Bibliografie tematiche / Cannabis Delivery in Durham

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 27 luglio 2024

Ultima modifica: 28 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Murphy, Fiona, Paloma Sales, Sheigla Murphy, Sheigla Averill, Nicholas Lau e Sye-Ok Sato. "Baby Boomers and Cannabis Delivery Systems". Journal of Drug Issues 45, n. 3 (10 aprile 2015): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042615580991.

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Osaghae, Ikponmwosa, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Banda A. A. Khalifa, Rajesh Talluri e Sanjay Shete. "Cannabis Use among Cancer Survivors: Use Pattern, Product Type, and Timing of Use". Cancers 15, n. 24 (13 dicembre 2023): 5822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245822.

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Despite growing interest in the use of cannabis for the treatment of cancer-related symptoms, there are limited studies that have assessed the use pattern, type, and mode of delivery of cannabis products used by cancer survivors. This study describes the current state of the use pattern, product type, and mode of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors. This was a cross-sectional study of cancer survivors from 41 U.S. states who received treatment at the largest NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. The weighted prevalence of the use patterns, product types, and modes of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors was estimated. A total of 1886 cancer survivors were included in the study, with 915 (48% [95% CI: 45–51]) reporting ever using cannabis. Of survivors who had ever used cannabis, 36% (95% CI: 33–40) were current users. Among survivors who reported cannabis use after diagnosis, 40% used cannabis during and after cancer treatment, 35% used cannabis during treatment, and 25% used cannabis after completing their cancer treatment. Additionally, 48% of survivors reported an increase in cannabis use since cancer diagnosis. The commonest types of cannabis products used by cancer survivors were dry leaf cannabis (71%), cannabidiol (CBD) oil (46%), and cannabis candy (40%). Moreover, cancer survivors frequently used baked goods (32%), creams and gels (21%), and tinctures (18%). Furthermore, among ever users, the predominant mode of use was cannabis inhalation/smoking (69%) compared to eating/drinking (59%). More so, the common mode of inhalation/smoking of cannabis products were rolled cannabis cigarettes (79%), pipes (36%), water pipes (34%), vaporizers or vapes (14%), and e-cigarette devices (14%). A substantial number of cancer survivors use cannabis during cancer treatment, with increased use following cancer diagnosis. The forms and modes of delivery of cannabis varied among survivors, with most survivors inhaling or smoking cannabis. There is a need to educate healthcare providers (HCPs) and survivors on current evidence of cannabis use and strengthen cannabis regulatory frameworks to optimize benefits and minimize adverse events from cannabis use during cancer treatment.

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Gill, Harkiran K., e Sean D. Young. "Exploring cannabis use reasons and experiences among mobile cannabis delivery patients". Journal of Substance Use 24, n. 1 (29 giugno 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2018.1489012.

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Ouellette, Rachel R., Sophia Selino e Grace Kong. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and E-Liquid Modifications to Vape Cannabis Depicted in Online Videos". JAMA Network Open 6, n. 11 (2 novembre 2023): e2341075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.41075.

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ImportanceElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were created to vape nicotine e-liquids; however, social media demonstrates increased ENDS modifications to vape cannabis. Analysis of social media content helps with understanding ENDS modifications for cannabis use, overlapping markets for ENDS and cannabis, and the need for additional regulation.ObjectiveTo analyze online videos for use, modification, and marketing of ENDS to vape cannabis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this qualitative study, 10 searches were performed on YouTube on July 14, 2022, using different combinations of relevant search terms to identify videos depicting modifications to ENDS and e-liquids to vape cannabis. The first 40 videos from each search (400 videos total, 152 without duplicates) were extracted, of which 59 included depiction or discussion of cannabis vaping content. Content analysis of videos included iterative development of codes, consensus building across team members, and reliability checks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMetadata (ie, video length, number of likes, comments, and views) were extracted for included videos. Coding was performed for uploader type, modifications to ENDS and e-liquids, devices used, cannabis products vaped, age restriction, purchasing links, health claims, and discussion of warning messages and cannabis regulations.ResultsOf the 59 videos analyzed, 34 (58%) included tetrahydrocannabinol; 33 (56%), cannabidiol; and 8 (14%), both. A total of 21 videos (36%) were age-restricted, while 25 (42%) included purchasing links for cannabis products, 20 (34%) for ENDS, and 7 (12%) for nicotine e-liquids. Twenty-six videos (44%) made claims about health benefits of vaping cannabis. Forty-one videos (69%) demonstrated vaping manufacturer-made cannabis products (eg, cannabis concentrates) with no modifications needed. Eighteen videos (31%) depicted modifications to e-liquids or ENDS for cannabis use. The most frequent modification was mixing e-liquids with cannabis products to be compatible with ENDS. The most frequently reported reason for modifications was to vape cannabis in public by using the same devices used for nicotine.Conclusions and RelevanceThis qualitative study of online videos found high frequencies of statements about health benefits from vaping cannabis, frequent purchasing links, and inadequate age restrictions. Exposure to such content on social media platforms may increase risk of cannabis vaping among youth. Use of the same devices for multiple substances may also enable dual use and complicate the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulation of ENDS.

