adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 2.18 [95% CI, 1.82-2.62]), neonatal death (0.6%; ARR, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.36-2.28]), small for gestational age (18.0%; ARR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.86-2.02]), and preterm delivery (17.5%; ARR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.75-1.91]).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that co-occurring maternal use of cannabis and nicotine products in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of infant and neonatal death and maternal and neonatal morbidity compared with use of either substance alone. Given the increasing prevalence of combined cannabis and nicotine use in pregnancy, these findings can help guide health care practitioners with preconception and prenatal counseling, especially regarding the benefits of cessation.
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Abrams, D. I., H. P. Vizoso, S. B. Shade, C. Jay, M. E. Kelly e N. L. Benowitz. "Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 82, n. 5 (11 aprile 2007): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200.
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Kitdumrongthum, Sarunya, e Dunyaporn Trachootham. "An Individuality of Response to Cannabinoids: Challenges in Safety and Efficacy of Cannabis Products". Molecules 28, n. 6 (20 marzo 2023): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062791.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since legalization, cannabis/marijuana has been gaining considerable attention as a functional ingredient in food. ∆-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids are key bioactive compounds with health benefits. The oral consumption of cannabis transports much less hazardous chemicals than smoking. Nevertheless, the response to cannabis is biphasically dose-dependent (hormesis; a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition) with wide individuality in responses. Thus, the exact same dose and preparation of cannabis may be beneficial for some but toxic to others. The purpose of this review is to highlight the concept of individual variations in response to cannabinoids, which leads to the challenge of establishing standard safe doses of cannabis products for the general population. The mechanisms of actions, acute and chronic toxicities, and factors affecting responses to cannabis products are updated. Based on the literature review, we found that the response to cannabis products depends on exposure factors (delivery route, duration, frequency, and interactions with food and drugs), individual factors (age, sex), and susceptibility factors (genetic polymorphisms of cannabinoid receptor gene, N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing enzymes, THC-metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic regulations). Owing to the individuality of responses, the safest way to use cannabis-containing food products is to start low, go slow, and stay low.
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Saran, Savreen K., Kalin Z. Salinas, Jonathan Foulds, Övgϋ Kaynak, Brianna Hoglen, Kenneth R. Houser, Nicolle M. Krebs et al. "A Comparison of Vaping Behavior, Perceptions, and Dependence among Individuals Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 16 (20 agosto 2022): 10392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610392.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Electronic delivery systems (e.g., vapes, e-cigarettes) are now popular modes of cannabis and nicotine administration that are often used by the same individuals; however, we still know little about dual nicotine and cannabis vaping. Materials & Methods: An online convenience sample of adult nicotine and/or cannabis vape users residing in the United States completed a 60 min survey on sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis and/or nicotine vape use behaviors and dependence, reasons for vape use, and perceptions of benefits and harms. After data cleaning, we compared dual vs. nicotine-only and cannabis-only vape users with univariate statistics and step-wise hierarchical linear regression analyses. Additionally, we assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion and convergent validity of the Penn State Cannabis Vaping Dependence Index (PSCVDI). Results: The final sample included 357 dual, 40 cannabis, and 106 nicotine vape users. Compared to nicotine- and cannabis-only vapers, dual vapers started using their nicotine and cannabis vapes at a younger age (p < 0.001), used them for more years (p < 0.001), and were less likely to use their nicotine vape to replace combustible cigarettes (p = 0.047). Dual users vs. single-substance users did not have significantly higher nicotine or cannabis vape dependence scores after controlling for sociodemographic and use behaviors. The PSCVDI showed adequate validity for measuring cannabis vape dependence. Conclusions: This survey is the first to highlight important differences in vape use behaviors and reasons for use between dual vs. cannabis- and nicotine-only vape users.
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Hallinan, Christine Mary, e Yvonne Ann Bonomo. "The Rise and Rise of Medicinal Cannabis, What Now? Medicinal Cannabis Prescribing in Australia 2017–2022". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 16 (10 agosto 2022): 9853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169853.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Medicinal cannabis was legalised in Australia in November 2016. By August 2022, there were 5284 specialist physician and general practitioner (GP) prescribers who submitted Special Access Scheme (SAS) applications to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for the provision of medicinal cannabis prescriptions their patients. In this article we examine the impact of the delivery of publicly available clinical guidance documents, provision of education to prescribers, establishment of the TGA online portal, and launching of cannabis clinics on the number of applications approved by the TGA over time. We considered these findings in the context of the need to align the interventions facilitating the prescribing of medicinal cannabis with the establishment of processes to enable the systematic monitoring of patient outcomes. The cumulative number of medicinal cannabis Special Access Scheme-B (SAS-B) prescription approvals from January 2017 to June 2022 was 258,926. SAS-B approvals increased at an average rate of 208.55% p < 0.000, (95% CI 187.25–229.85) per month. Conclusion: There has been a rapid growth in prescribing since the legalisation of medicinal cannabis in Australia and this expansion has not been accompanied by parallel processes for the monitoring of medicinal cannabis. The capture of more highly granulated data, as found in the electronic medical record (EMR), patient smartphone applications, and social media provide an opportunity to monitor medicinal cannabis effectiveness and safety across multiple prescribing indications.
