Articoli di riviste: "Butt"

1

Casals, Ferran, Josefa González e Alfredo Ruiz. "Abundance and chromosomal distribution of six Drosophila buzzatii transposons: BuT1, BuT2, BuT3, BuT4, BuT5, and BuT6". Chromosoma 115, n. 5 (14 giugno 2006): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-006-0071-7.

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2

Gaba, Dr Martin. "Butt out". Nursing Standard 10, n. 42 (10 luglio 1996): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.10.42.20.s33.

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3

Eastridge, Brian J. "Butt Binder". Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 62, Supplement (giugno 2007): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e3180654095.

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4

Negrón-Muntaner, Frances. "Jennifer’s Butt". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 22, n. 2 (1997): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.1997.22.2.181.

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5

Hamzah, Siti Hawa, Chua Bon Yong, Nadiah Saari@Ash’ari e Mat Som Marwi. "The Effect of Butt Joint on the Structural Behaviour of PSSDB Wall Panel". Scientific Research Journal 4, n. 1 (30 giugno 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i1.5663.

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An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effect of butt joint on the structural behaviour of profiled steel sheet dry board (PSSDB) load bearing wall with window opening. The samples tested were three (3) PSSDB walls with window opening and butt joint in the dry boards, and three (3) PSSDB walls with window opening but without butt joint in the dry boards. The samples were subjected to axial compressive load and comparisons were made between the two sets of samples. The average value of the ultimate load capacity for PSSDB load bearing wall with butt joint was found to be 286 kN, while that for the samples of PSSDB load bearing wall without butt joint was 260 kN. The average maximum lateral deflection values for both types of PSSDB walls were 8.9 mm and 13 mm respectively. Significant difference due to butt joint in dry board was seen in the reduced number of cracks by about 33 % in comparison to that without butt joint.

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6

Yogaswara, Deny, Muhammad Reza Cordova e Ukis Shofarudin. "A preliminary investigation of associated chemicals in cigarette butt waste from the tourist beach area of North Jakarta, Indonesia". BIO Web of Conferences 106 (2024): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410602001.

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Cigarette butts are among the most common and problematic forms of marine litter. However, there is limited research on the occurrence, abundance, and potential chemicals associated with cigarette butt waste in the environment. The study focused on investigating the occurrence, abundance, and chemical composition of cigarette butt waste on Ancol Beach, Jakarta, Indonesia, addressing a gap in knowledge regarding this prevalent and problematic form of marine litter. Despite Ancol Beach’s regular cleaning efforts, cigarette butt waste was still widespread with an abundance of 1.136 pcs/m2. However, this cigarette butt waste number is still less abundant compared to other regions. Chemical analysis of the cigarette butt waste revealed the presence of various chemical groups, notably aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding and mitigating the environmental repercussions of the chemicals associated with cigarette butt waste and microplastic particles on the coastal ecosystem. Further research is urged to delve deeper into the emerging chemical pollutants present in cigarette butt waste spread in the coastal environments.

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7

Wang, Jia Jie, Zhi Bo Dong, Jing Qiang Zhang, Jian Guo Yang, Xue Song Liu, Hong Yuan Fang e Tie Gang. "Cold Bending Properties of Under-Matched Butt Joints for High Strength Steel". Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (luglio 2012): 1308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1308.

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In this paper, cold bending properties of Q620-CF steel butt joints were analyzed based on the finite element method. Finite element analysis (FEA) results indicate that the flush under-matched butt joints have lower bending properties than the flush equal-matched butt joints, but under-matched butt joints with definite reinforcement shape can get greater bending force and better cold bending angles than the flush equal-matched butt joints. It shows that shape design of the reinforcement can improve the bending load-carrying capacity of under-matched joints. The reliability of the FEA has been verified by the experiment.

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8

Harding, Anne. "Hugh R Butt". Lancet 372, n. 9644 (settembre 2008): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61468-3.

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9

Fox, R. T. V. "51. Butt rot". Mycologist 15, n. 4 (novembre 2001): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(01)80019-7.

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10

Stafford, N. "Hugh Roland Butt". BMJ 337, n. 03 4 (3 novembre 2008): a2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2196.

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11

Mirsky, Steve. "Tushi Kicks Butt". Scientific American 313, n. 5 (20 ottobre 2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1115-76.

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12

Fogle, Bruce. "Keith Martin Butt". Veterinary Record 184, n. 19 (9 maggio 2019): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.l2140.

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13

Gallagher, James. "Cigarettes butt in". Nature Energy 2, n. 12 (dicembre 2017): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0061-4.

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14

Robinson, P. J. A. "William Paul Butt". BMJ 351, n. 13 4 (13 novembre 2015): h5928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h5928.

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15

Morgan, Holly, Bethan Phillips e Gethin Ellis. "‘Butt’-er fingers". Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, n. 1129 (20 luglio 2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136921.

