Tesi: "Building environmental impact"

1

Київ, Вікторія Олегівна. "Environmental Impact Assessment when Building Materials Open Mining". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/49659.

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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент, к. геол.-мін. н. Дудар Тамара Вікторівна.
Object of research – Horodenkivske deposit of brick raw materials in Ivano-Frankivsk region, as a threat to the ecology of society, mining industry. Aim оf work – assessment of technogenic loads and the analysis of ecological safety. Mehods of research: estimation by type and amount of expected waste, emissions (discharges), water, air, soil and subsoil pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat and radiation pollution, as well as radiation resulting from preparatory and construction work and planned activities.

2

Київ, Вікторія Олегівна. "Environmental Impact Assessment when Building Materials Open Mining". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43484.

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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент, к. геол.-мін. н. Дудар Тамара Вікторівна.
Object of research – Horodenkivske deposit of brick raw materials in Ivano-Frankivsk region, as a threat to the ecology of society, mining industry. Aim оf work – assessment of technogenic loads and the analysis of ecological safety. Mehods of research: estimation by type and amount of expected waste, emissions (discharges), water, air, soil and subsoil pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat and radiation pollution, as well as radiation resulting from preparatory and construction work and planned activities.

3

Joshi, Surabhi. "Guidelines to integrate life cycle assessment in building design". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31791.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Augenbroe, Godfried; Committee Member: Bayer, Charlene; Committee Member: Gentry, Russell. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

4

De, Wolf Catherine (Catherine Elvire Lieve). "Material quantities in building structures and their environmental impact". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91298.

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Thesis: S.M. in Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-84).
Improved operational energy efficiency has increased the percentage of embodied energy in the total life cycle of building structures. Despite a growing interest in this field, practitioners lack a comprehensive survey of material quantities and embodied carbon in building structures. This thesis answers the key question: "What is the embodied carbon of different structures?" Three primary techniques are used: (1) a review of existing tools and literature; (2) a collaboration with a worldwide network of design firms through conversations with experts and (3) the creation of a growing interactive database containing the material efficiency and embodied carbon of thousands of buildings. The first contribution of this thesis is to define challenges and opportunities in estimating greenhouse gas emissions of structures, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e). Two key variables are analyzed: material quantities (kgmaterial/m² or kgm/m²) and Embodied Carbon Coefficients (ECC, expressed in kgCO2e/kgm). The main challenges consist of creating incentives for sharing data, identifying accurate ECCs and resolving transparency while protecting intellectual ownership. The main opportunities include using Building Information Models to generate data, proposing regional ECCs and outlining a unified carbon assessment method. The second contribution is the development of an interactive online tool, called deQo (database of embodied Quantity outputs), to provide reliable data about the Global Warming Potential of buildings (GWP, measured in kgCO2e/m² and obtained by multiplying the two key variables). Given the need for a long-term initiative, a framework is offered to create an interactive, growing online database allowing architects, engineers and researchers to input and compare their projects. The third contribution is the survey of 200 existing buildings obtained through deQo. Two general conclusions result from this survey of building structures: material quantities typically range from 500 to 1500 kg/m² and the GWP typically ranges between 200 and 700 kgCO2e/m2. Conclusions from this survey include that healthcare buildings use more materials whereas office buildings have a lower impact. Additionally, specific case studies on stadia, bridges and skyscrapers demonstrate that the design approach can have a significant impact on the embodied carbon of building structures. Ultimately, this thesis enables benchmarking of the environmental impact of building structure
by Catherine De Wolf.
S.M. in Building Technology

5

Darle, Maria, Saga Lindqvist e Bezawit Tsegai. "The climate impact of different building systems : A study regarding materials in residential buildings and their environmental impact". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390024.

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This report was done on behalf of Uppsala municipality with the aim to investigate how much the CO2-equivalent emissions differ between different building systems during the construction phase, considering the different choice of material used in the frames. Several multi-family houses with different building systems were therefore studied and compared by using previous LCA from collected climate reports regarding each construction project. Different scenarios of the residential development in Uppsala until year 2050, including multi- and single-family houses, were further on brought forward. The impact that the choice of material had on the climate was then studied by comparing the scenarios with the climate goals set up by Uppsala municipality regarding the construction sector. This was discussed in order to investigate whether Uppsala municipality would reach the climate goals or not. The conclusion of the study is that the building systems with wooden frames in general release less CO2-equivalent emissions than the ones with concrete frames. One of the reasons for this is that the production of the materials has different amounts of waste and the fact that concrete consists of cement, which causes a lot of emissions during the production of the material. Another part of the report was to investigate if climate improved concrete could decrease the CO2-equivalent emissions from building systems with concrete frames. This was done by doing a case-study, where parts of the concrete frame for one of the building systems were replaced, which resulted in a small decrease of the emissions. It is however, in a larger perspective, important to reduce the emissions as much as possible and there is still room to continue the improvement of concrete.

6

Bertolini, Mattia. "Upcycling Shipping Containers as Building Components : an environmental impact assessment". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15146/.

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The introduction of shipping containers in the trading system has increased world economic growth exponentially. The drawback of this linear economy consists in the accumulation of empty containers in import-based countries. Sustainable and green architecture should consider not only recycling but also upcycling and reuse of material. Therefore designers troughout the world are working with intermodal containers for environmental purposes. Moving from ethical considerations, it is possibile to determine whether container architecture is actually sustainable? The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of the use of shipping containers as building components from an environmetal point of view. A comparative life cycle analysis has been undertaken. Two benchmark technologies have been selected for this comparative analysis: a steel frame and an X-Lam structure. Three different scenarios have been developed in order to understand how climate can affect results of the study: hot-tropical, temperate and cold. A Life cycle Assessment has been used to evaluate 4 impact categories: Global Warming Potential, Ozone Depletion Potential, Acidification Potential and Eutrophication Potential.

7

Nirmal, Deepika. "Environmental and Cost impact Analysis of Materials and Assemblies in Building Construction". FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/643.

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One of the new trends in the building construction industry is designing for environmental-friendly buildings, a.k.a. Green Buildings. Planners and designers are therefore trying to accommodate these new environmental practices into existing design criteria. Selection of building materials is one of the key decisions need to be made by building designers. However, due to the strong influence of costs on the building industry, making material-selection decisions solely based on their environmental impacts could be both inadequate and impractical. These factors therefore complicate the building design process, especially pertaining to material selection. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at providing much needed support to the decision-making process of residential building design. To this end, the study evaluates and analyzes the environmental and cost impacts of several building assemblies and material alternatives for the building exterior walls. The Technique of Order Preference Similar to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used to evaluate and rank different material alternatives used in walls based on their environmental impacts. In addition, the environmental data used in this study were extracted from commonly used databases that considered the lifecycle impacts of different residential building materials and assemblies. The environmental and cost impacts of several exterior wall assemblies are then aggregated for different building material alternatives to allow for an objective comparison of these assemblies and facilitate proper building design decision- making. The study results show that wood and exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) provided the best environmental performance of wall structural and wall finishing materials, respectively. This research is expected to prove useful in supporting building design decision- making. In addition, this research can improve pre-construction estimation and support screening of building materials.

8

Chang, Hsu-huan Sharon, e 張舒環. "The impact of building design on environmental performance of propertymanagement company". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576933.

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9

Robinson-Gayle, Syreeta. "Environmental impact and performance of transparent building envelope materials and systems". Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5445.

