Tesi sul tema "Bulk magnets"
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1
Lwin, Mark. "The dynamic compaction of the metastable hard magnet powder Sm!b2!sFe!b17!sNx to form bulk magnets". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994.
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Unge, Mikael. "Molecular Electronics : A Theoretical Study of Electronic Structure of Bulk and Interfaces". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Beräkningsfysik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6938.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis deals with theoretical studies of the electronic structure of molecules used in the context of molecular electronics. Both studies with model Hamiltonians and first principle calculations have been performed. The materials studied include molecular crystals of pentacene and DNA, which are used as active material in field-effect transistors and as tentative molecular wires, respectively. The molecular magnet compound TCNE and surface modification by means of chemisorption of TDAE on gold are also studied. Molecular crystals of pentacene are reported to have the highest field-effect mobility values for organic thin film field-effect transistors. The conduction process in field-effect transistors applications occurs in a single layer of the molecular crystal. Hence, in studies of transport properties molecular crystals of pentacene can be considered as a two dimensional system. An open question of these system is if the charge transport is bandlike or if as a result of disorder is a hopping process. We address this question in two of the included papers, paper I and paper II. The conducting properties of DNA are of interest for a broad scientific community. Biologist for understanding of oxidatively damaged DNA and physicist and the electronics community for use as a molecular wire. Some reports on the subject classifies DNA as a conductor while other report insulating behavior. The outcome of the investigations are heavily dependent on the type of DNA being studied, clearly there is a big difference between the natural and more or less random sequence in, e.g., λ-DNA and the highly ordered syntethic poly(G)-poly(C) DNA. It has been suggested that long-range correlation would yield delocalized states, i.e., bandlike transport, in natural DNA, especially in the human chromosome 22. In paper III we show that this is not the case. In general our results show that DNA containing an approximately equal amount of the four basis is an insulator in a static picture. An emerging research field is spintronics. In spintronic devices the spin of the charge carrier is as important as the charge. One can envision a device where spin alone is the carrier of information. In realizing spintronic devices, materials that are both magnetic and semiconducting are needed. Systems that exhibit both these properties are organic-based magnets. In paper IV the electronic structure of the molecular magnet compound TCNE is studied, both experimentally and theoretically. The injection of carriers from metal contacts to organic semiconductors is central to the performance of organic based devices. The interface between the metal contact and the organic material has been pointed out to be one of the device parameters that most significantly influences the device performance. This relates to the process of injection of charge carriers in to the organic material. In some contact and organic material combinations the energy barrier for charge injection can be very high. The barrier can be reduced by modify the interface dipole, this is achieved by a monolayer of adsorbed molecules at the interface. The molecule TDAE chemisorbed on gold is studied in paper V.
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Kapek, Jakub. "Modélisations 2D et 3D, conception et réalisation d’un inducteur pour aimanter un ensemble de pastilles supraconductrices". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0113.
Abstract (sommario):
Aujourd’hui, les supraconducteurs trouvent de nombreuses applications, par exemple dans les câbles, les moteurs, les alternateurs ou la génération de champ magnétiques intenses. Les supraconducteurs sont disponibles sous forme de rubans, de fils ou de matériaux massifs. Le processus d'aimantation des supraconducteurs permet d'obtenir des supraconducteurs massifs avec un champ magnétique piégé de bien plus grande valeur que les aimants classiques à base de fer. Une aimantation correcte est la clé d'un champ magnétique piège très fort. Les travaux développés dans cette thèse concernent la modélisation en 2D et 3D, la conception et la réalisation d’un inducteur pour aimanter un ensemble de pastilles supraconductrices. D'une manière générale, il existe trois techniques d'aimantation des supraconducteurs : Zero Field Cooling (ZFC), Field Cooling (FC) et Pulsed Field Magnetization (PFM). Nous nous concentrons sur la PFM car c’est une solution plus compacte et moins onéreuse comparée aux autres techniques. Le procédé d’aimantation évoqué et tous les phénomènes qui en découlent ont été résolus en se basant sur la méthode des éléments finis (MEF) et à l’aide de différentes formulations. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié et comparé en 2D et 3D la formulation en A, la formulation en H ainsi qu’une une formulation A – H en couplant les différentes variables sur les frontières des matériaux. La comparaison effectuée a montré les avantages de la formulation A – H dans la modélisation des problèmes liés aux supraconducteurs. En effet, dans certains cas, nous avons montré que l'utilisation de la formulation A – H permet de réduire le temps de simulation. Le modèle développé à partir de cette formulation constitue donc un outil intéressant pour de futurs travaux de dimensionnement et le développement d’applications des supraconducteurs au GREEN. Nous avons également dimensionné et étudié numériquement un modèle complet d’inducteur permettant d’aimanter un ou plusieurs supraconducteurs simultanément. Nous étudions deux configurations : le prototype I pour aimanter un seul supraconducteur (problème 2D) et le prototype II pour aimanter trois supraconducteurs (problème 3D). Ces deux configurations sont résolues en considérant les phénomènes électromagnétiques et thermiques ainsi que le couplage avec les équations du circuit alimentant l’inducteur. Les simulations ont montré que l’élévation de température dans le supraconducteur d’une dizaine de Kelvin générée lors de l’aimantation par PFM affectait le champ magnétique piégé. Il a été observé que la présence d’une ou plusieurs pastilles supraconductrices n’influençait pas l'impulsion de courant dans l’inducteur. Le champ piégé maximal obtenu numériquement pour le prototype I était de 706 mT et de 736 mT pour le prototype II. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été comparés aux résultats de la simulation. Cependant, certains supraconducteurs présentaient une forte inhomogénéité de leurs propriétés ce qui a eu pour conséquence de réduire le champ magnétique piégé observé expérimentalement. Des hypothèses ont été faites pour tenter de reproduire numériquement ces inhomogénéités et leurs effets. Néanmoins, ce calcul numérique ne peut se faire que par une modélisation 3D sans utilisation possible de symétries, et conduit à un de temps de calcul pouvant aller jusqu’à plusieurs jours. L'expérimentation avec des prototypes a permis d'obtenir un champ magnétique piégé maximal de 686 mT lors de l’aimantation d’une pastille, tandis qu’il était de 606 mT lorsque plusieurs pastilles ont été aimantées simultanément. Un abaissement de la température par l’utilisation d’un autre fluide cryogénique comme l’hydrogène liquide ou d’un autre système de refroidissement permettrait d’augmenter cette valeur de champ magnétique piégé à des valeurs beaucoup plus intéressantes pour les applications visées en génie électriqueToday, superconductors are used in many applications, for example in cables, motors, alternators or for the generation of strong magnetic fields. Superconductors are available as tapes, wires or bulk materials. The process of magnetising superconductors results in bulk superconductors with a much higher trapped magnetic field than conventional permanent magnets. Proper magnetisation is the key to a very strong trapped magnetic field. The work developed in this thesis concerns the 2D and 3D modelling, design and realisation of an inductor to magnetise a set of superconducting pellets. Generally speaking, there are three techniques for magnetising superconductors: Zero Field Cooling (ZFC), Field Cooling (FC) and Pulsed Field Magnetization (PFM). We focus on PFM because it is a more compact and less expensive solution compared to the other techniques. The mentioned magnetisation process and all the phenomena involved have been solved based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and using different formulations. In this work, we studied and compared in 2D and 3D the A-formulation, the H-formulation and an A-H formulation by coupling the different variables on the material boundaries. The comparison showed the advantages of the A-H formulation in modelling superconducting problems. Indeed, in some cases, we have shown that the use of the A-H formulation allows to reduce the simulation time. The model developed from this formulation is therefore an interesting tool for future dimensioning work and the development of superconductor applications at GREEN laboratory. We have also dimensioned and numerically studied a complete inductor model allowing one or more superconductors to be magnetised simultaneously. We study two configurations: prototype I for magnetising a single superconductor (2D problem) and prototype II for magnetising three superconductors (3D problem). Both configurations are solved by considering the electromagnetic and thermal phenomena as well as the coupling with the circuit equations feeding the inductor. The simulations showed that the temperature rise in the superconductor of about 10 Kelvin generated during the PFM magnetisation affected the trapped magnetic field. It was observed that the presence of one or more superconducting bulks did not affect the current pulse in the inductor. The maximum trapped field obtained numerically for prototype I was 706 mT and 736 mT for prototype II. The results obtained were then compared with the simulation results. However, some of the superconductors exhibited strong inhomogeneity in their properties, which resulted in a reduction in the experimentally observed trapped magnetic field. Hypotheses were made to try to reproduce numerically these inhomogeneities and their effects. However, this numerical calculation can only be done by 3D modelling without the possibility of using symmetries, and leads to a calculation time of up to several days. Experimentation with prototypes resulted in a maximum trapped magnetic field of 686 mT when one pellet was magnetised, while it was 606 mT when several pellets were magnetised simultaneously. Lowering the temperature by using another cryogenic fluid such as liquid hydrogen or another cooling system would increase this trapped magnetic field value to much higher values for the targeted electrical engineering applications
4
Lewin, Richard Peter. "Superconductors and high magnetic fields". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09992030-625d-4e6c-8152-6a61bb2cdb07.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis describes a portfolio of work aimed at the high field applications of superconductors and can be split into four main topics: The thermal stability of technical superconductors. This section investigates the effects of thermal perturbations on technical superconducting wire used in MRI scanner construction. The ultimate aim of this section is to predict how the architecture of the wire may affect its thermal stability. To this end a detailed finite element analysis model was constructed, verified by detailed experimental data, which could then be used to quickly and easily vary the wire’s parameters. Design of a high field pulsed electromagnetic coil for flux trapping in superconductors. This section details the design, construction and testing of a novel pulsed high field magnet. The design uses finite element analysis to predict the electromagnetic, thermal and structural properties of the coil. Explosive testing of high tensile fibres used in the construction of the high field coil. This section describes the refinement and use of a novel method for testing the mechanical properties of high tensile fibres in cylindrical geometries by using highly pressurized copper vessels. Pulsed field magnetization of bulk high temperature superconductors. This section discusses the process of magnetizing bulks of high temperature superconductors by using pulsed magnetic fields. It investigates how the trapped field varies with the magnitude and rise-time of the magnetizing field, sample temperature and time after magnetization.
5
Patel, Anup. "Pulsed field magnetization of composite superconducting bulks for magnetic bearing applications". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256579.