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Pote, Siddhesh, Parul Khurana, Gaganjyot Kaur e Sonali Kokane. "Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis Plant". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 9, n. 03 (28 settembre 2023): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v9i03.02.

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The aim of this review article is to outline the role of the plant Cannabis sativa in treating human ailments. Giant pharmaceuticalcompanies are marketing phytochemicals extracted from Cannabis plant and its derivatives to treat epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.The present review emphasizes cannabinoids – its derivatives and synthetic analogs – as an active pharmaceutical Ingredient to treatailments related to autoimmune human body responses. The endocannabinoid system CB1 and CB2 respond differently to variousphytochemicals such as cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and terpenes. They also interact with the endogenous ligands synthesized bythe human body. The role of nanotechnology in the design of a drug delivery system is discussed in this review. The advantages with theuse of Quantum dots are briefly outlined. Cannabis-based phytochemicals are known for psychotic and non-psychotic effects. We haveunderlined the immense potential of this plant in treating diseases. Cannabidiol (CBD) as one of the main non-psychotic phytochemicals,has established itself as an active pharmaceutical agent in some approved medicines worldwide. Cannabis-based phytochemicals can beused as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Future direction in this field could be a synthesis of derivatives of cannabidiol and its targeteddrug delivery to the cannabinoid receptors. In the oral route, the terpenes give the wholesome experience of consuming Cannabis.

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Fataar, Fathima, e David Hammond. "The Prevalence of Vaping and Smoking as Modes of Delivery for Nicotine and Cannabis among Youth in Canada, England and the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 21 (25 ottobre 2019): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214111.

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Background: Vaping has become an increasingly common mode of administration for both nicotine and cannabis, with overlap among users, devices, as well as nicotine and cannabis companies. There is a need to understand patterns of use among youth, including the way nicotine and cannabis are administered. Methods: Data are from Wave 2 of the ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping survey, an online survey conducted in 2018 among 16–19 year-olds recruited from commercial panels in Canada (n = 3757), England (n = 3819), and the U.S. (n = 3961). The prevalence of past 30-day vaping nicotine, non-nicotine and cannabis substances, as well as cannabis modes of use was examined. Logistic regression models examined between country differences in prevalence. Results: Past 30-day cannabis use was highest among Canadian youth (16.6%), followed by youth in the U.S. (13.8%) and England (9.0%). Vaping e-cigarettes was substantially more prevalent than vaping cannabis in all three countries. All forms of cannabis use were higher among Canadian and U.S. youth compared to England (p < 0.001 for all). Past 30-day cannabis users in the U.S. were more likely to report vaping cannabis oil (30.1%), and consuming solid concentrates such as wax and shatter (30.2%), compared to cannabis users in Canada (18.6% and 22.9%) and England (14.3% and 11.0%; p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: Youth are administering cannabis and nicotine using a wide diversity of modes. Cannabis users in the U.S.—where an increasing number of states have legalized medical and non-medical cannabis—reported notably higher use of more potent cannabis products, including cannabis oils and extracts.