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Building envelopes are elements with a long lifetime, which provide a barrier between internal and external space and contribute to the internal environmental conditions provision. Their complex role ensures a large impact on the environmental and energy performance of a building and the occupant perception of a space. This study looks at the use of novel materials and processes to help reduce the environmental impact of buildings by improving facade and transparent roof design. There are three main strands to the work. First, novel building components, ETFE foil cushions were examined. Physical testing has shown that ETFE foil cushions compare favourably to double glazing in terms of thermal and daylighting performance which was also noted as one of the most likeable feature by occupants. Environmental impact analysis has indicated that ETFE foils can reduce the environmental impact of a building through reduced environmental burden of both the construction and operation of the building. Secondly, a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was carried out for float glass, which considered the environmental impacts of glass manufacture. The embodied energy was calculated to be 13.4 ± 0.5 GJ per tonne while the total number of eco-points 243 ± 11 per tonne. It is shown that float glass is comparable to the use of steel, and highly preferable to the use of aluminium as a cladding panel. Finally, a concept design tool (FACADE) was developed by defining a large number of office facade models and employing dynamic thermal, daylighting and environmental impact modelling to create a database which can be accessed through a user friendly interface application. A parametric analysis has indicated that using natural ventilation where possible can reduce the environmental impact of offices by up to 16%. Improving the standard of the facade and reducing the internal heat loads from lighting and equipment can reduce environmental impact up to 22%. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the environmental impact of building envelope individual and integrated components.

10

Chang, Hsu-huan Sharon. "The impact of building design on environmental performance of property management company". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576933.

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Chow, Kwok-sang. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498332.

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12

Park, Moonseo 1967. "Robust control of cost impact on fast-tracking building construction projects". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9500.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-75).
The fast-tracking delivery method has received considerable attention in recent years. Its time saving feature has placed it as an alternative to the sequential method. Effective fast-tracking may shorten delivery time and lower project costs. However, it should be highlighted that fast tracking also inherits a greater potential for an unexpected cost increase due to uncertainty in planning and management. To handle such inherent risks, fast-tracking should be undertaken with proper planning and management in a systematic manner. A closer observation of the design and construction process reveals that all of the cost-increasing factors in fast-tracking are directly or indirectly related to non value-adding or corrective changes. These changes are mainly attributed to uncertainty that is rooted in the interdependency of project tasks. Consequently, reducing this interdependency and managing the undesirable interactions among project tasks hold a key to successful fast-tracking. To meet these challenges, a robust planning and control methodology is developed to provide a systematic solution. The proposed methodology is elaborated based on concurrent engineering and system dynamics. Concurrent engineering is applied to develop an overlapping framework for the construction processes and to enable the interdependency among them to be minimized. The system dynamics modeling approach helps analyze and quantify the effect of dynamic interactions among the design and construction processes. The final result of this research may help ensure that the fast-tracking approach achieves sizable delivery time reductions without driving up costs. The provision of an optimal overlapping strategy, workforce control policy, and schedule adjustments assists in satisfying this goal.
by Moonseo Park.
S.M.

13

Doberstein, Brent A. "Building capacity for environmental planning in Viet Nam : the role of development aid environmental impact assessment programmes". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61081.pdf.

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14

Inyim, Peeraya. "Time, Cost, and Environmental Impact Analysis for Sustainable Design at Multiple Building Levels". FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1800.

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Construction projects are complex endeavors that require the involvement of different professional disciplines in order to meet various project objectives that are often conflicting. The level of complexity and the multi-objective nature of construction projects lend themselves to collaborative design and construction such as integrated project delivery (IPD), in which relevant disciplines work together during project conception, design and construction. Traditionally, the main objectives of construction projects have been to build in the least amount of time with the lowest cost possible, thus the inherent and well-established relationship between cost and time has been the focus of many studies. The importance of being able to effectively model relationships among multiple objectives in building construction has been emphasized in a wide range of research. In general, the trade-off relationship between time and cost is well understood and there is ample research on the subject. However, despite sustainable building designs, relationships between time and environmental impact, as well as cost and environmental impact, have not been fully investigated. The objectives of this research were mainly to analyze and identify relationships of time, cost, and environmental impact, in terms of CO2 emissions, at different levels of a building: material level, component level, and building level, at the pre-use phase, including manufacturing and construction, and the relationships of life cycle cost and life cycle CO2 emissions at the usage phase. Additionally, this research aimed to develop a robust simulation-based multi-objective decision-support tool, called SimulEICon, which took construction data uncertainty into account, and was capable of incorporating life cycle assessment information to the decision-making process. The findings of this research supported the trade-off relationship between time and cost at different building levels. Moreover, the time and CO2 emissions relationship presented trade-off behavior at the pre-use phase. The results of the relationship between cost and CO2 emissions were interestingly proportional at the pre-use phase. The same pattern continually presented after the construction to the usage phase. Understanding the relationships between those objectives is a key in successfully planning and designing environmentally sustainable construction projects.

15

Kim, Samuel. "Sustainable building practices : minimising the life-cycle environmental impact of high-rise apartments in Korea". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21338.

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Concern about the global environment has been increasing in recent years. Efforts to sustain the globe as well as human beings have increased, especially in the late twentieth century. Co-operation between industries is required, in order to limit our production and waste within global capacity. This current study researches one of the solutions which can contribute to sustaining the world environment. Although the issues are on a global scale, solutions are sought on a regional scale, in this case Korea. Assessment and proposals are made for high-rise apartments, one of the most popular construction types nowadays in Korea. Since the volume of high-rise apartment construction is so great, a small improvement in each building will make a great contribution to reducing environmental impact. Assessments are made over the life-span of apartment buildings by using a tool for Environmental Impact Assessment for High-rise Apartment (EIAHA), which includes passive design strategy; issues on construction and building materials; energy consumption during building operation; and management & maintenance. The assessment applies to the current high-rise apartment development in Korea as well as in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Singapore. Through the comparison of the development in those countries, proposals for future Korean high-rise apartment development are suggested. Solutions for sustainable future development of Korean high-rise apartments are categorised into (i) energy saving strategies, which include energy use for construction and use of materials as well as energy in use, and (ii) the importance of longer-life building. At the end of this study, as a conclusion, implications for planners, architects, legislators, managers and residents are outlined, in order to meet the targets.

16

Persson, Alexandra. "Environmental Impact Assessments in Detailed Development Plan Processes: An Adequacy Analysis". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103756.

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A detailed development plan (DDP) is a legally binding plan that regulates the municipalities land use on a detailed level. The purpose with the DDP is to evaluate the suitability for development on land access, in order for municipalities to manage spatial planning and minimize environmental harm. If a DDP would likely cause a significant impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be produced. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how DDP and EIA processes are working on a local level in Sweden, and how the quality is reflected in the processes. More specifically, I investigated the role of EIA actors involved in the DDP process, as well as whether these processes are inadequate from an environmental conservation perspective. To investigate these issues, a document study was conducted as well as an interview study. The results from the study presents several shortcomings in both processes; examples of shortcomings were the lacking knowledge among the DDP and EIA actors in how to conduct the process, as well as interpreting and understanding the law. Other observed shortcomings were the different levels of engagement among the plan administrators, the EIA performers and the County Administrative Board reviewers. Three important factors were recognized for achieving good processes. Firstly, the people involved need to have broad knowledge and good qualifications. Secondly, the actors must be able to communicate in a good and clear manner. Lastly, the third factor is a good process leader who brings together the DDP and EIA process.

17

Brocklesby, Martin. "The environmental impact of frame materials : an assessment of the embodied impacts for building frames in the UK construction industry". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15041/.