Abstract (sommario):
Permanent magnets are essential components for many devices such as motors, which currently account for 45 % of global electricity consumption, generators and also superconducting magnetic bearings used for applications such as flywheel energy storage. But even the most powerful rare-earth magnets are limited to a remanent field of 1.4 T, whereas superconducting materials such as YBCO in their bulk form have the extraordinary ability to trap magnetic fields an order of magnitude higher, whilst being very compact. This gives them the potential to increase efficiency and allow significant volume and weight reductions for rotating machines despite the need for cooling. A new design of superconducting magnetic bearing has been developed which uses magnetized bulks as the field source, eliminating permanent magnets. Finite element modelling shows that the bulk – bulk design can achieve much higher force densities than existing permanent magnet – bulk designs, giving it potential to be used as a compact magnetic bearing. A system was created to magnetize bulks using a pulsed magnetic field down to 10 K and then measure levitation force. In proving the concept of the proposed design, the highest levitation forces ever reported between two superconducting bulks were measured, including a levitation force of 500 N between a 1.7 T magnetized YBCO bulk and a coaxial $MgB_{2}$ bulk tube. The biggest factor limiting the use of magnetized bulks in applications is magnetizing them in the first place. Using a pulsed magnetic field is most practical but generates excessive heat dissipation leading to a loss of flux in conventional bulk superconductors, which are 100% superconductor. Although multi-pulse techniques help maximise the trapped field, the poor thermal properties of bulk (RE)BCO are a limiting factor. New composite superconducting structures are reported which can overcome these problems by using high thermal conductivity materials, the motivation for which came from finite element modelling of the critical state coupled with heat transfer. In particular, composite structures created by cutting and stacking 12 mm wide (RE)BCO superconducting tape are shown experimentally to have exceptional field trapping ability due to superior thermal and mechanical properties compared to existing bulks. Up to 2 T was trapped in a stack of commercially available tape produced by SuperPower Inc. in the first reported pulsed magnetization of such a stack. Over 7 T was trapped between two stacks using field cooling at 4.2 K, the highest field yet trapped in such a sample.
6
Jensen, Morten R. F. "Far infrared magneto-spectroscopy of bulk and surface magnetic excitations in FeFâ†2". Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361040.
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De, Silvestri Federica. "Investigation of the magnetic levitation between HTS bulks and permanent magnets". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Abstract (sommario):
Lo scopo di questa ricerca è lo studio della levitazione magnetica risultante dall'interazione fra bulk di superconduttori ad alta temperatura critica e magneti permanenti. E' stato realizzato un modello numerico 2D in Comsol che simula l'interazione fra i due componenti, per studiare la forza di levitazione ottenuta. Il modello è stato successivamente validato con i risultati sperimentali ottenuti nei laboratori del dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica dell'Università di Bologna, ottenendo un buon riscontro sia per quanto riguarda i valori della forza sia per quanto riguarda le distribuzioni di campo e di corrente.
8
Masood, Ansar. "Functional Metallic Glasses". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Teknisk materialfysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101901.
Abstract (sommario):
For decades, Metallic Glass, with its isotropic featureless structure while exhibiting outstanding mechanical properties was possible only at a high rate of quenching and with at least one dimension in the submicron regime. This limitation was overcome with the discovery of Bulk Metallic glasses, BMGs, containing three or more elements following the additional two empirical rules of optimum geometric size differences and negative energy of mixing among the constituent elements. Since then thousands of Fe-, Ni-, Al-, Mg-, Ti- based BMGs have been discovered and comprehensively investigated mainly by groups in Japan and USA. Yet the discovery of new combinations of elements for BMGs is alchemy. We do not know with certainty which element when added will make possible a transition from being a ribbon to a bulk rod. In this thesis we report a discovery of castable BMGs rods on substitution of Fe by nickel in an alloy of FeBNb which could otherwise have been only melt-spun into ribbons. For example, we find that substitution of just 6 at.% of Fe raises the glass forming range, GFA, to as much as ∆Tx =40K while the other parameters for GFA like Trg, γ, and δ reach enhanced values 0.57, 0.38, and 1.40 respectively. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity is found to increase by almost a factor of two. Magnetically it becomes softer with coercivity 260mOe which further reduces to much lower values on stress relaxation. Ni does not seem to carry a magnetic moment while it enhances the magnetic transition temperature linearly with Ni concentration. We have investigated the role of Ni in another more stable BMGs based FeBNbY system in which case ∆Tx becomes as large as 94K with comparable enhancement in the other GFA parameters. Due to the exceptional soft magnetic properties, Fe-based bulk metallic glasses are considered potential candidate for their use in energy transferring devices. Thus the effect of Ni substitution on bulk forming ability, magnetic and electrical transport properties have been studied for FeBNb and FeBNbY alloy systems. The role of Ni in these systems is densification of the atomic structure and its consequence. We have exploited the superior mechanical properties of BMGs by fabricating structures that are thin and sustainable. We have therefore investigated studies on the thin films of these materials retaining their excellent mechanical properties. Magnetic properties of FeBNb alloy were investigated in thin films form (~200-400nm) in the temperature range of 5-300K. These Pulsed Laser deposited amorphous films exhibit soft magnetism at room temperature, a characteristic of amorphous metals, while they reveal a shift in hysteresis loop (exchange anisotropy, HEB=18-25Oe), at liquid helium temperature. When thickness of films is reduced to few nanometers (~8-11nm), they exhibit high transparency (>60%) in optical spectrum and show appreciably high saturation Faraday rotation (12o/μm, λ= 611nm). Thin films (~200-400nm) of Ni substituted alloy (FeNiBNb) reveal spontaneous perpendicular magnetization at room temperature. Spin-reorientation transition was observed as a function of film thickness (25-400nm) and temperature (200-300K), and correlated to the order/disorder of ferromagnetic amorphous matrix as a function of temperature. These two phase films exhibits increased value of coercivity, magnetic hardening, below 25K and attributed to the spin glass state of the system. Using the bulk and thin films we have developed prototypes of sensors, current meters and such simple devices although not discussed in this Thesis. Ti-based bulk metallic glasses have been attracting significant attention due to their lower density and high specific strength from structural application point of view. High mechanical strength, lower values of young’s modulus, high yield strength along with excellent chemical behaviors of toxic free (Ni, Al, Be) Ti-based glassy metals make them attractive for biomedical applications. In the present work, toxic free Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn alloys were studied to optimize their bulk forming ability and we successfully developed glassy rods of at least 14mm diameter by Cu-mold casting. Along with high glass forming ability, as-casted BMGs exhibit excellent plasticity. One of the studied alloy (Ti41.5Zr10Cu35Pd11Sn2.5) exhibits distinct plasticity under uniaxial compression tests (12.63%) with strain hardening before failure which is not commonly seen in monolithic bulk metallic glasses.QC 20120906
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9
Ahmed, Naseer. "Magneto-optics of MBE grown bulk and low dimensional III-V semiconductors". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1084.
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Mitra, Chandrima. "COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF GADOLINIUM IN NITRIDES : BULK GDN AND GD-DOPED GAN". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1238690053.
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WU, DEZHEN. "Magnetic Field Effects Induced by Incorporation of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525107259345629.
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Kato, K., T. Noda, H. Shimizu, T. Matsumura e N. Murayama. "Increase in transient resistance of Bi2223 superconducting bulk by applying external magnetic field". IEEE, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6784.
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Bhagurkar, Ashutosh. "Processing of MgB2 bulk superconductor by infiltration and growth". Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14777.
Abstract (sommario):
Superconductivity in magnesium diboride (MgB2) was discovered in 2001. The relatively high Tc (39 K), high critical current density, long coherence length (∼6 nm), low raw material cost, lower density and relative ease of fabrication make this material an exciting choice for practical applications. Furthermore, lower anisotropy and strongly linked current flow in untextured polycrystalline samples, unlike its HTS counterparts, has enabled the development of different processing routes to fabricate MgB2 in the form of wires, tapes, thin films and bulks. Conventionally, MgB2 is synthesized by in situ sintering, where elemental Mg and B powders are reacted to produce MgB2. Although the superconducting phase can be obtained with relative ease, the resulting sample is generally only around 50% dense, due to formation of large pores inside sintered bulks arising from the volatility of magnesium and 25% volume contraction in MgB2 phase formation. Although the use of high pressure is effective to promote sintering and subsequent densification, the need to use large pressure vessels represents a significant practical limitation for the development of a practical process and of the achievable dimensions in the final MgB2 sample. As a result, the fabrication of high density, bulk MgB2 remains a challenging processing problem. This study explores the “Infiltration and Growth” (IG) technique, an established processing route for fabrication of dense ceramics/ceramic matrix composites, as a potential solution. Boron powders of varying characteristics were infiltrated with Mg(l) to obtain bulk MgB2 samples. The samples were analysed using techniques such as XRD, SEM and hardness to analyse various phases formed during the process. These samples typically contained MgB2 with minor quantities of Mg. Physical properties of superconducting MgB2, such as Tc, Jc and Hc2, were established. Furthermore, the effective current carrying cross-section was estimated from resistivity measurements using Rowel’s analysis. Continuous Mg channels were major defects in IG processed samples and their presence was found to limit long range current flow. These channels are eliminated by incorporating Mg/AlB2/MgB2 powders in the precursor to facilitate in-flux of Mg, leading to a more uniform infiltration process, thereby enabling fabrication of near-net shaped MgB2 bulk superconductors. Such samples showed an almost identical value of trapped magnetic flux at the top and bottom surfaces, suggesting a high degree of uniformity in MgB2. A careful microstructural analysis of a series of samples indicated that MgB2 phase formation in IG process occurred in three distinct stages: (1) Intermediate boride formation (2) Bulk liquid Mg infiltration and (3) MgB2 layer formation. Due to volume expansion involved in stage 1, cracks formed in the β-Boron particles and propagated radially inwards during stage 3. The growing MgB2 particles sintered simultaneously with the formation of grain boundaries during the process. Much enhanced performance of MgB2 was achieved by virtue of C-doping. Increased Jc was attributed to generation of lattice strains and loss of crystallinity in MgB2 as a result of C-doping. Finally, trapped field measurements were performed on homogeneous C-doped MgB2 bulks. The trapped field obtained (4.13 T) in five stacked of bulks is the highest obtained in MgB2 bulks synthesized under ambient pressure conditions.
14
Xu, Zhihan. "Modelling and experimental studies of the magnetic properties of bulk high temperature superconductors". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265556.