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Casey, Sherelle L., Vanessa A. Mitchell, Eddy E. Sokolaj, Bryony L. Winters e Christopher W. Vaughan. "Intrathecal Actions of the Cannabis Constituents Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in a Mouse Neuropathic Pain Model". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n. 15 (3 agosto 2022): 8649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158649.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
(1) Background: The psychoactive and non-psychoactive constituents of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), synergistically reduce allodynia in various animal models of neuropathic pain. Unfortunately, THC-containing drugs also produce substantial side-effects when administered systemically. We examined the effectiveness of targeted spinal delivery of these cannabis constituents, alone and in combination. (2) Methods: The effect of acute intrathecal drug delivery on allodynia and common cannabinoid-like side-effects was examined in a mouse chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. (3) Results: intrathecal THC and CBD produced dose-dependent reductions in mechanical and cold allodynia. In a 1:1 combination, they synergistically reduced mechanical and cold allodynia, with a two-fold increase in potency compared to their predicted additive effect. Neither THC, CBD nor combination THC:CBD produced any cannabis-like side-effects at equivalent doses. The anti-allodynic effects of THC were abolished and partly reduced by cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists AM281 and AM630, respectively. The anti-allodynic effects of CBD were partly reduced by AM630. (4) Conclusions: these findings indicate that intrathecal THC and CBD, individually and in combination, could provide a safe and effective treatment for nerve injury induced neuropathic pain.
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Ramlawi, Serine, Malia S. Q. Murphy, Alysha L. J. Dingwall-Harvey, Ruth Rennicks White, Laura M. Gaudet, Amy McGee, Amanda DeGrace et al. "Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Downstream effects on maternal and infant health (CUPiD): a protocol for a birth cohort pilot study". BMJ Open 12, n. 12 (dicembre 2022): e066196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionCannabis use in pregnancy and post partum is increasing. Accessibility to cannabis has expanded due to the legalisation of cannabis in Canada. Therefore, there is a critical need to monitor the impact of cannabis on pregnancy outcomes and infant neurodevelopment. This pilot study will assess the feasibility of modern recruitment and data collection strategies adapted to the current cannabis environment and inform the design of a multicentre prospective birth cohort.Methods and analysisWe will establish a pregnancy and birth cohort of 50 cannabis users and 50 non-users recruited before delivery. We will follow the participants at regular visits from recruitment to 12 weeks post partum. Participants will provide demographic and socioeconomic data, report their cannabis use patterns, and provide biological samples. Biological samples include maternal and infant urine and blood, breastmilk/chestmilk, cord blood, cord tissue, placenta and meconium. All samples will be processed and stored at −80°C until analysis by immunoassay or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the presence of cannabis metabolites. In addition, partners will be invited to provide additional socioeconomic and substance use data.Ethics and disseminationEthics was obtained from Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board through Clinical Trials Ontario (3791). Our findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific conferences and shared broadly with patients, healthcare decision-makers, and project partners online and through social media.Trial registration numberNCT05309226.Cite Now
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Young-Wolff, Kelly C., Tara R. Foti, Andrea Green, Andrea Altschuler, Monique B. Does, Melanie Jackson-Morris, Sara R. Adams et al. "Perceptions About Cannabis Following Legalization Among Pregnant Individuals With Prenatal Cannabis Use in California". JAMA Network Open 5, n. 12 (14 dicembre 2022): e2246912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46912.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ImportanceAs rates of prenatal cannabis use increase and cannabis legalization spreads across the US, studies are needed to understand the potential impacts of legalization from the perspectives of pregnant individuals who use cannabis.ObjectiveTo characterize pregnant individuals’ perspectives on legalization of cannabis for adult use in California (effective in 2018) in relation to prenatal cannabis use behaviors and beliefs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study was conducted in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large health care system with universal screening for self-reported cannabis use at entrance to prenatal care. Eighteen semistructured focus groups were conducted from November 17 to December 17, 2021, using a secure video conferencing platform with Black and White pregnant participants who self-reported cannabis use during early pregnancy. Data were analyzed from March to June 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresVideo-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify major themes and subthemes.ResultsAmong 53 participants (mean [SD] age, 30.3 [5.2] years), 23 (43%) identified as non-Hispanic Black and 30 (57%) identified as non-Hispanic White; 16 participants (30%) reported continued cannabis use at the time of recruitment. Major themes regarding the perceived impact of legalization included easier access (via retailers and delivery), greater acceptance (including reduced stigma and more discussions about prenatal cannabis use with health care practitioners), and trust in cannabis retailers (including safety and effectiveness of diverse products sold and perceptions of cannabis retailer employees as knowledgeable, nonjudgmental, and caring). Responses were mixed about whether retailer marketing and advertising were associated with prenatal cannabis use and whether legalization resulted in reduced concerns about Child Protective Services involvement.Conclusion and RelevanceThe findings of this qualitative study suggest pregnant individuals perceive cannabis legalization as having reduced barriers to prenatal cannabis use and that legalization has created challenges and opportunities for supporting the health of pregnant individuals. The results of this qualitative study highlight key areas that can be further explored in future educational materials, public health campaigns, and policy adaptations to address increasing rates of prenatal cannabis use.