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Cranford, Jason A., e Donald C. Cooper. "The manufacture of filtered cannabis cigarettes: uniform particle distribution and combustion properties for consistent cannabinoid delivery". F1000Research 4 (17 dicembre 2015): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7472.1.

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Here we describe a manufacturing process for the production of commercial filtered Cranfords cannabis cigarettes (CN). Unlike production of filtered tobacco cigarettes, standardization in the manufacture of cannabinoid containing cigarettes is lacking. The numerous cannabis strains with variable cannabinoid content, differences in cultivation methods and variability in assembly associated with hand-rolled cannabis cigarettes makes consistent cannabinoid inhalation dosing challenging. To address the growing need for standardization in the manufacture of cannabis cigarettes we developed a process for the production of filtered CN using machine-rolled tobacco cigarette equipment. The processed CN packing density, particle size distribution and curing procedures were designed to produce filtered CN that were identical in appearance and qualitatively similar in combustion properties to market-leading filtered commercial tobacco cigarettes. Quality control procedures were implemented to assure consistency in the manufacturing process and minimize variability associated with cigarette production such as inconsistencies in packing density, particle size, and combustion rate of mainstream smoke. Passive inverted smoldering assessment indicated that CN cigarettes burned at a faster rate compared to commercial filtered tobacco cigarettes of similar density. Overall, it is expected that machine-rolled standardized cannabis cigarettes with control over filler particle sizes, packing density and smoldering rates will contribute to making inhalation dosing of cannabis cigarettes more effective for therapeutic use.

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Hernández-Serrano, Olga, Maria Eugènia Gras, Mariano Gacto, Alicia Brugarola e Sílvia Font-Mayolas. "Family Climate and Intention to Use Cannabis as Predictors of Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Problems among Young University Students". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 17 (3 settembre 2021): 9308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179308.

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Determining the predictive variables associated with cannabis use and cannabis-related problems can ease the identification of young cannabis consumers who can benefit from prevention interventions. This study aimed: (1) to describe, among university students, the cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, intention to use cannabis and family climate based on the gender and the people the student lives with; (2) to explore whether the family climate and intention to use cannabis are predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. The sample was composed of 339 Spanish undergraduates (51.9% females) in a 17-to-25 age range (19.67 ± 1.53). The variables were assessed through a battery based on the ESPAD survey, cannabis abuse screening test, cannabis use intention questionnaire and family climate scale. More men than women had used cannabis in the precedent year and showed greater intention to use cannabis, whereas more women than men showed greater self-efficacy in not using cannabis. The family climate did not predict cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. However, subjective norms and self-efficacy were key predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, respectively. Different factors seemed to predict the use cannabis in the past year versus cannabis-related problems, and these differences may help inform the development and delivery of preventative efforts.

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Gourlay, Douglas. "Addiction and Pain Medicine". Pain Research and Management 10, suppl a (2005): 38A—43A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/512653.

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The adequate cotreatment of chronic pain and addiction disorders is a complex and challenging problem for health care professionals. There is great potential for cannabinoids in the treatment of pain; however, the increasing prevalence of recreational cannabis use has led to a considerable increase in the number of people seeking treatment for cannabis use disorders. Evidence that cannabis abuse liability is higher than previously thought suggests that individuals with a history of substance abuse may be at an increased risk after taking cannabinoids, even for medicinal purposes. Smoked cannabis is significantly more reinforcing than other cannabinoid administration methods. In addition, it is clear that the smoked route of cannabis delivery is associated with a number of adverse health consequences. Thus, there is a need for pharmaceutical-grade products of known purity and concentration using delivery systems optimized for safety. Another factor that needs to be considered when assessing the practicality of prescribing medicinal cannabinoids is the difficulty in differentiating illicit from prescribed cannabinoids in urine drug testing. Overall, a thorough assessment of the risk/benefit profile of cannabinoids as they relate to a patient’s substance abuse history is suggested.

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Camacho-Rivera, Marlene, Jessica Y. Islam, Diane L. Rodriguez e Denise C. Vidot. "Cannabis Use among Cancer Survivors amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the COVID-19 Cannabis Health Study". Cancers 13, n. 14 (13 luglio 2021): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143495.