Abstract (sommario):
A series of modelling and experimental studies of the magnetic properties of bulk, single grain high temperature superconductors (HTS), such as RE-Ba-Cu-0 [(RE)BCO] where RE refers to a rare earth element, have been performed using a modelling framework developed in this study. This modelling framework can simulate the various magnetisation processes of bulk HTS in an attempt to understand the generation of relatively large magnetic fields by these materials for their potential use in a number of high field, 'quasi-permanent' magnet applications. Chapters I and 2 introduce bulk HTS based on their magnetic properties. More specifically, Chapter I describes the background for Type II bulk superconductors as a group of electrical materials whose various electromagnetic applications originate from their unique magnetic properties, and in particular from their ability to trap magnetic field by flux pinning ( often described by the Bean model) and their Jc-B (the Kim model) and E-J characteristics (the flux flow resistivity model and the power law model). Chapter 2 relates the properties of bulk superconductors, and especially those relating Jc, to the major research areas within bulk superconductivity of fabrication, magnetisation and modelling. State-of-the-art techniques for each area are discussed within the context of delivering effectively the full potential of Jc of a bulk superconductor in order to produce the maximum possible trapped field. Chapter 3 describes the modelling framework developed and used throughout this thesis, and presents three representative examples to demonstrate its capability in understanding the magnetic behaviour of bulk HTS during various magnetisation processes. The modelling framework solves Campbell's equation (which describes the force-displacement relation of magnetic flux lines) and the heat equation simultaneously using the finite element method (FEM) in the commercial software package FlexPDE. Two modes of simulation (timeindependent or time-dependent) are investigated, which are applicable to both static and pulsed field magnetisation (PFM) processes. This study extends significantly the research into PFM of bulk HTS, which has been limited generally to experimental techniques to date . Chapter 4 focuses on modelling the magnetisation of bulk HTS using split-coil arrangements, which serves as a comprehensive example of a direct application of the modelling framework developed. Split-coil arrangements are viewed as a preferred, but less understood, alternative to conventional solenoidal coils for practical magnetisation processes, and pa1ticularly for in situ PFM processes. Two major questions have been answered regarding the nature of split-coil magnetisation using the modelling framework developed: the geometrical conditions for designing an effective split-coil magnetisation ainngement have been established; the mechanisms of a split-coil magnetisation process, which consist of two distinct regimes of flux penetration, are understood. Both regimes are completely different from those observed in solenoidal-coil magnetisation processes. Finally, the association between the geometrical conditions and the mechanisms has been established Chapter 5 reports the development of a novel modelling-aided, non-destructive method of measuring Jc and the flux flow resistivity Pv (regarded as the key parameter of the flux flow resistivity model) in bulk HTS, which is generally considered impossible using common experimental techniques. This combination with experiment represents a second application of the modelling framework. The experimental part of this method involves magnetising a bulk HTS using a specific profile of external field, during which the induced voltage within the pick-up coil wound around the sample is measured and used to calculate key fields for the purposes of comparison. The modelling part of the method establishes good agreement between the measured and simulated fields using estimated values of Jc and Pv� Chapter 6 summarises all the research presented in this thesis from the perspective of the development and the application of the modelling framework for studying the magnetic properties of bulk HTS. It improves considerably the understanding of the mechanisms of magnetisation processes and the magnetic behaviour of these technologically important materials during their magnetisation. It also serves as a cost-effective tool for designing practical magnetisation arrangements and related processes in order to achieve the full capability of a bulk HTS effectively. Finally the framework plays a core potential role in the field of modelling-aided, non-destructive characterisation of the magnetic properties of (RE)BCO and other bulk superconductors.
15
Magill, Brenden A. "Microwave spectroscopy of edge and bulk modes of two dimensional electrons in magnetic field". Thesis, The Florida State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564920.
Abstract (sommario):
Edge magnetoplasmons (EMPs) and pinning mode resonances in two dimensional electron systems (2DESs) can both be thought of as lower hybrid modes of cyclotron and plasma resonances. This dissertation describes low temperature microwave spectroscopy of both of these modes. EMPs have oscillating charge confined at the 2DES edge by the combination of the perpendicular magnetic field and the electrostatic potential that produces the edge. Pinning mode resonances are from electron solids oscillating against confinement provided by disorder in the bulk of the 2DES.
The first part of this dissertation concerns the search for a mode similar to an EMP but confined solely by a linear magnetic inhomogeneity in the perpendicular magnetic field (Bz). While we do not observe such an excitation, we do observe a marked reduction in the velocity of an EMP in the presence of a Bz-inhomogeneity.
In the second part of this dissertation, we investigate pinning modes in “wide'' quantum well samples, for which the effective electron-electron interaction is softened at short range due to the vertical extent of the wavefunction. We observe a pinning mode resonance whose peak frequency (fpk ) vs Landau level filling (ν) shows an anomalous increase as ν moves away from ν = 1 under roughly the same conditions as anomalous quantum Hall effects observed previously in DC transport. A region of ν with enhanced fpk is interpreted as evidence for a new electron solid phase.
16
Matsumura, T., A. Kimura, H. Shimizu, Y. Yokomizu e M. Goto. "Fundamental performance of flux-lock type fault current limiter with two air-core coils". IEEE, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6786.
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Rich, Jason P. "Bulk and micro-scale rheology of an aging, yield stress fluid, with application to magneto-responsive systems". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70108.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2012.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [139]-146).
Understanding the ways that matter deforms and flows, which is the focus of the branch of science known as rheology, is essential for the efficient processing and proper function of such practically and technologically important materials as plastics, paints, oil-drilling fluids, and consumer products. Rheology is also powerful from a scientific perspective because of the correlation between rheological properties and the structure and behavior of matter on microscopic and molecular scales. The developing sub-field of microrheology, which explicitly examines flow and deformation behavior on microscopic length scales, provides additional clarity to this connection between rheology and microstructure. Aging materials, whose rheological properties evolve over time, are one class of materials that are of significant scientific and practical interest for their rheological behavior. Also, the unique field-responsive rheological properties of magnetorheological (MR) suspensions, which can be tuned with an applied magnetic field, have been used to create active vibration damping systems in such diverse applications as seismic vibration control and prosthetics. A material that undergoes rheological aging and that has received much attention from soft matter researchers is the synthetic clay Laponite® . This material is attractive as a rheological modifier in industrial applications and consumer products because a rich array of rheological properties, including a yield stress, viscoelasticity, and a shear-thinning viscosity, can be achieved at very low concentrations in aqueous dispersions (~ 1 w%). Though this behavior has been investigated extensively using traditional 'bulk' rheology, a number of important questions remain regarding the nature of the dispersion microstructure. The techniques of microrheology, in which rheological properties are extracted from the motion of embedded microscopic probe particles, could help to elucidate the connection between microstructure and rheology in this material. Microrheological studies can be performed using passive techniques, in which probes are subject only to thermal motion, and active techniques, in which external forces are applied to probes. Because aqueous Laponite® dispersions exhibit a significant yield stress, they could be beneficial as novel matrix fluids for magnetorheological suspensions. MR fluids consist of a suspension of microscopic magnetizable particles in a non-magnetic matrix fluid. When an external magnetic field is applied, the particles attract each other and align in domain-spanning chains of particles, resulting in significant and reversible changes in rheological properties. Because of the typically large density difference between the matrix fluid and the suspended magnetic particles, however, sedimentation is often problematic in MR fluids. A yield stress matrix fluid such as an aqueous Laponite® dispersion could help address this issue. In this thesis, bulk rheology and microrheology experiments are combined in order to provide a thorough characterization of the rheological properties of aqueous Laponite® dispersions. Multiple Particle Tracking (MPT), a passive microrheology technique, is used to explore the gelation properties of dilute dispersions, while an active magnetic tweezer microrheology technique is used to examine the yield stress and shear-thinning behavior in more concentrated dispersions. MPT results show strong probe-size dependence of the gelation time and the viscoelastic moduli, implying that the microstructure is heterogeneous across different length scales. We also demonstrate the first use of magnetic tweezers to measure yield stresses at the microscopic scale, and show that yield stress values determined from bulk and micro-scale measurements are in quantitative agreement in more concentrated Laponite® dispersions. With a thorough understanding of the clay rheology, we study the magnetorheology of MR suspensions in a yield stress matrix fluid composed of an aqueous Laponite® dispersion. Sedimentation of magnetic particles is prevented essentially indefinitely, and for sufficient magnetic field strengths and particle concentrations the matrix fluid yield stress has negligible effect on the magnetorheology. Using particle-level simulations, we characterize the ability of the matrix fluid yield stress to arrest the growth of magnetized particle chains. The methods and results presented in this thesis will contribute to the fundamental understanding of the rheology and microstructure of aqueous Laponite® dispersions and provide researchers with new techniques for investigating complex fluids on microscopic length scales. Additionally, our characterization of the effects of a matrix fluid yield stress on magnetorheological properties will aid formulators of MR fluids in achieving gravitationally stable field-responsive suspensions, and provide a new method for manipulating the assembly of particle building blocks into functional structures.
by Jason P. Rich.
Ph.D.
18
Ashcroft, Gwynfor Rhys. "Structure and magnetic properties of bulk and thin film nickel manganite (NiMn(_2)O(_4))". Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4010/.
Abstract (sommario):
The structural and magnetic properties of nickel manganite (NiMn(_2)O(_4)) have been investigated, for bulk, and thin film samples. NiMn(_2)O(_4) has partially inverted spinel structure, Mn(_v)Ni(_1-v)[Ni(_v)Mn(_2-v]O(_4), where v is the inversion parameter. Bulk samples were produced from co-precipitated metal hydroxides at various firing times and temperatures. Particular attention was given to determining the optimum preparation route. Nickel oxide was the major impurity encountered due to sub-optimal preparation conditions, but was difficult to detect using diffraction, due to considerable Bragg reflection overlap with those NiMn(_2)O(_4). Nickel oxide is believed to have been present in most samples studied by other researchers in the field. Pure material formed in air after firing for 48 hours in the region 780 C to 820 C; a much smaller range than previously reported. By controlling the cooling rate after firing, 0.7483(19) ≤ v ≤ 0.8830(22) was obtained; as determined by neutron diffraction measurements. Ferrimagnetic Curie temperatures (T(_c)) between 100 K and 147 K were obtained for the range of v studied; somewhat lower than previously reported. The magnetization below T(_c) exhibits P-type behaviour, which has hitherto not been observed in this compound. Evidence compatible with a local canted state at temperatures below -10 K was observed using muon spectrometry. The magnetic properties of electron-beam evaporated thin films of NiMn(_2)O(_4) were investigated with a custom built Alternating Gradient Field Magnetometer. The AGFM was initially constructed for a study of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor (DMS) materials, and was capable of temperatures down to 77 K, and resolution of 14 pJT(^1). This instrument used a mechanically resonant quartz fibre sample holder, and piezoelectric detection. The response of the instrument to temperature drift, applied magnetic field, and differing sample properties is reported. The T(_c) of a typical thin film sample was measured, and v= 0.788(8) inferred from the relationship with T(_c), as determined for bulk material.
19
Ziółkowski, Grzegorz. "Structural and physical properties of Fe-Nb-B-RE type of bulk magnetic nanocrystalline alloys". Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/5907.
Abstract (sommario):
The subject of hard magnetic materials is important from the both practical as well as scientific point of view. Researches in this field are focused on new materials with strong enough hard magnetic properties but with lower rare earth content than for the classical Nd rich alloys. The presented PhD thesis refers to preparation, structural and magnetic properties of the Fe-Nb-B-RE type of bulk nanocrystalline alloys. As the preparation technology of the bulk alloys, the so-called vacuum suction casting was chosen. The chemical compositions of the examined alloys is originated from the Fe-Nb-B (NANOPERM) amorphous melt spun ribbons in which niobium, as an alloying addition, slows down crystallization of iron leading to some optimization of magnetic properties.
The PhD thesis is focused on: i) magnetic interactions in multi-phase magnetic materials, ii) magnetism in TM-RE disordered structure, iii) influence of microstructure on selected physical properties and iv) numerical modeling and characterization of the nanomagnetic structures. From application point of view, especially important is a combination of chemical compositions and technology parameters (cooling rate, melting current) of the studied alloys, in order to improve hard magnetic characteristics and / or decrease the RE content without deterioration of their desired properties.