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16

Horrell, Ian, Nicola Wilson e Jane Hodgson. "To butt or not to butt: Suckling tactics in lambs". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, n. 3-4 (giugno 1987): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(87)90166-3.

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17

Xia, Yong Jun, Qian Miao e Ke Xin Huang. "Design and Application of the Butt Auxiliary Device for the Erection of Steel Tower Using Helicopter". Applied Mechanics and Materials 387 (agosto 2013): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.387.319.

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The erection construction technology of steel tower of overhead transmission line using helicopter has higher requirements to the butt auxiliary device. According to the GE1 steel tower of the QingZang AC/DC interconnection project Geermu converter station earthling line, the butt auxiliary device is developed. The butt auxiliary device includes a guiding device, horizontal-direction caging device and vertical-direction caging device and solve the problems as follows limiting in air, docking, perching and temporary supporting. The successful engineering application show that the butt auxiliary device is safety and reliable and has perfect function, simple structure and convenient installing and removing. This provides reference for the design of the butt auxiliary device to other types steel tower of transmission line.

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18

Ding, Yang, Zhe Liu, Jia-Bao Yan e Liang Zong. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Residual Stress in Wide Butt Welds". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1384305.

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The presence of residual stress in steel members can significantly compromise the stiffness and fatigue life of steel structural components. This influence becomes more serious for the wide butt welds in the construction of large-sized steel members due to the different residual stress distribution from the normal size butt welds. This paper experimentally studied the residual stress in the wide butt welds through an 8-experiment test program. High residual stress was produced during the wide butt welding and this stress was observed to be even higher than the yield strength of the steel. Moreover, this residual stress in the steel plate was firstly compressive and then transferred into tensile stress with the increase in the distance away from the butt weld line. The magnitude of the residual stress increased with the increase in the width of the welding seams. This paper also developed a finite element model by SYSWELD to simulate the residual stress produced by the wide butt welding. The accuracy of the FE simulation was checked by the reported test results. In order to reduce the residual stress, the ultrasonic peening method was adopted. The analysis results indicated that ultrasonic peening method effectively reduced the residual stress caused by the wide butt welding during the construction.

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19

Miller, Maranda R., e Mark E. Burbach. "Cigarette Butt Disposal Behavior: A Case Study of a Public Beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA". Environment and Natural Resources Research 10, n. 3 (30 settembre 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v10n3p27.

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Improperly discarded cigarette butts are a substantial environmental problem. This study explored factors influencing cigarette butt discarding behavior on a public beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. A mixed-mode design utilized quantitative and qualitative data to study improper cigarette butt disposal. We surveyed smokers regarding their place attachment, environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habit as predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal. Environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habits were significant predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal behavior. A qualitative inquiry further explored the phenomenon of cigarette butt disposal from the smokers’ perspectives. Interviews illustrated that “improper disposers” experienced themes involving uncertainty that cigarette butts are litter, a lack of knowledge, problems with cigarette butt receptacles currently in place, the requirement of a conscious choice about how and where to discard a butt, and statements that contradicted the behavior observed. Themes that emerged from interviews with “proper disposers” included cigarette butts are clearly litter, awareness of social constructs that disapprove of smokers and their behavior, awareness of the cumulative effects of cigarette butts on the beach, minimal obstacles to discarding properly, and feelings of personal responsibility. Implications of the study results are discussed.

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20

Jaeger, Leslie G., e Baidar Bakht. "Effect of butt joints on the flexural stiffness of laminated timber bridges". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, n. 5 (1 ottobre 1990): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-096.

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Prestressed and nailed laminated timber bridge decks are made from laminates which, because of their being usually shorter in length than the deck span, are butt-jointed at regular intervals. In calculating deflections of such decks, it is usual to ignore the reduction in flexural rigidity of the deck caused by the presence of the butt joint. The effect of butt joints on the flexural rigidity of the laminated deck is studied analytically, and it is shown that the deflections of a deck having such joints may be significantly larger than those of a deck without them. A simple method is presented to account conservatively for the presence of butt joints in the calculation of the deflections of a prestressed laminated timber deck. Key words: timber bridge, laminated deck, butt joint, prestressed wood deck.

