Tesi sul tema "C. sativa"

La production de protéines recombinantes hydrophobes, telles que les protéines transmembranaires, est complexe en raison de leur association avec des environnements lipidiques, rendant leur purification coûteuse et difficile, représentant jusqu'à 80 % des coûts de production. Cette thèse propose une approche innovante exploitant les propriétés des gouttelettes lipidiques (GLs) végétales pour faciliter le repliement et la purification par flottaison de protéines hydrophobes, via un ancrage par l'oléosine AtOLE1, protéine majeure des GLs de graines. Si cette méthode a été validée pour des protéines solubles, elle reste inexplorée pour les protéines transmembranaires.Les GLs sont des structures dynamiques composées d'un cœur de triacylglycérols (TAGs) entouré d'une monocouche de phospholipides, à laquelle s'associent des protéines issues du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ou du cytosol. Certaines de ces protéines, impliquées dans la biogenèse des GLs, s'attachent précocement à leur surface. L'adressage des protéines aux GLs ne dépend pas d'un domaine conservé, mais plutôt de motifs structurels spécifiques. Cependant, ces motifs étant également présents sur des protéines non associées aux GLs, l'étude de leur spécificité reste complexe.Cette thèse a permis d'explorer les interactions protéines-GLs, en identifiant les facteurs influençant leur spécificité et leur affinité pour la surface des GLs, avec pour objectif de développer des applications biotechnologiques. Une preuve de concept a été réalisée en utilisant les protéines transmembranaires E et M du SARS-CoV-2 fusionnées à AtOLE1. Dans Nicotiana benthamiana, surproduisant transitoirement des GLs, l'observation par microscopie a montré que les protéines E et M ciblent spécifiquement les GLs grâce à AtOLE1. Un pipeline de colocalisation a été développé pour quantifier cette spécificité.Ensuite, les protéines E et M ont été exprimées dans des graines de Camelina sativa. L'analyse des GLs purifiées a confirmé leur présence en surface, améliorée par la fusion à AtOLE1. Ce travail a montré que l'efficacité d'adressage aux GLs varie selon le châssis végétal utilisé, révélant des mécanismes encore mal compris.Pour approfondir ces mécanismes, la spécificité d'interaction de diverses protéines et domaines a été évaluée par microscopie dans N. benthamiana. Les résultats ont ensuite été comparés aux propriétés structurales des protéines, comme la charge et l'hydrophobicité. Aucune corrélation directe n'a été observée, suggérant que la spécificité des protéines pour les GLs est davantage influencée par leur fonction dans la biogenèse des GLs ou leur cinétique d'arrivée. Les protéines qui se localisent tôt à la surface des GLs montrent une spécificité accrue.L'évaluation de l'affinité des protéines pour les GLs, définie par leur capacité à rester associées malgré des lavages de plus en plus stringents, a nécessité la production d'un nouveau châssis de N. benthamiana suraccumulant de manière stable des GLs, avec une augmentation de 22 à 23 fois du nombre de GLs par rapport au type sauvage. Les GLs isolées ont été soumises à des conditions de lavage rigoureuses, et les protéines associées ont été détectées par des techniques biochimiques. Les résultats ont montré que certaines protéines, sous forme d'oligomères, restaient attachées, quelle que soit la stringence des traitements.Ces observations ont été validées dans des graines de C. sativa, notamment avec la production de HsFGF2, un facteur de croissance commercial. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle clé de la cinétique d'arrivée et de la fonction des protéines dans la biogenèse des GLs pour déterminer leur spécificité et leur affinité. Cette compréhension des mécanismes d'interaction entre protéines et GLs ouvre la voie à des optimisations pour des applications biotechnologiques, notamment dans la production et la purification de protéines hydrophobes
The production of hydrophobic recombinant proteins, such as transmembrane proteins, is complex due to their association with lipid environments, making their purification costly and difficult, accounting for up to 80% of production costs. This thesis proposes an innovative approach exploiting the properties of plant lipid droplets (GLs) to facilitate the folding and flotation purification of hydrophobic proteins, via anchoring by AtOLE1 oleosin, a major protein in seed GLs. While this method has been validated for soluble proteins, it remains unexplored for transmembrane proteins.GLs are dynamic structures composed of a core of triacylglycerols (TAGs) surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, with which proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or cytosol are associated. Some of these proteins, involved in GL biogenesis, attach early to their surface. Addressing of proteins to GLs does not depend on a conserved domain, but rather on specific structural motifs. However, as these motifs are also present on proteins not associated with GLs, the study of their specificity remains complex.This thesis explored protein-GL interactions, identifying the factors influencing their specificity and affinity for the GL surface, with the aim of developing biotechnological applications. Proof of concept was achieved using SARS-CoV-2 transmembrane proteins E and M fused to AtOLE1. In Nicotiana benthamiana, which transiently overproduces GLs, microscopic observation showed that E and M proteins specifically target GLs through AtOLE1. A colocalization pipeline was developed to quantify this specificity.The E and M proteins were then expressed in Camelina sativa seeds. Analysis of purified GLs confirmed their surface presence, enhanced by fusion to AtOLE1. This work has shown that GL addressing efficiency varies according to the plant frame used, revealing mechanisms that are still poorly understood.To investigate these mechanisms further, the interaction specificity of various proteins and domains was assessed by microscopy in N. benthamiana. The results were then compared with the structural properties of the proteins, such as charge and hydrophobicity. No direct correlation was observed, suggesting that protein specificity for GLs is more influenced by their function in GL biogenesis or their arrival kinetics. Proteins that localize early to the GL surface show increased specificity.Assessing the affinity of proteins for GLs, defined by their ability to remain associated despite increasingly stringent washings, required the production of a new N. benthamiana chassis stably overaccumulating GLs, with a 22- to 23-fold increase in the number of GLs compared with the wild type. Isolated GLs were subjected to rigorous washing conditions, and associated proteins were detected by biochemical techniques. The results showed that some proteins, in the form of oligomers, remained attached, regardless of the stringency of the treatments.These observations were validated in C. sativa seeds, notably with the production of HsFGF2, a commercial growth factor. The results highlight the key role of arrival kinetics and protein function in GL biogenesis in determining their specificity and affinity. This understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between proteins and GLs opens the way to optimizations for biotechnological applications, notably in the production and purification of hydrophobic proteins

Several articles published in literature show that the genes belonging to the MADS-box transcription factors family play important roles during flower development. In particular the genes belonging to the AGAMOUS subfamily, are involved in the development of stamens, carpels, and ovules but also have a function in floral meristem determinacy. Despite the extensive knowledge that has become available about these MADS domain transcription factors in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, little was known about these genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.), a model species for monocots. In rice, the AGAMOUS subfamily, recently studied in detail, is composed of the genes OsMADS3 and OsMADS58, phylogenetically placed in the AG-lineage, and OsMADS13 and OsMADS21, belonging to the STK-lineage. Therefore, we decided to investigate the functional conservation of these genes between Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, two species that are quite distant from an evolutionary point of view. First, we performed in situ hybridization experiments and found that OsMADS3 and OsMADS58 displayed an expression pattern very similar to AGAMOUS. Then, we started to analyse single and higher order knock-out and knock-down mutants of osmads3 and osmads58, and found different phenotypic alteration affecting reproductive organs. In the osmads3 mutant the formation of stamens and carpel is partially affected, whereas in the osmads58 single mutant we didn’t find any visible alteration in the morphology of the flower. When we investigated the osmads3 osmads58 double mutant, we observed a severer phenotype than the osmads3 single mutants indicating a certain level of redundancy between these genes. The identity of the third and fourth whorls was completely lost, and stamens and carpels were replaced, respectively, by lodicule and ectopic palea-like structures. In addition, in the osmads3 osmads58 double mutant the floral meristem was indeterminate. Recently, it was shown that the rice STK-lineage gene OsMADS13 also plays a role in meristem determinacy (Dreni et al., 2007). To test the functionally redundancy of AGAMOUS subfamily genes in floral meristem determinacy, we crossed osmads13 with osmads3 and osmads58 to obtain the double mutants. In both cases we observed a complete loss of floral meristem determinacy. We also generated and analysed the triple mutant osmads3 omads13 osmads58, in which we found an increased development of the palea-like organ which develops in place of the carpel. OsMADS13 is specifically expressed in the ovary during all developmental stages, and the single mutant is female sterile because the ovules are converted into carpelloid structures, moreover as mentioned above the floral meristem is partially indeterminate (Dreni et al., 2007). From these results obtained in this first part of my PhD project we concluded that OsMADS3, OsMADS58 and OsMADS13 redundantly control floral meristem determinacy, and that OsMADS3 and OsMADS58 are essential for the development of stamens and carpel in rice. In conclusion we confirmed our hypothesis that the AGAMOUS-like genes are highly conserved between monocots and dicots plants (Dreni et al., 2011). In the second part of my PhD project, we focused our attention on the rice’s ovule identity gene OsMADS13 and we tried to identify its direct target genes. In order to find genes that are mis-regulated in the female sterile osmads13 mutant, we compared the transcriptomic changes between WT and osmads13 inflorescences by Next Generation Sequencing (RNA-seq). The output of the analysis conducted by the bioinformatics team of Dott. David Horner, was a list of 475 differentially expressed genes with a “False Discovery Rate” (FDR) cut-off value lower than 0.05. Furthermore, we looked to the Gene Ontology to select the ones with an annotated function, we selected genes that are mainly expressed during reproductive stages and also looked for putative Arabidopsis orthologs involved in flower development. Since MADS domain proteins recognize and bind CArG boxes [CC(A/T)6GG], we further reduced our list selecting genes with putative MADS-domain binding sequences in their regulatory regions. From this selection we obtained 45 interesting genes that we validate using high-throughput RT-qPCR approach (Fluidigm technology). Subsequently, using Laser Micro-Dissection (LMD), we collected cells of the superficial layer of the floral meristem and ovule primordia from wild-type and mutant flowers to further analyse the expression levels of selected genes in the OsMADS13 expression domain. This is especially important since in the osmads13 mutant ovules are homeotically converted into carpels. Profiling expression differences between wild-type and mutant inflorescences gives the risk that we are comparing ovules with carpels. Therefore, to further reduce our gene list of candidate target genes involved in early phases of ovule development we used LMD to dissect early stage ovule primordia. Using this dissected material a high-throughput RT-qPCR approach was used (publication in preparation). The aim of the last part of my PhD project was to produce a transgenic line carrying the construct pOsMADS13::OsMADS13(genomic)::GFP in order to use commercial α-GFP for ChIP assay, to confirm the direct binding of OsMADS13 to putative targets. For this reason, we transformed rice calli carrying the osmads13 mutation in homozygous state, and at the moment we are analysing the transformed plants for GFP expression. So far we have analysed several positive plants but we found GFP expression in the ovary only in a few lines. When the construct complements the osmads13 phenotype we will soon collect seeds from these positive T0 lines, and then we can start with the ChIP analysis using T1 young panicles.

The most apparent symptom of boron deficiency in higher plants is a cessation of growth. Deficiency causes a reduction in ascorbate concentration and the absorption of nutrient ions. Addition of ascorbate temporarily relieves deficiency symptoms. In boron sufficient plants the addition of ascorbate to media causes an increased uptake of nutrients. In an attempt to discover if ascorbate addition to deficient plants causes increased ion uptake, radish plants were grown hydroponically in four different strengths of boron solution. A colorimetric assay for phosphorus was performed both before and after supplementation. Results, however, were inconclusive.