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Clinical indications for medicinal cannabis use include those with cancer, a subgroup advised to avoid exposure to COVID-19. This study aims to identify changes to cannabis use, methods of cannabis delivery, and coping strategies among cancer survivors since the pandemic by cancer status. Chi-squared tests were used for univariate comparisons of demographic characteristics, cannabis use patterns, COVID-19 symptoms, and coping behaviors by cancer survivor status. Data included 158 responses between 21 March 2020 and 23 March 2021, from medicinal cannabis users, categorized as cancer survivors (n = 79) along with age-matched medicinal cannabis users without a history of cancer (n = 79). Compared to adults without a history of cancer, cancer survivors were more likely to report use of cannabis as a way of managing nausea/vomiting (40.5% versus 20.3%, p = 0.006), headaches or migraines (35.4% versus 19.0%, p = 0.020), seizures (8.9% versus 1.3%, p = 0.029), and sleep problems (70.9% versus 54.4%, p = 0.033), or as an appetite stimulant (39.2% versus 17.7%, p = 0.003). Nearly 23% of cancer survivors reported an advanced cannabis supply of more than 3 months compared to 14.3% of adults without a history of cancer (p = 0.002); though the majority of cancer survivors reported less than a one-month supply. No statistically significant differences were observed by cancer survivor status by cannabis dose, delivery, or sharing of electronic vaping devices, joints, or blunts. Cancer survivors were more likely to report a fear of being diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to adults without a history of cancer (58.2% versus 40.5%, p = 0.026). Given the frequency of mental and physical health symptoms reported among cancer survivors, clinicians should consider conversations about cannabis use with their patients, in particular among cancer survivors.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Gardiner, Kyle M. "An investigation into the factors that underpin the delivery of medicinal cannabis by health professionals in Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207191/1/Kyle_Gardiner_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the factors that underpin the delivery of medicinal cannabis by Australian health professionals. While this pursuit is not particularly novel, this thesis utilises behavioural theory to present a fresh perspective of these factors. In doing so, this thesis recognises behaviour to be the beginning of the question, not the answer. Ultimately, it is only with a thorough understanding of human behaviour that one can ever hope to change human behaviour. This thesis represents a first step towards developing effective strategies to change the delivery of medicinal cannabis, the likes of which are grounded in evidence.

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Vettorato, Elisa, Giovanni Marzaro e Nicola Realdon. "Development of transdermal delivery systems for innovative clinical applications of cannabinoids". Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3316541.

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L’uso della cannabis a scopo terapeutico ha radici molto profonde nella storia. Nonostante ci sia stato un forte impulso verso la legalizzazione dell’uso terapeutico della cannabis e la ricerca a riguardo, rimangono tuttora sfuggenti le evidenze scientifiche riguardanti gli effetti a breve o lungo termine, sia in termini di tossicità che di efficienza terapeutica, a causa di una grande variabilità nella dose somministrata per via orale o inalatoria. La somministrazione transdermica dei cannabinoidi potrebbe assicurare un rilascio costante, definito e prolungato nel tempo. L'obiettivo principale di questo progetto è stato lo sviluppo di forme farmaceutiche innovative al fine di garantire un rilascio costante di cannabinoidi per il paziente. Tramite l'uso di una molecola modello appositamente sintetizzata, desossi-CBD, sono stati sviluppati sistemi vescicolari innovativi, successivamente caratterizzati e confrontati con vescicole contenenti estratti di cannabis stessa.

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Libri sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), a cura di. Seventh annual State of American education address: "setting new expectations", Southern High School, Durham, North Carolina, February 22, 2000 : remarks as prepared for delivery. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2000.

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A Comprehensive Guide To Weed Delivery In Durham. calikushweb, 2024.

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The Future of Cannabis Delivery in Pickering: Trends and Innovations. calikushweb, 2023.

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Find the best weed delivery dispensaries near you with Cali Kush. calikushweb, 2023.

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Navigating The Highs: A Guide To Cannabis Delivery In Durham. calikushweb, 2024.

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Cali Kush - The Top Cannabis Delivery Services In Durham, Canada. calikushweb, 2024.