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There are many important environmental issues involved in the construction and use of buildings which are either undergoing or require further research. The lack of detailed embodied energy assessments models has been identified and limits possible environmental analysis. This study examines the current state of research into the environmental impact of frame materials, assesses the quality and range of data available, sets up a new framework for evaluation of materials and uses several example structures to assess the environmental impact This has been achieved by, firstly, studying the environment related literature available concerning the frame of the building, separate from other considerations, to provide a clear understanding of the processes involved. Second, data is extracted from the literature and processed to provide a homogenous approach and level field from which frame analysis can take place. Gaps in the available data are identified. Third, the identified gaps are filled using data derived from sources ranging from manufacturers' literature to direct analysis of on site activities. Fourth, a model has been created to assess the environmental impact of the building frame. The factors assessed within the remit of environmental impact are: embodied energy, embodied CO2 and transportation hours. The embodied energy includes the primary energy for all raw materials, transportation, office overheads and contractor operations. These are calculated from the winning of raw materials, through manufacture, to demolition and recycling. Embodied CO2 encompasses the same range of data, but with respect to the CO2 transportation hours estimate the time spend on the road by vehicles involved in the embodied energy and CO2 calculations. Finally data from several buildings has been used, to evaluated the environmental merits of each with respect to each other and to other buildings for which calculations have been performed. Conclusions have been draw and. further work suggested.

18

Kim, Jungsoo. "Impact of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors on occupant evaluation of workspaces". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13341.

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This study aims to better understand the relationship between perceived building performance on specific Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) factors and occupants’ overall evaluation of their workspace environment. A three-factor satisfaction model, developed originally in the context of marketing, has been adapted to and found suitable for the IEQ domain. Analyses were conducted on the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) database from Center for Built Environment (CBE) at the University of California, Berkeley to estimate the relative significance of individual IEQ factors on occupants’ overall workspace evaluation, depending on whether or not the occupants were satisfied with the IEQ factor in question. The empirical analysis suggested that a certain amount of input (i.e. increments or decrements of occupant satisfaction with individual IEQ factor) doesn’t necessarily lead to a commensurate desirable output (i.e. overall workspace satisfaction). According to each IEQ factor’s functional relationship with overall satisfaction, fifteen IEQ factors addressed in the CBE questionnaire were classified into three groups: (1) Basic Factors – having predominantly negative effects, (2) Bonus Factors – having predominantly positive effects, and (3) Proportional Factors – having both positive and negative effects with similar magnitudes. In general the IEQ factors tended to show negative asymmetry, becoming more critical when the building was deemed to be underperforming on them. This study also explored the influence of gender, building ventilation system type, and office layout configuration, on occupant IEQ satisfaction. (1) Female gender was significantly associated with increased dissatisfaction with all of the IEQ factors analysed in this thesis, but particularly with temperature, indoor air quality and workspace cleanliness. (2) Occupants of buildings with different ventilation systems responded in different ways to various IEQ dimensions. In naturally-ventilated buildings, good thermal conditions were associated with significantly enhanced workspace satisfaction and barely discernible adverse impacts. In air-conditioned buildings, on the other hand, thermal conditions were more directly associated with overall dissatisfaction with workspace environment. Occupants provided with higher degrees of adaptive opportunities were more satisfied with the IEQ of their workplaces. (3) Enclosed private offices clearly outperformed open-plan layouts iii in most aspects of IEQ, but particularly in acoustics, privacy and proxemics issues. Noise distraction and lack of privacy were identified as the major sources of workplace dissatisfaction in open-plan offices. The predicted decrements in overall workspace satisfaction due to privacy and acoustic issues in open-plan layouts were bigger than the predicted increment due to ease of communication between colleagues. Further analyses performed on an Australian POE database collected through Building Occupant Survey System Australia (BOSSA) project highlighted the benefits of external view through a window, positively affecting occupant satisfaction with workplace IEQ.

19

Lennermark, Desirée, Victoria Bjellerup, Lisa Bäckström e Lisen Wedman. "Demolish or Refurbish an Existing Building? : A bachelor thesis on the climate impact of different methods of renewing a building". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412278.

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The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate different alternatives of renewal regarding an already existing building. The case study building is located in the Ulleråker area in Uppsala, Sweden and is an old mental hospital building from the 1950’s which Uppsala Municipality wishes to restore as part of a bigger investment in the neighborhood. The different alternatives that will be investigated are refurbishment, with different insulation thickness, and a complete demolition and reconstruction of a new building with either wood or concrete. Carbon dioxide emissions connected to buildings will be calculated and analyzed as two elements, one being embodied carbon dioxide, and one being energy usage. Other aspects of interest, the economy and cultural values of the area, will be discussed. To estimate the amount of CO2 emissions, several life cycle assessments will be executed through the software One Click LCA (2015). Calculations will be done by hand in order to estimate the energy usage. Information and data are partly obtained from Uppsala Municipality, partly from literature and available resources. The results show that each option has a different advantage, the refurbishment resulting in considerably lower embodied carbon (114 kg CO2e/m2) but higher energy usage (95 kWh/m2 per year) as compared to the new concrete construction with larger amount of embodied carbon (279 kg CO2e/m2) but lower energy usage (44 kWh/m2 per year). This leads to a conclusion showing that a deep refurbishment is the best option regarding both embodied carbon and energy usage.

20

Åhlund, Hanna. "A comparative study of embodied and operational environmental impact of a multifamily building with different framework materials". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172655.

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The different life cycle phases of a building account for different amounts of environmental impact. During the past years the operational energy use in the building and construction sector has been reduced whilst relative and absolute embodied impact has increased. To reduce the overall environmental impact, design and material choices have to be optimized in relation to the energy use. The performed study aims to enhance more environmentally conscious decision-making in the building and construction sector by increasing awareness and knowledge about the environmental impact from life cycle phases of a building as well as different framework materials. Three different designs of a typical Swedish multifamily building have been analyzed in the study. The case building has a concrete frame. The two alternative designs are based on the case building but has lower energy use. In addition, one of the alternative designs has a cross laminated timber frame. They were all analyzed in terms of embodied and operational environmental impact, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents per heated area. A simulation model of the case building, calibrated with measured data, was implemented to calculate the operational energy use of the designs. The embodied emissions were calculated for the enclosing and load bearing structures. The results show that both alternative designs have lower environmental impact than the original state of the case building. The construction with wooden frame has approximately 30 % less embodied emissions compared to the original state. Concrete has the largest share of the total embodied emissions and choosing product specific concrete can yield a reduction in embodied emissions of more than 9 %. Sensitivity analysis of the operational energy show a significant difference in the results depending on approach and system boundaries. A future scenario of operational energy result in increased relative contribution of embodied environmental impact.
En byggnads livscykelskeden har olika miljöpåverkan. I bygg- och anläggningssektorn har den operativa energianvändningen reducerats under de senaste åren. Den relativa och absoluta inbyggda påverkan har däremot ökat. För att minska den totala miljöpåverkan behöver byggnaders design och material optimeras i relation till energianvändningen. Den genomförda studien syftar till att öka miljömedvetet beslutsfattande i bygg- och anläggningssektorn genom att öka medvetenheten och kunskapen om miljöpåverkan från en byggnads olika livscykelskeden och om olika stommaterial. I studien analyseras tre olika designer av ett typiskt svenskt flerbostadshus. Referenshuset har en betongstomme. De två alternativa designerna är baserade på referenshuset men har lägre operativ energianvändning. Den ena av de två alternativa designerna har dessutom en stomme i korslimmat trä. Samtliga utföranden analyserades i termer av inbyggd miljöpåverkan och operativa energianvändningens miljöpåverkan, uttryckt som koldioxidekvivalenter per uppvärmd area. En simuleringsmodell av referenshuset kalibrerad med mätdata implementerades för att beräkna de olika designernas operativa energianvändning. De inbyggda utsläppen beräknades för husets omslutande byggnadsdelar och bärande strukturer. Resultaten visar att båda alternativa designer har lägre miljöpåverkan än originalutförandet av referenshuset. Konstruktionen med trästomme har cirka 30 % lägre inbyggda utsläpp jämfört med originalutförandet. De inbyggda utsläppen kommer till största del från betongen och ett produktspecifikt val av betong kan leda till en reduktion av dessa utsläpp med över 9 %. Känslighetsanalys av operativa fasen visar en signifikant skillnad beroende på vilken metod och vilka systemgränser som används. Ett framtidsscenario för operativa energianvändningen visar en ökad relativ påverkan från den inbyggda miljöpåverkan.