The performed investigations consist of fabrication of about 80 different alloys characterized by several structural and magnetic measurement techniques like X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, DSC, SEM, AFM / MFM, Kerr microscopy, magnetic balance as well as SQUID magnetometer. It was shown that the phase structure, microstructure and magnetic properties strongly depends on the chemical composition (the RE and Nb content) as well as technology parameters (the sample diameter and the melting current). The optimal parameters were established as: i) Tb as the RE element with the content of 10-12 at. %, ii) Nb content of 6-8 at. %, iii) sample diameter ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mm and iv) melting current I = 35 A. The alloys reveal hard magnetic properties with a high and ultra-high coercivity depending on the niobium content. Particularly, for the field-annealed (Fe80Nb6B14)0.88Tb0.12 alloy, the coercive field measured at room temperature exceeds 7 T which is a unique feature in the case of bulks. The observed magnetic hardening effect is controlled by the niobium content in the combination with the specific solidification rate (during casting). The observed phase segregation leads to the formation of grain microstructure with the irregularly shaped dendrites separated by inter-dendritic regions. This structure is responsible for an additional shape as well as surface anisotropy and thereby it is a source of some ultra-hard magnetic objects. The carried out simulations proved the proposed micro-magnetic picture of the alloys and indicate a significant role of the ultra-hard magnetic objects in the magnetization processes.
Generally, as was shown in the presented thesis, the examined alloys can be considered as high and ultra-high coercive materials with application potential in the fields of permanent magnets where increasing resistance to external magnetic field is required.
20
Duman, Nagehan. "Magnetic Monitoring Approach To Kinetics Of Phase Transformations In Multicomponent Alloy Systems". Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614251/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
It is of great importance for a materials scientist both from fundamental and applicability aspects to have better understanding of solid-state phase transformations and its kinetics responsible for micro-/nano-structure development in alloys and corresponding physical and mechanical properties. Transformation kinetics can be analyzed by various experimental techniques such as thermal analysis, laborious electron microscopy combined with extensive image analysis or by measuring changes in electrical resistivity, specimen volume and relative intensities of diffraction lines caused by the phase transformation. Beyond these conventional techniques, this dissertation provides a novel magnetic monitoring approach to study the isothermal kinetics of phase transformations in multicomponent alloy systems involving measurable changes in overall magnetic moment as the transformation proceeds.
This dissertation focuses on understanding the microstructural evolution, macro- and micro-alloying behavior, magnetic properties, thermal characteristics, mechanical properties and kinetics of solid-state transformations, i.e. nanoscale precipitation and nanocrystallization, in nickel aluminides and Fe-based bulk amorphous alloys. Microstructural characterization of alloys was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microcopy techniques. Magnetic properties were analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometry whereas thermal characteristics were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties of alloys were determined by microhardness measurements and compression tests.
The influence of Fe macroalloying and 3d transition metal microalloying on the microstructure and properties of Ni-Al-Fe alloys were studied for as-cast and annealed states and it is shown that desired microstructure and related properties can be obtained by proper selection of the type and concentration of macro- or micro-alloying elements together with an appropriate annealing procedure. Thermomagnetic characterization reveals the nanoscale precipitation of a ferromagnetic second phase with annealing. In conjunction with saturation magnetization dependence on annealing, an optimum temperature is identified where nanoscale precipitates impart the highest extent of precipitation strengthening. The isothermal kinetics of ferromagnetic second phase precipitation reveals invariant Avrami exponents close to unity, indicating that nanoscale precipitation is governed by a diffusion-controlled growth process with decreasing growth rate, which closely resembles continuous precipitation kinetics.
Appropriate annealing of the Fe-based bulk amorphous alloy precursor produced by suction casting demonstrated extremely fine microstructures containing uniformly distributed and densely dispersed nanocrystals inside a residual amorphous matrix. In order to have better understanding of nanocrystallization mechanisms, kinetic parameters were determined via isothermal magnetic monitoring and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry where excellent agreement was obtained in Avrami exponent and activation energy. Analyzing the local kinetics, the nanocrystalline phase was found to evolve through distinct transformation regimes during annealing which were discussed on the basis of transformation kinetics theory and microscopical investigations on each characteristic transformation regime.
21
Stoica, Mihai. "Casting and characterization of Fe-(Cr,Mo,Ga)-(P,C,B) soft magnetic bulk metallic glasses". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1134119175311-08460.
Abstract (sommario):
The ferromagnetic bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) started to be investigated only in the last 10 years.They are difficult to cast, but their properties are uniques. The work deals with casting, mechanical and soft magnetic properties of new Fe-based BMGs. Such alloys can be cast directly in samples with various geometries and they can be use as magnetic parts in different devices.
22
Stöver, Harald D. H. "Sodium binding to crown ether derivatives bulk membrane transport and sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance studies". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5211.
23
Chikara, Shalinee. "A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LAYERED 4D AND 5D CORRELATED ELECTRON SYSTEMS". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/843.
Abstract (sommario):
Correlated electron materials have been at the forefront of condensed matter research in the past couple of decades. Correlation in materials, especially, with open d and f electronic shells often lead to very exciting and intriguing phenomenon like high temperature superconductivity, Mott metal-insulator transition, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). This thesis focuses on triple-layered Sr4Ru3O10, Sr substituted double layered (Ca1-- xAx)3Ru2O7 (A = Ba, Sr) and 5d system Sr2IrO4 and Sr3Ir2O7. Triple-layered Sr4Ru3O10 displays interesting phenomena ranging from quantum oscillations, tunneling magnetoresistance, unusual low temperature specific heat, strong spin-lattice coupling to switching behavior. The central feature, however, is the unique borderline magnetism: along the c-axis. Sr4Ru3O10 shows spontaneous ferromagnetism, indicating a strong Coulomb exchange interaction, U and a large density of states at the Fermi surface, g(EF ), hence Ug(EF ) ≥ 1 (Stoner criterion). But within the ab-plane it features a pronounced peak in magnetization and a first-order metamagnetic transition. The coexistence of the interlayer ferromagnetism and the intralayer metamagnetism makes Sr4Ru3O10 a really unique system. Also, in this thesis the spin-valve behavior exhibited by impurity doping at the Ca site by Ba and Sr in the double layered Ca3Ru2O7 is reported. Spin valve effect is a phenomenon only realized in multilayer thin films. Here, spin valve is observed in bulk single crystals of impurity dopedCa3Ru2O7, Ca3(Ru1-xCrx)2O7 and (Ca1- xAx)3Ru2O7 (A = Ba, Sr). 5d Iridates are expected to be more metallic and less magnetic than their 3d and 4f counterparts because of the extended 5d orbitals. In marked contrast, many iridates are magnetic insulators with exotic properties. The focus in this thesis is on Sr2IrO4 which diplays a novel Jeff = 1/2 Mott state. Magnetic, electrical, and thermal measurements on single-crystals of Sr2IrO4, reveal a novel giant magneto-electric effect (GME) arising from a frustrated magnetic/ferroelectric state. The GME and electric polarization hinge on a spin-orbit gapping of 5d-bands, rather than the magnitude and spatial dependence of magnetization, as traditionally accepted.
24
Haider, Muhammad Baseer. "Surface and Bulk Properties of Magnetically Doped GaN and Their Dependence on the Growth Conditions". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1132011994.
25
Dalpian, Gustavo Martini. "A natureza de defeitos de Bulk e na superfície de semicondutores". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-09082012-202357/.
Abstract (sommario):
Utilizando métodos de primeiros princípios, baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Desidade, investigamos, de forma sistemática, problemas de interesse na física de semicondutores: (i) A liga SixGe1-x: observa-se um pequeno desvio da linearidade, para o parâmetro de rede da liga, em função da concentração, sendo que as distâncias entre átomos de Ge são as que mais variam. O comportamento de vacâncias nessa liga se mostrou intermediário entre o Ge e o Si, e a energia de formação (EF) das vacâncias variou entre 2,06 eV e 2,90 eV, dependendo da vizinhança dessa. Propusemos um modelo para a difusão de Ge nessa liga. O fato das vacâncias com mais átomos de Ge como vizinhos ter menor energia de formação, faz com que a difusão das vacâncias se dê por caminhos lembrando o Ge puro, ou seja, a tendência será de que os vizinhos dessa vacância sejam de Ge, para ligas ricas em Ge; (ii) Superfícies: estudamos a adsorção de monômeros e dímeros de Ge sobre Si (100). Verificamos que, para monômeros, podem existir diversos mínimos locais da superfície de energia potencial para a mesma posição (x, y) na superfície, cuja diferença está na inclinação dos dímeros da superfície perto deste átomo. Mostramos que isso pode ser identificado em imagens teóricas de STM (Scanning Tunelling Microscopy) e propomos que isso seja verificado experimentalmente. Este tipo de efeito também ocorre com dímeros, sendo que isso já foi observado experimentalmente, mas com uma interpretação errônea. Através do nosso estudo podemos propor uma estrutura mais condizente com as imagens experimentais. O comportamento de átomos e dímeros de Si e Ge perto de degraus também foi analisado. Devido à diferença no parâmetro de rede do Si e do Ge, mostramos que a adsorção se torna diferente quando somente dois átomos estão na superfície. Através desses resultados, propomos um modelo para explicar a reversão da rugosidade dos degraus durante o crescimento de Ge sobre Si(100); (iii) Impurezas de Mn em Si: analisamos o comportamento de impurezas de Mn no cristal de Si e sobre a superfície. No cristal, observamos que a EF de sítios intersticiais é menor do que os sítios substitucionais. Sobre a superfície, existe um sítio substitucional que possue a mesma EF de um sítio intersticial. Esse é um fato importante para o desenvolvimento de semicondutores ferromagnéticos à base de Si. Propomos um método para que esse fato seja verificado experimentalmente, através de imagens de STM.Using ab initio methods, based on Density Functional Theory, we have systematically investigated problems of interest for semiconductor physics: (i)The SixGe1-x alloy: we observe a small bowing in the lattice parameter, as a function of concentration, and that a larger variation in interatomic distances occurs for Ge-Ge bonds. The behavior of vacancies in this alloy is intermediate between Si and Ge, with formation energies (EF) varying from 2,06 eV to 2,90 eV, depending on the neighborhood of the vacancy. We propose a model for the diffusion of Ge in this alloy. As the vacancy with four Ge atoms as first neighbors hás smaller formation energy, the diffusion of the vacancies Will take place along paths that resemble purê Ge, for Ge-rich alloys; (ii)Surfaces: we study the adsorption of Ge monomers and dimers on Si(100). For monomers, there are several local mínima of the potential energy surface, for the same (x, y) position in the surface, depending on the buckling of the surface dimers near the adatom. We show that this can be identified in theoretical STM (Scanning Tunelling Microscopy) images. This kind of effect also occurs for dimers, and hás already been observed experimentally, but with a wrong interpretation. Through our study, we propose a new structure for the experimental images. The behavior of Si and Ge atoms and dimers near steps is also analyzed. Due to the differencein the lattice parameter of Si and Ge, we show that the adsorption becomes different when only two atoms are in the surface. Through these results, we propose a model to explain the reversion of step roughness due to Ge deposition on Si(100); (iii)Mn impurities in Si: we analise the behavior of Mn impurities in bulk Si ando n the surface. For the bulk, we observe that EF is lower for intersititial than for substitutional sites. On the surface, there is a substitutional site that hás the same EF AS A INTESTITIAL ONE. This fact may be important to the development of Si based ferromagnetic semiconductors. A method is proposed to verify this fact experimentally, through STM images.