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John, Sylvester. Cannabis Delivery Service: A Complete Guide on How to Start Cannabis Delivery Service Successfully. Independently Published, 2019.

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Cannabis Delivery in Pickering Ontario - Cali Kush. Cali Kush, 1996.

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Are you looking for Cannabis Stores in Durham, Ontario? calikushweb, 2024.

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COUR, Cynthia LA, e Rena Belfrey. Cannabis Delivery Business Manual: Exactly What to Do. Independently Published, 2021.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Malka, Deborah. "Delivery and Dosage of Cannabis Medicine". In Medicinal Cannabis, 129–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003098201-17.

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Bruni, Natascia, Carlo Della Pepa, Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso, Daniela Gastaldi, Franco Dosio e Enrica Pessione. "Recent Cannabinoid Delivery Systems". In Cannabis as Medicine, 129–60. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429054723-12.

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Painter, Jessica, Carolyn Burek e Monica Vialpando. "Transdermal Delivery". In Recent Advances in the Science of Cannabis, 193–214. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429274893-8.

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Vaidya, Mandar, Abhishek Choudhury, Charles Brumlik, Dinesh Chandra Agrawal e Rajiv Kumar. "A Complete Patent Analysis of Cannabis/Marijuana in Drug Delivery and Disease Conditions". In Cannabis/Marijuana for Healthcare, 1–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8822-5_1.

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Adelli, G. R., P. Bhagav, M. A. Repka, W. Gul, M. A. ElSohly e S. Majumdar. "Ocular Delivery of Tetrahydrocannabinol". In Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, 760–69. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00089-2.

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Herndon, Christopher M., e Tim Cruz. "Cannabis for Pain Management in Palliative Care". In Pain, 121–28. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197542873.003.0015.

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Much controversy surrounds the use of cannabis in palliative care. Data from well designed prospective studies supporting its use in the treatment of pain and other symptoms is largely lacking. The endocannabinoid system is comprised of two presynaptic inhibitory cannabinoid receptors and a complex postsynaptic neurotransmitter pathway. Various phytocannabinoids are contained in cannabis, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most well described. Patients are able to obtain cannabis in multiple dosage forms, allowing for numerous administration options (vaporization, oral ingestion, sublingual, transdermal, topical, and smoking of the flower). Cannabinoid concentrations, ratios, and delivery technique can all impact efficacy, adverse effects, and possible drug-drug interactions. Cannabis may demonstrate an effective alternative for treating pain and symptoms at the end of life; however, further research warranted.

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Critchley, Mark. "Stumble or fall? Responses to moving language learning online at Durham University during the 2020 pandemic". In The world universities’ response to COVID-19: remote online language teaching, 265–77. Research-publishing.net, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.52.1277.

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This chapter offers a chronological narrative of the steps taken by the Centre for Foreign Language Study (CFLS) at Durham University to move language teaching, learning, and assessment online following the announcement of the global COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. This includes immediate steps to suspend classroom teaching, a move to online assessments, preparations for teaching of summer language courses, and steps to convert existing curricula and teaching materials for online delivery in 2020-2021. The chapter concludes with some lessons learned, and plans for the future.

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Morgan Snell, L., Andrew J. Barnes e Peter Cunningham. "Epidemiology of Substance Use Disorders". In Substance Use Disorders, 3–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0001.

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Nearly 3 million Americans have a current or previous opioid use disorder, and recent data indicate that 10.2% of US adults have ever misused pain relievers. In 2015, approximately 800,000 individuals used heroin, while 4 million misused prescription opioids. Although use of other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis is more prevalent, opioid use contributes to significant morbidity, mortality, and social and economic costs. While the current US opioid overdose epidemic began with prescription opioids, since 2015, heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl) have driven continued increases in opioid overdose deaths, contributing to a recent decline in overall life expectancy in the United States. Policies to address the opioid epidemic by changing clinical practice include provider education, monitoring prescribing practices, and expanding the clinical workforce necessary to treat opioid use disorders. The opioid epidemic appears to be largely a US phenomenon and a consequence of both structural challenges in the US healthcare system and growing socioeconomic disparities, and thus it will require policies including and beyond delivery system reforms to resolve it.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Cannabis Delivery in Durham"

Egan, Kathleen, Sophia Villani e Eric Soule. "Absence of age verification for delivery of online purchases of CBD and Delta-8: implications for youth access to CBD and Delta-8 Products". In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.44.