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McClements, David Julian. "Enhancing Efficacy, Performance, and Reliability of Cannabis Edibles: Insights from Lipid Bioavailability Studies". Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 11, n. 1 (25 marzo 2020): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051834.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The legal sale of cannabis-enriched foods and beverages for medical or recreational purposes is increasing in many states and countries, especially in North America and Europe. These food-based cannabis delivery systems vary considerably in their compositions and structures, ranging from low-viscosity watery beverages to solid fatty chocolates. The rate and extent of release of the bioactive components in cannabis within the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affect their health and psychoactive effects. Studies with other types of hydrophobic bioactives, such as nutraceuticals and vitamins, have shown that food composition and structure have a major impact on their bioaccessibility, transformation, and absorption within the GIT, thereby influencing their bioavailability and bioactivity. This review outlines how insights on the bioavailability of other lipophilic bioactives can be used to facilitate the design of more efficacious and consistent cannabis-enriched products intended for oral consumption. In particular, the importance of food-matrix composition (such as fat type and level) and structural organization (such as fat domain dimensions) are discussed.
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Newmeyer, Matthew N., Madeleine J. Swortwood, Allan J. Barnes, Osama A. Abulseoud, Karl B. Scheidweiler e Marilyn A. Huestis. "Free and Glucuronide Whole Blood Cannabinoids' Pharmacokinetics after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized, and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users: Identification of Recent Cannabis Intake". Clinical Chemistry 62, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2016): 1579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.263475.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in markers of recent cannabis use because following frequent cannabis intake, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may be detected in blood for up to 30 days. The minor cannabinoids cannabidiol, cannabinol (CBN), and THC-glucuronide were previously detected for ≤2.1 h in frequent and occasional smokers' blood after cannabis smoking. Cannabigerol (CBG), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THCV might also be recent use markers, but their blood pharmacokinetics have not been investigated. Additionally, while smoking is the most common administration route, vaporization and edibles are frequently used. METHODS We characterized blood pharmacokinetics of THC, its phase I and phase II glucuronide metabolites, and minor cannabinoids in occasional and frequent cannabis smokers for 54 (occasional) and 72 (frequent) hours after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. RESULTS Few differences were observed between smoked and vaporized blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, while significantly greater 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations occurred following oral cannabis. CBG and CBN were frequently identified after inhalation routes with short detection windows, but not detected following oral dosing. Implementation of a combined THC ≥5 μg/L plus THCCOOH/11-hydroxy-THC ratio <20 cutoff produced detection windows <8 h after all routes for frequent smokers; no occasional smoker was positive 1.5 h or 12 h following inhaled or oral cannabis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Vaporization and smoking provide comparable cannabinoid delivery. CBG and CBN are recent-use cannabis markers after cannabis inhalation, but their absence does not exclude recent use. Multiple, complimentary criteria should be implemented in conjunction with impairment observations to improve interpretation of cannabinoid tests. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02177513
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Langley, Paul. "Establishing Credibility for Medical Marijuana: The Proposed Prometheus Dispensary Registry for Botanical Cannabis". INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i1.1553.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A previous commentary in INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy argued that, given the lack of evidence for outcomes in medical marijuana, outside of a handful of randomized clinical trials and even fewer observational studies, good clinical practice points to the need for monitoring patients who received cannabis through certified medical marijuana dispensaries. The commentary noted the lack of standards for monitoring cannabis patients and the lack of feedback from the dispensary to providers. Botanical cannabis administration was occurring in, effectively, an evidence vacuum. More to the point, dispensary owners and investors seem uninterested in establishing a robust evidence base for cannabis outcomes. Given the range of conditions and symptoms presented by patients, to include the prevalence of multiple symptoms together with the range of potential cannabis formulations, dosing regimens and delivery options, a failure to monitor patients over the course of their exposure to cannabis in not acceptable. The purpose of this commentary is to report on a proposed on-line registry structure proposed by Prometheus Research for medical marijuana dispensaries in the US. The registry tracks and reports on patients over the course of treatment with botanical cannabis with the focus on severe or chronic non-cancer pain, severe nausea, persistent muscle spasms and seizures, together with prevalent comorbidities – fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep. This is the first time a registry has been developed for dispensaries in the United States as a model for a robust evidence base to support botanical cannabis as a therapy option.
Article Type: Commentary
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Duggan, Peter J. "The Chemistry of Cannabis and Cannabinoids". Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, n. 6 (2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The science of cannabis and cannabinoids encompasses a wide variety of scientific disciplines and can appear daunting to newcomers to the field. The encroachment of folklore and ‘cannabis culture’ into scientific discussions can cloud the situation further. This Primer Review is designed to give a succinct overview of the chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids. It is hoped that it will provide a useful resource for chemistry undergraduates, postgraduates and their instructors, and experienced chemists who require a comprehensive and up to date summary of the field. The Review begins with a brief overview of the history and botany of cannabis, then goes on to detail important aspects of the chemistry of phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinomimetics. Other natural constituents of the cannabis plant are then described including terpenes and terpenoids, polyphenolics, alkaloids, waxes and triglycerides, and important toxic contaminants. A discussion of key aspects of the pharmacology associated with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system then follows, with a focus on the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The medicinal chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids is covered, highlighting the range of diseases targeted with cannabis and phytocannabinoids, as well as key aspects of phytocannabinoid metabolism, distribution, and delivery. The modulation of endocannabinoid levels through the inhibition of key endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is then discussed. The Review concludes with an assessment of the much touted ‘entourage effect’. References to primary literature and more specialised reviews are provided throughout.