26
Pandey, Sudip. "EXPLORING THE STRUCTURAL, ELECTRONIC, AND MAGNETORESPONSIVE PROPERTIES OF NOVEL MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN BULK, RIBBONS, AND THIN FILMS". OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1682.
Abstract (sommario):
The structural, electronic, magnetic, magnetocaloric, and transport properties of doped Ni-Mn-(In, Sn) based Heusler alloys were studied using neutron diffraction, x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), high field magnetization, specific heat, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and hydrostatic pressure measurements. The adiabatic temperature change (∆Tad) by a direct method and through thermomagnetic measurements in magnetic fields up to 14 T has been performed for these alloys. Also the mixed effect of pressure and magnetic field on the transition temperature of these alloys are discussed. In order to develop new magnetocaloric and multifunctional materials, the synthesis and characterization of Heusler alloys in reduced dimensions, i.e., ribbons and thin films has been performed. In addition, the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Ni-based binary alloys were investigated, including saturation magnetization and Curie temperature (TC) for the possible applications in self controlled magnetic hyperthermia applications.
27
Hirsch, Sebastian. "Compression-sensitive Magnetic Resonance Elastography". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17205.
Abstract (sommario):
Diese Arbeit stellt das Konzept der kompressionssensitiven Magnetresonanzelastographie vor. Kompressionssensitive MRE analysiert die Ausbreitung von Kompressionswellen und liefert dadurch Erkenntnisse über die Kompressionseigenschaften eines Mediums auf Grundlage eines poroelastischen Modells. Anomalien bei der Regulation des Gewebedrucks stehen in Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Krankheitsbildern, wie Normaldruck-Hydrozephalus und Pfortader-Hypertonie. Statischer Druck spielt als Porendruck eine zentrale Rolle in den poroelastischen Wellengleichungen; die kompressionssensitive MRE könnte daher ein nichtinvasives Diagnoseinstrument darstellen, das die durch konventionelle Scherwellen-Elastographie gewonnenen Informationen um weitere Aspekte ergänzt. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung einer schnellen Singleshot-EPI-Bildgebungssequenz, mit deren Hilfe die durch propagierende Druckwellen hervorgerufene volumetrische Verzerrung quantifiziert werden kann. Die Validierung der kompressionssensitiven MRE erfolgte an verschiedenen Systemen: an porösen Gelphantomen, an der menschlichen Lunge in zwei Atemzuständen, in einer ex-vivo Schafsleber bei unterschiedlichen hydrostatischen Drücken und schließlich am menschlichen Gehirn. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Stärke der induzierten volumetrischen Verzerrung sensitiv gegenüber Druckänderungen ist, wohingegen die Scherverzerrung keine derartige Abhängigkeit aufweist. In einer weiteren Studie wurde intrinsische Pulsation des menschlichen Hirns anstelle einer externen Vibrationsquelle ausgenutzt. Dabei erzeugte die arterielle Pulswelle eine kurze lokale Expansion des Hirnparenchyms; in der sich anschließenden diastolischen Phase erfolgte eine langsame Rückkehr zum Ausgangszustand. Aus den gemessenen volumetrischen Verzerrungen wurden durch Inversion der Druckwellengleichung numerische Werte für den Druckwellenmodul M berechnet; Rauschen wurde als primäre Ursache für die systematische Unterschätzung von M identifiziert.This thesis introduces the concept of compression-sensitive Magnetic Resonance Elastography. Compression-sensitive MRE detects the propagation of pressure waves, providing insight into the compressibility of a material based on a poroelastic tissue model. Poroelastic models incorporate compressibility through interaction of compartments, even as each individual compartment remains incompressible. Hydrostatic tissue pressure abnormalities are associated with a number of diseases, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus or hepatic portal hypertension. Since pore pressure plays a central role in the poroelastic wave equations, compression-sensitive MRE could potentially serve as a diagnostic tool, providing information complimentary to shear-wave MRE data. This thesis describes the development of a fast single-shot EPI MR sequence capable of quantifying volumetric strain induced by external vibrations. Compression-sensitive MRE was validated in porous gel phantoms, in the human lung at two different respiratory states, in an ex vivo sheep liver at varying levels of hydrostatic pressure, and finally in human liver and brain. Results illustrate that compression-sensitive MRE is capable of quantifying volumetric strain in phantoms and in human organs. It was found that volumetric strain was sensitive toward pressure changes associated with different physiological states, whereas shear strain remained constant. In an additional study, pulsation of the human brain, driven by the heart cycle, was used as the actuation source instead of the external vibration generator. Results indicate local expansion of brain parenchyma upon the arrival of the arterial pulse wave, followed by a slow return to the initial state during the diastolic phase. Numerical values for the pressure wave modulus M were calculated from measured volumetric strain through inversion of the pressure wave equation. Measurement noise was identified as the primary effect causing a severe underestimation of M.
28
Goodwin, Conrad. "Synthesis and properties of early metal bulky silylamide complexes". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/synthesis-and-properties-of-early-metal-bulky-silylamide-complexes(72b303fb-67c2-4749-a1fc-ada1f677a844).html.
Abstract (sommario):
Silylamide ligands have been used throughout the Periodic Table since the 1960s. They have delivered landmark complexes by providing the first three co-ordinate f-element complexes, the first trigonal planar f-element complexes and the first near-linear f-element complexes. This area is reviewed in Chapter 2.Herein, this work presents the first uses of several novel bis-silylamide ligands developed at Manchester which take the form {N(SiR3)2} where R = Me, iPr or tBu to afford four novel ligands: N ʹ, {N(SiMe3)(SiiPr3)}; N**, {N(SitBuMe2)2}; N* {N(SitBuMe2)(SiiPr3)}; and N , {N(SiiPr3)2}. Group 1 and 2 complexes of all of these ligands are presented along with the previously reported N*ʹ [N*ʹ = {N(SitBuMe2)(SiMe3)}]; which show variable bonding motifs based on the steric bulk. The N** and N ligands have formed the bulk of the work presented and were used to stabilise the first trigonal planar actinide complex [U(N**)3], as well as the first near-linear Ln(II) (Ln = lanthanide) complexes [Ln(N )2] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb, Tm). Additionally the trigonal planar Ln(II) complexes [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Ln(N**)3] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb, Tm) have also been synthesised to compare the physicochemical properties of trigonal planar and near-linear geometries on the same elements with similar ligands.
29
Stoica, Mihai [Verfasser]. "Casting and characterization of Fe-(Cr,Mo,Ga)-(P,C,B) soft magnetic bulk metallic glasses / Mihai Stoica". Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1186588829/34.
30
Kinjo, Ryota. "Generation and Modeling of Alternating Magnetic Field in Undulator Using Bulk High-Temperature Superconductor with Staggered Array Configuration". Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188827.
31
Tkach, Igor. "Optically detected magnetic resonance of arsenic antisite related defects in semi-insulating bulk and low temperature MBE-grown GaAs". [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965647722.
32
Lim, Hui Fern Michele. "Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics Technology for Power Magnetics Integration". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30156.
Abstract (sommario):
This dissertation focuses on the development of low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology for power converter magnetics integration. Because magnetic samples must be fabricated with thick conductors for power applications, the conventional LTCC process is modified by cutting trenches in the LTCC tapes where conductive paste is filled to produce thick conductors to adapt to this requirement. Characterization of the ceramic magnetic material is performed, and an empirical model based on the Steinmetz equation is developed to help in the estimation of losses at frequencies between 1 MHz to 4 MHz, operating temperature between 25 °C and 70 °C, DC pre-magnetization from 0 A/m to 1780 A/m, and AC magnetic flux densities between 5 mT to 50 mT. Temperature and DC pre-magnetization dependence on Steinmetz exponents are included in the model to describe the loss behavior.
In the development of the LTCC chip inductor, various geometries are evaluated. Rectangular-shaped conductor geometry is selected due to its potential to obtain a much smaller footprint, as well as the likelihood of having lower losses than almond-shaped conductors with the same cross-sectional area, which are typically a result of screen printing. The selected geometry has varying inductance with varying current, which helps improve converter efficiency at light load. The efficiency at a light-load current of 0.5 A can be improved by 30 %. Parametric variation of inductor geometry is performed to observe its effect on inductance with DC current as well as on converter efficiency. An empirical model is developed to describe the change in inductance with DC current from 0 A to 16 A for LTCC planar inductors fabricated using low-permeability tape with conductor widths between 1 mm to 4 mm, conductor thickness 180 μm to 550 μm, and core thickness 170 μm to 520 μm. An inductor design flow diagram is formulated to help in the design of these inductors.
Configuring the inductor as the substrate carrying the semiconductor and the other electronic components is a next step to freeing the surface area of the bulky component and improving the power density. A conductive shield is introduced between the circuitry and the magnetic substrate to avoid adversely affecting circuit operation by having a magnetic substrate in close proximity to the circuitry. The shield helps reduce parasitic inductances when placed in close proximity to the circuitry. A shield thickness in the range of 50 μm to 100 μm is found to be a good compromise between power loss and parasitic inductance reduction. The shield is effective when its conductivity is above 107 S/m. When a shield is introduced between the inductor substrate and the circuitry, the sample exhibits a lower voltage overshoot (47 % lower) and an overall higher efficiency (7 % higher at 16 A), than an inductor without a shield. A shielded active circuitry placed on top of an inductive substrate performs similarly to a shielded active circuitry placed side-by-side with the inductor. Using a floating shield for the active circuitry yields a slightly better performance than using a grounded shield.Ph. D.
33
GALIZIA, PIETRO. "Production and morphological and microstructural characterization of bulk composites or thick films for the study of multiphysics interactions". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2674672.
Abstract (sommario):
The surge of interest in multifunctional materials over the past 15 years has been driven by their fascinating physical properties and huge potential for technological applications such as sensors, microwave devices, energy harvesting, photovoltaic technologies, solid-state refrigeration, and data storage recording technologies. Among the others, magnetoelectric multiferroic composites are a special class of advanced solid-state compounds with coupled ferromagnetic and ferroelectric ferroic orders which allow to perform more than one task by combining electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties into a single device component. The production and characterization of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)- cobalt ferrite composites was the main topic of the thesis.
During the PhD activity different ceramic processing and characterization technologies were studied and involved in order to optimize the produced materials as a function of the final microstructural and functional properties.
The synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CF) and niobium-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZTN) powders by solid state reaction method and sol-gel technique, to control the particle size distributions and their microstructural and functional properties through calcination and milling treatments has been addressed first, followed by the mixing of the PZT and CF powders to produce particulate composites. The dispersion of PZT and CF in a liquid media, to produce layered composites by depositing the particles by electrophoretic deposition was an objective of the work as well.
Key issues such as the lead loss during the sintering of PZTN-CF composites and the reaction between CF and titania have been addressed and have resulted in improvements in the sintering and characterization techniques leading to the production of fully dense PZTN-CF dual-particulate composites. In particular, the optimized sintering parameters have configured a new paradigm of ceramic sintering, which has been called quite-fast sintering, in respect to the traditional one, and the study of the PbO loss has led to propose an equation to calculate the PbO loss through XRD analysis. Further important achieved results were: the production of nanocobalt ferrite particles by multi-step milling, the correlation between the spin-canting angle with the microstrain and the average crystallite size of nanocobalt ferrite particles, the understanding of the CF growth mechanisms, the extension of the Globus model from small ferromagnetic grains “having no defect inside” to multiparallel-twinned overgrown ones, the understanding of heating rate effect on the interface nucleation onset of the anatase-to-rutile transformation and the anatase particle size, and the reaction products between CF and rutile at 1200 °C at the variation of CF/rutile ratio.