Appliqués à forte dose, les rayonnements UV-C sont délétères, alors que administrés à faibles doses, ces memes rayonnements stimulent des réponses bénéfiques. Ce phénomène est connu sous le nom d’hormesis et la dose bénéfique est qualifiée d’hormique. L’application des faibles doses d’UV-C sur les fruits et les légumes en post-récolte a permis donc d’augmenter leur résistance vis à vis des pathogènes (Charles et al, 2008), d’améliorer leur qualité nutritionnelle (Mercier et al, 2001) et d’améliorer leur rendement et leur croissance (Siddiqui et al, 2011). Ces travaux ont été réalisés sur des espèces différentes. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, nous avons traité une seule espèce de laitues romaines var Claudius après récolte avec une dose non délétère d’UV-C (0.85kJ.m-2) puis nous avons évalué son effet sur leur aspect de résistance aux champignons Botrytis cinerea (BC87) et Sclerotinia minor (SM), sur leurs valeurs nutritionnelles au cours du stockage et sur leurs réponses à la contrainte saline du milieu. L’analyse de tous les résultats obtenus,a mis en évidence que la dose d’UV-C choisie diminue la sensibilité de la laitue romaine à ces deux agents pathogènes (Ouhibi et al. 2014a), améliore sa valeur nutritionnelle en augmentant la concentration des composées phénoliques et de l’acide ascorbique et acquière aux plantes provenant de grains prétraitées aux UV-C un meilleur potentiel d'adaptation à la contrainte saline (Ouhibi et al, 2014 b). Le traitement des plantes avec une dose d’UV-C non délétère permet d’agir de façon bénéfique et simultanément sur différents processus physiologiques
Applied in high doses, UV-C radiations are harmful, while administered at low doses, these same radiations stimulate beneficial answers. This phenomenon is known as hormesis and the beneficial dose is qualified hormic. The application of low doses of UV-C on fruits and vegetables in post harvest enhances resistance against pathogens (Charles et al, 2008), improve their nutritional quality (Mercier et al, 2001) and their performance to grow (Siddiqui et al, 2011). This works were carried out on different species. In my thesis, we treated a single species of romaine lettuce var claudius after harvest with a non-harmful dose of UV-C (0.85kJ.m-2) and we evaluated its effect on resistance to Botrytis cinerea (BC87) and Sclerotinia minor (SM), in their nutritional value during storage and their responses to salt stress. The analysis of all the results obtained showed that the UV-C dose decreases the sensitivity of romaine lettuce to these two pathogens (Ouhibi et al. 2014a), improve nutritional value by increasing the content in phenolic compound, in ascorbic acid and acquire to plants from seeds pre-treated with UV-C greater potential for adaptation to salt stress (Ouhibi et al, 2014 b)

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo
La industria de hortalizas mínimamente procesadas en fresco (MPF) utiliza comúnmente lavados con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) para disminuir la carga microbiana del producto, sin embargo, éste genera subproductos perjudiciales para la salud. Por esto, la necesidad de encontrar nuevas tecnologías emergentes y sostenibles como la radiación UV-C. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de radiación UV-C sobre la calidad de brotes de alfalfa envasados en atmósfera modificada. Se realizaron dos ensayos utilizando bolsas de baja y alta permeabilidad. Los brotes fueron lavados con agua potable y tratados con UV-C en dosis de 0,35, 5,26, 10,18, 15,09 y 20,01 kJ m-2. Tras la aplicación del tratamiento UV-C, los brotes se envasaron en atmósfera modificada y se almacenaron a 5 °C por 8 días. Como testigo se utilizaron brotes lavados con NaClO (100 mg L-1) y envasados de la misma forma. Se evaluó la tasa respiratoria, composición gaseosa al interior de las bolsas, color, análisis microbiológico y sensorial. La combinación de radiación UV-C con bolsas de baja permeabilidad no fue efectiva para mantener la calidad en los brotes de alfalfa. La tasa respiratoria de los brotes no se vio afectada por las dosis de radiación utilizadas. La concentración gaseosa al interior de las bolsas registró valores de 19 a 23% CO2 y 1,5% para O2 tras 8 días, no influyendo las distintas dosis de radiación utilizadas. Los tratamientos con NaClO y en especial el tratamiento en bolsa perforada, reflejaron un menor pardeamiento en comparación a los tratamientos con dosis elevadas de UV-C (15,09 y 20,01 kJ m-2). El tratamiento con dosis de 20,01 kJ m-2 obtuvo los recuentos más elevados en mésofilos y psicrófilos, mientras que en enterobacterias, Lactobacillus, además de hongos y levaduras no existieron diferencias entre los distintos tratamientos, no obstante los conteos se encontraron dentro de los límites permitidos. La calidad sensorial de los brotes no registró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, sin embargo presentaron un deterioro evidente fuera de los límites de aceptabilidad fijados, teniendo un potencial de almacenamiento no superior a 4 o 5 días. Las bolsas de alta permeabilidad en conjunto con la aplicación de radiación UV-C, fueron efectivas para mantener la calidad general en brotes de alfalfa. La tasa respiratoria no se vio afectada por las distintas dosis de radiación utilizada. Al interior de las bolsas, se registraron concentraciones gaseosas de 2 a 3% para CO2 y 4 a 8% para O2 luego de 8 días. La radiación UV-C permitió mantener el color de los brotes, registrando diferencias sólo los tratamientos 10,18 y 20,01 kJ m-2 que presentaron un color más intenso (mayor C*), mientras que la L y Hab se mantuvieron sin diferencias significativas. Las dosis (15,09 y 20,01 kJ m-2) proporcionaron un control efectivo sobre el crecimiento de mesófilos, psicrófilos, enterobacterias, además de hongos y levaduras, mientras que dosis bajas y medias de radiación registraron conteos más elevados. Las distintas dosis de radiación UVC permitieron mantener la calidad sensorial de los brotes. La apariencia y turgencia se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos “más que regular” a “buena”, la intensidad de color dentro del rangos “bueno” a “muy bueno” y la presencia de sabores extraños dentro de los rangos “sin sabor” a “muy suave”, dentro de los límites permitidos.
The minimally processed fresh vegetables (MPF) industry commonly uses sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) washings to reduce the microbial load. However, it generates harmful by-products to health. Therefore, it is necessary to study new emerging and sustainable technologies such as the UV-C radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying different UV-C radiation doses on the quality of germinated alfalfa in modified atmosphere packaging. Two trials were conducted using low and high permeability bags. The germinated alfalfa was washed with water and treated with 0.35, 5.26, 10.18, 15.09 and 20.01 kJ m-2 UV-C doses. Then, the germinated alfalfa was packed in modified atmosphere and stored at 5 °C for 8 d. Control outbreaks were washed with NaClO (100 mg L-1) and packaged in the same way. The respiration rate, atmosphere composition, colour, microbiological and sensory quality were evaluated. The combination of UV-C radiation with low permeability bags was not effective in maintaining the germinated alfalfa quality. The respiration rate was not affected by the UVC radiation doses. The atmosphere composition inside the bags showed values ranging from 19 to 23% CO2 and 1.5% O2 after 8 d, but it was not influenced by the different UV-C radiation doses. The treatments with NaClO and specially the treatment in perforated bag showed less enzymatic browning compared to germinated alfalfa treated with high UV-C doses (15.09 and 20.01 kJ m-2). Treatment with 20.01 kJ m-2 doses reported the highest counts for mesophilic and psycrophilic microorganisms, while enterobacteria, Lactobacillus, yeasts and fungi did not show significantly statistical differences between treatments and the values were within the legal permitted limits. The sensory quality of the germinated alfalfa did not differ significantly between treatments, but showed a clear deterioration beyond the set limits for acceptability, having a storage potential no longer than 4 or 5 d. The bags of high permeability in conjunction with UV-C radiation were effective in maintaining the overall quality of germinated alfalfa. The respiration rate was not affected by the UV-C radiation doses. The internal atmosphere composition was 2 to 3% CO2 and 4 to 8% O2 after 8 d. Treatments with UV-C radiation doses at 10.18 and 20.01 kJ m-2 allowed the outbreak colour to be preserved. However, germinated alfalfa treated at 20.01 kJ m-2 had a deeper colour (higher C*), while L and Hab stayed without statistical significantly differences. Doses at 15.09 and 20.01 kJ m-2 provided an effective growth control for mesophilic, psycrophilic, enterobacteria, fungi and yeasts, while low and medium UV-C radiation doses reported higher counts. Different UV-C radiation doses maintained the sensory quality of germinated alfalfa. Grades for appearance and turgidity ranged from "rather than regular" to "good", while colour intensity was graded as "good" to "very good" and off flavours ranged from "no flavour" to "too soft", within the set permitted limits.

Tesis para optar al Grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción Agroindustrial
En los últimos años se ha incrementado la demanda de productos mínimamente procesadas en fresco, existiendo una real necesidad de encontrar alternativas de conservación que eviten el uso de antimicrobianos sintéticos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de envases activos con distintas concentraciones de antimicrobianos naturales (citral y carvacrol) y posteriormente, combinar la luz UV-C (10 kJm-2) utilizada como pretratamiento, con los envases activos seleccionados, sobre rúcula “baby” (Eruca sativa). La concentración atmosférica al interior de las bolsas (CO2 y O2) no se vio afectada por las dosis de citral (Ci: 100, 150 y 350 μL) ni de carvacrol (Ca: 75, 100 y 150 μL) evaluadas. El efecto antimicrobiano del citral fue positivo sólo en los 3 primeros días de conservación; mientras que la mayor inhibición microbiológica se logró con el tratamiento 75 Ca. El color de la rúcula en los envases activos no presentó variación entre tratamientos con el tiempo; sin embargo, el testigo BP tendió a mostrar hojas más claras. El contenido fenólico y la capacidad antioxidante no fue afectado por el citral; mientras que los tratamientos 75 y 100 Ca presentaron un mayor contenido fenólico y capacidad antioxidante respecto del control. El último ensayo combinó UV-C con los envases activos con las dosis seleccionadas de antimicrobianos (150 Ci; 75 Ca; mezcla 150 Ci + 75 Ca). La concentración de O2 disminuyó rápidamente y visualmente las hojas no fueron afectadas. La aplicación de UV-C con la mezcla de antimicrobianos resultó ser más efectiva para reducir microorganismos aerobios mesófilos, enterobacterias y psicrótrofos. El contenido de fenoles y la vitamina C no se vieron afectados por los tratamientos, a diferencia de la capacidad antioxidante que disminuyó. Los envases activos con antimicrobianos naturales y el UV-C, podrían aportar como una técnica de métodos combinados innovadora para retrasar el crecimiento microbiano, manteniendo el color verde en ensaladas de rúcula “baby”
In recent years, the demand for minimally processed fresh products has increased and there is a real need to find preservation alternatives that avoid the use of synthetic antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of active packaging with different concentrations of natural antimicrobials (citral and carvacrol) and then to combine the UV-C light (10 kJ m-2) used as pre-treatment, with the selected active packages on baby arugula (Eruca sativa). The atmospheric concentration inside the bags (CO2 and O2) was not affected by the evaluated doses of citral (Ci: 100, 150 and 350 μL) or carvacrol (Ca: 75, 100 and 150 μL). The antimicrobial effect of citral was positive only in the first 3 days of storage, while most microbiological inhibition was achieved with 75 Ca treatment. The color of arugula in active packaging showed no variation between treatments over time, but the control (BP) tended to show clear leaves. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity were not affected by citral, while the 75 and 100 Ca treatments had a higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity compared to the control. The last test combined UV-C with active packaging with selected antimicrobial doses (150 Ci; 75 Ca; mix 75 150 Ci + Ca). The O2 concentration decreased rapidly and visually the leaves were not affected. The application of UV-C with the mixture of antimicrobials was more effective in reducing aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms and enterobacteria. The content of phenols and vitamin C were not affected by the treatments, unlike antioxidant activity which decreased. Active packaging with natural antimicrobials and UV-C could contribute as an innovative technique of combined methods to retard microbial growth, maintaining the green color of baby arugula salads.