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, Anna, Daria Szymanowska, Piotr Szulc e Judyta Cielecka-Piontek. "Antimicrobial, Probiotic, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa Extract and Delivery Systems". Antibiotics 13, n. 4 (17 aprile 2024): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040369.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The compounds present in hemp show multidirectional biological activity. It is related to the presence of secondary metabolites, mainly cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and the synergy of their biological activity. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of the Henola Cannabis sativae extract and its combinations with selected carriers (polyvinyl caprolactam–polyvinyl acetate–polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, magnesium aluminometasilicate, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) in terms of antimicrobial, probiotic, and immunobiological effects. As a result of the conducted research, the antimicrobial activity of the extract was confirmed in relation to the following microorganisms: Clostridium difficile, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyrogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aereuginosa, and Candida albicans (microorganism count was reduced from ~102 CFU mL−1 to <10 CFU mL−1 in most cases). Additionally, for the system with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a significant probiotic potential against bacterial strains was established for strains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Streptococcus thermophilus (microorganism count was increased from ~102 to 104–107). In terms of immunomodulatory properties, it was determined that the tested extract and the systems caused changes in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels.
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Bagot, Kara, Elizabeth Hodgdon, Natasha Sidhu, Kevin Patrick, Mikaela Kelly, Yang Lu e Eraka Bath. "End User–Informed Mobile Health Intervention Development for Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder: Qualitative Study". JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, n. 10 (4 ottobre 2019): e13691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13691.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The rates of cannabis use continue to increase among adolescents and the current interventions have modest effects and high rates of relapse following treatment. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of mobile technology–based interventions for adults with substance use disorders, but there is limited study of this technology in adolescents who use cannabis. Objective The goal of our study was to elucidate elements of an app-based adjunctive intervention for cannabis cessation that resonate with adolescents who use cannabis. Methods Adolescents, aged between 14 and 17 years, who used cannabis were recruited from San Diego County high schools. Semistructured focus groups (6 total; N=37) were conducted to examine the ways in which participants used smartphones, including the use of any health behavior change apps, as well as to elicit opinions about elements that would promote engagement with an app-based intervention for adolescent cannabis cessation. An iterative coding structure was used with first cycle structural coding, followed by pattern coding. Results Themes that emerged from the analysis included (1) youth valued rewards to incentivize the progressive reduction of cannabis use, which included both nontangible rewards that mimic those obtained on social media platforms and prosocial activity-related rewards, (2) having the ability to self-monitor progression, (3) peer social support, (4) privacy and confidentiality discrete logo and name and usernames within the app, and (5) individualizing frequency and content of notifications and reminders. Conclusions Integrating content, language, interfaces, delivery systems, and rewards with which adolescents who use cannabis are familiar, engage with on a day-to-day basis, and identify as relevant, may increase treatment engagement and retention for adolescents in substance use treatment. We may increase treatment effectiveness by adapting and individualizing current evidence-based interventions, so that they target the needs of adolescents and are more easily incorporated into their everyday routines.
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Carrara, Laura, Christian Giroud e Nicolas Concha-Lozano. "Development of a Vaping Machine for the Sampling of THC and CBD Aerosols Generated by Two Portable Dry Herb Cannabis Vaporisers". Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids 3, n. 1 (14 gennaio 2020): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505027.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cannabis sativa is known for its recreational use, but also for its therapeutic potential. There has been wide discussion over the use of cannabis for medical purposes in recent years, especially because a consensus has not been reached regarding its risk/benefit balance. Among the more common modes of administration, vaping with a vaporiser is most frequently used for self-medication. Vaping seems to be a better alternative to preventing adverse health effects due to toxic compounds produced during combustion when cannabis is smoked. However, the delivery kinetics and efficiency of most portable vaporisers are not fully characterised with an appropriate vaping regime. This determination requires a specific vaping machine operating under realistic puffing conditions. In this study, a vaping machine was conceived to fit with the common uses of portable vaporisers that requires conditions different from those used for electronic cigarettes. The experimental setup in this study was optimised to sample aerosolised cannabinoids. The delivery kinetics, efficiency, and decarboxylation yields of two commercially available vaporisers (DaVinci® and Mighty Medic®) were evaluated for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Among all tested sampling supports, the glass fibre filter is the most efficient medium to collect mixed THC and CBD aerosols. From the delivery kinetics of cannabinoids, a single-parameter model was used to calculate the extraction coefficient of each vaporiser. The results show that the Mighty Medic® vaporiser had a higher extraction coefficient (0.39) and a more immediate release of cannabinoids than the DaVinci® vaporiser (0.16), which had a gradual and slower rate of vaporisation. This parameter could be a quantitative input in pharmacokinetic models of administration of volatile compounds using vaporisers and a useful tool for the comparison of vaporisers.
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Parris, Urica. "An Access to Care Center as a Learning Organization". Healthcare Management Forum 13, n. 1 (aprile 2000): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60733-8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Durham Access to Care (DATC) is one of the new streamlined vehicles for the delivery of integrated home-based and community-based health services across Ontario. Management and staff in this change transition have undertaken to become a learning organization. To implement this visionary process leadership qualities and style is key. This article gives a brief account of DATC and its move to becoming a learning organization and the author's observational reflections of an effective leadership style.