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Michael, Thomas [Verfasser], Steffen [Akademischer Betreuer] Trimper, Jamal [Akademischer Betreuer] Berakdar e Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Nolting. "Analytical description of ferroelectric nanostructures and bulk systems with non-collinear magnetic order / Thomas Michael. Betreuer: Steffen Trimper ; Jamal Berakdar ; Wolfgang Nolting". Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1025133609/34.
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Ordikhani-Seyedlar, Amin Verfasser], Siegfried [Akademischer Betreuer] [Stapf, Andreas [Gutachter] Bund e Monika [Gutachter] Schönhoff. "Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and diffusometry study of bulk and confined complex liquids / Amin Ordikhani-Seyedlar ; Gutachter: Andreas Bund, Monika Schönhoff ; Betreuer: Siegfried Stapf". Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1178174786/34.
36
Paolella, Maurizio. "Correlations between structural and magnetic properties in powder and bulk Mg(B1-xCx)2 prepared using carbon chemical vapour doped boron and silica coated boron". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397082/.
Abstract (sommario):
The research project has been focused on the preparation and characterization of Mg(b1-xCx)2 powder and bulk samples using chemical vapour coated boron and silica coated boron by sol-gel method. The chemical vapour deposition of carbon on boron powder was achieved by reacting ethylene gas on high purity nano-sized boron particles (20-100nm diameter) with varying deposition temperatures and partial pressures. Undoped and carbon doped boron was then reacted with magnesium rod to produce both Mg(b1-xCx)2 powder and bulk samples. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the chemical vapour deposition achieved a uniformly thick carbon-rich layer on each particle, regardless of particle size. In addition, the analusis of the diffraction peaks and the characterization of the magnetisation has evidenced the coexistence of phases with different levels of carbon resulting in multiple current paths within the Mg(B1-xCx)2 samples. The study of the preparation process for bulk Mg(B1-xCx)2 samples has evidenced that reducing the difference between the time constant of reaction and the time constant of diffusion is crucial to opbtain well-sintered samples devoid of cracks. Doping with carbon has shown significant improvements in the field dependence of K for the MG(B1-xCx)2 bulk samples reaching values comparable with the best literature-reported data for bulk samples. However, the K values of the MG(B1-xCx)2 bulk samples were observed to be noticeably lower when compared with the beszt liter4arture-reported data for wires and tapes, owing to the greater density achievable in the latter. In contrast to the carbon doping, the coating with silica via sol-gel process was found to impair the in-field Jc properties of Mg(B1-xCx)2 bulk samples, presumably due to the huge amount of silica loaded onto the boron powder and to the formation of carbonate and silicate impuritis within their reacted microstructure.
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Belo, Fernandes Ivan. "Geometallurgical approach to understand how the variability in mineralogy at Zinkgruvan orebodies affects the need for copper activation in the bulk rougher-scavenger flotation". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65392.
Abstract (sommario):
Zinkgruvan is a Pb-Zn-Ag deposit located in south-central Sweden, owned and operated by Lundin Mining. The ore is beneficiated by a collective-selective flotation circuit, recovering both galena and sphalerite in a bulk rougher-scavenger flotation stage and later on separating them into two final products. Opportunities for increase in zinc recovery in the bulk rougher scavenger flotation stage have been identified as the plant is relying on natural Pb-activation to process the ore. Process mineralogical tools were used to characterize four different orebodies from Zinkgruvan (Burkland, Borta Bakom, Nygruvan and Sävsjön) and evaluate the metallurgical performance for flotation and magnetic separation, following a geometallurgical approach to better understand and predict the behavior of such ore types in processing plant. The first hypothesis in this thesis is that by addition of copper sulfate and increased collector dosage, Zn recovery will be improved without being detrimental to galena flotation. Results demonstrated that there is a significant increase in Zn recovery by further increasing collector dosage and copper-activating the flotation pulp in the scavenger stage. For instance, an increase in zinc recovery up to 16% has been achieved after addition of copper sulfate. Galena is readily floatable while sphalerite takes longer to be recovered. In addition, iron sulfides take longer to be recovered and, after addition of copper sulfate, there was an increase in iron sulfide recovery. The amount of iron sulfides reporting to the concentrate should still not be a problem to the plant. Most of the Fe in the concentrate is still coming from the sphalerite lattice. However, it might be that some orebodies coming into production in the near future have higher amounts of pyrrhotite, which might be a problem. Therefore, magnetic separation methods have been tested to remove pyrrhotite from the bulk ore. The second hypothesis is that the high Fe content in the concentrate might be due to the presence of iron sulfides, in which case they could be selectively removed by magnetic separation. XRD analyses demonstrated that Sävsjön is a highly variable orebody, and that its high Fe content varies with the location inside the orebody, being caused by either iron sulfide or iron oxide minerals. Both monoclinic and hexagonal pyrrhotite have been observed. Davis Tube could remove monoclinic pyrrhotite but it was very inefficient when dealing with hexagonal pyrrhotite. WHIMS, on the other hand, performed well for both types of pyrrhotite. When applying Davis Tube on Sävsjön OLD feed, a concentrate with up to 52.3% pyrrhotite is achieved, at a recovery of 35.32%. However, sphalerite is also reporting to the magnetic concentrate, which would generate Zn losses for the overall process. Zinc losses were up to 15.3% when the highest field strength was applied. Therefore, the applicability of magnetic separation for Zinkgruvan ore must be further evaluated.
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Salvo, Christopher. "Design and Implementation of a Multiphase Buck Converter for Front End 48V-12V Intermediate Bus Converters". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101938.
Abstract (sommario):
The trend in isolated DC/DC bus converters is to increase the output power in the same brick form factors that have been used in the past. Traditional intermediate bus converters (IBCs) use silicon power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), which recently have reached the limit in terms of turn on resistance (RDSON) and switching frequency. In order to make the IBCs smaller, the switching frequency needs to be pushed higher, which will in turn shrink the magnetics, lowering the converter size, but increase the switching related losses, lowering the overall efficiency of the converter. Wide-bandgap semiconductor devices are becoming more popular in commercial products and gallium nitride (GaN) devices are able to push the switching frequency higher without sacrificing efficiency. GaN devices can shrink the size of the converter and provide better efficiency than its silicon counterpart provides.
A survey of current IBCs was conducted in order to find a design point for efficiency and power density. A two-stage converter topology was explored, with a multiphase buck converter as the front end, followed by an LLC resonant converter. The multiphase buck converter provides regulation, while the LLC provides isolation. With the buck converter providing regulation, the switching frequency of the entire converter will be constant. A constant switching frequency allows for better electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation.
This work includes the details to design and implement a hard-switched multiphase buck converter with planar magnetics using GaN devices. The efficiency includes both the buck efficiency and the overall efficiency of the two-stage converter including the LLC. The buck converter operates with 40V - 60V input, nominally 48V, and outputs 36V at 1 kW, which is the input to the LLC regulating 36V – 12V. Both open and closed loop was measured for the buck and the full converter. EMI performance was not measured or addressed in this work.Master of Science
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Najafi, Syed Ahmed Ali. "Energy Harvesting From Overhead Transmission Line Magnetic Fields". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1548448189459464.
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Lobato, Salatiel de Castro. "Fonte de corrente para aplicação em magnetos de aceleradores de partículas". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3646.
Abstract (sommario):
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O objetivo geral desta dissertação é o aperfeiçoamento do projeto de uma nova fonte de corrente em desenvolvimento para o acelerador de partículas Sirius. A corrente da fonte é aplicada em magnetos de elevada indutância e são programadas para apresentar forma de onda com significativa componente senoidal em corrente contínua e em baixa frequência, de acordo com as características operacionais necessárias do Sirius. Para efeitos de estudo, a metodologia empregada consiste essencialmente em desacoplar a análise e o projeto do controle em um estágio regulador de tensão seguido de um estágio de síntese da corrente. Foram realizados ensaios em uma fonte em construção no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncroton e em um protótipo desenvolvido na UFJF. As principais contribuições descritas nesta dissertação são: i) atenuação da propagação de distúrbios de baixa frequência para a rede elétrica; ii) emprego de retificador de tensão controlado para regulação da tensão do barramento CC, melhoria do fator de potência e redução de componentes harmônicas. Os resultados experimentais evidenciam que as alterações de projeto propostas nesta dissertação apresentam grande potencial para melhorar o desempenho da fonte de corrente em termos da qualidade de energia elétrica e da sintetização de corrente senoidal no magneto do acelerador de partículas.
This work consists in the evaluation and improvement of a current source for a particle accelerator. The output current presents a DC sinusoidal waveform in low frequecy which flows through the windings of high inductance electromagnets. The methodology consists in separating the analysis and project of the control into two parts: a voltage regulator stage,followedbyacurrentsynthesisstage. Testswereperformedonacurrentsourceunder construction at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) and on a prototype developed at UFJF. The work main contributions are: i) Attenuation of the low frequency disturbances on the electrical grid; ii) Use of a controlled rectifier to regulate the voltage of the DC bus, improvement in power factor and reduction of harmonic components. The experimental results show that the proposed changes have potential in improving the performace of the current source in terms of its electric power quality and synthesis of sinusoidal current in the particule accelerator.
41
Prüser, Henning [Verfasser], Rainer G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ulbrich, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Pruschke e Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Berndt. "Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of magnetic bulk impurities: From a single Kondo atom towards a coupled system / Henning Prüser. Gutachter: Rainer G. Ulbrich ; Thomas Pruschke ; Richard Berndt. Betreuer: Rainer G. Ulbrich". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044767782/34.
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Prüser, Henning Verfasser], Rainer G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ulbrich, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Pruschke e Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Berndt. "Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of magnetic bulk impurities: From a single Kondo atom towards a coupled system / Henning Prüser. Gutachter: Rainer G. Ulbrich ; Thomas Pruschke ; Richard Berndt. Betreuer: Rainer G. Ulbrich". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-000E-0B5C-8-1.
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Meyer, Tricia Lynn. "Structure, magnetism and transport properties of CaxSr1-xMn0.5Ru0.5O3 bulk and thin film materials". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386001173.