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21

KLYMOV, Yulii, e Igor BOYKO. "STRENGTH OF BUTT WELDED BUTT JOINT OF REINFORCEMENT OF CLASS A500C". Building constructions. Theory and Practice, n. 10 (27 giugno 2022): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.10.2022.79-93.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the strength of the butt welded joint type C1-Кo for thermo-mechanically reinforced reinforcement class A500C.The experimental studies included tensile tests of two series of reinforcement specimens, each of which included reinforcement specimens in the initial state and with a butt contact weld of the C1-Сo type.The first series included fittings Ø12A500C, Ø14A500C, Ø16A500C from steel of the ST3ps brand and Ø18A500C, Ø20A500C, Ø22A500Cfrom steel of the Ст3пс brand. A total of 278 samples of welded joints were tested. The second series included samples of C1-Co welded joints from the rest of the nomenclature of diameters and grades of steel reinforcement class A500C, namely Ø16A500C from steel grade St3ps, Ø20A500C, Ø22A500C from steel grade St3Gps and Ø25A500C, Ø32A500C, Ø32A500C, Ø32A500C.For each of the diameters, 6 samples were tested in the initial state and 6 samples of C1-Co welded joints.It was found that the destruction of the butt contact connection type C1-Co thermomechanically reinforced reinforcement class A500C of all diameters, from 12 to 32 mm, and steel grades, takes placein the zone of thermal impact and is plastic. Experimental data on the strength of the butt contact weld type C1-Кo reinforcement classA500C for the entire range of diameters and grades of steel produced in Ukraine. It is established that the greatest degree of hardening within 19-20% takes place at diameters of armature of 12… 16 mm from steel of the Ст3пс brand, at diameters of armature of 18… 22 mm from steel of the Ст3Гпс brand of marking made 15-17%, and at diameters of 25…32 mm from steel of the 25Г2С brand - 2,

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22

KLYMOV, Yulii. "STRENGTH OF BUTT WELDED BUTT JOINT OF REINFORCEMENT OF CLASS A500C". Building constructions. Theory and Practice, n. 11 (26 dicembre 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.11.2022.4-17.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the strength of cross-shaped welded joints of types К1-Кт and К3-Рр [1] of thermomechanically hardened reinforcement of class A500C [2] for hardening during welding of the main bar [3]. Experimental studies included testing three series of samples of welded joints and reinforcement samples in the initial state. The first series included testing welded joints of type К1-Кт to strengthen the main bar during welding. Reinforcement Ø14A500С was accepted as the main (working) bar, and reinforcement Ø12A500С and Ø8A240С were accepted as the transverse bar. For each joints, 6 samples were tested on the lower and upper limits of the carbon equivalent values of the grade steel class Ст3пс, 0.245% and 0.346%, respectively. The second series included testing of welded joints of the K3-Pp type to strengthen the main bar during welding. To directly compare the test results of different types of cross-shaped welded joints, the diameter of the main and transverse rods, the number of samples and the value of equivalent were the same as in the first series. The third series included testing welded joints of type К1-Кт for cutting. Reinforcement Ø14A500С was taken as a longitudinal bar, and reinforcement Ø12A500С and Ø8A500С was taken as a transverse rod. For each joints, 12 samples were tested at the lower and upper limits of the carbon equivalent values. As a result of testing samples of welded joints of types К1-Кт and К3-Рр of reinforcement A500C for strengthening during welding, it was established that the destruction occurs along the main bar and in the zone of thermal exposure, the amount of hardening was up to 4% for the К1-Кт compound, and for the К3-Рр type connection - 4... 10%. Failure of samples of welded joints of type К1-Кт reinforcement A500C with reinforcement Ø12A500C and Ø8A240C during the cut test usually occurred in the zone of thermal exposure, or in some cases, in the presence of both rods from reinforcement of class A500C - directly at the welding site. The average value of cut strength for a sample of 24 samples of reinforcement connections of class A500C with reinforcement A240C was 356.5 MPa, or 0.89 of the temporary resistance of the reinforcement in the initial state, with a coefficient of variation - 0.08 and a span of 107.4 MPa. The average cut strength for a sample of 24 samples of reinforcement connections of class A500C with reinforcement A500C was 541.1 MPa, or 0.80 of the temporary resistance of the reinforcement in the initial state, with a coefficient of variation – 0.152 and a span of 280.0 MPa. The first series included fittings Ø12A500C, Ø14A500C, Ø16A500C from steel of the ST3ps brand and Ø18A500C, Ø20A500C, Ø22A500C from steel of the Ст3пс brand. A total of 278 samples of welded joints were tested. The second series included samples of C1-Co welded joints from the rest of the nomenclature of diameters and grades of steel reinforcement class A500C, namely Ø16A500C from steel grade St3ps, Ø20A500C, Ø22A500C from steel grade St3Gps and Ø25A500C, Ø32A500C, Ø32A500C, Ø32A500C. For each of the diameters, 6 samples were tested in the initial state and 6 samples of C1-Co welded joints. It was found that the destruction of the butt contact connection type C1-Co thermomechanically reinforced reinforcement class A500C of all diameters, from 12 to 32 mm, and steel grades, takes place in the zone of thermal impact and is plastic. Experimental data on the strength of the butt contact weld type C1-Кo reinforcement class A500C for the entire range of diameters and grades of steel produced in Ukraine. It is established that the greatest degree of hardening within 19-20% takes place at diameters of armature of 12… 16 mm from steel of the Ст3пс brand, at diameters of armature of 18… 22 mm from steel of the Ст3Гпс brand of marking made 15-17%, and at diameters of 25… 32 mm from steel of the 25Г2С brand - 2,5… 8%.