La méiose est un processus essentiel pour le maintien de la fertilité mais aussi la création de diversité par la génération de nouvelles combinaisons alléliques via les cross-overs (CO). Récemment, de plus en plus d’éléments insistent sur l’importance du dosage des protéines méiotiques dans la régulation de la formation des CO. Allant dans ce sens, j’ai étudié pendant ma thèse l’effet dosage de la protéine méiotique HEI10 sur la formation du nombre de CO, chez 2 Brassicacées allopolyploïdes : le colza et la cameline, présentant respectivement 5 et 3 copies d’HEI10. J’ai ainsi pu montrer qu’HEI10 est indispensable à la formation des CO de classe I chez la cameline ainsi que confirmer son effet dosage. Des résultats inattendus ont été obtenus pour de faibles doses d’HEI10, insistant sur l’apport des espèces polyploïdes pour de telles études. J’ai aussi travaillé sur la génération de lignées inductrices d’haploïdes, outils utiles pour l’étude de la recombinaison homéologues, chez ces 2 espèces en générant des lignées mutées dmp
Meiotic regulation is an essential process not only for maintaining fertility, but also for creating diversity through the generation of new allelic combinations via cross-overs (CO). Recently, more and more evidence has emerged in support of the importance of meiotic protein dosage in the regulation of CO formation. With this in mind, during my thesis, I studied the effect of meiotic protein HEI10 dosage on CO formation in 2 allopolyploid Brassicaceae: rapeseed and camelina, with carry 5 and 3 copies of HEI10 respectively. I was thus able to show that HEI10 is essential for the formation of class I CO in camelina, and to confirm its dosage effect. Unexpected results were shown for low doses of HEI10, emphasizing the contribution of polyploid species for such studies. I also worked on the generation of haploid-inducing lines, useful tools for the study of homoeologous recombination, in these 2 species by generating dmp mutated lines

Ce memoire de these presente les aspects architecturaux, mecaniques et ultrastructuraux d'une analyse anatomique du bois de tension. Connaissant la responsabilite de ce bois dans les phenomenes de reorientation des axes, les interpretations statiques et dynamiques de sa repartition longitudinale chez de jeunes wapas, nous ont conduit a lui reconnaitre une participation active dans la dynamique de croissance des arbres. Afin d'oberver le comportement d'un arbre, nous avons elabore une approche experimentale basee sur des suivis de croissance d'un jeune rejet de chataignier. Cette methodologie a permis d'associer, grace a la repartition du bois de tension dans les axes, des evenements dates lors des observations regulieres et les evenements lus dans le bois. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence une equivalence qualitative entre les deformations de maturation, estimees a la peripherie de wapas d'ages differents, et la presence de bois de tension, a l'aide d'une modelisation basee sur des cartographies de la repartition angulaire de ce bois. Les deformations de maturation peuvent reveler d'importantes variations longitudinales et circonferentielles, et etre correlees a la morphologie des arbres. Enfin, dans une caracterisation parietale du bois de tension, nous avons decrit la variabilite de ce bois en fonction des facteurs juvenilite-maturite, duraminisation et individualite. Cette approche ultrastructurale nous a permis de definir differents facies de bois de tension chez le wapa, caracterisables par l'epaisseur de la couche gelatineuse de leurs fibres et des rapports de surface

No sul do Brasil a aveia branca é considerada um cereal de múltiplos propósitos. Como cobertura proporciona melhorias nas condições físico-químicas do solo. Na alimentação animal evidencia grande qualidade nutricional tanto no pastejo direto ou processado na forma de feno e silagem. No consumo humano vem recebendo grandes destaques por representar propriedades que qualificam o grão da aveia como alimento funcional. No entanto, para que a produção de biomassa da planta e dos grãos seja maximizada a adubação nitrogenada é fundamental, visto que, é o nutriente mais solicitado pela aveia. Portanto, um fator decisivo na qualidade e produtividade da cultura. Neste contexto, a dose ajustada de N a ser disponibilizada deve ser investigada buscando minimizar os excessos que comprometem a qualidade ambiental e oneram o produtor, e o que representaria um déficit que compromete a máxima expressão de biomassa e grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar modelos que permitam elucidar a dinâmica de expressão nos caracteres de produção da aveia branca pelo aproveitamento de N-fertilizante e residual nos sistemas de cultivo e que evidencie alta e reduzida relação C/N como cobertura residual. Assim, buscar nesta espécie um ajuste mais aprimorado de interação com o nitrogênio buscando maximizar a produção e acúmulo de matéria seca total ao longo do desenvolvimento da planta associada a estímulos agrometeorológicos para inferências às condições regionais do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo no Instituto Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural/IRDeR, localizado em Augusto Pestana, RS, pertencente ao Departamento de Estudos Agrários da UNIJUÍ. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas safras agrícolas em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições de arranjo fatorial 4 X 2 no sistema soja/aveia e milho/aveia. Neste sentido, as fontes de variação e seus respectivos níveis estão assim representadas: Doses de nitrogênio: 0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 e Cultivares de Aveia: Barbarasul e Brisasul avaliadas nos anos de 2011 e 2012. As equações lineares mostraram que a maior tendência de crescimento frente a taxa diária de produção de biomassa dia-1 nas doses de N-fertilizante pelas cultivares de aveia nem sempre estão diretamente ligadas a maior produtividade de grãos. Portanto, a análise da taxa de biomassa na análise do aproveitamento do nitrogênio deve ser acompanhada dos valores médios de rendimento de grãos. Além disto, observa-se que a cultivar Brisasul se mostra como de maior eficiência fisiológica no aproveitamento do N para a produção de grãos independente do sistema e anos de cultivo. Para a interpretação da dinâmica do nitrogênio nos componentes fisiológicos da aveia, verificou-se que as equações lineares são as que melhor descrevem o rendimento biológico e de palha, mostrando acréscimos nas variáveis estudadas quando a dose disponibilizada variando de 0 até 120 Kg de nitrogênio por hectare. Por outro lado, as equações quadráticas se mostraram ajustadas em explicar o rendimento de grãos e o índice de colheita nos distintos anos de cultivo. No sistema soja/aveia como o milho/aveia as modificações ocorridas nos caracteres da inflorescência da aveia pelo incremento das doses de adubação nitrogenada qualificam a massa de panícula e de grãos da panícula como as de maior sensibilidade em promover alterações. Inclusive, a correlação e trilha no ambiente com baixa relação C/N mostraram eficiência da massa de grãos em trazer maiores efeitos diretos positivos no rendimento de grãos, assim como, no índice de colheita, com elevados efeitos diretos sobre o RG e indiretos via massa de grãos da panícula. Os modelos de regressão linear múltipla qualificam a estimativa da produção de grãos, principalmente, quando incluído no modelo a dose do N-fertilizante e ao menos uma ou mais varáveis da panícula. Portanto, em condição com baixa relação C/N o índice de colheita da panícula se mostra eficiente para inclusão no modelo múltiplo, e em doses de N mais elevadas, sugere também a inclusão do NGP. Contudo, em ambiente de alta relação C/N, indica-se o índice de colheita da panícula independente das doses empregadas. Contudo, num modelo geral, o N e o sistema de cultivo são variáveis significativas para uso pela regressão múltipla. Os coeficientes de desenvolvimento do trigo que foram validados e que empregam a temperatura e o fotoperíodo para simulação se mostraram indicados para uso em aveia nestas condições de cultivo. Portanto, o modelo WE-Streck empregado para simular o desenvolvimento de trigo se mostrou adequado quando empregado para aveia.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Genetic gains for quantitative traits associated with the maintenance of genetic variability are important factors in recurrent selection programs. With advances in the area of statistical genomics, selection strategies potentially faster to achieve genetic gains are being developed, such as genomic selection. Using a subtropical population of irrigated rice (CNA12S), conducted during three cycles of recurrent selection, this study had as general objective to evaluate the potential of use of genomic recurrent selection (GRS) in a rice breeding program. Three specific studies were developed. In the first chapter, the efficiency of the genotypic recurrent selection (RS) used in the Embrapa’s rice breeding program was evaluated, in order to obtain genetic gains and maintain the population genetic variability. Ten yield trials of S1:3 progenies were used in the analyses. The evaluated traits were grain yield, plant height and days-to-flowering. Variance and covariance components were obtained using Bayesian approach. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers, the population diversity and genetic structure also were estimated. Adjusted means of progenies in each cycle were computed and, genetic progress was estimated by generalized linear regression using frequentist approach. The magnitudes of effective population size and genetic variance indicated maintenance of genetic variability over selection cycles. The genetic progress achieved for grain yield was 760 kg ha-1 per cycle (1.95% per year), and for days-to-flowering, it was -6.3 days per cycle (-1.28% per year). It was concluded that the genetic progress already achieved and the genetic variability available in the population demonstrate the efficiency of RS in the improvement of rice populations. In the second chapter, in the context of genomic selection, the relative efficiency of GRS on RS was assessed, as well as the accuracy of different models of genomic prediction, in order to propose a GRS scheme for population breeding of self-pollinating species such as rice. In this study, the genetic material was the S1:3 progenies yield trial of the third selection cycle. From a group of 196 progenies that were phenotyped for eight traits with different heritabilities and genetic architectures, a group of 174 progenies was genotyped for SNP markers. Ten predictive models were fitted to the data set. The proposed GRS scheme, when compared to the RS method, showed higher efficiency, especially in genetic gain per unit of time. From the predictive models assessed, HBLUP (hybrid best linear unbiased prediction, using hybrid relationship matrix based in pedigree and SNP markers) and RForest (random forest) have greater potential for genomic prediction in irrigated rice, given the high accuracy of their predictions for a number of traits. The HBLUP model was notoriously superior for more complex traits, such as grain yield, while RForest stood out for less complex traits. The high extent of linkage disequilibrium in the population suggests that the marker density employed (approximately one SNP per 60 kb) is enough for the practice of genomic selection in populations with similar genetic structure. In the third chapter, the objective was to extend a class of HBLUP models based on reaction norm, in context of multi-environmental trials with genotype x environment interaction, for accommodation of hybrid genetic relationship and information of the assessed environments. The accuracy of alternative models for multi-environmental predictions was evaluated, as well as the relative importance of structures of additive and multiplicative components, using genetic relationship information and environmental covariates. This strategy allowed to evaluate the influence of different approaches to group the genetic-environmental information on the accuracy of models for prediction of breeding value of progenies for agronomic traits. The data consisted of the same ten trial of S1:3 progenies, carried out during three recurrent selection cycles. Six predictive HBLUP models of reaction norm were considered, using genetic and environmental covariates, as well as interactions between these effects. Genomic information was derived from SNP markers obtained for the 174 progenies of the third selection cycle. The 401 environmental covariates, the genetic information (hybrid genetic relationship) and the interactions among these effects explained an important portion of the phenotypic variance, allowing an increase in the predictive accuracy of models. The use of genetic information and environmental covariates only from the respective selection cycle is enough for accurate predictions of unphenotyped progenies, even in non-sampled environments. This is the first study to take into account simultaneously hybrid genetic relationship, stemming from pedigree information plus SNP markers, and environmental covariates in multi-environmental models based on reaction norm for breeding value prediction in target environments of a recurrent selection program.
A obtenção de ganhos genéticos para caracteres quantitativos associada à manutenção da variabilidade genética são fatores importantes em programas de seleção recorrente. Com os avanços no campo da estatística genômica, estratégias de seleção potencialmente mais rápidas para alcance de ganhos genéticos estão sendo desenvolvidas, como a seleção genômica. Partindo-se de uma população subtropical de arroz irrigado (CNA12S), conduzida durante três ciclos de seleção recorrente, este estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial de emprego do esquema de seleção recorrente genômica (GRS) em programas de melhoramento genético de arroz. Três estudos específicos foram desenvolvidos. No primeiro deles, avaliou-se a eficiência do esquema de seleção recorrente genotípica (RS) utilizado no programa de melhoramento de arroz da Embrapa, na obtenção de ganhos genéticos e manutenção da variabilidade genética populacional. O material experimental utilizado constituiu-se de dez ensaios de rendimento de progênies S1:3 associadas a cada ciclo de seleção. Os caracteres avaliados foram produtividade de grãos, altura de planta e número de dias até o florescimento. Componentes de variância e covariância foram obtidos via abordagem Bayesiana e, com uso de marcadores SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associados às progênies, também a diversidade e a estrutura genética populacional. Médias ajustadas de progênies em cada ciclo foram computadas e, por regressão linear generalizada, estimou-se o progresso genético, via abordagem frequentista. As magnitudes do tamanho efetivo populacional e da variância genética indicaram manutenção da variabilidade genética ao longo dos ciclos de seleção. O progresso genético alcançado para produtividade de grãos foi de 760 kg ha-1 por ciclo (1,95 % ao ano) e para dias para florescimento, -6,3 dias por ciclo (-1,28 % ao ano). Concluiu-se que, o progresso genético já alcançado e a variabilidade genética disponível na população demonstram a eficiência de RS no melhoramento de populações de arroz. Num segundo estudo, no contexto de seleção genômica, avaliou-se a eficiência relativa de GRS sobre o esquema de RS; além da acurácia de diferentes modelos de predição genômica, buscando-se propor um esquema de GRS para melhoramento populacional de espécies autógamas como o arroz. Nesse estudo, o material genético foi composto por um ensaio de rendimento de progênies S1:3 do terceiro ciclo de seleção. Do grupo de 196 progênies fenotipadas para oito caracteres, com herdabilidades e arquiteturas genéticas diferentes, um grupo de 174 progênies foi genotipado para marcadores SNP. Dez modelos preditivos foram ajustados ao conjunto de dados. O esquema de GRS, quando comparado ao de RS, apresentou maior eficiência, sobretudo em ganho genético por unidade de tempo. Dos modelos preditivos avaliados, HBLUP (hybrid best linear unbiased prediction, com uso de matriz híbrida de parentesco baseada em pedigree e marcadores SNP) e RForest (random forest) apresentaram maior potencial para predição genômica, haja vista a elevada acurácia de suas predições para maior número de caracteres. O modelo HBLUP foi notoriamente superior para caracteres mais complexos, como produtividade de grãos, enquanto RForest destacou-se para caracteres menos complexos. A alta extensão do desequilíbrio de ligação na população sugere que a densidade de marcadores empregada (aproximadamente um SNP por 60 kb) é suficiente para a prática de predição genômica em populações com estrutura genética similar. No terceiro estudo buscou-se estender uma classe de modelos preditivos HBLUP baseados em norma de reação (contexto de ensaios multiambientais com interação genótipos × ambientes), para acomodar informações de parentesco e de covariáveis associadas aos ambientes de avaliação. Assim, avaliouse a acurácia preditiva de modelos alternativos para predições multiambientais, bem como a importância relativa de estruturas de componentes aditivos e multiplicativos; além da influência de diferentes abordagens de agrupamento de informações genético-ambientais sobre a acurácia dos modelos. O material genético constituiu-se nos mesmos dez ensaios de rendimento de progênies S1:3, conduzidos durante três ciclos de seleção recorrente. Foi considerada uma sequência de seis modelos preditivos de norma de reação, do tipo HBLUP, com uso de covariáveis genéticas e ambientais, além de interações entre esses efeitos. A informação genômica foi proveniente de marcadores SNP obtidos por genotipagem de 173 progênies do terceiro ciclo de seleção. As covariáveis ambientais (num total de 401), informações genéticas (parentesco híbrido) e as interações entre esses efeitos explicaram importante porção da variância fenotípica, o que possibilitou aumento da acurácia preditiva dos modelos. O emprego de informações genéticas e de covariáveis ambientais apenas do respectivo ciclo de seleção mostrou-se suficiente para predições acuradas do desempenho de progênies não fenotipadas, mesmo em ambientes não amostrados. Este estudo é pioneiro em considerar conjuntamente parentesco híbrido, oriundo de informações de pedigree mais marcadores SNP, e covariáveis ambientais em modelos multiambientais baseados em norma de reação, para predição de valor genético em ambientes-alvo de programas de seleção recorrente.