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Combe, Quentin. "Éjection électromagnétique : modèle et réalisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0107.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette thèse se concentre sur la thématique de l'éjection électromagnétique appliquée dans le cadre de l'industrie du recyclage des métaux. L'objectif de celle-ci est la modélisation et la réalisation d'une architecture de conversion d'énergie permettant la réalisation de cette éjection. Le champ magnétique variable généré est utilisé afin de séparer d'un flux de déchets les matériaux métalliques non ferromagnétique tel que l'aluminium ou le cuivre par le biais d'une force de Laplace engendrée par la conjonction entre le champ magnétique crée et le champ magnétique induit par les courants de Foucault dans les matériaux conducteurs. L'architecture développée se compose de plusieurs éléments: un redresseur, un onduleur et un inducteur. La partie redresseur, à large plage de fonctionnement connectée sur le réseau d'alimentation triphasée permet d'obtenir une tension continu réglable et assure un prélèvement sinusoïdale de courant en phase avec la tension. La partie onduleur, permet de contrôler la puissance transmise, en adaptant l'amplitude et la fréquence du courant traversant la dernière partie du système que forme l'inducteur, responsable de la création du champ magnétique alternatif. Le choix du redresseur s'est porté sur la structure classique du redresseur abaisseur de tension de type Buck en raison de la faible impédance de l'inducteur utilisé. Bien que cette structure permette d'abaisser la tension triphasée, sa plage de fonctionnement peut être facilement augmentée sans l'ajout de composant passif. Le contrôle classique de ce redresseur ne se base que sur ses grandeurs de sorties ce qui peut engendrer des oscillations non contrôlées causées par la mise en résonance du filtre LC d'entrée excité par les harmoniques générés par les commutations des transistors. Nous avons proposé dans cette thèse une nouvelle méthode de contrôle qui traite à la fois de ses grandeurs d'entrée et de sortie et qui permet de contrôler les éventuelles oscillations du filtre LC d'entrée tout en bénéficiant d'une meilleure réponse dynamique lorsque le système est soumis à un échelon de charge. Cette méthode de contrôle se base sur les propriétés de platitude des systèmes différentielles, ainsi elle ne dépend pas du point de fonctionnement et garantit la stabilité large signal du système. Le choix de l'onduleur monophasé s'est porté sur une structure en pont complet permettant l'application de trois niveaux de tension et un large choix de contrôle de l'amplitude, de la forme et de la fréquence du courant traversant l'inducteur. Différents contrôle de ce convertisseur ont été étudiés et comparés. Ceux-ci permettent de faire varier la puissance injectée dans l'inducteur, ont un impact sur le contenu harmonique du courant le traversant et sur les contraintes des différents composants du système. Une modélisation de l'inducteur ainsi qu'une estimation de la valeur du champ magnétique nécessaire à l'éjection est effectuée. Les différentes méthodes proposées sont validées par des résultats de simulations numérique mais également par le biais de tests expérimentaux réalisés sur le système completThis thesis focuses on the subject of electromagnetic ejection applied in the context of the metal recycling industry. The aim of this thesis is the modeling and the development of an architecture of energy conversion allowing the realization of this ejection. The generated variable magnetic field is used to separate non-ferromagnetic metallic materials such as aluminum or copper from a waste stream by means of a Laplace force generated by the conjunction between the magnetic field created and the magnetic field induced by the eddy currents in the conductive materials.The developed architecture is composed of several elements: a rectifier, an inverter and an inductor. The rectifier part with a wide operating range connected to the three-phase grid network allows to obtain an adjustable DC voltage and ensures a sinusoidal current in phase with the voltage. The inverter part allows to control the transferred power, by adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the current flowing through the last part of the system represented by the inductor, responsible for the generation of the variable magnetic field.The rectifier is based on the classical Buck rectifier structure because of the low impedance of the inductor used. Although this structure allows to lower the three-phase grid voltage, its operating range can be easily increased without the addition of passive components. The classical control of this rectifier is based only on its output variables which can lead to uncontrolled oscillations caused by the resonance of the lightly damped input LC filter excited by the harmonics generated by the switching of transistors. In this thesis, we proposed a new control method that deals with both its input and output variables and that allows both to control the oscillations of the input LC filter while obtaining a better dynamic response when the system is subjected to a load step. This control method is based on the flatness properties of differential systems, so it does not depend on the operating point and guarantees the large signal stability of the system.The single-phase inverter is based on a full bridge structure allowing the application of three voltage levels and a wide choice of control of the amplitude, shape and frequency of the current flowing through the inductor. Different controls of this converter have been studied and compared. These allow to vary the power injected in the inductor, have an impact on the harmonic content of the current flowing through it and on the constraints of the different components of the system.A modeling of the inductor as well as an estimation of the value of the magnetic field necessary for the ejection is carried out. The different methods proposed are verified by numerical simulations but also by experimental tests performed on the whole system
45
Mousavioun, Payam. "Properties of lignin and poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46668/1/Payam_Mousavioun_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The Queensland University of Technology (QUT) allows the presentation of a thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the format of published or submitted papers, where such papers have been published, accepted or submitted during the period of candidature. This thesis is composed of Seven published/submitted papers and one poster presentation, of which five have been published and the other two are under review. This project is financially supported by the QUTPRA Grant. The twenty-first century started with the resurrection of lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substitute for petrochemicals. Petrochemicals, which enjoyed the sustainable economic growth during the past century, have begun to reach or have reached their peak. The world energy situation is complicated by political uncertainty and by the environmental impact associated with petrochemical import and usage. In particular, greenhouse gasses and toxic emissions produced by petrochemicals have been implicated as a significant cause of climate changes. Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. sugarcane biomass and bagasse), which potentially enjoys a more abundant, widely distributed, and cost-effective resource base, can play an indispensible role in the paradigm transition from fossil-based to carbohydrate-based economy. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB has attracted much commercial interest as a plastic and biodegradable material because some its physical properties are similar to those of polypropylene (PP), even though the two polymers have quite different chemical structures. PHB exhibits a high degree of crystallinity, has a high melting point of approximately 180°C, and most importantly, unlike PP, PHB is rapidly biodegradable. Two major factors which currently inhibit the widespread use of PHB are its high cost and poor mechanical properties. The production costs of PHB are significantly higher than for plastics produced from petrochemical resources (e.g. PP costs $US1 kg-1, whereas PHB costs $US8 kg-1), and its stiff and brittle nature makes processing difficult and impedes its ability to handle high impact. Lignin, together with cellulose and hemicellulose, are the three main components of every lignocellulosic biomass. It is a natural polymer occurring in the plant cell wall. Lignin, after cellulose, is the most abundant polymer in nature. It is extracted mainly as a by-product in the pulp and paper industry. Although, traditionally lignin is burnt in industry for energy, it has a lot of value-add properties. Lignin, which to date has not been exploited, is an amorphous polymer with hydrophobic behaviour. These make it a good candidate for blending with PHB and technically, blending can be a viable solution for price and reduction and enhance production properties. Theoretically, lignin and PHB affect the physiochemical properties of each other when they become miscible in a composite. A comprehensive study on structural, thermal, rheological and environmental properties of lignin/PHB blends together with neat lignin and PHB is the targeted scope of this thesis. An introduction to this research, including a description of the research problem, a literature review and an account of the research progress linking the research papers is presented in Chapter 1. In this research, lignin was obtained from bagasse through extraction with sodium hydroxide. A novel two-step pH precipitation procedure was used to recover soda lignin with the purity of 96.3 wt% from the black liquor (i.e. the spent sodium hydroxide solution). The precipitation process is presented in Chapter 2. A sequential solvent extraction process was used to fractionate the soda lignin into three fractions. These fractions, together with the soda lignin, were characterised to determine elemental composition, purity, carbohydrate content, molecular weight, and functional group content. The thermal properties of the lignins were also determined. The results are presented and discussed in Chapter 2. On the basis of the type and quantity of functional groups, attempts were made to identify potential applications for each of the individual lignins. As an addendum to the general section on the development of composite materials of lignin, which includes Chapters 1 and 2, studies on the kinetics of bagasse thermal degradation are presented in Appendix 1. The work showed that distinct stages of mass losses depend on residual sucrose. As the development of value-added products from lignin will improve the economics of cellulosic ethanol, a review on lignin applications, which included lignin/PHB composites, is presented in Appendix 2. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 are dedicated to investigations of the properties of soda lignin/PHB composites. Chapter 3 reports on the thermal stability and miscibility of the blends. Although the addition of soda lignin shifts the onset of PHB decomposition to lower temperatures, the lignin/PHB blends are thermally more stable over a wider temperature range. The results from the thermal study also indicated that blends containing up to 40 wt% soda lignin were miscible. The Tg data for these blends fitted nicely to the Gordon-Taylor and Kwei models. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) evaluation showed that the miscibility of the blends was because of specific hydrogen bonding (and similar interactions) between reactive phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin and the carbonyl group of PHB. The thermophysical and rheological properties of soda lignin/PHB blends are presented in Chapter 4. In this chapter, the kinetics of thermal degradation of the blends is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This preliminary investigation is limited to the processing temperature of blend manufacturing. Of significance in the study, is the drop in the apparent energy of activation, Ea from 112 kJmol-1 for pure PHB to half that value for blends. This means that the addition of lignin to PHB reduces the thermal stability of PHB, and that the comparative reduced weight loss observed in the TGA data is associated with the slower rate of lignin degradation in the composite. The Tg of PHB, as well as its melting temperature, melting enthalpy, crystallinity and melting point decrease with increase in lignin content. Results from the rheological investigation showed that at low lignin content (.30 wt%), lignin acts as a plasticiser for PHB, while at high lignin content it acts as a filler. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the environmental study of soda lignin/PHB blends. The biodegradability of lignin/PHB blends is compared to that of PHB using the standard soil burial test. To obtain acceptable biodegradation data, samples were buried for 12 months under controlled conditions. Gravimetric analysis, TGA, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used in the study. The results clearly demonstrated that lignin retards the biodegradation of PHB, and that the miscible blends were more resistant to degradation compared to the immiscible blends. To obtain an understanding between the structure of lignin and the properties of the blends, a methanol-soluble lignin, which contains 3× less phenolic hydroxyl group that its parent soda lignin used in preparing blends for the work reported in Chapters 3 and 4, was blended with PHB and the properties of the blends investigated. The results are reported in Chapter 6. At up to 40 wt% methanolsoluble lignin, the experimental data fitted the Gordon-Taylor and Kwei models, similar to the results obtained soda lignin-based blends. However, the values obtained for the interactive parameters for the methanol-soluble lignin blends were slightly lower than the blends obtained with soda lignin indicating weaker association between methanol-soluble lignin and PHB. FT-IR data confirmed that hydrogen bonding is the main interactive force between the reactive functional groups of lignin and the carbonyl group of PHB. In summary, the structural differences existing between the two lignins did not manifest itself in the properties of their blends.
46
Zabihi, Sasan. "Flexible high voltage pulsed power supply for plasma applications". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48137/1/Sasan_Zabihi_Sheykhrajeh_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Demands for delivering high instantaneous power in a compressed form (pulse shape) have widely increased during recent decades. The flexible shapes with variable pulse specifications offered by pulsed power have made it a practical and effective supply method for an extensive range of applications. In particular, the release of basic subatomic particles (i.e. electron, proton and neutron) in an atom (ionization process) and the synthesizing of molecules to form ions or other molecules are among those reactions that necessitate large amount of instantaneous power. In addition to the decomposition process, there have recently been requests for pulsed power in other areas such as in the combination of molecules (i.e. fusion, material joining), gessoes radiations (i.e. electron beams, laser, and radar), explosions (i.e. concrete recycling), wastewater, exhausted gas, and material surface treatments. These pulses are widely employed in the silent discharge process in all types of materials (including gas, fluid and solid); in some cases, to form the plasma and consequently accelerate the associated process.