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23

Gong, Mengyan, Shahana Khurshid e Dustin Poppendieck. "What's in a butt? Environmental contamination from airborne cigarette butt emissions". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 13, n. 3 (25 aprile 2017): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1892.

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24

Altan, Gurkan. "Testing of mechanical butt joints in composite structures". Materials Testing 63, n. 9 (1 settembre 2021): 816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-0007.

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Abstract As the main contribution of the present study, an I-shaped joining element, which allows the plates used in large composite structures to be joined butt-to-butt, has been improved in terms of load capabilities. It is desirable that the joining zones of composite plates not be visible according to the design of composite structures and the requirements for the desired use in particular. In other words, it is not desirable to create any surfaces that would cause protrusions in the joining zones. The only joining technique that fulfils this condition is the butt joint. Generally, butt joints are performed by bonding. With this technique, it is possible to make a more durable mechanical butt joint using an I-shaped joining element. In this way, instead of bonding butt joints, stronger non-bonding or bonding mechanical butt joints can also be achieved. In this study, the geometric changes in the shape of an I-shaped joining element used in mechanical butt joints and the changes in load-carrying capabilities have been studied experimentally and numerically. Experiments were carried out with tensile, three-point bending and four-point bending tests. The experimental specimens and I-shaped joining elements were cut using a water jet machine. Abaqus finite element analysis software was used for numerical analysis. The numerical data obtained in the study were found to be consistent with the experimental data. The load-carrying capabilities of the joining elements of different geometric shapes were studied numerically and experimentally, and it was found that the ideal element was the joining element with a 60° angle.

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25

Zhu, Lixia, Haidong Jia, Xiao Li, Jinheng Luo, Lifeng Li e Dongdong Bai. "Effect of Butt Gap on Stress Distribution and Carrying Capacity of X80 Pipeline Girth Weld". Materials 15, n. 23 (22 novembre 2022): 8299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238299.

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An unstable assembly gap is detrimental to the formation and performance of the pipeline butt girth weld joint. Therefore, a numerical model of an 18.4 mm-thick X80 pipeline girth weld by a homogeneous body heat source was established to investigate the effect of the butt gap on the joint temperature and stress field, and carrying capacity. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified by measuring the welding thermal cycle with a thermocouple. The investigation results showed that the weld pool, heat-affected zone (HAZ) width, and maximum circumferential stress of the joint rose with the increase in the butt gap. The tensile stress unfavorable to the joint quality was mainly distributed in the weld metal and partial HAZ, and the distribution areas gradually expanded as the gap increased. The Von Mises stress peak value of the joint appeared in the order of 3 mm > 2 mm > 1 mm > 0 mm gap, reaching the maximum of 467.3 MPa (3 mm gap). This variation trend is directly related to the improvement in welding heat input with increasing butt gaps. The maximum Von Mises stress of the joint was positively correlated with the carrying capacity of the pipeline, which diminished as the butt gap enlarged. The pipeline carrying capacity reached 17.8 MPa for the joint with no butt gap, and dropped to 13.1 MPa for the joint with a 3 mm gap. The relationship between the carrying capacity (P) and butt gap (C) was described by P = −0.125C2 − 1.135C + 17.715, through which the pipeline carrying capacity with other butt gaps can be predicted.

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26

Zhang, Bin, e Craig Shaber. "Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff^® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase". Materials Science Forum 693 (luglio 2011): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.196.

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Based on sequentially coupled CFD and FEM models, aluminum alloy rolling ingot thermal stress simulations have been conducted in order to understand start-up phase cold cracking phenomena and optimize tooling designs for 520×2120 mm rolling ingot casting on Wagstaff® Epsilon™ Ingot Tooling. In the CFD model, ingot surface temperature dependant and water flow rate dependant water boiling curves are applied. Thermal boundary conditions for the complex water intrusion phenomena under the ingot butt have been attempted. Temperature dependant elastic-plastic materials constitutive relationship has been employed in the transient thermal stress FEM model. Results of thermal stress development at ingot surface and inside the ingot are presented; Connection of cold cracking (ingot butt quarter and center cracks) with near surface stress development at the ingot butt is shown and the effect of water intrusion under the ingot butt on the butt stress development is also discussed. The predicted temperatures are validated against temperatures measured from cast-in thermocouples at strategic locations in field ingots in order to obtain realistic thermal boundary conditions. The predicted butt curl is also verified through field observation and measurement.

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27

Vollbrecht, G., e B. Bilde Jørgensen. "Modelling the incidence of butt rot in plantations of Piceaabies in Denmark". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1995): 1887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-205.