21

Loong, Cheuk-yui Michael, e 龍焯銳. "Impact of different construction methods for concrete buildings on waste management". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255942.

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22

Häggström, Rebecca. "Livscykelanalys inom byggbranschen : Kartläggning av kompetens- och intresseskillnader inom offentlig och privat sektor, samt verktygets framtid". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149599.

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The aim of this case study has been to evaluate differences between the public and the private sector based on interest and knowledge of Life cycle assessments, LCA, of residential buildings. The construction and building sector have a major impact on the environment and the climate change. Methods and tools are required to measure and compare the environmental impacts generated from human activities and products within the sector. The entire life cycle must be known and kept in mind in order to value the total environmental impact of activities and products. The environmental life cycle of a product consists all the different stages, from raw material, through use, to waste management. Life cycle assessment is a method that makes it possible to value and then minimize the environmental impact throughout the whole life cycle. Telephone interviews with representatives from participant counties and companies have been made in order to compare their answers and to achieve great insight of how they work towards environmental questions. The results show that the sectors differ from each other. The private sector was further in the development, although a larger number of the counties had plans on using the assessment in the future. The interviews indicated LCA’s future role in the sector, and even though LCA’s is quite new in the area the future seems bright. The global population and the demand for residents are continuously increasing and the need to adopt the sector to sustainable development is substantial.

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Bashirzadeh, Tabrizi Toktam. "Towards a Simplified LCA Tool: Minimising the Life Cycle Environmental Impact at the Early Stages of Building Design". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20955.

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Minimising the direct and indirect environmental impact of buildings over their life cycle has become a growing concern worldwide. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been effective in addressing this goal. However, it is constrained by several factors. First, little-detailed information to calculate LCA is available at the early stages of building design when the most important decisions are made. Second, the LCA method is too complex to apply at this stage, both in terms of the knowledge required to operate the conventional calculation software and for the inputs. Streamlining the LCA application at the early design phase has been hampered by the lack of reliable, available, comparable and consistent information on the life cycle environmental performance of buildings. Most of the previous LCA studies are based on a quantification method that requires the use of complex tools and an enormous amount of data and is best employed when the building is complete. The time and expense involved in this type of analysis make it unfeasible for small or individual projects. This thesis is the first step toward the development of a tool that allows designers to employ LCA in the early design stages of a building. It aims to allow designers to more easily apply the logic of LCA by minimising data requirements and identifying the most effective parameters that promise to make the most difference. A review of relevant literature has further identified the external criteria that are most closely associated with the effectiveness of LCA, namely: climate, location, building type and building lifetime. These parameters have been used to define a system boundary for generating results that reflect the characteristics of a specific building. Common rules have been extracted from the results of previous LCA studies of building envelopes and classified in relation to the most effective external criteria. The process shows that the results of quantitative LCA provide a ready-to-use database.

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Traut, Michelle. "Recycled building materials : the likely impact on affordable housing in the Western Cape". Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1057.

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Thesis (MTech (Built Environment))--Peninsula Technikon, 2001
The construction industry globally, contributes between 18% and 24% of the GDP, and because of its labour intensive characteristics, contributes handsomely to total employment, forming important backward and forward linkages with the rest of the economy. Nevertheless, the extent and sophistication of these linkages crucially depend on the relative development of the construction industry relative to the overall economy. In the developing countries, these linkages are not very strong because of the use of informal materials, which is not commercialised and whose opportunity costs are often zero, and the huge imports of construction materials used in the modem sector of the economy. However, whether in the developed or developing economies, the construction industry is a major contributor to economic growth and development by providing the necessary infrastructure that facilitates production, consumption and recreational activities. In fulfilling these activities, the construction industry generates huge wastes of which only a tiny proportion are recycled and reused. However, in economies and countries where adequate and functional housing is a problem mainly due to lack of affordability, recycling and reuse of construction waste is a necessary prerequisite to enhancing housing affordability in these countries. This is the current situation that South Africa finds itself "''here because of its past history of 'apartheid', economic opportunities and amenities were denied to the blacks. There is nowhere that this deprivation is more pronounced than in the built environment sector where housing shortages and general disamenities prevail. High levels of unemployment further exacerbate the situation, - - which is a consequence of low skills and high illiteracy-rates. Thus, housing demand and supply by this group of the population are most likely, on the evidence available, to fall predominantly within the low-income housing category. Presently, all households falling into this category rely on financial assistance from the government to facilitate low-cost housing consumption because of pervasive poverty, which itself is due to the very high unemployment rate, illiteracy, lack of skills and general deprivation: a legacy of 'apartheid' policies enforced by previous government. The dilemma however is how to meet the huge housing demand within the limited resources available to the government on the one hand, and on the other, to satisfy such demand without compromising the environmental sustainability of the physical environment. Thus, the thesis aims to determine ways in which the construction industry could contribute to the sustainability of the carrying capacity of the biophysical environment and enhance social sustainability by facilitating affordability through the possible reductions to construction costs through recycling and reuse. By means of questionnaires and detailed interviews, underscored by a qualitative research approach, the potential of construction recycling and the possible contributions to environmental sustainability and housing affordability are determined. At completion, it is expected that this work will not only contribute to existing knowledge but would be of significance in terms of policy formulation to construction industry practitioners, central and local government policy makers, and other governmental and non-governmental organisations operating in the area of housing.

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Laestander, Malin. "An economic sustainability comparison between the natural building technique; cob and the conventional technique; concrete for residential buildings in Matagalpa, Nicaragua". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22507.