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Padon, Alisa, Kelly Young-Wolff, Lyndsay Avalos e Lynn Silver. "Local Laws Regulating Cannabis in California Two Years Post Legalization: Assessing Incorporation of Lessons from Tobacco Control". Cannabis 5, n. 3 (21 novembre 2022): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2022.03.005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: As cannabis legalization continues to spread, best regulatory practice remains ill-defined and elusive, exposing the population to potential harms. Methods: We conducted an annual, statewide, cross-sectional survey to assess cannabis-related laws in effect by January 1, 2020, in local California jurisdictions and at the state level and measured adoption of potential best practices. Results: The current laws of all 539 jurisdictions were located; 276 jurisdictions allowed any retail sales (storefront or delivery) covering 58% of the population, an increase of 20 jurisdictions (8%) from year 1 of legalization (2018). Half allowed sales of medical cannabis, whereas slightly fewer jurisdictions (n = 225) allowed adult-use sales. Only 9 jurisdictions imposed any restrictions on products stricter than state regulations. Cannabis temporary special events were allowed in 22 jurisdictions, up from 14 in the year prior. Thirty-three jurisdictions required additional health warnings for consumers. Just over half of legalizing jurisdictions taxed cannabis locally and little revenue was captured for prevention. No new jurisdictions established a potency-linked tax. Of jurisdictions allowing storefront retailers (n = 162), 114 capped outlet licenses, and 49 increased the state-specified buffers between storefronts and schools. Thirty-six allowed on-site consumption, up from 29. As of January 2020, the state had not updated its regulations of key provisions addressed in this paper. Conclusions: In year 2 of legalized adult-use cannabis sales in California, the state remained split between retail bans and legal sale. Local policy continued to vary widely on protective measures, and State policy remained misaligned with protection of youth and public health.
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Goulette, Michelle, Nicolas J. Schlienz, Amy Case, Eric Hansen, Rebecca L. Ashare, Maciej Goniewicz, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Andrew Hyland e Danielle M. Smith. "Abstract 6472: Self-reported knowledge of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) potency in cannabis products among cancer patients and survivors: Results from a survey of cannabis consumers at an NCI-designated cancer center". Cancer Research 83, n. 7_Supplement (4 aprile 2023): 6472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-6472.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background: Cannabis use may introduce risks and/or benefits to cancer patient treatment and survivorship, depending on product type, composition and nature of its use. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are two primary cannabinoids that elicit therapeutic effects, but only THC has abuse potential, highlighting the importance of patient knowledge of cannabinoid potency in patient-provider interactions and provider risk-benefit assessments. This study aims to understand factors associated with knowledge of THC or CBD potency in cannabis products among a sample of cancer patients and survivors who consumed cannabis since diagnosis. Methods: Data were analyzed from a random sample of cancer patients and survivors using cannabis (n=343) and completed an anonymous, mixed-mode survey at Roswell Park. Survey questions asked about modes of use post-cancer diagnosis including smoking (joints/bongs/pipes/blunts), vaping (e-cigarettes/other vaping device), eating cannabis (foods/drinks), and taking orally (pills/tinctures/sublingually), and knowledge of cannabinoid potency was defined as knowing THC or CBD (mg or %) against no knowledge. Chi-square and separate multivariable logistic regression analyses for the most prevalent modes of cannabis use (smoking and eating) were examined to determine factors associated with knowledge of THC and CBD potency. Models controlled for acquisition source (informal; unlicensed seller vs formal; licensed seller), cannabis use instruction source (informal; personal vs formal; healthcare professional), current use status, and educational attainment. Results: Prevalence of cannabis use following cancer diagnosis was 26.5% (20.9% among patients in active treatment; 29.2% among survivors). Among consumers, eating cannabis foods/drinking cannabis beverages was the most prevalent mode of delivery (58.6%), followed by smoking cannabis in joints (52.8%), vaping (30.3%), and taking oral pills, tinctures, or sublingually (29.2%). Overall, 27.2% had knowledge of THC and CBD potency of the products that they consumed. Those who smoked cannabis had the lowest rates (7.8% & 3.9%) followed by those eating cannabis foods/drinks (15.0% & 7.0%). Controlling for other factors, knowledge of THC and CBD potency showed significant associations with cannabis acquisition source, cannabis use instruction source, and current use status. Conclusions: Overall, cancer patients and survivors who use cannabis have low levels of knowledge of THC and CBD potency. These data reinforce the need for provider awareness. Relying on patient self-report of THC and CBD potency is unlikely to provide key information that providers require to assess risks and benefits of cannabis use in relation to cancer symptom management. Citation Format: Michelle Goulette, Nicolas J. Schlienz, Amy Case, Eric Hansen, Rebecca L. Ashare, Maciej Goniewicz, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Andrew Hyland, Danielle M. Smith. Self-reported knowledge of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) potency in cannabis products among cancer patients and survivors: Results from a survey of cannabis consumers at an NCI-designated cancer center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6472.
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Stefaniak, Aleksandr B., Ryan F. LeBouf, Anand C. Ranpara e Stephen S. Leonard. "Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 224 (agosto 2021): 107838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838.
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Gieringer, Dale, Joseph St. Laurent e Scott Goodrich. "Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 4, n. 1 (26 febbraio 2004): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j175v04n01_02.