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While marijuana is currently illegal in the United States (US) at the federal level and is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the 2018 Farm Bill exempted some products containing cannabinoids from the Drug Enforcement Agency’s controlled substance list. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, products containing <0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-8 THC, would not be considered Schedule I controlled substances. Dependent on state law, individuals must be either 18+ or 21+ to purchase CBD and 21+ to purchase Delta-8. The proliferation of online CBD/Delta-8 shops and the shipment of these products from brick-and-mortar locations may contribute to youth access and use of these products in the absence of age verification checks. As part of a pilot study, we aimed to purchase a variety of CBD and Delta-8 product types (e.g., edible, flower, vape, etc.) from CBD shops located in 18 unique states throughout the US. We identified 18 states based on those that permitted the sale of CBD and Delta-8 products and represented all four Census regions of the US (i.e., West, Northeast, Midwest, and South). We searched for the top-rated CBD shops in the largest city in the selected state using Yelp. We selected the highest rated CBD/Delta-8 product available of the identified product type. If we were not able to purchase the product at the shop, we would search the next shop that was in the Yelp review. All products were ordered by someone over 21 years of age and were shipped to a residential address. We documented ability to purchase the product online, online age verification, and whether or not identification or a signature was required at the time of delivery. We had to visit different 26 CBD store websites to reach our goal of purchasing 20 CBD and Delta-8 products from 20 unique states across all four Census regions of the US. Of the websites we visited to purchase CBD products, 37.5% required the customer to verify their age prior to viewing products, and 70.0% of the websites we visited to purchase Delta-8 products required age verification. There were 6 shops that we were unable to purchase a product from. In most cases, this was due to a lack of shipping options, and one store required that the credit card used matched a valid ID which was not possible given our use of an university credit card. At the time of delivery, none of the products required an age identification check or contact with the customer. All deliveries were either left in the mailbox or on the porch. The findings of our pilot study suggest that youth can obtain CBD and Delta-8 products from online sources without age verification. Efforts are needed to increase the utilization of age verification at the point of delivery by stores that ship CBD and Delta-8 products.

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Bae, Sang Won, Tammy Chung, Brian Suffoletto, Mohammad Islam, Jiameng Du, Serim Jang, Yuuki Nishiyama, Raghu Mulukutla e Anind Dey. "Mobile Phone Sensor-Based Detection of Subjective Cannabis “High” in Young Adults: A Feasibility Study in Real-World Settings". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.31.