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Cob can serve as an alternative building material to concrete in Nicaragua. Cob is an unbaked earth-based building technique with low global warming potential that suits the humid climate in Nicaragua. It can be constructed by hand by inexperienced people using materials such as; clay, straw, sand and water. The cob technique is relatively little studied and the exact cost of cob is unclear. The purpose of this thesis was thus to provide new information that will help assessing the economic sustainability and the environmental impact of the natural building technique cob in comparison to the conventional technique concrete. The thesis was carried out by a case study of two houses in Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The results are showing that the cob technique has cheap materials that support the Nicaraguan economy of Nicaragua but takes a lot of labour force and time in comparison to concrete. The cob technique also allows the builder to make the house personal adapted, with furniture and details, fitted to the owners need. The cob has also a great potential of a long lifespan with low needs of maintenance in comparison with concrete. Concrete also has a higher local environmental impact, more CO2-emissions and higher external costs. The conclusion is thus that cob is a more sustainable technique for building residential houses in Matagalpa.
Den naturliga byggtekniken cob kan vara ett alternativ till den mer konventionella tekniken betong i Nicaragua. Cob är en jordbaserad byggnadsteknik med låg globaluppvärmningspotential som lämpar sig i det fuktiga klimatet i Nicaragua. Cob består mestadels av; lera, halm, sand och vatten, och kan byggas för hand av oerfaren arbetskraft. Cob-tekniken är relativt lite studerad och den exakta kostnaden är osäker. Syftet med denna studie var därför att tillhandahålla ny information som ska underlätta bedömningen av den ekonomiska hållbarheten och miljöpåverkan hos den naturliga byggtekniken cob i jämförelse med den konventionella tekniken betong. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en fallstudie av två hus i Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Resultatet visar att cob-tekniken har billiga material som stöder den lokala ekonomin, men kräver mycket arbetskraft och tid jämfört med betongtekniken. Cob-tekniken låter även byggaren att göra huset personligt anpassat, med möbler och finesser efter ägarnas behov. Den potentiella livstiden hos cob är lång, med ett lågt underhållsbehov i jämförelse med betong. Betong har också en större lokal miljöpåverkan, mer CO2-utsläpp och högre externa kostnader. Slutsatsen är således att cob är en mer hållbar teknik att använda för att bygga bostadshus i Matagalpa.
Cob puede servir como un material de construcción alternativo al concreto en Nicaragua. Cob es una técnica de construcción a base de tierra sin quemar con bajo potencial de calentamiento global que se adapta al clima húmedo en Nicaragua. Puede ser construido a mano por personas sin experiencia utilizando materiales tales como; arcilla, paja, arena y agua. La técnica de cob es relativamente poco estudiada y el coste exacto no está claro. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido por lo tanto proporcionar nueva información que ayudará a evaluar la sostenibilidad económica y el impacto ambiental de los recursos naturales de la técnica de construcción cob en comparación con la técnica convencional de concreto. La tesis fue realizada por un estudio de caso de dos casas en Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Los resultados muestran que la técnica de cob tiene materiales baratos que apoyan la economía local de Nicaragua, pero requiere de mucha fuerza y tiempo de trabajo en comparación con el concreto. La técnica de cob también permite al constructor hacer la casa de manera más personal adaptándola con muebles y detalles, ajustada a las necesidades de los propietarios. El cob tiene también un gran potencial de larga vida con pocas necesidades de mantenimiento en comparación con el concreto. Concreto también tiene un mayor impacto ambiental local, más emisiones de CO2 y el aumento de los costos externos. La conclusión es de este estudio es que la técnica de cob es más sostenible para la construcción de viviendas residenciales en Matagalpa.

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Brits, Juane. "Quantifying the sustainability of the built environment : model for the determination of the environment impact of the end-of-life phase". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71674.

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Flores, Carina Zamberlan. "Procedimentos para especificação e compra de materiais da construção civil de menor impacto ambiental". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/322.

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A construção civil é responsável por diversos impactos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de recursos não-renováveis, emissão de gases de efeito estufa, até a disposição final de uma grande quantidade de resíduos. Os materiais são parte significante de uma edificação. Dessa forma, a sua escolha acertada contribui para a sustentabilidade da obra como um todo. A falta de informações técnicas a respeito do assunto, de transparência por parte dos fabricantes e de metodologias de avaliação ambiental simples e acessíveis dificulta o trabalho dos profissionais da área, que não sabem como contribuir de forma positiva para esse cenário. Essa situação agrava-se ainda com a falta de um banco de dados brasileiro com a identificação dos principais impactos ambientais dos materiais da construção civil baseados na análise do ciclo de vida. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um procedimento para análise e subsequente escolha, especificação e compra de materiais de construção de menor impacto ambiental. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão do estado da arte sobre a especificação de materiais sustentáveis e análise crítica de algumas metodologias de avaliação ambiental de produtos, verificando pontos comuns, organização, categorias, critérios, materiais certificados e outros fatores específicos que permitam sistematizar as informações de maneira comparativa. Além disso, foi realizada uma entrevista entre arquitetos e engenheiros civil do Estado do Paraná que avaliou os principais questionamentos, dificuldades e ações desses profissionais a respeito do assunto. Com isso, foi possível perceber a falta de informação técnica sobre o tema por parte do fabricante de materiais, falta de interesse do cliente em aceitar esses novos materiais, disponibilidade desses materiais em algumas regiões do Estado e até mesmo o desconhecimento por parte do profissional a respeito de certificações, metodologias e diretrizes para escolha de materiais mais sustentáveis. A partir da análise dessas informações, foi proposto um procedimento para especificação e compra de materiais de menor impacto ambiental, que é dividido entre as etapas de projeto e execução. A primeira etapa tem como objetivo auxiliar o profissional a escolher e especificar em projeto e memorial descritivo os materiais. A etapa de execução auxilia o profissional a avaliar os fabricantes do material escolhido, pois o desempenho ambiental do material está diretamente envolvido com o seu processo de fabricação. Ao final da adoção desse procedimento, será possível a criação de um banco de dados de materiais em que possam ocorrer trocas de informações.
The construction industry is responsible for various environmental impacts from the extraction of nonrenewable resources, emission of greenhouse gases till the final disposition of waste. Materials are a significant part of the building, thus, their right choice contributes to the sustainability of the building as a whole. The lack of technical information, manufactures transparency and accessible environmental assessment methodologies hampers the work of professionals who do not know how to contribute positively to this scenario. This situation is aggravated by the lack of a Brazilian database to identify the main environmental impacts of construction materials based on life cycle analysis. This research aims to propose a procedure for analysis and subsequent selection, specification and purchase of environmental preferable construction materials. To achieve this propose, it was performed a bibliographic review about the specification of sustainable materials and critical analysis of some environmental assessment methodologies of products, checking common points, organization, categories, criteria, certificated materials and other specific factors that allow to compare information. Also, an interview with architects and civil engineers of the State of Parana was conducted, which evaluated key questions, problems and actions of these professionals on the subject. Thus, it was possible to perceive the lack of technical information on the subject by the manufacturer, lack of customer interest in accepting these new materials, availability of materials in some regions of the State and even ignorance of the professional about certifications, methodologies and guidelines for the choice of more sustainable materials. From the analysis of this information, it was proposed a procedure for the specification of environmental preferable construction materials, which is divided between design and construction steps. The first step aims to help the professional to select and specify materials in design. The construction step helps to evaluate the manufacturers as the material environmental performance is directly involved with the manufacturing process. The consequence of adopting this system will be the creation of a material database with public access. At the end of this procedure will be possible the creation of a material database where may occur information exchanges.

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Lohmann, Gabriele. "Caracterização de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por zona de raízes utilizando variáveis abióticas e microbiológicas". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/321.