Hormesis is a dose response phenomenon where low doses of a stress bring about a positive response in the organism undergoing treatment. UV-C hormesis has been known for over three decades and has a broad range of benefits on postharvest produce. Benefits include increased nutritional content, delayed chlorophyll degradation and disease resistance. The beneficial effects have been observed on many varieties of fresh produce including climacteric and non-climacteric fruit, tubers, salads and brassicas. The majority of previous studies have used low-intensity (LIUV) UV-C sources. LIUV sources require lengthy treatment times, which are in the region of 6 minutes for tomato fruit. This has, in part, prevented the commercial application of this technique. High-intensity, pulsed polychromatic light (HIPPL) sources, however, have recently been developed. HIPPL sources may have the potential to drastically reduce treatment times and increase their commercial viability. It was shown, here, that the use of HIPPL can control disease (reduce disease progression) caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and also delay ripening on tomato fruit. Both disease control and delayed ripening were at similar levels for LIUV and HIPPL treatments on mature green fruit. The HIPPL treatments used in these studies can reduce treatment times for tomato fruit by 97.3%. Both HIPPL and LIUV treatments elicit local responses irrespective of the treatment orientation and tomato fruit, therefore, require full surface irradiation. Furthermore, UV-C in the HIPPL source is not required for disease control or delayed ripening. It does, however, contribute approximately 50% towards the total observed effects. Investigations into the mechanisms underpinning postharvest HIPPL and LIUV hormesis, on tomato fruit, identified that the expression of genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis, defence, secondary metabolism and ripening were affected. This indicates that disease control is achieved through induced resistance. Changes to expression, following treatment, were highly similar for both HIPPL and LIUV treatments and were mediated by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. This may lead to broad range resistance against necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens as well as abiotic stresses and herbivorous pests. Recently, the exposure of foliage to UV-C has been shown to induce resistance against B. cinerea on Arabidopsis thaliana. The horticultural applications of such treatments, however, have not been explored. Pre-harvest treatments of lettuce in the glasshouse showed variation in damage threshold and optimal treatment to control disease following LIUV and HIPPL treatment. Further sources of variation included the cultivar, pathogen of interest and the point that treatment was applied during the year. Using a controlled environment allowed seasonal variation to be mitigated and both HIPPL and LIUV treatments controlled disease against B. cinerea. For pre-harvest treatments to be a success in the glasshouse, further studies into how both biotic and abiotic factors influence treatment is required. To circumvent the problems associated with pre-harvest treatments and environmental variation in the glasshouse, LIUV seed treatments were performed on tomato. Control of B. cinerea was established with an approximately 10% reduction in incidence and disease progression with a 4 kJ/m2 treatment. When monitoring the effect of treatment on germination and early seedling development it was also identified that an 8 kJ/m2 treatment led to biostimulation of germination and root and shoot growth.

SAD-C, a gene belonging to the small short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein (SAD) gene family, is up-regulated in Pisum sativum (pea) when the plant is exposed to UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation. SAD-C has a molecular weight of about 28 kDa and adopts a tetrameric structure. The aim of this work was to purify the protein SAD-C from Pisum sativum when overexpressed in E. coli strain BL21 StarTM (DE3) One Shot®.

The purification was facilitated by the presence of a His-tag consisting of six histidine residues at the C-terminal end of the protein. The purification trials of SAD-C were faced with problems since the sample fractions contained several other proteins as well. Several purification steps seem to be necessary for future trials. A crystallization trial was still set up and crystals were formed, but the crystals formed were probably not of SAD-C.

The thesis explores the role of violence and wounding in English satire before the Refonnation. From the analysis of medieval commentary on Juvenal and Horace, and depictions of wounding in medieval culture, a new understanding of satiric aggression is derived. It is suggested that satire and mutilation are connected by their common sense of ambivalence. During the Middle Ages both were invested with two distinct functions: each could enforce a given system of standards and definitions, or be used to dissolve such a system. While this dualism makes disfigurement a natural emblem for satire, it also means that wounding invariably brings to light discrepancies when it. is portrayed in satiric texts. Its flexibility serves to exacerbate the tensions present in the mode. The thesis thus treats injury not only as a central motif in satire, but as a point at which implicit conflicts emerge most clearly. Wounding is used as a means of distinguishing points of friction in the literature. These ideas are applied to the two main traditions of Middle English satire, anticlericalism and antifeminism. In both cases, the ruptures in texts are closely analysed. These in turn are used to identify inconsistencies in medieval culture more widely. The thesis seeks to redress two critical oversights. Firstly, the dual nature of medieval satire has never been explicitly theorised. While the genre's two facets have been examined individually, their coexistence has never been fully investigated. Secondly, vernacular satire is itself an tinder-explored field. Although several studies of Middle English satire exist, these often conflate the literature with unrelated types of text, or reduce English works to echoes of twelfth-century Latin satire. This study treats medieval vernacular satire as an art-form in its own right, with its own unique concerns and complexities.

The essay at hand is a New Historicist reading of C. S. Lewis’ dystopian fantasy novel That Hideous Strength. According to New Historicist theory it is informed by many disciplines, namely, philosophy, history, literary theory, theology, social science, and psychology, and it attempts to lessen injustices of race and class. The essay examines how satire operates in the novel, focusing on its societal targets: totalitarianism, laboratory animals, and education. Lewis’ philosophical idea expressed in his “The Abolition of Man” – that a society that averts from what he calls universal, timeless, objective values will eventually lead to a loss of that which is truly humane – is a main theme of the novel as well as for this essay. Another, complementary, main theme is that a cultivation of the heart is necessary for individuals of society since childhood if society is going to stay humane.

Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à étudier la place de la satire dans l'œuvre littéraire et philosophique de Sénèque. En partant d'une œuvre souvent mise à l'écart du corpus sénéquien, l'Apocoloquintose, nous nous employons à identifier les caractéristiques de l'écriture satirique chez Sénèque, afin de comprendre comment celle-ci se diffuse à l'ensemble de son œuvre et devient l'un des outils majeurs de la parénèse philosophique. Cette esthétique du mélange et de la distorsion, qui repose sur un besoin de monstration, implique la création de figures passionnées et dépréciées, les antimodèles, qui deviennent les acteurs majoritaires de la pensée sénéquienne. En effet, Sénèque a plus souvent recours aux exemples d'hommes fous, voluptueux, colériques qu'aux modèles traditionnels pour illustrer sa pensée. Il s'agit pour lui de créer des figures de repoussoir qui auront sur le lecteur une influence positive, par le dégoût ou la dérision qu'elles provoqueront. Sénèque applique également cette stratégie rhétorique dans ses développements sur la philosophie politique. Sa place à la cour et les excès tyranniques des hommes au pouvoir l'ont néanmoins obligé à jouer avec les codes de la satire pour opérer de façon plus ou moins discrète une critique des puissants, afin d'éduquer les princes et de les entraîner vers une réforme morale qui fera d'eux des hommes heureux, des sages, mais surtout de bons gouvernants
This doctoral thesis aims at studying the place of satire in Seneca's literary and philosophical works. Starting with a work that is often left out of Seneca's corpus, the Apocolocyntosis, we endeavour to identify the characteristics of Seneca's satirical writing, in order to understand how it spreads throughout his work and becomes one of the major instruments of philosophical parenesis. These aesthetics of combination and distortion, which rely on a need for monstration, involve the creation of impassioned and disparaged figures, the antimodels, who become the major protagonists of Seneca's thought. Indeed, Seneca recourses more often to the examples of mad, voluptuous, angry men, than to the traditional models, to illustrate his thought. His aim is to create repellent figures who will have a positive influence on the reader, through the disgust or derision they will provoke. Seneca also applies this rhetorical strategy to his developments on political philosophy. His position at the Roman court and the tyrannical excesses of the governing men nevertheless forced him to play with the conventions of satire in order to criticise more or less discreetly the mighty, to educate the princes and to lead them towards a moral reform that would make them happy men, wise men, but above all good rulers