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An empirical model is presented to forecast the incidence of butt rot at the stand level. In addition, the impact of different thinning regimes and stump treatment on the incidence of butt rot was evaluated. The model is based on data from 166 permanent forest yield research plots of pure even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) plantations in Denmark, within which the incidence of butt rot at stump height in thinned trees has been recorded after each thinning since 1947. In total, 79 000 stumps from 895 thinnings were studied. Regression analyses were carried out with the incidence of butt rot at a given point of time as the dependent variable and variables describing site, stand, and silvicultural treatments as the independent variables. Predictions carried out with the model imply that Norway spruce planted on old hardwood forest sites show the fastest development of butt rot and that the more heavily or more often a stand is thinned, the faster will be the development of butt rot. Furthermore, stump treatment with urea or sodium nitrite and thinnings carried out during January–March reduce the rot development.

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28

Galaţanu, Sergiu Valentin, Doru Romulus Pascu, Monica Döme e Sorin Dragoi. "Comparative Assessment of Composite Materials Performance Subjected to Fillet and Butt Welding". Advanced Materials Research 814 (settembre 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.814.123.

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This study presents a comparative assessment of composite materials performance, based on 80%Al+20%CrC, 82%CuNiAl+18%WC and 82%CuZn48+18%CrC, butt welded and corner welded. This comparative assessment resulted in information regarding the chemical content of the welded joints in percent, macro-microstructure estimation of specific areas of the welded edge joints, and determination of HV5 hardness of specific areas of the welded joints, both for butt welding and corner welding. It was shown that there is a slight variation of chemical composition both for butt welding and corner welding. Also all nanostructured composite materials, butt welded and corner welded, examined for macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed no welding defects. After testing the HV5 hardness of specific areas of butt and corner welded joints, made using WIG and CMT welding processes, the estimator value for structural hardening ΔHV5 between specific areas (WELD, HAZ, BM) was determined.

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29

GRAMOTNEV, D. K., e M. L. VYUKOV. "ANOMALOUS ABSORPTION OF SHEAR PLATE MODES BY A THIN LAYER OF VISCOUS FLUID". International Journal of Modern Physics B 08, n. 13 (15 giugno 1994): 1741–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979294000749.

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The anomalous absorption of shear plate modes by a thin fluid layer enclosed between a plate butt-end and an elastic halfspace, or between butt-ends of two different plates, is analyzed in the frictional contact approximation. General equations describing the anomalous absorption are derived for arbitrarily thick plates. Specific cases of thin plates, as compared to the wavelengths, are given particular attention. Typical fluid layer thicknesses corresponding to the absorptivity maximum which may be as good as unity, are obtained. The case when fluid does not fill the entire space between the butt-ends of plates, or between the plate butt-end and the halfspace, is also considered.

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Qi, Fang Juan, Li Xing Huo, You Feng Zhang e Hong Yang Jing. "Study on Fracture Properties of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe". Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (aprile 2004): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.153.

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Butt-fusion welding is the main technology to join high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic pipes, which are widely used in transport the water, gas and corrosive liquid. Investigation shows that one of the failure modes of HDPE pipe is the crack slowly grows across the thick direction and leads to failure at last, so that it is very important to study the resistance to crack initiation of HDPE pipe and its butt-fusion welded joint. In this study, the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameter, crack opening displacement (COD) is used to describe the fracture initiation behaviors for the HDPE materials and its butt-fusion welded joints. The resistance to initiation fracture of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints were investigated at different temperature by using multiple specimen resistance curve method and silicon-rubber replica method. The results show that saturation initial crack COD- δis of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints decreases with the decreasing temperature. The δis of butt-fusion welded joints is lower than that of HDPE pipe materials. Investigation also proved that the silicon-rubber replica method is more suitable for HDPE engineering material than the multiple specimen method. At the same time the statistic distribution of the δis of HDPE butt-fusion welded joint was conducted. The results show that the value of the δis has the statistic variance inherently. The optimum fitting distribution of COD is Weibull distribution with three parameters.

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31

Choi, Eunsoo, Alireza Ostadrahimi e Heejung Youn. "Analytical and experimental study of shape memory alloy reinforcement on the performance of butt-fusion welded joints in high-density polyethylene pipe". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, n. 17 (21 luglio 2020): 2029–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20942583.