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Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos por zona de raízes constituem-se de um leito filtrante plantado com macrófitas emergentes. Tecnologia de baixo custo e, com eficiência comprovada em inúmeros trabalhos, as Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETEs) por zona de raízes apresentam grande potencial para solucionar o problema da inexistência de coleta e tratamento de esgoto em pequenas comunidades. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar uma ETE por zona de raízes de fluxo vertical com base em variáveis abióticas e microbiológicas. Através da técnica de contagem em placas e da técnica de tubos múltiplos, foi possível estimar a densidade de fungos totais, bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, bactérias redutoras de nitrato, bactérias desnitrificantes e bactérias redutoras de sulfato presentes nos diferentes estratos do sistema. Além das análises microbiológicas, foram avaliadas as variáveis abióticas temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, nitrogênio total, ortofosfato e Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO). As análises foram realizadas em 8 locais, sendo uma referente ao efluente bruto, uma ao efluente tratado, três correspondendo à interface zona de raízes-brita e três ao filtro de areia, num total de 7 amostragens durante um ciclo sazonal. Em 5 amostragens não foi possível observar a redução do NMP de E. coli, apenas na Amostragem 1(C1) e na Amostragem 7 (C7) foi possível observar aproximadamente 66% e 97% de redução, respectivamente. As bactérias desnitrificantes, na maioria dos pontos e as redutoras de sulfato, com exceção da Amostragem 3 (C3), foram determinadas no valor de 1600 NMP.100mL-1. A densidade de bactérias redutoras de nitrato variou, na maioria das amostragens, de 1,8 NMP. 100mL-1 a 19 NMP. 100mL-1. A ETE foi eficiente para a remoção de DQO e fósforo, este último com porcentagem de remoção variando de, aproximadamente, 37% a 69%. A concentração de N-amoniacal foi reduzida em todas as amostragens, com exceção da C3. O pH permaneceu próximo da neutralidade e a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido aumentou na região do filtro de areia. Ao longo do período deste estudo foi observado um baixo desenvolvimento das plantas utilizadas. Com os resultados de quantificação foi possível verificar que a biodegradação é mais intensa nos primeiros 50 cm da ETE. Observou-se redução significativa da densidade de microrganismos no filtro de areia em relação à zona de raízes. Fatores como a idade da estação, que permitiu a formação de um biofilme no filtro de brita, a presença do filtro de areia e a disponibilidade de matéria orgânica podem estar envolvidas com a redução de microrganismos. Em resumo, pode se concluir que a ETE foi eficiente para remoção de microrganismos, porém apenas nos períodos de menor precipitação pluviométrica.
Wastewater root zone treatment systems are constituted of a filter bed planted with emergent macrophytes. A low cost technology with treatment potential proven in numerous studies, the root zone Wastewater Treatment Station (WTS) have great potential to solve the problem of lack of wastewater collection and treatment in small communities. This study aimed to characterize a root zone WTS with vertical flow on the basis of abiotic and microbiological variables. Through the technique of plate count and the multiple tube method was possible to estimate the density of total fungi, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, nitrate-reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the different strata of the system. In addition to the microbiological analysis the abiotic variables temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were evaluated. Analyses were performed in eight locations, one related to raw wastewater, one of treated effluent, three corresponding to the root zone interface and three to the sand filter, in a total of seven samples during a seasonal cycle. In 5 samples did not exhibit a reduction in the MPN of E. coli, only in Sample 1 (C1) and Sample 7 (C7) was observed approximately 66% and 97% reduction, respectively. Denitrifying bacteria in most spots and sulfate reducers, with the exception of the Sample 3 (C3) were determined in the amount of 1600 MPN.100mL-1. The density of nitrate-reducing bacteria ranged in most samples, from 1.8 MPN.100mL-1 to 19 MPN.100mL-1. The WTS was efficient for the removal of COD and phosphorus, the latter with removal percentage ranged from approximately 37% to 69 %. The concentration of ammonia-N was reduced in all samples, except for C3. The pH remained near neutrality and the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased in the region of the sand filter. Throughout the study period was observed a less growing of the plants. With the results of quantification it was possible verify that biodegradation is more intense in the first 50 cm of the WTS. It was observed significant reduction in the density of microorganisms in the sand filter compared with the root zone. Factors such as age of the station, which allowed the formation of a biofilm in the filter of gravel, the presence of sand filter and the availability of organic matter may be involved in the reduction of microorganisms. In summary it can be concluded that the WTS was efficient for removal of microorganisms, but only during periods of low rainfall.

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Glader, Annika. "Chemical emissions from building structures : emission sources and their impact on indoor air". Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-55196.

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Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed.
Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)

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Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007/document.

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Tous les produits de construction ou les ouvrages qui sont en contact avec l’eau de pluie, sont susceptibles de relarguer des composants chimiques potentiellement dangereux pour la santé humaine et l’environnement. Actuellement, le relargage des substances dangereuses dans l’eau est évalué essentiellement par des méthodes expérimentales - généralement des essais de lixiviation réalisées à l’échelle du laboratoire. Par ailleurs, les impacts environnementaux des produits de construction et des bâtiments sont évalués par l’approche Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), réalisées à partir de données propres aux fabricants et de données génériques existantes constituées en bases de données. Or, les émissions de polluants pendant la vie en oeuvre des produits de construction sont actuellement mal prises en compte dans ces mêmes bases de données existantes et dans les méthodes utilisées pour l’évaluation des performances environnementales des produits et des bâtiments.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ces travaux ont été : (i) de développer une méthodologie pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation de différentes matrices de produits de construction et (ii) d’intégrer les données de lixiviation dans les méthodes ACV à l’échelle du bâtiment. La méthodologie développée pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation des produits de construction est basée sur : (1) des essais de caractérisation à la lixiviation, selon les méthodes standardisées d’évaluation répondant au Règlement Produits de Construction (RPC), (2) la modélisation et la simulation des phénomènes couplés chimie-transport à l’échelle laboratoire et vraie grandeur et (3) l’intégration des données de lixiviation, obtenues par des simulations numériques en conditions d’exposition naturelle des produits de construction, dans les méthodes ACV, aux échelles produit et bâtiment.La méthodologie proposée a été appliquée et validée sur trois produits de construction : le bois traité CBA (Cuivre - Bore - Azole), la plaque fibrociment et la membrane bitumineuse. Les comportements à la lixiviation du bois traité CBA et de la plaque fibrociment a été simulé pour des conditions naturelles d’exposition à long terme, en utilisant le logiciel géochimique PHREEQC®. Les modèles chimiques développées permettent de considérer les matrices organiques et minérales et leurs interactions avec les polluants. Les phénomènes de transport des substances ont été également modélisés. Les modèles d’émission développés (couplage chimie-transport) permettent de simuler la lixiviation dynamique des produits considérés, pour différentes conditions d’exposition. Pour la membrane bitumineuse, seule la caractérisation expérimentale a été réalisée. Les données de lixiviation obtenues lors des simulations sur la durée de vie en oeuvre des produits ont été intégrées dans les inventaires respectifs du cycle de vie (ICV) des produits. Des méthodes d’impact spécifiques ont été utilisées en association avec les inventaires enrichis pour évaluer les impacts “pollution de l’eau”, “toxicité humaine” et “écotoxicité” des produits considérés. L’ACV d’une maison simplifiée a été réalisée en utilisant le logiciel ELODIE. La méthode d’évaluation à l’échelle bâtiment consiste à intégrer les nouvelles données construites sur la base de la méthodologie développée à l’échelle produit aux autres données d’ACV à l’échelle bâtiment. La méthodologie développée au cours de ces travaux permet donc l’intégration des données de lixiviation dans les outils ACV dédiés au bâtiment
Any construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field

31

Roy, Shawn. "An Assessment of LEED Certification's Impact on Net Rental Rates for Commercial Office Space in Toronto, Ontario". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20136.