Quintilien (X, 1, 93) considère la satire comme une création purement latine. Dans Les Satires, Horace prétend pourtant devoir son franc-parler à la comédie ancienne et au mime, et son goût pour une langue quotidienne à la comédie nouvelle, en particulier à celle de Ménandre. Ces différentes références posent questions. Pourquoi Horace fait-il l'éloge du franc-parler dans un contexte culturel, juridique et historique qui le réprouve ? Pourquoi choisit-il des modèles grecs, alors qu'il rend plusieurs fois hommage à Térence dans son recueil ? Comment entend-il concilier la stataria de Térence et la truculence de la comédie ancienne et du mime ? le bon ton du sermo et le franc-parler ? Ces contradictions s'éclairent à la lumière des relations clientélaires d'Horace et de Mécène, bras droit d'Octave. Octave se veut le restaurateur de la liberté républicaine. La libertas se trouve au cœur de son programme et de sa propagande contre Antoine et Sextus Pompée. En louant le franc-parler de l'ancienne comédie et en usant lui-même d'attaques nominatives, Horace sert subtilement sa cause. Mais Octave se veut également le pacificator de Rome et réprouve la libertas lorsqu'elle met en danger la concorde civile. Pour lui faire écho, Horace critique la satire partisane de Lucilius, lui préférant l'archaia, dont il peut facilement nier la dimension politique. Il inscrit ses attaques dans le cadre prétendu privé de la recitatio ou du sermo avec le lecteur, niant les réalités de la publication. Dans ses propres attaques nominatives, il s'en tient à des sujets moraux, dont l'aspect politique reste implicite. La comédie nouvelle lui permet de reprendre les principaux thèmes de la restauration morale entreprise par Octave. Mais il l'associe au mime licencieux ou aux personnages pour lesquels Plaute manifeste une certaine indulgence. Il nomme Ménandre de manière à ne pas avouer sa préférence pour l'univers moral de Térence. Ses Satires conservent ainsi une liberté de ton de bon aloi, il ne passe pas pour un censeur liberticide ou un grossier propagandiste. La continuité des genres comiques lui permet de concilier des aspects contradictoires du programme d'Octave
Quintilian (X, 1, 93) thinks the satire was created by the Romans. Yet, according to Horace, the origin of his outspokenness can easily be traced to the old comedy and the mime, and the new comedy, especially Menander's, has proven to be an inspiration as regards sermo. Those various references raise questions. Why does Horace praise outspokenness in an unfavourable cultural, judicial and historic context ? Why does he choose Greek patterns, though he do homage to Terence several times in the Satires ? How can he accord Terence's stataria and the truculence of the old comedy and the mime ? the urbaine form of the sermo and the outspokenness ? The bound between Horace and Maecenas, a cliens and his patronus, can account for those contradictions. Octavius claims to have restored the republican freedom. The libertas is the core of his programme and of his propaganda against Antonius and Sextus Pompeius. Maecenas is Octavius' right-hand man. By praising outspokenness and by jeering himself namely, the satirist serves Octavius' purpose. But Octavius also claims to be Rome's pacificator and he disapproves of the outspokenness when its threatens cival peace. To echo, Horace disapproves of Lucilius' one-sided satire, going for the archaia, whose political aspect he can easily overlook. His jeers are solely confined to the reputedly private context of recitatio or sermo with his readers, and he overlooks what the publication entails. His jeers seemingly deal with moral issues, the political aspects of which remain understated. The new comedy enables him to help bring back morals in Rome as instigated by Octavius. Yet he associates it to free mime or characters for whom Plautus shows leniency. He cites Menander so as not to admit he prefers Terence's moral comedies. His satires thus maintain a proper freedom of speech, he is not considered as an enemy of freedom or an obvious propagandist. The flow of comical genres enables him to reconcile contradictory aspects of Octavius'programme

Face à l’œuvre fragmentaire de Lucilius, la recherche s’appuie souvent sur le témoignage d’Horace pour caractériser le primus inuentor. En étudiant les citations de Lucilius chez Varron et Cicéron, nous avons un double objectif : déterminer dans quelle mesure la représentation qu’Horace donne de Lucilius est tributaire de la première réception de son œuvre ; plus largement, étudier l’impact du processus de citation sur la construction d’une figure littéraire, la sélection de certains passages, la réorientation de leur sens et l’insistance sur un aspect de l’œuvre. L’étude du contexte des citations de Lucilius chez Cicéron permet de conclure que le satiriste est avant tout pour l’Arpinate le chantre de la libertas uerborum. Une telle caractérisation se retrouvera chez Horace et plusieurs chercheurs l’associent au contexte de la fin de République. Notre thèse montre cependant qu’Horace, lorsqu’il évoque le franc-parler de son prédécesseur, est en grande partie tributaire d’une construction déjà engagée à l’époque républicaine. Les citations de Cicéron font aussi de Lucilius un poeta doctus et urbanus. Reprenant les conclusions des différents travaux sur l’urbanitas, notre travail éclaire la manière dont cette représentation parvient à s’accorder chez Cicéron avec celle d’un Lucilius liber. Il s’interroge également sur les raisons pour lesquelles la doctrina de Lucilius, mise en lumière par les citations de Cicéron, n’a pas été retenue par l’immédiate postérité. Partant enfin de l’association faite par Horace entre le genre satirique et le sermo, notre étude s’intéresse aux liens établis à l’époque républicaine entre la figure de Lucilius et différents types de sermo (cotidianus, comicus, Platonis et Bioneus). Horace n’est pas directement tributaire de Cicéron et Varron, mais leurs citations, en créant un réseau d’associations, ont favorisé une telle représentation du genre
Given the fragmentary nature of Lucilius’ works, scholars often rely on Horace’s testimony to describe the primus inuentor. In studying Lucilius’ quotes in Varro’s and Cicero’s writings, we hope to achieve a twofold objective. First, we aim to determine to what extent Lucilius’ depiction by Horace owes to the reception of the former’s œuvre. Then, more broadly, we will analyse the influence of the quotation process on the establishment of a literary figure, the selection of some passages, the change in meaning and the emphasis on a specific features of Lucilius’ work. Quotes of Lucilius by Cicero show that the satirist was in the Arpinate’s opinion above all a figurehead of libertas uerborum. Horace gives a similar portrayal of Lucilius, which academics associate with the context of the end of the Republic. Nevertheless, our thesis argues that, when stressing Lucilius’ outspokenness, Horace adopts a process dating back to the Republican era. Moreover, Cicero makes of Lucilius a poeta doctus et perurbanus. Drawing upon works on the urbanitas, our thesis gives an insight into the way that picture attunes with that of Lucilius liber in Cicero’s works. We also address the issue of omission: why is Lucilius’ doctrina, put into limelight by Cicero, overlooked by immediate posterity? Building on the bond between satirical genre and sermo according to Horace, our thesis dwells eventually on the relationship between Lucilius’ figure during the Republican age and several variations of sermo (cotidianus, comicus, Platonis and Bioneus). Horace is not dependent on Cicero and Varro per say but their quotations act as a system of cross-references, enabling in the end such a view on the genre

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There are some strains of Escherichia coli that are pathogenic and often cause urinary tract infections, septicemia and meningitis in neonates. Some produce enzymes known as β-lactamases of extended spectrum (ESBL) that decrease the therapeutic options, thereby arousing interest in the discovery of new antibacterial products. Medicinal plants and their essential oils are especially rich in metabolites with antimicrobial properties as soon researches are developed in searches of these substances. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oil of Coriandrum sativum and its major phytochemicals against strains of E. coli ESBL. Was initially determined the sensitivity of the tested strains to conventional antibiotics, as well as screening of the antibacterial activity of the oils against these strains. Chosen C. sativum oil, its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and the antibacterial activity of both the oil as the major phytochemicals were evaluated by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), the microdilution technique, the kinetics of microbial death oil was also analyzed. It has also played a modulating effect over the conventional antibiotics. It was found that the tested strains are producing ESBL. Among the phytochemicals, linalool (39.78%) presented itself as a major component, followed by linalool oxide (27.33%). The oil and linalool inhibited all strains having MIC and MBC of 256 μg/mL, 512 μg/mL and 1024 μg/mL, between 512 and 1024 μg/mL, respectively. Linalool oxide was inactive at the maximum test concentration of 1024 μg/mL. This oil has antibacterial activity dependent on its concentration and time of exposure in the micro-organism. Both oil and linalool modulates the action of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin, synergistic interaction of oil and ciprofloxacin being observed. The combination with linalool showed synergistic effects with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The results suggest that the essential oil of C. sativum can suppress the growth of species E. coli ESBL and its major phytochemical despite having weak antibacterial activity, may modulate the action of some antibiotics.
Existem algumas cepas de Escherichia coli que são patogênicas e frequentemente causam infecções urinárias, septicemias e meningites em neonatos. Algumas produzem enzimas conhecidas como β-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) que diminuem as opções terapêuticas, despertando assim o interesse pela descoberta de novos produtos antibacterianos. As plantas medicinais e principalmente seus óleos essenciais são ricos em metabólitos com propriedades antimicrobianas, logo pesquisas são desenvolvidas em buscas destas substâncias. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Coriandrum sativum e seus fitoconstituintes majoritários contra cepas de E. coli ESBL. Inicialmente foi determinado o perfil de sensibilidade das cepas ensaiadas a antibióticos convencionais, bem como a triagem da atividade antibacteriana dos óleos contra estas cepas. Escolhido o óleo de C. sativum, a sua composição química foi determinada por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrômetro de Massa (CG/EM) e a atividade antibacteriana tanto do óleo quanto dos fitoconstituintes majoritários foram avaliadas pela determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), pela técnica de microdiluição, a cinética de morte microbiana do óleo também foi analisada. Verificou-se também o efeito modulador desempenhado sobre os antibióticos convencionais. Constatou-se que as cepas ensaiadas são produtoras de ESBL. Entre os fitoconstituintes, o linalol (39,78%) apresentou-se como principal componente, seguido pelo óxido de linalol (27,33%). O óleo e o linalol inibiram todas as cepas apresentando CIM e CBM de, 256 μg/mL, 512 μg/mL e 1024 μg/mL, entre 512 e 1024 μg/mL, respectivamente. O óxido de linalol não apresentou atividade na concentração máxima ensaiada de 1024 μg/mL. Este óleo possui atividade antibacteriana dependente de sua concentração e do tempo de exposição no micro-organismo. Tanto o óleo quanto o linalol modulou a ação dos antibióticos ciprofloxacina e cefoxitina, sendo observada interação sinérgica do óleo e a ciprofloxacina.Já a combinação com linalol, apresentou efeitos sinérgicos com a ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina. Os resultados sugerem que o óleo essencial de C. sativum pode suprimir o crescimento de espécies de E. coli ESBL e que seu fitoconstituinte majoritário apesar de ter atividade antibacteriana fraca, pode modular a ação de alguns antibióticos

The expression and role of MS and ICL during senescence and following detachment is investigated. After 7 weeks plant growth immunoblot analysis indicate the coordinate accumulation of MS and ICL. However, this increase in MS and ICL does not correlate with the decline in the thylakoid lipids MGDG and DGDG. A detectable decline in these lipid classes is observed after 2 weeks plant growth. Further analysis of changes in chlorophylls, carotenoids, protein and total RNA content confirm that senescence of cucumber cotyledons is initiated very soon after full greening. These data indicate that the glyoxylate cycle does not appear to play any significant role in the disassembly of chloroplast membranes during the earlier stages of senescence. In detached cucumber cotyledons the synthesis of MS and ICL is detectable in dark incubated cotyledons within 48 hours. This appears to be primarily due to an increase in transcripts that encodes these proteins. However, the demonstrable increase in MS and ICL levels occurs prior to any detectable decline in chlorophylls, carotenoids and galactolipids. This indicates that the glyoxylate cycle may play an additional role to the metabolism of products of chloroplast membrane degradation. The role sucrose may in controlling the synthesis of MS and ICL was also investigated. The presence of 25 mM was sufficient to greatly reduce the synthesis of MS and ICL under conditions where the synthesis of these proteins would normally occur in detached cucumber cotyledons and protoplasts.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171).
In 1843, William Sammons founded the peculiarly named Sam Sly’s African Journal (1843 -1851) in Cape Town. Claiming to be a ‘register of facts, fiction, news, literature, commerce and amusement’, the African Journal was a hybrid newspaper and literary and satirical periodical aimed at an Anglophone immigrant readership in the period between the abolition of slavery and the granting of representative government to the Cape Colony.