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Hartman, Rebecca L., Timothy L. Brown, Gary Milavetz, Andrew Spurgin, David A. Gorelick, Gary Gaffney e Marilyn A. Huestis. "Controlled Cannabis Vaporizer Administration: Blood and Plasma Cannabinoids with and without Alcohol". Clinical Chemistry 61, n. 6 (1 giugno 2015): 850–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2015.238287.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract BACKGROUND Increased medical and legal cannabis intake is accompanied by greater use of cannabis vaporization and more cases of driving under the influence of cannabis. Although simultaneous Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and alcohol use is frequent, potential pharmacokinetic interactions are poorly understood. Here we studied blood and plasma vaporized cannabinoid disposition, with and without simultaneous oral low-dose alcohol. METHODS Thirty-two adult cannabis smokers (≥1 time/3 months, ≤3 days/week) drank placebo or low-dose alcohol (target approximately 0.065% peak breath-alcohol concentration) 10 min before inhaling 500 mg placebo, low-dose (2.9%) THC, or high-dose (6.7%) THC vaporized cannabis (6 within-individual alcohol-cannabis combinations). Blood and plasma were obtained before and up to 8.3 h after ingestion. RESULTS Nineteen participants completed all sessions. Median (range) maximum blood concentrations (Cmax) for low and high THC doses (no alcohol) were 32.7 (11.4–66.2) and 42.2 (15.2–137) μg/L THC, respectively, and 2.8 (0–9.1) and 5.0 (0–14.2) μg/L 11-OH-THC. With alcohol, low and high dose Cmax values were 35.3 (13.0–71.4) and 67.5 (18.1–210) μg/L THC and 3.7 (1.4–6.0) and 6.0 (0–23.3) μg/L 11-OH-THC, significantly higher than without alcohol. With a THC detection cutoff of ≥1 μg/L, ≥16.7% of participants remained positive 8.3 h postdose, whereas ≤21.1% were positive by 2.3 h with a cutoff of ≥5 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Vaporization is an effective THC delivery route. The significantly higher blood THC and 11-OH-THC Cmax values with alcohol possibly explain increased performance impairment observed from cannabis-alcohol combinations. Chosen driving-related THC cutoffs should be considered carefully to best reflect performance impairment windows. Our results will help facilitate forensic interpretation and inform the debate on drugged driving legislation.
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Sinclair, Justin, Laura Collett, Jason Abbott, David W. Pate, Jerome Sarris e Mike Armour. "Effects of cannabis ingestion on endometriosis-associated pelvic pain and related symptoms". PLOS ONE 16, n. 10 (26 ottobre 2021): e0258940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258940.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The use of cannabis for symptoms of endometriosis was investigated utilising retrospective archival data from Strainprint Technologies Ltd., a Canadian data technology company with a mobile phone application that tracks a range of data including dose, mode of administration, chemovar and their effects on various self-reported outcomes, including pelvic pain. Methods A retrospective, electronic record-based cohort study of StrainprintTM users with self-reported endometriosis was conducted. Self-rated cannabis efficacy, defined as a function of initial and final symptom ratings, was investigated across the included symptom clusters of cramps, pelvic pain, gastrointestinal pain, nausea, depression, and low libido. Cannabis dosage form, dose and cannabinoid ratio information was also recorded. Results A total number of 252 participants identifying as suffering endometriosis recorded 16193 sessions using cannabis between April 2017 and February 2020. The most common method of ingestion was inhalation (n = 10914, 67.4%), with pain as the most common reported symptom being treated by cannabis (n = 9281, 57.3%). Gastrointestinal symptoms, though a less common reason for cannabis usage (15.2%), had the greatest self-reported improvement after use. Inhaled forms had higher efficacy for pain, while oral forms were superior for mood and gastrointestinal symptoms. Dosage varied across ingestion methods, with a median dose of 9 inhalations (IQR 5 to 11) for inhaled dosage forms and 1 mg/mL (IQR 0.5 to 2) for other ingested dosage forms. The ratio of THC to CBD had a statistically significant, yet clinically small, differential effect on efficacy, depending on method of ingestion. Conclusions Cannabis appears to be effective for pelvic pain, gastrointestinal issues and mood, with effectiveness differing based on method of ingestion. The greater propensity for use of an inhaled dosage delivery may be due to the rapid onset of pain-relieving effects versus the slower onset of oral products. Oral forms appeared to be superior compared to inhaled forms in the less commonly reported mood or gastrointestinal categories. Clinical trials investigating the tolerability and effectiveness of cannabis for endometriosis pain and associated symptoms are urgently required.
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Clarke, Stephen John, Luis Vitetta, Andrew J. McLachlan, Jeremy David Henson, David Rutolo e Sean Hall. "An oro-buccal nanoparticle delivered cannabis medicine for pain management in cancer: A clinical trial in progress." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, n. 15_suppl (20 maggio 2020): TPS12127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps12127.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
TPS12127 Background: Cannabinoid molecules derived from Cannabis sativa L. have been posited to ameliorate conditions, including pain, chemotherapy induced nausea and multiple sclerosis associated spasticity. The clinical use of cannabinoids refers to a wide variety of formulations and extracts that may contain different active ingredients and adulterants as well as inter batch variability. Novel matrix formulations (e.g., water-soluble nanoparticles) for cannabis delivery may add further efficacy and tolerability to standard routes of administration (e.g., oral / gastrointestinal, inhaled, sublingual). This is further emphasized by the dysbiotic effects on the intestinal microbiome reported for oral formulations of medicinal cannabis, and which resulted in reduced efficacy. Similar results have been reported for other psychotropic compounds, such as alcohol and nicotine. Therapeutic use of cannabinoid formulations may be mode of delivery dependent in order to achieve safe, tolerable and effective doses. Methods: A water soluble oro-buccal nanoparticle spray with a racemic 1:1 mixture of Delta9Tetrahydrocannabinol (D9THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), which bypasses the gastrointestinal system and first pass metabolism by accessing the systemic circulation via the facial lymphatics system, was investigated in patients with advanced cancer and unrelieved pain in a single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose in a first-in-human study. Results: The THC / CBD combination delivered as a submicron particle demonstrated safety, tolerability and a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for maintenance analgesic therapy. Preliminary analysis found an overall (n = 25) improvement in pain scores, especially in the subgroup of patients with bone metastases (n = 8), who obtained a greater than 30% average reduction in pain severity. 1 Clinical trial information: ACTRN12617001480370 .