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With issues such as energy crises, climate change and environmental degradation becoming evermore prevalent on national and international levels, industrialized societies are beginning to take heed of the impact they are having on the natural environment and we are beginning to see movements towards socially and environmentally responsible decision-making. With the impact that buildings have on the environment, it is important to understand what barriers are preventing or slowing investment in socially and environmentally responsible property. The present study was conducted to determine whether LEED certification has a significant impact on the market value of office buildings in Toronto, Ontario – value determined by the average net asking rent for each building. For some 68 subject and control buildings, we matched information on the net asking rent for 16 LEED certified (subject) buildings to 52 otherwise comparable properties (control buildings). Using ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis, we looked to find what relationship exists between net asking rent and the LEED label. Controlling for other variables historically shown to have an impact on property value, we expected the results of this study to determine whether there is a business case for LEED certification in the downtown Toronto office market. The results of the study have shown that LEED certification has had no impact on the market value of the sample of office buildings in Toronto. This is a surprising result, given the growth in the number of LEED buildings in Canada, but interviews with three senior executives in the industry have helped to provide insight into this trend. It seems that with time LEED will likely have an impact in this market, but it hasn‘t arrived yet.

32

McHugh, Keith. "Agricultural Efficiency and the End of the Oil Age; Building a Future of Longevity". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/47.

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This thesis uses an efficiency analysis of agricultural systems to assert that, in lieu of rising prices of fossil fuel, people need to come into more direct contact with their food systems. With a switch to smaller, more efficient farms that rely less on fossil fuel and are connected with the communities they supply for, we can avoid an energy crisis turning into a famine. These smaller-scale systems can help create self-contained, carbon-neutral communities.

33

Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007.

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Tous les produits de construction ou les ouvrages qui sont en contact avec l’eau de pluie, sont susceptibles de relarguer des composants chimiques potentiellement dangereux pour la santé humaine et l’environnement. Actuellement, le relargage des substances dangereuses dans l’eau est évalué essentiellement par des méthodes expérimentales - généralement des essais de lixiviation réalisées à l’échelle du laboratoire. Par ailleurs, les impacts environnementaux des produits de construction et des bâtiments sont évalués par l’approche Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), réalisées à partir de données propres aux fabricants et de données génériques existantes constituées en bases de données. Or, les émissions de polluants pendant la vie en oeuvre des produits de construction sont actuellement mal prises en compte dans ces mêmes bases de données existantes et dans les méthodes utilisées pour l’évaluation des performances environnementales des produits et des bâtiments.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ces travaux ont été : (i) de développer une méthodologie pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation de différentes matrices de produits de construction et (ii) d’intégrer les données de lixiviation dans les méthodes ACV à l’échelle du bâtiment. La méthodologie développée pour l’évaluation du comportement à la lixiviation des produits de construction est basée sur : (1) des essais de caractérisation à la lixiviation, selon les méthodes standardisées d’évaluation répondant au Règlement Produits de Construction (RPC), (2) la modélisation et la simulation des phénomènes couplés chimie-transport à l’échelle laboratoire et vraie grandeur et (3) l’intégration des données de lixiviation, obtenues par des simulations numériques en conditions d’exposition naturelle des produits de construction, dans les méthodes ACV, aux échelles produit et bâtiment.La méthodologie proposée a été appliquée et validée sur trois produits de construction : le bois traité CBA (Cuivre - Bore - Azole), la plaque fibrociment et la membrane bitumineuse. Les comportements à la lixiviation du bois traité CBA et de la plaque fibrociment a été simulé pour des conditions naturelles d’exposition à long terme, en utilisant le logiciel géochimique PHREEQC®. Les modèles chimiques développées permettent de considérer les matrices organiques et minérales et leurs interactions avec les polluants. Les phénomènes de transport des substances ont été également modélisés. Les modèles d’émission développés (couplage chimie-transport) permettent de simuler la lixiviation dynamique des produits considérés, pour différentes conditions d’exposition. Pour la membrane bitumineuse, seule la caractérisation expérimentale a été réalisée. Les données de lixiviation obtenues lors des simulations sur la durée de vie en oeuvre des produits ont été intégrées dans les inventaires respectifs du cycle de vie (ICV) des produits. Des méthodes d’impact spécifiques ont été utilisées en association avec les inventaires enrichis pour évaluer les impacts “pollution de l’eau”, “toxicité humaine” et “écotoxicité” des produits considérés. L’ACV d’une maison simplifiée a été réalisée en utilisant le logiciel ELODIE. La méthode d’évaluation à l’échelle bâtiment consiste à intégrer les nouvelles données construites sur la base de la méthodologie développée à l’échelle produit aux autres données d’ACV à l’échelle bâtiment. La méthodologie développée au cours de ces travaux permet donc l’intégration des données de lixiviation dans les outils ACV dédiés au bâtiment
Any construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field

34

Eriksson, Per, e David Rosenlund. "Ökade isoleringstjocklekars möjligheter och begränsningar". Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50172.

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Sammanfattning Syfte: Bygg och fastighetssektorn står för en stor andel av de nationella utsläppen av växthusgaser. Studier visar att klimatpåverkan för drift och produktionsfasen är ungefär ekvivalenta. Majoriteten av produktionsfasens klimatpåverkan härstammar från materialen. Samtidigt som det behövs byggas fler bostäder behöver klimatpåverkan för denna sektor minska, för att uppnå bestämda klimatmål. För att klara av dessa utmaningar behöver isoleringsmaterial och deras påverkan belysas. Isoleringsmaterialet i en byggnad har som syfte att bibehålla värmen i inneklimatet genom att isolera mot ytterklimatet. Tjockare isoleringsskikt leder till bättre isoleringsförmåga och därmed lägre behov för uppvärmning. Dock leder ökad isoleringstjocklek till mer materialåtgång som i sin tur innebär ökad klimatpåverkan för väggkonstruktionen i sin helhet. ”Målet med studien är att klargöra hur olika tjocklekar på isoleringsmaterial av mineralull och cellulosa i byggnader påverkar miljön ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Samt att undersöka vilka marknadsandelar de ingående materialen har.” Metod: Studien har en kvantitativ ansats med fallstudie, litteraturstudie samt dokumentanalys som metod för att uppnå målet genom att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultat: Mineralull står för minst 50% av marknaden. De förnyelsebara isoleringsmaterialen har kring 2% av marknaden. Cellulosa är det populäraste isoleringsmaterialet av de förnyelsebara. Studien visar på att byggnaden kan öka isoleringen i väggar över det befintliga med cellulosa 813mm, glasull 268mm och stenull 176mm. Isolering i tak kan ökas med 938 mm cellulosa, 319 mm glasull och 214 mm stenull. Återvinning kan möjliggöra att tilläggsisoleringen kan ökas med 103–140% jämfört med hur isoleringsmaterialen avfallshanteras i dagsläget. Konsekvenser:▪ Mineralull står för en stor andel av marknaden, samtidigt som cellulosa enbart står för någon enstaka procent ▪ Vid bestämmande av isoleringstjocklek ur ett klimatperspektiv, spelar val av isoleringsmaterial och avfallshantering en betydande roll ▪ Hur stor klimatpåverkan ett isoleringsmaterial har begränsar mängden isolering som bör användas i byggnaden ▪ Klimatpåverkan för vald uppvärmningsmetod kommer påverka mängd isolering som bör användas i byggnaden Begränsningar: Denna studie är specifik för denna fallstudie. Resultatet kan ses som en fingervisning kring hur olika tjocklekar av isolering påverkar liknande byggnader. Ingen hänsyn tas till konstruktion och att minskat värmebehov leder till ändrade tekniska lösningar.
Abstract Purpose: The construction and real estate sector are responsible for a large part of the national emissions of greenhouse gases. Study’s shows that construction and the usage phase has more or less the same climate impact. In the construction phase, most of the climate impact comes from the materials. At the same time as there is needs for more residential there is also a need for this sector to reduce its climate footprint to achieve national climate goals. More knowledge about insulation materials is needed to achieve these challenges. The purpose of insulation in buildings is to keep the heat inside and protect against the outdoor climate. Thicker insulation gives a better insulation and therefor lower demand of heating. Thicker insulation leads however to increased material usage and therefor higher environmental impact. “The purpose of this study is to clarify the environmental impact of insulation thicknesses through a lifecycle analysis. Recycling and market shares of insulation materials are analyzed as well.” Method: To reach the goal, the study uses a quantitative approach with case study, literature study and document analysis as methods. Findings: Mineral wool has at least 50% of the insulation market. The renewable materials have around 2% of the market, of these percent cellulose is the dominated insulation material. The study shows that the building in the case study can increase its insulation on the walls with cellulose 813mm, glass wool 268mm, stone wool 176mm. increased roof insulation with cellulose 938mm, glass wool 319mm, stone wool 214mm. Recycling can increase the amount of added insulation by 103-140% compared to landfill and incineration alternative. Implications: ▪ Mineral wool has a significant share of the insulation market, at the same time as cellulose only have a couple percent of the market ▪ When determine insulation thickness from an environmental perspective, the insulation material and the waste treatment methods have a considerable impact. ▪ The environmental impact of an insulation material limits the amount that should be installed in the building. ▪ The environmental impact of heating method will impact the amount of insulation that should be installed in the building Limitations: The study is only applicable for its building. The results can however be used as guidance in insulation thicknesses on similar buildings. This study does not take into consideration how increased wall and roof dimensions effects structural and decreased need on the heating system.