A altas energias o n\\\'ucleon (ou o n\\\'ucleo) pode ser visto como um sistema denso de gl\\\'uons, o condensado de vidro de cor. Neste trabalho estudamos a intera\\c\\~ao deste sistema com dipolos de cor. Esta intera\\c\\~ao \\\'e representada pela se\\c\\~ao de choque dipolo-alvo, a qual \\\'e modelada. Utilizamos alguns dos modelos propostos na literatura para descrever os dados do HERA e do RHIC e propusemos uma nova parametriza\\c\\~ao que \\\'e capaz de descrever estes dados simultaneamente, demonstrando a propriedade de universalidade do condensado de vidro de cor. Generalizamos o modelo proposto por Iancu, Itakura e Munier para o caso nuclear e o aplicamos ao estudo de espalhamento el\\\'etron-n\\\'ucleo. Estimamos a influ\\^encia dos efeitos de satura\\c\\~ao nos observ\\\'aveis que ser\\~ao medidos no futuro eRHIC. Conclu\\\'imos entre outras coisas, que uma grande fra\\c\\~ao dos eventos observados ser\\~ao do tipo difrativo. Finalmente usamos a id\\\'eia de dipolo de cor para estudar a se\\c\\~ao de choque charmonium-h\\\'adron.
At high energies a nucleus (and even a nucleon) becomes a dense gluonic system called the color glass condensate. In this work we study the interaction of this dense system with color dipoles. This interaction is represented by the dipole-target cross section, which has to be modeled. We have used, without success, some of the existing models to try to reproduce the data obtained at HERA and RHIC. It was not possible to obtain a global agreement between the models and the two sets of data. We have then proposed a different parametrization of the dipole cross section, which is now compatible with all the available data. In the case of deep inelastic scattering, we have extended the Iancu-Itakura-Munier model to nuclear targets and made predictions for observables to be measured in the future electron-ion collider eRHIC. Among other things, we have concluded that a large fraction of the events will be of the diffractive type. Finally, we have used the color dipole approach to build a simple model for the charmonium-hadron interaction at high energies.

La figure d'Aristophane a fait l'objet en France, à l'ère moderne, d'une fascination particulière, due au statut à la fois exemplaire et unique de son œuvre et à son inscription dans le champ symbolique de la démocratie athénienne. Ce travail se focalise sur les traits et les modalités de sa réception entre 1760 et 1962. A travers l'étude de la fortune critique et de l'interprétation idéologique, des traductions, des adaptations et des mises en scène, il met en valeur l'évolution des horizons d'attente et des médiations analogiques qui permettent l'intégration de l'auteur grec dans le canon littéraire, puis dans le répertoire théâtral. Le repérage des formes dites "aristophanesques", qui, entre 1840 et 1914, jouent de l'interaction entre scène et caricature, participe à l'identification de ces médiations
The modern era showed particular fascination for Aristophanes. This was partly due to the exemplary and unique nature of his work as well as his status within the symbolic field of Athenian democracy. This analysis focuses on the various features and different modalities of his reception from 1760 to 1962 in France. Through the study of the critical fortune and ideological interpretation of his works, including their main translations, adaptations and stage-directions, this thesis highlights the evolution and progression of the horizons of expectations and pinpoints the analogical mediations which elevate the author to a canonical status and lead him to the theatre repertoire. The delimitations o so-called "Aristophanic" forms, which made the most of the interaction between stage and caricatures between 1840 and 1914, help the identification of these mediations

This thesis examines the early stages of the transformation of emblematic political prints into political caricature from the beginning of the Seven Years' War (1756) to the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War (1783). Both contextual and iconographical issues are investigated in relation to the debates occasioned by Britain's imperial project, which marked a period of dramatic expansion during the Seven Years' War, and ended with the loss of the American colonies, consequently framing this thesis as a study of political prints during the rise and fall of the so-called 'First British Empire'. Previous studies of eighteenth-century political prints have largely ignored the complex and lengthy evolutionary process by which the emblematic mode amalgamated with caricatural representation, and have consequently concluded that political prints excluded emblems entirely by the end of the 1770s. However, this study emphasizes the significance of the Wilkite movement for the promotion and preservation of emblems, and investigates how pictorial political argument was perceived and received in eighteenth-century British society, arguing that wider tastes and opinions regarding the utilization of political prints gradually shifted to accept both modes of representation. Moreover, the marketplace, legal status, topicality, and manufacturing methods of political prints are analyzed in terms of understanding the precarious nature of their consumption and those that endeavoured to engage in political printmaking. The evolution, establishment, and subsequent appropriation of pictorial tropes is discussed from the early modern period to the beginning of the so-called Golden Age of caricature, while tracing the adaptation of representational models in American colonial prints that employed emblems already entrenched in British pictorial political debate. Political prints from the two largest print collections, the British Museum and the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale are consulted, along with a number of eighteenth-century newspapers and periodicals, to develop the earlier research by M. Dorothy George, Charles Press, Herbert Atherton, Diana Donald, Amelia Rauser, and Eirwen Nicholson.

La fixation symbiotique d’N par les légumineuses est très sensible aux ravageurs, provoquant des dommages sur les racines nodulées, avec un impact sur la fixation d’N et la croissance qui demeure mal connu. Nous avons alors analysé la réponse adaptative de la fixation symbiotique et de la croissance du pois Frisson sauvage et 3 de ses mutants hypernodulants P64, P118 et P121, respectivement mutés sur les gènes SYM28, SYM29 et NOD3, à une ablation de la moitié du système racinaire, en fin de phase végétative. La réponse adaptative a été mesurée 8 jours après ablation, dans des conditions d'alimentation en carbone par la photosynthèse variées. A 380 ppm, le mutant P118 a montré la plus faible diminution de l’activité spécifique de fixation (-17%) suite à l’ablation comparé au sauvage et aux 2 autres mutants (-36% à -62%) associé à une accélération chez les mutants P118 et P121 et un maintien (sauvage et P64) de la croissance des nodosités. A 150 ppm, suite à l’ablation, l’activité spécifique de fixation symbiotique par les nodosités a été diminuée (sauvage), maintenue (P64 et P118) ou augmentée (P121), associée à une accélération (sauvage et P121) ou un maintien (P64 et P118) de la croissance des nodosités. A 750 ppm, l’activité spécifique de fixation a diminué suite à l’ablation pour tous les génotypes, associée à un ralentissement (P64), un maintien (P118, sauvage) ou une faible accélération (P121) de la croissance des nodosités. Les résultats montrent une plus grande capacité de la fixation symbiotique des mutants hypernodulants (P118 et P121 essentiellement) à résister au stress provoqué par l’ablation
Symbiotic N fixation of legumes is very sensitive to environmental stresses, like pea pests damaging nodulated roots. However, the impact on their N uptake capacity and plant growth has not been studied so far.We analyzed the adaptive response symbiotic N2 fixation and plant growth of pea wild type Frisson and hypernodulating mutants P64, P118 and P121 mutated respectively on genes SYM28, SYM29 and NOD3 to root pruning of half the root system at the end of the vegetative stage. The adaptive responses of pea: cv. Frisson and 3 of its hypernodulating mutants were compared under varying carbon supplies from photosynthesis.At 380 ppm, mutant P118 showed the lowest decrease of the specific activity of N fixation (-17%) following root pruning compared to the wild type and the 2 others mutants (-36% to -62%), associated to an acceleration (P118 and P121) and a maintained (wild type and P64) nodule growth. At 150 ppm, following root pruning, specific activity of N fixation of nodules decreased in wild type, was maintained in P64 and P118 and increased in P121. At 750 ppm, specific activity of N fixation of nodules decreased for all genotypes following root pruning, associated to a maintained nodule growth in wild type and P118, a slower growth in P64 and acceleration in P121.Our results showed a greater capacity of hypernodulating mutants P118 and P121 to withstand the stress induced by root pruning of half the root system

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In recent years the scientific community has a growing interest in studying environmentally friendly agents sorption of carbon dioxide to be used in substitution of chemical solvents based on amines. Among the technologies studied for this purpose are those which use Ionic liquids that have the advantage of having very low vapor pressures, higher density than water, a low melting point and a desorption low energy; These qualities that make them environmentally friendly solvents, compared with volatile organic solvents. Moreover ionic liquids are chemically and thermally stable and can be used at relatively high temperatures, its physical-chemical properties can be designed by varying the substitutive groups of the cation or the combined ion. These characteristics make ionic liquids potentially important for the development of new processes focused on the mitigation of global warming. Otherwise the ionic liquids have a high viscosity, they are expensive making them economically unfeasible for use in conventional processes with liquid gas absorption columns. On the other side are available in the market the bubble glass that have several applications in the industry, have low cost, high chemical and physical resistance. This work evaluated in isochoric saturation cell, the carbon dioxide solubility in mixed systems with boron silicate bubble glass, with volumetric concentrations of 5% to 50%, in the ionic liquids [Bmim][BF4] and [mBmim] [NTf2] as well as with pure ionic liquids. Data are reported at 27 Bar pressure and at temperatures 303, 313, and 323 K. Mixed systems with 50% concentration of bubble glass showed the best results of sorption and cost for both ionic liquids.
Nos ?ltimos anos existe na comunidade cient?fica um crescente interesse em estudar agentes de sor??o de di?xido de carbono ambientalmente amig?veis para serem utilizados em substitui??o aos solventes qu?micos baseados em aminas. Entre as tecnologias estudadas para este fim est?o aquelas que utilizam os l?quidos I?nicos (LI). Estes compostos apresentam como caracter?stica diferencial baix?ssima press?o de vapor, densidade maior que a da ?gua, baixo ponto de fus?o e baixa energia de regenera??o; qualidades estas que os tornam solventes ambientalmente amig?veis quando comparados com os solventes org?nicos vol?teis. Por?m a alta viscosidade e custo limitam o uso dos Lis. Estudos realizados com sistemas mistos de LIs e part?culas s?lidas tem mostrado que tais part?culas podem potencializar a a??o dos Lis, assim se identificou as microesferas de vidro, dispon?veis no mercado, onde possuem diversas aplica??es na ind?stria, baixo custo, alta resist?ncia qu?mica e f?sica. Neste trabalho foram avaliados sistemas mistos (Lis + microesferas de vidro boro silicato) visando melhorar as propriedades dos Lis. Para avaliar estes novos sistemas foram obtidos em c?lula de satura??o isoc?rica, dados experimentais de solubilidade do di?xido de carbono, nas concentra??es volum?tricas de 5% a 50%. Foram avaliados os LIs [Bmim] [BF4] e [mBmim] [NTf2] para obter os sistemas mistos, assim como puros. Os dados s?o reportados na press?o de 27 Bar e nas temperaturas 303, 313, e 323 K. Os sistemas mistos com concentra??o de 50% de microesferas apresentaram os melhores resultados combinados de capacidade de sor??o e custo para ambos os l?quidos i?nicos.