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Rutledge, Kyle J., e Dianne L. Plath. "Acute Psychosis in Withdrawal from Nicotine Vaping in a Young Man with Comorbid Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Cannabis Use". Case Reports in Psychiatry 2020 (4 giugno 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5710810.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Electronic delivery of nicotine, also termed “vaping,” has a growing evidence base suggesting potential harm through both exposure and withdrawal effects. The current report presents the case of a young man with multiple medical comorbidities, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on an insulin pump and presumed Gilbert’s disease, and chronic cannabis use who experienced acute agitation with hallucinations in the context of quitting his vape pen “cold turkey” or abruptly discontinuing use without a nicotine replacement. While undergoing hospitalization for his complaint of nausea and vomiting in the context of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis and cannabis use, his psychotic symptoms became evident and continued until beginning a nicotine replacement patch. A few months later, the patient returned to the hospital again for nausea and vomiting in the context of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis and reported cannabis use, however this time without psychosis, and notably after resuming and continuing use of e-cigarette with nicotine replacement delivered on admission. This is the first reported case of acute psychosis related to abrupt vaping withdrawal and adds to the plethora of information regarding potential risks associated with electronic cigarette use.
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Fathordoobady, Farahnaz, Anika Singh, David D. Kitts e Anubhav Pratap Singh. "Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Extract: Anti-Microbial Properties, Methods of Extraction, and Potential Oral Delivery". Food Reviews International 35, n. 7 (22 aprile 2019): 664–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2019.1600539.
Testo completo
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Assadpour, Elham, Atefe Rezaei, Sabya Sachi Das, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Mohammad Saeed Kharazmi, Niraj Kumar Jha, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Miguel A. Prieto e Seid Mahdi Jafari. "Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers and Their Therapeutic Applications". Pharmaceuticals 16, n. 4 (24 marzo 2023): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16040487.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most promising constituents isolated from Cannabis sativa, exhibits diverse pharmacological actions. However, the applications of CBD are restricted mainly due to its poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, researchers are focusing on the development of novel strategies for the effective delivery of CBD with improved oral bioavailability. In this context, researchers have designed nanocarriers to overcome limitations associated with CBD. The CBD-loaded nanocarriers assist in improving the therapeutic efficacy, targetability, and controlled biodistribution of CBD with negligible toxicity for treating various disease conditions. In this review, we have summarized and discussed various molecular targets, targeting mechanisms and types of nanocarrier-based delivery systems associated with CBD for the effective management of various disease conditions. This strategic information will help researchers in the establishment of novel nanotechnology interventions for targeting CBD.
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Hicks, Tim, Rebecca Arrowsmith, Susannah Keill e Eleni Papadakou. "Stealth-vaping: a new era of illicit substance misuse? a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems for the consumption of illicit substances". BJPsych Open 7, S1 (giugno 2021): S256—S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.686.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AimsTo estimate the prevalence of using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) for the consumption of illicit Substances (illegal under UK Law). We hypothesised that this is an increasingly common mode of delivery.BackgroundUsing ENDS to consume nicotine is increasing in popularity worldwide with a prevalence in the UK of 6% and in the USA 4%-6%. Existing studies have reported that people are switching to vaping because it is felt to be safer than smoking.However there is also emerging evidence that this mode of consumption is increasingly being used as it is discreet and much less easy to detect, hence sometimes referred to as stealth-vaping. This appears to be driving a switch to vaping to administer substances other than nicotine, notably, but not exclusively cannabis, including concentrated forms of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic cannabinoids. Anecdotally this practice is known to be occurring in psychiatric inpatient settings.This is against a backdrop of the uncertain long-term effects of vaping and the emergence of case reports of the death of otherwise healthy young persons after using ENDS to consume cannabis.MethodSearch strategy: MEDLINE , EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Grey Literature using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), text words relating to vaping of drugs and hand searching journals.Statistical methods: Synthesis of data was performed using inverse variance with double arcsine transformation in MetaXL. Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochran's Q and I2.ResultFrom 970 abstracts, 61 papers were selected for full text review, 18 met the inclusion criteria. The total study population for the outcome of ENDS nicotine users who also use ENDS for the consumption of illicit substances was 9098. There was significant heterogeneity with a random effects model prevalence of 17% (95%CI 7%-32%). The total study population for the outcome of cannabis users who use ENDS to consume cannabis was 52708. There was significant heterogeneity with a random effects model prevalence of 23% (95%CI 12%-37%).ConclusionThe use of ENDS to consume illicit substances is concerning as it appears to be relatively common practice. This was most notable in studies of existing cannabis users, younger people and medical marijuana users.Given the uncertainty of long term health consequences and poor understanding of sudden death in some users, this study highlights an emerging and substantial public health concern.Currently there is a paucity of primary studies to elucidate the impact on health.