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In this article, a shape memory alloy wire is employed as confinement to enhance the flexural rigidity of the butt-fusion welded joints in the high-density polyethylene pipes. To this end, analytical and experimental studies are considered, when the shape memory alloy wire is wrapped around a butt-fusion joint and an internal pressure is applied to the high-density polyethylene pipe. To investigate the efficiency of shape memory alloy wire jacket on the performance of butt-fusion welded joint in high-density polyethylene pipe, two cases of perfect butt-fusion joint and imperfect butt-fusion joint are tested. The influence of the number of shape memory alloy wire jacket on the high-density polyethylene pipe joints as well as the effect of different flexural rigidities of the wire and high-density polyethylene pipe, and different diameters are evaluated. The deformation is measured using linear voltage displacement transducer and digital image correlation analysis at different location of the pipe length. In addition, radial strain of the pipes due to bulging is measured by electronic resistance strain gauges. Results show that the shape memory alloy wire jacket has a significant effect (33%) on enhancing imperfect butt-fusion welded joint of high-density polyethylene pipes.

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32

Klimpel, Andrzej, Anna Timofiejczuk, Jarosław Kaczmarczyk, Krzysztof Herbuś e Massimiliano Pedot. "Catastrophic Impact Loading Resilience of Welded Joints of High Strength Steel of Refineries’ Piping Systems". Materials 15, n. 4 (11 febbraio 2022): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041323.

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Refineries piping installation systems are designed, fabricated, and operated to assure very high levels of quality and structural integrity, to provide very high resilience to catastrophic events like earthquakes, explosions, or fires, which could induce catastrophic damage of piping systems due to collapse of nearby structures as towers, bridges, poles, walkways, vessels, etc. To evaluate the catastrophic impact loading resilience to failure of MMA (Manual Metal Arc Welding), GMA (Gas Metal Arc Welding), SSA (Self-shielded Arc Welding), and LASER+GMA of modern API 5L X80 pipes butt welded joints used for piping installation systems of refineries, the new, original technique of the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of impact loading resilience of butt welded joints of pipes was developed. The high-quality butt welded joints were impact loaded by the freely dropping 3000 kg mass hammer of the die forging hammer apparatus. The impact loading energy needed to exceed the yield strength of the extreme zone of welded joints and to induce catastrophic fracture of butt welded joints of API 5L X80 pipes was calculated using FEM (Finite Element Method) modeling of the impact loading process of tested butt welded joints of pipes. Results of the FEM modeling of impact loading technique of butt welded joints of piping systems indicate that it is a useful tool to provide valuable data for experimental impact loading tests of welded joints of pipes, decreasing the time and cost of the experiments. The developed impact loading technique of butt welded joints of pipes to simulate the catastrophic events in refinery piping systems and evaluate the resilience of the butt welded joints of pipes to catastrophic failure proved to be very efficient and accurate. Experiments of impact loading indicated that all specimens of butt welded joints API 5L X80 steel pipes are resilient to failure (cracks) in the extreme stressed/strained areas, above yield and tensile strength of the weld metals, no cracks or tears appeared in the extreme stressed/strained areas of the edges of the pipes, proving the very high quality of API 5L X80 steel pipes.

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33

Do, Van Si. "EVALUATING FATIGUE LIFE OF THE BUTT WELDED JOINTSUNDER THE EFFECT OF RANDOM LOADING". Journal of Science and Technique 15, n. 2 (23 giugno 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56651/lqdtu.jst.v15.n02.119.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper presents the calculation results from theoretical models and experimental results in determining the fatigue life of butt welded joints subjected to random loads. The theoretical calculating the fatigue life of the butt welded joints was developed on the basis of different methods for calculating of common details published previously. Experiments on determining the butt welded joints’ fatigue life were carried out on theLDS V830vibration test system with the load equivalent to the load used in theoretical calculation.The accuracy of different calculation methods was assessed by comparison of the calculation results and experiment results. With the lowest deviation of 5.6% compared to the experiment results, Dirlik's calculation method is the most suitable to calculate fatigue life of butt welded joints subjected to random loads.

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34

Li, Yan Guo, e Fu Cheng Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Flash Butt Welding of High Manganese Steel Crossing with Carbon Steel Rail". Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (agosto 2010): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.571.

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Abstract (sommario):

A flash butt welding model of a high manganese steel crossing was established using the thermal coupled finite element method (FEM). The model considers comprehensively the physical parameters of materials, which change with temperature, as well as the burning material caused by the splutter during welding process. The temperature field of the flash butt welding joint and the cooling curves of the high manganese steel crossing at various locations near the welding seam were simulated. Comparisons with actual welding specimens of high manganese steel crossing indicated that flash butt welding model of the high manganese steel crossing is reasonable, and the temperature field distribution near the welding seam after flash butt welding can thus be appropriately evaluated by the simulation results.

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35

Nguyen, Tien Duong. "Residual Stress and Deformation of Butt-Welded Joint of Low Carbon Steel to Stainless Steel". Journal of Science and Technology - Technical Universities 30.7, n. 146 (novembre 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/30.7.2.