Notre thèse a comme point de départ la discussion critique d’un concept donné pour acquis par les spécialistes de la littérature et de la philosophie antiques. Il s’agit de la diatribe cynico-stoïcienne, ainsi nommée parce qu'elle ferait coexister des motifs cyniques et des thèmes stoïciens. Nous commençons par évaluer l'exactitude de la définition largement admise qui met la diatribe en relation avec toute une tradition d’argumentations relevant de la philosophie morale vulgarisatrice. Puis nous justifions notre choix d’accepter, en cherchant à les intégrer, certains acquits scientifiques récents, visant à défendre la diatribe comme un genre relevant de la méthode de direction spirituelle à l’intérieur des écoles philosophiques d’origine socratique, avec un accent particulier sur la situation d’énonciation maître-disciple. De ce genre littéraire controversé, d’origine grecque, nous analysons le passage à la latinité en examinant tout d’abord le problème terminologique, puis celui du cadrage philosophique. Parmi les procédés, définis comme diatribiques, nous nous intéressons à la seule caractéristique qui ne paraisse pas être mise en question et qui pour cette raison précisément pourrait servir de fondement à l’existence du genre même : le dialogisme et la présence d’un interlocuteur fictif. Nous concentrons ensuite notre attention sur l’œuvre de Sénèque, et notamment sur Les Lettres à Lucilius où la situation d’énonciation maître-disciple est intensément visible et dans laquelle la présence de l’interlocuteur fictif est structurellement liée au développement de cette relation. Nous passons ensuite à l’étude des formes diatribiques de la satire romaine afin d’aborder les cas de Lucilius, Horace et Perse. Un bref exposé est finalement consacré à l’analyse des relations entre la diatribe, la Seconde Sophistique et la prédication religieuse
The starting point of our thesis is the critical discussion of a concept taken for granted by literary and ancient philosophy scholars. This is the cynic-stoic diatribe, so named because cynical themes would coexist with Stoic ones. Our first step is assessing the accuracy of the widely accepted definition, which makes the connection between the diatribe and a tradition of topics relating to moral popular philosophy. Then we explain our choice to accept and to try to integrate recent scientific acknowledgments which accept the diatribe as a literary genre relating to the spiritual guidance method of the Socratic philosophical schools, with a particularly attentive focus on the relationship between master and disciple. Starting from this controversial genre of Greek origin, we analyze the transition to the Roman period, by first examining the terminological aspect and then the philosophical framing. Among the methods, defined as diatribic, we focus on the only feature which does not appear to be challenged and that for this exact reason could be the basis of the existence of the genre itself: dialogism and the presence of a fictitious interlocutor.We then focus our attention on Seneca's work, and particularly on Letters to Lucilius, where the attempt to create a master-disciple relationship is intensely visible, and in which the presence of a fictitious interlocutor is structurally related to the development of this relationship. Then we discuss the diatribic forms of Roman satire, to reach Lucilius', Horace's and Persius' cases. A brief presentation is finally devoted to the analysis of relations between the diatribe, the Second Sophistic and the religious preaching

Genus claudicans ou genre de 'travers', la comédie plautinienne est à la fois dérivé négatif ou forme inversée des grands genres et le lieu d'une actualité politique voilée qui lui donnent, ensemble, toute sa spécificité. Inscrite, sans discussion, dans une tradition gréco-hellénistique héritée, elle est l'objet de choix personnels et d'une originalité créatrice chargée d'intentions. Plus exactement, l'interprétation et l'adaptation des modèles induisent des moments de réflexion critique sur le rapport de l'oeuvre avec le pouvoir. Politique et poétique sont donc au centre d'une réécriture auctoriale où le senex ridiculus a aussi sa place. Dans sa lecture des sources et du monde, Plaute privilégie donc les laissés pour compte, notamment une figure parentale déviante, le vieillard souvent lubrique, capable de susciter, non seulement une satire critique, mais aussi une lecture politique en texte caché. A la polémique diffamante de son ami Naeuius, il substitue la dénonciation d'un défaut reconnu selon les règles du blâme épidictique. Mieux encore, il use d'une 'manière' cynique et d'une plaisanterie urbaine et raffinée, le lepos, qui sont les fondements mêmes d'un art poétique. Celui-ci est complété par une traversée et un mélange des genres où Aristophane et Naeuius apparaissent. Au total, parce qu'elle amuse et réclame un spectateur intelligent et perspicace, qui comprend les sens cachés, la comédie plautinienne est un théâtre complexe et intellectuel en réception spectaculaire
Genus claudicans or 'lame' genre, Plautus' comedy bears both the inverted form or negative image of predominant genres and topical political hints which together provide its genuineness. Undisputedly embedded in the Greco-hellenistic heritage, it becomes the subject of personal choices and a creative originality laden with intention. More accurately, the interpretation and adaptation of the models induce moments of critical thinking toward the link between the work of art and power. Politics and poetic art thus lay at the core of authorial rewriting in which the senex ridiculus is awarded pride of place. Throughout his study of sources and the world, Plautus sides with the left-behinds, among others the deviant father figure of a more than often lustful old man, who has a knack into initiating not only scathing satire, but also political insight woven inside the text. Contrary to his friend Naevius' prone inclination to tackle bones of contention, he levels veiled accusations against well-known faults according to the rules of epidictic blame. Better still, he uses the lepos, urbane and refined puns, albeit in a 'cynical' way, as the very basis for poetic art. The latter being supplemented by a crossing and blending of genres out of which Aristophanes and Naeuius emerge.All in all, because it amuses and calls for an acute and discerning audience, in full awareness of hidden meanings, Plautine comedy is manifold and intellectual, it's theater given spectacular reception

Lorsque, au IVe siècle, les Romains rendirent hommage à la sagesse, ils érigèrent une statue de Pythagore. Pline l’Ancien s’en étonne : pourquoi n’a-t-on pas plutôt choisi Socrate ? Cette interrogation reflète l’intégration progressive de la figure du philosophe athénien à Rome, depuis le IIe siècle av. J.C. jusqu’à l’œuvre de Sénèque qui intériorise le modèle socratique d’enseignement.Est d’abord réuni le corpus exhaustif des occurrences de Socrate dans une perspective diachronique. Les passages sont contextualisés dans l’économie de l’œuvre, son genre et les objectifs de chaque auteur. La source grecque est, si possible, identifiée : la présence de Socrate sert alors de marqueur de la lecture des textes de Platon, de Xénophon, mais aussi d’autres Socratiques comme Eschine.Dans un second temps, les textes sont étudiés selon des regroupements chronologiques et thématiques : est alors définie une double réception de Socrate, entre valorisation et mépris, qui s’articule autour de sa grandeur, son rôle fondateur pour les écoles de pensée hellénistiques, sa mort courageuse et, à rebours, sa dénonciation de la rhétorique ou le caractère inutile des propos des Socratiques pour lutter contre les passions. Au mode de vie philosophique qu’incarne Socrate s’oppose parfois celui défini par le mos maiorum, ou encore par le poète élégiaque. Se dévoilent différentes interprétations de Socrate, ancêtre du cynisme et du stoïcisme, probabiliste ou transcendantaliste, ouvrant ainsi la voie à un transfert culturel des œuvres, mais aussi de leurs exégèses. Que ce soit dans une perspective historiographique, philosophique ou littéraire, Socrate devient peu à peu un exemplum, un modèle de vie
When, in 343 B.C., the Romans paid tribute to wisdom, they built a statue of Pythagoras. Why was not Socrates chosen instead ? Pliny the Elder wonders. This interrogation reflects the progressive integration of the figure of the Athenian philosopher in Rome, from the second century B.C. until the work of Seneca which internalises the Socratic teaching model.At first, the exhaustive corpus of the occurrences of Socrates is gathered in a diachronic perspective. The passages are contextualized in the entire work, its genre and the purposes of every author. The Greek sources are, when possible, identified : the presence of Socrates serves then as a marker for the reading of the texts of Plato, Xenophon, but also other Socratics like Aeschines.Secondly, the texts are studied according to chronological and thematic groupings : a double reception of Socrates is then defined, between praise and contempt, which articulates around his greatness, his founding role for the Hellenistic philosophic schools, his courageous death and, on the contrary, his denunciation of rhetoric or the fact that Socratics’ theories are useless to fight against passions. The philosophic lifestyle embodied by Socrates sometimes contrasts with the one defined by the mos maiorum, or by the elegiac poets. Various interpretations of Socrates come to light, as an ancestor of Cynicism and Stoicism, as a sceptic or a transcendentalist, paving the way for a cultural transfer of the Greek philosophical works but also of their exegeses. Whether it be in an historiographic, philosophic or literary perspective, Socrates gradually becomes an exemplum, a model of life

La transition agroécologique vise la triple performance agronomique, écologique et sociétale des exploitations agricoles. Un certain nombre de pratiques agricoles permet d’envisager la construction et le développement de systèmes de culture répondant à ces contraintes. Les légumineuses, par leur capacité à fixer l’azote atmosphérique, sont une alternative intéressante aux intrants azotés. Outre l’absence de fertilisation lors de leur culture, elles fournissent de l’azote à la culture suivante. Il existe cependant un manque de références sur certaines légumineuses à graines et notamment la culture du pois d’hiver. En effet, si des données acquises dans différentes régions françaises sont disponibles, aucune référence n’a été publiée pour la Normandie où la culture du pois d’hiver connaît un récent regain d’intérêt. Cette thèse propose d’évaluer, sur une période de deux ans, l’effet du remplacement du colza par le pois d’hiver en tête de rotation en réalisant une analyse comparative de ces deux successions (pois d’hiver-blé et colza-blé). L’objectif était d’évaluer l’effet de ce changement de tête de rotation (pois d’hiver vs colza) sur l’état biologique du sol et les flux d’azote à différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. Les résultats ont révélé une forte variabilité spatio-temporelle dans la réponse des communautés microbiennes du sol, et mis en évidence l’importance du contexte pédoclimatique dans le déterminisme de l’abondance et de l’activité des communautés microbiennes du sol. Ils ont montré par ailleurs, l’effet positif du pois d’hiver sur la disponibilité de l’azote minéral au cours du cycle cultural et pour les cultures suivantes, ici le blé puis l’orge. Les apports d’azote minéral dans le sol lié à la contribution des parties racinaires via la rhizodéposition et à la dégradation des résidus de culture après récolte ont été évalués au cours de ce travail de thèse. En effet, si la rhizodéposition s’est révélée plus importante sous pois d’hiver, elle n’a pas eu d’impact significatif sur les communautés microbiennes rhizosphériques. Contrairement à ces observations, la dégradation des résidus de culture a significativement modifié la composition des communautés bactériennes en lien avec leur composition biochimique initiale. La succession culturale incluant le pois a enrichi le sol en azote minéral mais des risques de perte d’azote par lixiviation de l’ordre de 23 kg N. ha-1 ont été estimés. Ces constats soulignent l’importance d’adapter la conduite des systèmes de culture incluant le pois d’hiver, en limitant les pertes d’azote par lixiviation et en maximisant son utilisation par les cultures suivantes. Les résultats de ces travaux ont confirmé la diminution des quantités d’engrais azoté utilisées dans la succession contenant le pois, sans préjudice de productivité, ni pour le pois, ni pour la culture suivante, ici, le blé. Finalement, introduire le pois d’hiver dans la rotation de culture en région Normandie, semble permettre de répondre à la problématique d’augmentation du coût des intrants, et aux enjeux de transition agroécologique et d’autonomie protéique régionale
The agroecological transition targets triple agronomic, ecological, and societal performance of farms. Some new agricultural practices had emerged to develop a new cropping system to respond to these constraints. Legumes constitute an interesting alternative. Indeed, legumes are advantageous for soils due to their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The presence of compatible rhizobia combined to nitrogen-limited conditions promotes symbiosis which is the most efficient way for legumes to acquire more nitrogen. Compared with non-nodulated plants, symbiosis provides a competitive advantage by increasing soil nitrogen pool. However, some grain legumes, notably winter pea, are rarely studied, especially in the Normandy region where no reference has been published for this crop. The objective of this study is to compare two crop successions for a period of two years (winter pea-wheat and rapeseed-wheat), in order to assess the effect of replacing rapeseed by winter pea at the head of the rotation .We evaluated the effect of these two crops (winter pea vs rapeseed) on the biological state of the soil and nitrogen fluxes at different spatio-temporal scales. The results showed a significant spatio-temporal effect on the response of soil microbial communities and highlighted the importance of the pedoclimatic context in determining the abundance and activity of soil microbial communities. A positive effect of winter pea has been demonstrated on the availability of mineral nitrogen during the crop cycle and for following crops (wheat and barley). The supply of nitrogen to the soil is linked to the rhizodeposition of nitrogen via plants roots and the degradation of crop residues after harvest. Our results showed that winter pea exhibited the greatest amount of nitrogen rhizodeposition. However, rhizodeposition did not have a significant impact on rhizospheric microbial communities. Contrary to these observations, the degradation of crop residues significantly modified the composition of bacterial communities linked to their initial biochemical composition. Crop succession including winter pea enriched the soil with mineral nitrogen but simulation with STICS software revealed a nitrogen leaching around of 23 kg N. ha-1 during the cropping cycle. These findings underline the importance of adapting an adequate crop management system, including winter pea, to limit nitrogen losses. The results showed also that wheat yields after winter pea without the use of nitrogen fertilizers were equivalent to those obtained after rapeseed. However, rapeseed required significant nitrogen fertilization. Including winter pea in crop rotation in Normandy region may be a key to enhance productivity, to respond to the challenges of agroecological transition, regional protein autonomy, and to reduce environmental and economic costs, by reducing notably, the costs of fertilizers production and uses