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Peltzer, Karl, e Shandir Ramlagan. "Cannabis use trends in South Africa". South African Journal of Psychiatry 13, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v13i4.33.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 447.989px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.923593);" data-canvas-width="392.83500000000015">The purpose of this review is to synthesise cannabis use data</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 471.318px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.862584);" data-canvas-width="392.8349999999999">from surveys, specialised alcohol and drug treatment centres,</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 494.648px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.869006);" data-canvas-width="392.805">cannabis-related trauma unit admissions and arrestee studies</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 517.977px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.909271);" data-canvas-width="238.32000000000002">over the past 12 years in South Africa.</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 555.49px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.935025);" data-canvas-width="392.835">Results indicate that cannabis is the most common illicit</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 578.819px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.914313);" data-canvas-width="392.84999999999997">substance used in South Africa, with particularly high use</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 602.149px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.855811);" data-canvas-width="392.7600000000001">among the youth. Current self-reported cannabis use was 5 -</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 625.478px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912193);" data-canvas-width="392.77500000000003">10% among adolescents and 2% among adults, higher among</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 648.808px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.897703);" data-canvas-width="392.7749999999999">men than women, higher in urban than rural areas, higher</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 672.137px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.886058);" data-canvas-width="392.74499999999995">in the urban provinces of Western Cape and Gauteng than</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 695.467px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.875593);" data-canvas-width="392.8349999999999">the other provinces and higher among coloureds and whites</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 718.796px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.940702);" data-canvas-width="392.79">than other racial groups. Cannabis is commonly misused by</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 742.126px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.927193);" data-canvas-width="392.7899999999999">trauma patients (29 - 59%) and is often associated with crime</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 765.455px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.847996);" data-canvas-width="392.82">(39%). There has been an increase in seizures and treatment</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 788.785px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.882278);" data-canvas-width="392.805">demand for cannabis. The current (2006) treatment demand</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 812.114px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.896133);" data-canvas-width="392.79">for the whole country was 17% for cannabis and 3.4% for</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 835.444px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.901687);" data-canvas-width="392.82000000000005">cannabis and mandrax (methaqualone), which has implications</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 858.773px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916696);" data-canvas-width="392.8350000000001">for treatment service delivery. Screening and brief intervention</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 882.103px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.917804);" data-canvas-width="392.81999999999994">of substance (cannabis) use should be included in health care</div><div style="left: 81.8143px; top: 905.432px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.854401);" data-canvas-width="49.185">settings.</div>
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Lefebvre, Ève, Nancy Tawil e L’Hocine Yahia. "Transdermal Delivery of Cannabidiol for the Management of Acute Inflammatory Pain: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 11 (28 maggio 2024): 5858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115858.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The emerging field of nanotechnology has paved the way for revolutionary advancements in drug delivery systems, with nanosystems emerging as a promising avenue for enhancing the therapeutic potential and the stability of various bioactive compounds. Among these, cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic compound of the Cannabis sativa plant, has gained attention for its therapeutic properties. Consequently, researchers have devoted significant efforts to unlock the full potential of CBD’s clinical benefits, where various nanosystems and excipients have emerged to overcome challenges associated with its bioavailability, stability, and controlled release for its transdermal application. Therefore, this comprehensive review aims to explain CBD’s role in managing acute inflammatory pain and offers an overview of the state of the art of existing delivery systems and excipients for CBD. To summarize this review, a summary of the cannabinoids and therapeutical targets of CBD will be discussed, followed by its conventional modes of administration. The transdermal route of administration and the current topical and transdermal delivery systems will also be reviewed. This review will conclude with an overview of in vivo techniques that allow the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials of these systems.
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Dvorakova, Michaela, Sierra Wilson, Wesley Corey, Jenna Billingsley, Anaëlle Zimmowitch, Joye Tracey, Alex Straiker e Ken Mackie. "A Critical Evaluation of Terpenoid Signaling at Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in a Neuronal Model". Molecules 27, n. 17 (2 settembre 2022): 5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175655.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In addition to phytocannabinoids, cannabis contains terpenoids that are claimed to have a myriad of effects on the body. We tested a panel of five common cannabis terpenoids, myrcene, linalool, limonene, α-pinene and nerolidol, in two neuronal models, autaptic hippocampal neurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Autaptic neurons express a form of cannabinoid CB1 receptor-dependent retrograde plasticity while DRGs express a variety of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Most terpenoids had little or no effect on neuronal cannabinoid signaling. The exception was nerolidol, which inhibited endocannabinoid signaling. Notably, this is not via inhibition of CB1 receptors but by inhibiting some aspect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) production/delivery; the mechanism does not involve reducing the activity of the 2-AG-synthesizing diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs). Nerolidol was also the only terpenoid that activated a sustained calcium response in a small (7%) subpopulation of DRGs. In summary, we found that only one of five terpenoids tested had notable effects on cannabinoid signaling in two neuronal models. Our results suggest that a few terpenoids may indeed interact with some components of the cannabinoid signaling system and may therefore offer interesting insights upon further study.