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This paper investigates and determines residual stress and deformation of butt welded joint between two plates of low carbon steel and stainless steel. Based on the theoretical basis of the virtual force method [1-3], this study has constructed the formulas to calculate the residual stress and deformation in fusion welding of two dissimilar materials for butt joint and single-pass weld. The residual stresses and deformations in the butt-welded joint of two plates of 5 mm thickness, beveled edge, single-pass weld between low carbon steel and stainless steel are determined and compared to show the difference of residual stress and deformation in each plate. These results are also compared with the butt welded joint of two low carbon steel plates.

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36

Coleman, Phil. "The butt stops here". Nursing Standard 14, n. 42 (5 luglio 2000): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.42.18.s32.

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37

C. Bell, Richard, e Vivien Burr. "Trevor Butt, 1947–2015". Journal of Constructivist Psychology 29, n. 1 (20 agosto 2015): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1071213.

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38

Butt, Warwick. "Drs. Butt Gillis reply". Critical Care Medicine 17, n. 8 (agosto 1989): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198908000-00037.

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39

Shulman, Seth. "Microbiologist butt of protests". Nature 339, n. 6219 (maggio 1989): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339006b0.

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40

Enoch, David A., Margaret I. Gillham, Robert Macfarlane, Nagui Antoun e Olajumoke Sule. "A troublesome head-butt". Lancet Infectious Diseases 7, n. 10 (ottobre 2007): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70240-2.

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41

Secco, R. A., e R. F. Tucker. "Thermocouple butt‐welding device". Review of Scientific Instruments 63, n. 11 (novembre 1992): 5485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143375.

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42

Hodgson, John. "Gone, butt not begotten". Nature Biotechnology 18, n. 2 (febbraio 2000): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/72517.

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43

Lindor, Keith D. "Dr. H. Butt tribute". Hepatology 48, n. 4 (22 agosto 2008): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22596.

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44

Bruce, David. "Butt-Log Profile Equations". Forest Science 33, n. 1 (1 marzo 1987): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/33.1.104.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Several mathematical models were developed that describe the shape of butt logs and can be used to calculate their volumes. Three methods of developing profile equations were tested. The best method was to use the differentials of the individual terms of an unbiased volume estimator plus information about log shape to form the equation. The equation was then conditioned so that its volume estimates were compatible with the estimator. Several techniques for developing profile equations are described. Two potentially useful butt-log profile equations are derived. For. Sci. 33(1):104-115.

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45

Izzawati, Basirom, Mohd Afendi, M. Afif, S. Nurhashima, R. Daud, N. A. M. Amin e M. S. Abdul Majid. "3D Finite Element Stress Analysis of Butt Adhesively Bonded Dissimilar Joint: Effect of Bond Thickness on Strength". Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (giugno 2014): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.355.

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The butt joint is the most studied type of adhesive joints in the literature. However, the joint strength prediction of joints is still a controversial issue as it involves a lot of factors that are difficult to quantify such as the yielding of the adherend, the plasticity of the adhesive and the bondline thickness. The present work is concerned with the three dimensional (3D) finite element stress analysis of butt adhesively bonded dissimilar joint. The objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of bond thickness on mechanical strength of butt adhesively bonded dissimilar joint. Aluminum alloy and steel were selected and five thicknesses were studied for each adherend: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mm respectively. In order to quantify the influence of bondline thickness, adherend and durability of the butt joint, the 3D finite element models of ANSYS used to obtain the stress distributions. Mechanical properties of adhesive were determined by tensile test and ANSYS analysis. A statistical analysis of simulation results shows that the butt joint strength becomes stronger while the bondline gets thinner and adhesive gets tougher.

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46

Wen, Xue, Ping Wang, Zhibo Dong, Yong Liu e Hongyuan Fang. "Nominal Stress-Based Equal-Fatigue-Bearing-Capacity Design of under-matched HSLA Steel Butt-welded Joints". Metals 8, n. 11 (28 ottobre 2018): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110880.

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Under-matched welds could minimize the tendency of cold cracking and reduce the preheating operations when high strength steels are welded. However, its low load-carrying capacity might make the high strength parent metal meaningless. With the aim of improving the fatigue limit of under-matched butt-welded joints, this work establishes a nominal stress based fatigue design method for under-matched butt welds while considering its heterogeneous mechanical features. The fatigue life of the base metal is set to be the design goal for the under-matched butt-welded joints, which has scarce been tried before. An equal-fatigue-bearing capacity (EFBC) design method fit for the under-matched butt-welded joints is thus applied with the aims of equal fatigue limit of base metal. X-shaped butt-welded joint is selected to carry out experimental verification where HSLA steel Q550 as the base metal and ER70S-6 as the under-matched filler metal are used. The results show that the EFBC method proposed here is feasible. Note that the EFBC method is valid only in high cycle fatigue.

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47

Guo, Dong, Yong Ling Fu, Xin Xue Sun, Ning Lu e Man Lin Long. "Discussion of Monitor and Control Strategies to Enhance Butt Joint Quality for Endless Bar Rolling System". Advanced Materials Research 572 (ottobre 2012): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.348.