The starting point of our thesis is the critical discussion of a concept taken for granted by literary and ancient philosophy scholars. This is the cynic-stoic diatribe, so named because cynical themes would coexist with Stoic ones. Our first step is assessing the accuracy of the widely accepted definition, which makes the connection between the diatribe and a tradition of topics relating to moral popular philosophy. Then we explain our choice to accept and to try to integrate recent scientific acknowledgments which accept the diatribe as a literary genre relating to the spiritual guidance method of the Socratic philosophical schools, with a particularly attentive focus on the relationship between master and disciple. Starting from this controversial genre of Greek origin, we analyze the transition to the Roman period, by first examining the terminological aspect and then the philosophical framing. Among the methods, defined as diatribic, we focus on the only feature which does not appear to be challenged and that for this exact reason could be the basis of the existence of the genre itself: dialogism and the presence of a fictitious interlocutor. We then focus our attention on Seneca's work, and particularly on Letters to Lucilius, where the attempt to create a master-disciple relationship is intensely visible, and in which the presence of a fictitious interlocutor is structurally related to the development of this relationship. Then we discuss the diatribic forms of Roman satire, to reach Lucilius', Horace's and Persius' cases. A brief presentation is finally devoted to the analysis of relations between the diatribe, the Second Sophistic and the religious preaching.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal (Biotecnologia), apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Universidade de Coimbra.
A Castanea sativa é uma espécie economicamente relevante para os países europeus, pela produção de madeira e fruto. No entanto a sua produção tem vindo a reduzir devido a suscetibilidade a determinados fungos. Medidas mitigadoras foram implementadas em 1945. Em 1957 iniciou-se o melhoramento genético através da hibridação com C. crenata. Em 2006 foram estabelecidos cruzamentos entre C. sativa x C. crenata e C. sativa x C. molíssima . O trabalho experimental desta tese teve como objetivo de micropropagação de 44 clones híbridos desses cruzamentos. Na fase de estabelecimento e multiplicação onde foram testados macronutrientes dos diferentes meios de cultura: Murashige&Skoog (MS); MS com macronutrientes reduzidos a metade (MS/2); Greshoff and Doy (GD); e Fossard (FS). Aos meios testados foram adicionados micronutrientes de Murashige and Skoog, vitaminas de Fossard e 0,087M de açúcar. Foi testada a adição de benzilaminopurina (BAP) nas concentrações: 0,45; 0,89 e 2,22 μM. No enraizamento e aclimatização testaram-se os seguintes métodos: 1) ex vitro – indução de enraizamento é por “Dipping”(imersão da base do rebento) (4,9 mM IBA; durante 15’’) em simultâneo com aclimatização; 2) in vitro two steps – indução de enraizamento in vitro em meio de cultura Knop (14,8 μM IBA; durante 7 dias), com posterior transferência para o mesmo meio base Knop adicionado CA 1% (durante 30 dias); 3) in vitro dipping – indução de enraizamento in vitro por “Dipping” (4,9 mM IBA; durante 15’’), com posterior transferência para o mesmo meio base Knop adicionado CA 1% (durante 30 dias). A aclimatização foi realizada em caixas de polietileno de plástico transparente contendo perlite. Após quatro semanas as plantas foram transferidas para vasos. Os melhores resultados observados durante a fase de estabelecimento foram obtidos com BAP 0,89μM. De 44 clones híbridos foram estabelecidos 30 clones. Os meios FS e MS/2 com BAP 0,45μM mostraram melhores resultados na fase de multiplicação. A formação de callus, vitrificação e clorose mostraram ser consequências do fator genótipo Clone. O enraizamento ex vitro em simultâneo com a aclimatização mostrou ser o mais eficaz dos procedimentos.
The production of fruit and wood sets Castanea sativa as an economically important species for the European countries. However, its production has been decreasing due to the susceptibility to certain fungi. Mitigating measures were implemented in 1945. Later, in 1957, genetic breeding was initiated through hybridization with C. Crenata. In 2006, crosses between C. sativa x C. crenata e C. sativa x C. Molíssima were established. The experimental work of this thesis aimed to start the micropropagation of 44 hybrid clones of these crossings. At the stage of establishment and multiplication, the following macronutrients of different culture media were tested: Murashige&Skoog (MS); MS with half of the macronutrients (MS/2); Greshoff and Doy (GD); and Fossard (FS). Murashige and Skoog micronutrients, Fossard vitamins and 0.087M sugar were added to the tested media. Benzilaminopurin (BAP) addition was tested in three different concentrations: 0,45; 0,89 and 2,22 μM. In the rooting and acclimatization phases the following methods were tested: 1) ex vitro - rooting by dipping induction (immersion of the shoot base) (IBA 4.9 mM; during 15'') simultaneously with acclimatization, 2) in vitro two steps – in vitro rooting induction with culture medium Knop (14.8 mM IBA, for 7 days) followed by the same basal medium Knop with addition of CA 1% (30 days) 3) in vitro dipping - rooting induction by in vitro dipping (IBA 4.9 mM; during 15''), and subsequent transfer to the same basal medium Knop with 1% CA (for 30 days). Acclimatization was carried out in transparent polyethylene plastic boxes containing perlite. Four weeks later the plants were transferred to pots. The most positive results were observed during the establishment phase using 0.89 mM BAP. 30 of the 44 hybrid clones were established. MS and MS/2 culture media with 0.45 mM BAP showed better results in the multiplication phase. The formation of callus, glazing and chlorosis shown to be consequences of the Clone genotype factor. The ex vitro rooting with the acclimatization proved to be the most effective procedures.

Dissertação de mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, na área de especialização Biotecnologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida, da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
A Castanea sativa é uma espécie economicamente relevante para os países europeus, pela produção de madeira e fruto. No entanto a sua produção tem vindo a reduzir devido a suscetibilidade a determinados fungos. Medidas mitigadoras foram implementadas em 1945. Em 1957 iniciou-se o melhoramento genético através da hibridação com C. crenata. Em 2006 foram estabelecidos cruzamentos entre C. sativa x C. crenata e C. sativa x C. molíssima . O trabalho experimental desta tese teve como objetivo de micropropagação de 44 clones híbridos desses cruzamentos. Na fase de estabelecimento e multiplicação onde foram testados macronutrientes dos diferentes meios de cultura: Murashige&Skoog (MS); MS com macronutrientes reduzidos a metade (MS/2); Greshoff and Doy (GD); e Fossard (FS). Aos meios testados foram adicionados micronutrientes de Murashige and Skoog, vitaminas de Fossard e 0,087M de açúcar. Foi testada a adição de benzilaminopurina (BAP) nas concentrações: 0,45; 0,89 e 2,22 μM. No enraizamento e aclimatização testaram-se os seguintes métodos: 1) ex vitro – indução de enraizamento é por “Dipping”(imersão da base do rebento) (4,9 mM IBA; durante 15’’) em simultâneo com aclimatização; 2) in vitro two steps – indução de enraizamento in vitro em meio de cultura Knop (14,8 μM IBA; durante 7 dias), com posterior transferência para o mesmo meio base Knop adicionado CA 1% (durante 30 dias); 3) in vitro dipping – indução de enraizamento in vitro por “Dipping” (4,9 mM IBA; durante 15’’), com posterior transferência para o mesmo meio base Knop adicionado CA 1% (durante 30 dias). A aclimatização foi realizada em caixas de polietileno de plástico transparente contendo perlite. Após quatro semanas as plantas foram transferidas para vasos. Os melhores resultados observados durante a fase de estabelecimento foram obtidos com BAP 0,89μM. De 44 clones híbridos foram estabelecidos 30 clones. Os meios FS e MS/2 com BAP 0,45μM mostraram melhores resultados na fase de multiplicação. A formação de callus, vitrificação e clorose mostraram ser consequências do fator genótipo Clone. O enraizamento ex vitro em simultâneo com a aclimatização mostrou ser o mais eficaz dos procedimentos.
The production of fruit and wood sets Castanea sativa as an economically important species for the European countries. However, its production has been decreasing due to the susceptibility to certain fungi. Mitigating measures were implemented in 1945. Later, in 1957, genetic breeding was initiated through hybridization with C. Crenata. In 2006, crosses between C. sativa x C. crenata e C. sativa x C. Molíssima were established. The experimental work of this thesis aimed to start the micropropagation of 44 hybrid clones of these crossings. At the stage of establishment and multiplication, the following macronutrients of different culture media were tested: Murashige&Skoog (MS); MS with half of the macronutrients (MS/2); Greshoff and Doy (GD); and Fossard (FS). Murashige and Skoog micronutrients, Fossard vitamins and 0.087M sugar were added to the tested media. Benzilaminopurin (BAP) addition was tested in three different concentrations: 0,45; 0,89 and 2,22 μM. In the rooting and acclimatization phases the following methods were tested: 1) ex vitro - rooting by dipping induction (immersion of the shoot base) (IBA 4.9 mM; during 15'') simultaneously with acclimatization, 2) in vitro two steps – in vitro rooting induction with culture medium Knop (14.8 mM IBA, for 7 days) followed by the same basal medium Knop with addition of CA 1% (30 days) 3) in vitro dipping - rooting induction by in vitro dipping (IBA 4.9 mM; during 15''), and subsequent transfer to the same basal medium Knop with 1% CA (for 30 days). Acclimatization was carried out in transparent polyethylene plastic boxes containing perlite. Four weeks later the plants were transferred to pots. The most positive results were observed during the establishment phase using 0.89 mM BAP. 30 of the 44 hybrid clones were established. MS and MS/2 culture media with 0.45 mM BAP showed better results in the multiplication phase. The formation of callus, glazing and chlorosis shown to be consequences of the Clone genotype factor. The ex vitro rooting with the acclimatization proved to be the most effective procedures.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際農學碩士學位學程
104
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an important vegetable crop in the world. The germination of pointed leaf lettuce seed was inhibited at 25 °C, make it difficult to cultivate during summer in Taiwan. This study focused on the characteristic of seed produced from different positions in inflorescence, effect of PEG priming on seed germination and storability, and method to overcome seed thermoinhibition in pointed leaf lettuce. The position of the seed in inflorescence can affect its germination characteristics. The results showed that lateral flower seeds in inflorescence of pointed leaf lettuce had high seed quality compared with the seeds from terminal flower. Lateral flower seeds had high germination percentage, high endo-β-mannanase activity and low electrolyte leakage. Besides, the lateral flower seed was heavier than the first flower seed, which was 1.053 mg and 0.950 mg, respectively. The endosperm + embryo percentage for the lateral flower seed was 83.5 %, while the terminal flower seed was 80.4 %. This showed that the seed weight and endosperm + embryo percentage were positively correlated with the seed vigour. By seed weight separation can be used as a quick indicator in determining seed germination performance. At least four months of dry storage at 6 °C was recommended to reduce seed dormancy after harvesting in pointed leaf lettuce. Priming could enhance almost 60 % in germination at 25 °C, shorten mean days of germination (MDG) and increased germination uniformity (T90-10). The optimal priming condition was at -1.1 MPa for 60 hours. However, primed seed quality was decreasing during storage. The quality of primed pointed leaf lettuce seeds could be retained for 30 days. The germination of primed seeds at 20 °C during 150 days of storage were between 97.8 % - 91.1 %. When 30 days stored primed seeds were germinated at 25 °C, the germination percentage was 69.3 %. Gibberellin (GA3), kinetin, potassium nitrate (KNO3) and water were used to overcome seeds thermoinhibition of pointed leaf lettuce. Pre-soaking seeds in 100 µM kinetin effectively overcame seeds thermoinhibition, it had 94.4 % of seed germination at 25 °C. The alleviation of thermoinhibition by kinetin was accompanied by significant in increasement of seed respiration, endo-β-mannanase and catalase (CAT) activity. But, Melondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage of kinetin treated seed were decreased.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-57).