Due to this fast growing demand for pulsed power in industrial and environmental applications, the exigency of having more efficient and flexible pulse modulators is now receiving greater consideration. Sensitive applications, such as plasma fusion and laser guns also require more precisely produced repetitive pulses with a higher quality. Many research studies are being conducted in different areas that need a flexible pulse modulator to vary pulse features to investigate the influence of these variations on the application. In addition, there is the need to prevent the waste of a considerable amount of energy caused by the arc phenomena that frequently occur after the plasma process. The control over power flow during the supply process is a critical skill that enables the pulse supply to halt the supply process at any stage.
Different pulse modulators which utilise different accumulation techniques including Marx Generators (MG), Magnetic Pulse Compressors (MPC), Pulse Forming Networks (PFN) and Multistage Blumlein Lines (MBL) are currently employed to supply a wide range of applications. Gas/Magnetic switching technologies (such as spark gap and hydrogen thyratron) have conventionally been used as switching devices in pulse modulator structures because of their high voltage ratings and considerably low rising times. However, they also suffer from serious drawbacks such as, their low efficiency, reliability and repetition rate, and also their short life span. Being bulky, heavy and expensive are the other disadvantages associated with these devices. Recently developed solid-state switching technology is an appropriate substitution for these switching devices due to the benefits they bring to the pulse supplies. Besides being compact, efficient, reasonable and reliable, and having a long life span, their high frequency switching skill allows repetitive operation of pulsed power supply. The main concerns in using solid-state transistors are the voltage rating and the rising time of available switches that, in some cases, cannot satisfy the application’s requirements. However, there are several power electronics configurations and techniques that make solid-state utilisation feasible for high voltage pulse generation. Therefore, the design and development of novel methods and topologies with higher efficiency and flexibility for pulsed power generators have been considered as the main scope of this research work. This aim is pursued through several innovative proposals that can be classified under the following two principal objectives.
• To innovate and develop novel solid-state based topologies for pulsed power generation
• To improve available technologies that have the potential to accommodate solid-state technology by revising, reconfiguring and adjusting their structure and control algorithms.
The quest to distinguish novel topologies for a proper pulsed power production was begun with a deep and through review of conventional pulse generators and useful power electronics topologies. As a result of this study, it appears that efficiency and flexibility are the most significant demands of plasma applications that have not been met by state-of-the-art methods. Many solid-state based configurations were considered and simulated in order to evaluate their potential to be utilised in the pulsed power area. Parts of this literature review are documented in Chapter 1 of this thesis.
Current source topologies demonstrate valuable advantages in supplying the loads with capacitive characteristics such as plasma applications. To investigate the influence of switching transients associated with solid-state devices on rise time of pulses, simulation based studies have been undertaken. A variable current source is considered to pump different current levels to a capacitive load, and it was evident that dissimilar dv/dts are produced at the output. Thereby, transient effects on pulse rising time are denied regarding the evidence acquired from this examination. A detailed report of this study is given in Chapter 6 of this thesis.
This study inspired the design of a solid-state based topology that take advantage of both current and voltage sources. A series of switch-resistor-capacitor units at the output splits the produced voltage to lower levels, so it can be shared by the switches. A smart but complicated switching strategy is also designed to discharge the residual energy after each supply cycle. To prevent reverse power flow and to reduce the complexity of the control algorithm in this system, the resistors in common paths of units are substituted with diode rectifiers (switch-diode-capacitor). This modification not only gives the feasibility of stopping the load supply process to the supplier at any stage (and consequently saving energy), but also enables the converter to operate in a two-stroke mode with asymmetrical capacitors. The components’ determination and exchanging energy calculations are accomplished with respect to application specifications and demands. Both topologies were simply modelled and simulation studies have been carried out with the simplified models. Experimental assessments were also executed on implemented hardware and the approaches verified the initial analysis. Reports on details of both converters are thoroughly discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 of the thesis.
Conventional MGs have been recently modified to use solid-state transistors (i.e. Insulated gate bipolar transistors) instead of magnetic/gas switching devices. Resistive insulators previously used in their structures are substituted by diode rectifiers to adjust MGs for a proper voltage sharing. However, despite utilizing solid-state technology in MGs configurations, further design and control amendments can still be made to achieve an improved performance with fewer components. Considering a number of charging techniques, resonant phenomenon is adopted in a proposal to charge the capacitors. In addition to charging the capacitors at twice the input voltage, triggering switches at the moment at which the conducted current through switches is zero significantly reduces the switching losses. Another configuration is also introduced in this research for Marx topology based on commutation circuits that use a current source to charge the capacitors. According to this design, diode-capacitor units, each including two Marx stages, are connected in cascade through solid-state devices and aggregate the voltages across the capacitors to produce a high voltage pulse. The polarity of voltage across one capacitor in each unit is reversed in an intermediate mode by connecting the commutation circuit to the capacitor. The insulation of input side from load side is provided in this topology by disconnecting the load from the current source during the supply process. Furthermore, the number of required fast switching devices in both designs is reduced to half of the number used in a conventional MG; they are replaced with slower switches (such as Thyristors) that need simpler driving modules. In addition, the contributing switches in discharging paths are decreased to half; this decrease leads to a reduction in conduction losses. Associated models are simulated, and hardware tests are performed to verify the validity of proposed topologies. Chapters 4, 5 and 7 of the thesis present all relevant analysis and approaches according to these topologies.
47
Lai, Yi-Hsiang, e 賴奕翔. "Effects of applied magnetic field on the magnetic properties of directly casted NdFeTiB and NdFeTiZrCrBC bulk magnets". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56326054552414387206.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立中正大學
物理所
98
In order to simplify the manufacturing process for making isotropic magnet, in this study, we adopted the copper mold casting method to fabricate permanent magnetic alloy sheets with a size of 0.9×4×15 mm3 and 1.1×4×15 mm3. During casting process, magnetic fields with different field strength were applied. At first, for the Nd9.5Febal.Ti3B15 alloys, the remanence Br, the intrinsic coercivity iHc and the maximum magnetic energy product (BH)max are significantly improved after applying magnetic fields. The stronger the magnetic field is applied, the better magnetic properties can be obtained. The microstructure studies reveal the samples casted with magnetic field have finer grains and more homogeneous microstructure than the samples casted without magnetic field, leading to the improvement of the exchange coupling effect and also the reduction of nucleation sites of reverse domain,and consequently, the magnetic properties are enhanced. The thermodynamic analyses show that the existence of magnetic Gibbs free energy can lead to the decrease of the nucleation potential energy and the critical nucleation radius, thus refining the grain size. Second, compared with different size of alloy sheets, the magnetic properties of alloys increase with the decrease of the thickness of sheets. The smaller thickness the alloy is, the higher the cooling rate can be obtained. The high cooling rate is helpful to refine the grain size, thus improving the magnetic properties. Moreover, according to the grain refinement by multi-element effect, the Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloy contains more elements than the Nd9.5Febal.Ti3B15 alloy, which is helpful to refine the microstructure and improve the magnetic properties. Among above series sheets, the optimal magnetic properties of Br=6.1 kG, iHc=10.3 kOe and (BH)max=7.3 MGOe could be achieved in Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloy sheet cast in a magnetic field strength of 3.7 kOe. Finally, the magnetic properties of Nd9.5Febal.Ti3B15 and Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloys with rod shape and sheet shape were compared. Due to the higher cooling rate, the rod shape magnets have better magnetic properties than the sheet shape magnets, even using the same alloy composition. Applying a magnetic field during the casting process can enhance the magnetic properties of bulk magnets effectively. Through applying a 3.7 kOe magnetic field during the casting process, we can maintain the attractive magnetic properties of Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloy with a sheet shape of 0.9×4×15 mm3.
48
Gan, Jian-You, e 甘健佑. "Magnetic properties and phase evolution of directly quenched RFeTiZrCrBC (R = Nd、Pr and Mischmetal) bulk magnets". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60516715834863166374.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立中正大學
物理所
97
Abstract In order to simplify the manufacturing process for making isotropic magnet, in this study, we adopt the copper mold casting method to fabricate permanent magnetic alloy rods with a diameter of 1.1 mm and a length of 16 mm. At first, for Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5B15-xCx (x=0-1) and Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5CrxB14.5C0.5(x=0-3) alloys, C and Cr substitution for B and Fe, respectively, is helpful to refine the microstructure, leading to the improvement of the exchange coupling effect, and consequently, the magnetic properties are enhanced. Among above two series rods, the optimal magnetic properties of Br=5.9 kG, iHc=8.2 kOe and (BH)max=7.2 MGOe could be achieved in Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloy rod. On the other hand, for Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1BxC0.5 (x=12.5-19.5) alloys, with increasing B content, the iHc is increased and Br is decreased, due to the grain refinement, but magnetic properties is deteriorated due to the appearance of amorphous phase for higher B content, i.e. x= 17.5-19.5. Besides, for RyFebal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 (R=Nd, Pr, and various Mischmetals; y=8-10.5) alloys, the iHc is increased and σ12kOe is decreased with the increase of the content of rare earth element, arisen from the increase of the volume fraction of magnetically hard 2:14:1 phase. Furthermore, low cost rare-earth, Mischmetals (Mm), were adopted as the main rare-earth elements, and the attractive magnetic properties of Br=5.7 kG, iHc=10.3 kOe and (BH)max=6.9 MGOe could be obtained for Mm(B)9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloy rod, where Mm(B) mainly comprises 73.13 wt% Nd and 26.87 wt% Pr element. They can not only exhibit excellent magnetic performance but also reduce cost of the material effectively. Finally, comparing the magnetic properties and microstructure of Nd9.5Febal.Ti3B15 and Nd9.5Febal.Ti2.5Zr0.5Cr1B14.5C0.5 alloys with various diameters (0.7-1.5 mm), the magnetic properties of both series alloys are decreased with the increase of the diameter of rod, and the latter alloy, consisting of more elements, can keep attractive magnetic properties up to larger diameter of 1.3 mm, due to the grain refinement by multi-element effect.
49
Yang, Te-Yan, e 楊德彥. "Study of Micro/Nano Scale Displacement by Electro-Maglev System Using Bulk Superconductors and Permanent Magnets". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44470852381253479928.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
93
For developments of scientific and technically application, the size of devices has been reduced from centimeters to micrometers. In order to control the displacement within micro/nano-scale, in this study, an active-maglev system composed of an YBCO bulk and a permanent magnet in a DC magnetic field was constructed. The magnetic field, its magnitude and distribution can be estimated, is generated by the coil. There are two important issues of this system: (1) Flux trapping occurs between a superconductor and magnet is a stable state, (2) A magnetic field can be controlled by the input current density of a coil. Stable levitation can be achieved without any control system when the permanent magnet is levitated above the YBCO bulk superconductor, which is cooled by liquid nitrogen and cryo-cooler respectively. The levitation height of permanent magnet is adjusted by changing small operating current in the coil with the sensibility of �嫀, and the result shows that small-scale displacement can be achieved in these two systems. Through the optic-fiber displacement sensor, the displacement under 5 micro-meters can be measured. The relationship between applied current and displacement is determined by the liner fitting.
50
Yu-ChengShih e 施昱丞. "Study of Magnetic Drug Delivery System Using High Temperature Bulk Superconducting Magnet". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bjwn4m.