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Aim: Acute cannabis intoxication can impair motor skills and cognitive functions. Given possible impairment related to acute cannabis intoxication, we explored whether mobile phone-based sensors (e.g., GPS, text/phone logs) can detect episodes of acute cannabis intoxication (subjective “high” state) as self-reported in natural environments by young adults. Methods: Young adults (ages 18-25), who reported cannabis use at least twice per week, were recruited by research registry and Craigslist to participate in a mobile phone data collection study (up to 30 days) in Pittsburgh, PA (2017-2019). Participants responded to fixed time phone surveys (3 times/day) and self-initiated reports of cannabis use (start/stop time, rating of subjective high: 0-10, 10=very high). Our mobile AWARE app continuously collected phone sensor data, which was segmented into 5-minute windows for analysis. We built and tested multiple machine learning classifiers (e.g., Support Vector Machine, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)) on training (60%), validation (20%), and test (20%) datasets to determine which classifier performed best in distinguishing subjective cannabis “high” (rating=1-10) vs “not high” (rating=0). To minimize the influence of imbalanced data on model performance in the training dataset, we used both over-sampling with Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and random under-sampling of the majority class, so that both classes (“high”, “not-high”) had the same number of training samples. We also tested the importance of time features (i.e., day of week, time of day: morning, afternoon, evening) relative to smartphone sensor data only on model performance, since time features alone might predict “routines” in cannabis use. Results: Young adults (N=57; 58% female; mean age=19.82 [SD=1.76]; 71.92% White, 15.78% Black, 12.28% Asian and other ethnicity) reported 451 episodes of cannabis use, mean subjective high rating=3.77 (SD=2.64). The sensor dataset included 1,648 datapoints representing reports of subjective ""high"" and 60,580 data points representing ""not high"" reports. For the two time-based features only model, the LGBM classifier had 91% accuracy in detecting subjective cannabis intoxication (vs “not-high”) in the test dataset (Area Under the Curve [AUC]=0.75). Combining smartphone sensor data with the two time-based features (day of week, time of day) improved model performance, with 95% accuracy (AUC=0.93), indicating that smartphone features contribute unique information, and that time features further improve model performance in detecting rating of subjective cannabis ""high"". Among the 102 phone sensor features entered into the analyses (smartphone sensors + time model), some of the most important features (the top 2 were the time features) included travel (GPS: smaller travel radius within a day when feeling ""high”), movement (e.g., smaller number of activity changes when feeling ""high”), and communication/sociability (e.g., increased phone usage interactions, greater voice and noise level around individuals). Conclusion: Results from this proof-of-concept study indicate the feasibility of using phone sensors to detect effects of cannabis intoxication in the natural environment in a population-based model among young adults. Mobile phone sensors show promise for automated and continuous detection of cannabis use in daily life in a sample of young adults, with potential implications for triggering the delivery of just-in-time interventions to minimize marijuana-related harm.

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Sajdeya, Ruba, Jennifer Jean-Jacques, Anna Shavers, Yan Wang, Nathan Pipitone, Martha Rosenthal, Almut Winterstein e Robert Cook. "Information Sources and Training Needs on Medical Marijuana- Preliminary Results from a State-wide Provider Survey". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.22.

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Medical marijuana (MMJ) is legal in the state of Florida for the treatment of specific qualifying medical conditions.1,2 As of July 2020, over 2,450 physicians are authorized to order MMJ, and 360,000 patients are registered in Florida’s MMJ program.3 With this rapid uptake come concerns regarding physicians’ knowledge about MMJ,4–7 and the lack of preparing physicians-in-training to manage MMJ.4,7,8 We conducted a state-wide survey of certified MMJ providers in Florida. The survey was developed by the Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes research team. The aim of the survey was to inform physicians of the mission of the consortium, which is to support and disseminate research. The survey items were developed accordingly, and the survey was pilot tested with a small group of physicians. We identified all physicians licensed to certify patients for MMJ who care currently practicing in the State of Florida (n=1609), to investigate their information sources and training needs regarding MMJ. The survey was disseminated via mail and email, including a $40 incentive for survey completion. Preliminary responses from 51 (5%) providers (mean age 56, 74% male) are summarized here. The sample included providers from 22 Florida counties and represented a broad range of medical specialties. The majority (92%) practiced in both medical marijuana and traditional medical practice. To learn about MMJ, 98% used research articles, 90% used online sources, 86% learned from dispensary staff, 84% learned from discussions with other providers, 72% used books, 65% used conferences, 61% used magazines, and 35% had a personal experience with marijuana. The sources most cited as “very useful” were conferences (51%), research articles (50%), discussions with other providers (47%), and online sources (47%). Topics rated as a high priority for training included drug-MMJ interactions (80%), strategies to help patients reduce their use of opioids or other drugs (80%), information about the selection of doses and CBD: THC ratios (80%), evidence for managing specific medical conditions or symptoms (78%), information about the effect of different phytocannabinoids and terpenes (75%), advantages and disadvantages of specific modes of delivery (71%), general updates on research findings (71%), educational information about the endocannabinoid system (67%), the safety of medical marijuana use (55%), identification and management of cannabis use disorder (51%), and comparison of products available in different dispensaries (49%). The majority of providers either strongly agreed or agreed (77%) that they could provide better care if they knew which products their patients receive at dispensaries. Physicians use a blend of primary research, online sources, and exchanges with colleagues to learn about MMJ. Perceived needs for more pharmacological information and indication-specific detail for treatment regimen were high. Most physicians believe that details on dispensed MMJ would improve patient care.

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