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Abstract (sommario):

Endless bar rolling technology with its intrinsic nature may be used to maximize the production efficiency and reduce production costs. While how to improve the butt joint quality of endless bar rolling system is of research worth with high application value. Hence, a novel control strategy based on the online feedback of process parameters is proposed to enhance the butt joint quality of endless bar rolling system. Firstly, with consideration of the features and state of the art for endless bar rolling system, influence factors over the butt joint quality of endless bar rolling system were analyzed. Secondly, to meet the requirements of high butt joint quality, the quality control strategy of flash butt welding was designed and online feedback from image measurement technology and eddy current array technology were introduced. Finally, the control strategy designed was verified by simulations. The results verify that the process parameters can be adjusted and optimized online via application of these nondestructive testing technologies for the welding quality, consequently, the numbers of shutdown the system is reduced and productivity is improved.

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48

Kumar, S. Ramesh, S. Senthil Kumaran, M. Sree Arravind e D. Venkateswarlu. "Effect of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel 1.6mm Butt Welded by Plasma Arc Welding". Materials Science Forum 969 (agosto 2019): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.619.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) is more tolerant to joint misalignment than Laser Beam Welding (LBW) at a lower cost [1]. The present study deals with the assessment of mechanical and metallurgical properties of butt welded 1.6 mm thick austenitic stainless steel similar (SS304 and SS304) by using plasma arc welding technique. Similar butt-Welded joints were analyzed by using mechanical (Bend test, Erichsen cup test, tensile test) and metallurgical (Optical macroscopic and microscopic images) characterization methods. The bead width and depth of the butt welded 1.6mm thick butt joined SS304 was analyzed by macroscopic and microscopic images [2]. The Erichsen cup test was conducted on the weld specimens. The indentation was made on the weld specimens. In the similar metal joint the depth of indentation is high, which shows that the similar metal joint has better formability. This makes them appropriate for practicing in the aircraft industries (engine parts), automotive sector (engine-parts and assemblies) chemical processing, food processing, turbine buckets, pumps and valve parts [3]. Keywords: SS304, PAW, Butt weld, Erichsen Cup Test, Microstructure

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49

Chomicz-Zegar, Elżbieta, Stanisław Niemtur, Mariusz Kapsa e Sławomir Ambroży. "Butt rot occurrence in plus trees of Silver fir Abies alba Mill. and Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) from the Carpathians". Forest Research Papers 77, n. 3 (1 settembre 2016): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2016-0023.

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Abstract Due to its hidden character, butt rot occurrence is not commonly included in the assessment of plus trees’ health status. Thus, the trees’ varied susceptibility to wood decay is not a target of breeding efforts. The aim of the study was to determine the extent of butt rot in fir and spruce plus trees from Carpathian seed stands. We employed the novel and non-invasive diagnostic method of sonic tomography to determine presence and severity of decay at the base of 110 plus trees of silver fir and 42 of Norway spruce. Butt rot in various stages of development occurred in 63% of investigated fir trees and in 45% of spruce trees. The proportion of damaged wood on the tomogram ranged from 0–38% in fir and 0–47% in spruce with similar average proportions of solid wood in all forest districts. The vast majority of trees was in the range of 80–90% solid wood. Plus trees of fir and spruce were affected by butt rot to a similar extent and the degree of damage increased with age in both species. However, a large variation in susceptibility to butt rot was found between individual trees leading to the conclusion that the identification of old trees, which wood is not decayed, may be the basis for further research on the resistance to butt rot.

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50

Venugopal, P. Dilip, Shannon K. Hanna, Gregory G. Gagliano e Hoshing W. Chang. "No Butts on the Beach: Aquatic Toxicity of Cigarette Butt Leachate Chemicals". Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.1.2.

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Abstract (sommario):

Objectives: Toxic pollutants leaching from littered cigarette butts (CB) raise environmental impact concerns. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required to assess the environmental impacts of its tobacco regulatory actions per the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Methods: We determined the chemical constituents in CB leachate through analyses of 109 field-collected CB and literature compilation and characterized their ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. Results: One-third of the 98 identified CB leachate chemicals were very toxic and 10% were toxic to aquatic organisms due to acute and chronic toxicity. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, phthalates, nicotine and volatile organic compounds were the most hazardous CB leachate chemicals for aquatic organisms. Of the 98 CB leachate chemicals, 25 are included in FDA's list of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Conclusions: Our study quantifies CB leachate constituents, characterizes their ecological hazard and identifies chemicals of concern. Thus, it aids in evaluating the environmental impacts of tobacco products per NEPA requirements. These results provide important information for strategies to prevent and reduce CB litter (eg, awareness programs, litter laws enforcement), thereby reducing environmental hazards from CB toxicants.

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