35

Shrestha, Samata. "IMPACT OF NEIGHBORHOOD MORPHOLOGY ON AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION PATTERNS DUE TO UNPLANNED BUILDING DEMOLITION: A PARAMETRIC STUDY". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent155654365109521.

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36

Hasse, John W. "Biophilic Design at Pomona College: An Analysis of the New Sontag and Pomona Residence Halls". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/46.

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The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction (or LEED-NC) has become one of the most commonly used green building standards during the turn of the 21st century. While many champion LEED-NC, certain architects and academics believe that its low-environmental impact design approach toward green building isolates people from nature and thus cannot achieve sustainable development over the long-term. Pomona College’s green buildings, including its newest LEED Platinum certified Sontag and Pomona Residence Halls, exemplify this fact, as their designs fail to communicate their sustainable goals or inspire sustainable behavior. By examining the LEED-NC standards, the history of environmental conservation, Modern architecture, biophilia, and the Living Building Challenge, this thesis seeks to provide recommendations for how Pomona College can alter its existing green buildings as well as improve its green building policies for future projects so that its built environment better fosters positive human-nature interactions.

37

Aggor, Kenneth Kwame. "Relationship Between Budget and Project Success Factors in the Ghanaian Building Construction Sector". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4345.

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In developing countries, 60% of project management professionals appear to lack knowledge that timely completion, budget fidelity, and high quality are critical success factors for completion of construction initiatives. Based on the theories of iron triangle, accident causation, scientific management, and strategic management, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between project budget and the independent variables of time, quality, safety, environmental impact, and site disputes in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. One hundred and sixteen project managers, randomly selected from the population of construction professionals in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, completed the survey entitled the Six Key Performance Indicators developed by Ngacho and Das (2014). The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated a weak positive correlation exists between the independent variables (time, quality, safety, environmental impact, and site disputes) and project budget, F(1, 114) = 37.08, p < 0.001. Time recorded the highest beta (Î² = .50) followed by site dispute (Î² = .29), environment (Î² = .22), quality (Î² = .06), and safety (Î² = .04). Attention to key performance indicators associated with time, dispute, and environmental impact could improve project outcomes in the Ghanaian construction sector. The study findings could be useful to improve the quality of projects and may benefit the lives of professionals and community members in the area.

38

Chow, Kwok-sang, e 周國生. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252588.

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39

Hein, Maria. "The carbon footprint caused by the oversizing of building service systems : A case study of an NHS Hospital". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281540.

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Energy usage in buildings is a main contributor to CO2 emissions and in order for the EU to reach the 2050 goal of carbon-neutrality, there is a great need to improve the energy efficiency in buildings, particularly commercial buildings that often are substantially overdesigned. Excess margins in the design process of building services result in an oversizing of these systems which has great environmental impacts, divided up as the operational and embodied carbon footprints. The heating and cooling system of an NHS Hospital in southern England was studied and modelled in order to identify whether the system was overdesigned and to quantify the oversizing’s carbon footprint, which was the aim of the study. The cooling system of the NHS Hospital was determined potentially oversized and the focus of the thesis was therefore on the cooling system. It included the chillers that provide cooling, and the associated adiabatic coolers that provide heat rejection, as well as the affiliated pumps. The carbon footprint of this system was quantified, based on the operational energy use, the current grid carbon factor, environmental performance evaluations of units, observations and assumptions, and its cooling capacity was compared to the demand of the hospital. An optimised alternative was developed through analysis of the current system and its capacity, and the demand at the site, as well as based on the learnings of the background research. The system was designed to consist of smaller chillers and a reduced pumping system, to more correctly match the cooling demand. The optimised system was also modelled, its capacity compared to the demand, and its carbon footprint quantified. A future estimation of the two systems’ carbon footprints was calculated for year 2035, based on a projected grid carbon factor. The systems’ setups and carbon footprints were then compared for the current and projected scenarios, and the results discussed, also in regard to mitigation strategies that could lead to a reduction of oversizing and lower the environmental impacts. The results indicate that the yearly carbon footprint difference for the current scenario was approximately 539 tonnes CO2 eq, which was 43% greater than the optimised system’s carbon footprint. Whereas the yearly difference for the projected scenario was estimated to approximately 562 tonnes CO2eq, which was 752% greater than the optimised system’s carbon footprint in a possible future. This demonstrates the great environmental impact caused by the oversizing of cooling systems. The current system’s embodied carbon footprint was estimated to 3.3% of the total carbon footprint for the current scenario, and 4.8% for the projected scenario. Whereas the optimised system’s embodied carbon footprint was estimated to 1.5% for the current scenario, and 8.6% for the projected scenario. This demonstrates the large share of the embodied carbon footprint of the current, oversized system, compared to the optimised system that is sized more correctly for the cooling demand. Furthermore, it shows the anticipated raised proportion of the embodied carbon footprint of a product or system’s total future carbon footprint, since it increases for both the systems with time. The elevated share of the embodied carbon footprint in the future raises the need to address this factor and make it a priority. The key to a correctly sized system that meets the demand was determined to be precise calculations of the requirements and the elimination of excess margins that lack quantifiable justification. This results in an improved environmental performance where the system operates at its optimum level. The stakeholders’ involvement and influence throughout a transparent design process with clear communication, and incentives that provide financial aid to appropriately sized systems, as well as environmental impact evaluations of products, among others, are essential factors with major influence on the outcome. These elements are considered crucial for the reduction of the excess carbon footprint caused by the oversizing of building service systems.
Byggnaders energianvändning är en markant bidragande faktor till koldioxidutsläppen, och för att EU ska kunna nå målet att vara klimatneutral år 2050 finns det ett stort behov av att förbättra energieffektiviteten i byggnader, särskilt kommersiella byggnader som ofta är väsentligt överdesignade. Överskottsmarginaler i designprocessen av byggnadstjänster resulterar i en överdimensionering, som har en enorm miljöpåverkan, vilken delas upp som det operativa och det inneslutna klimatavtrycket. Studiens syfte var att studera och modellera värme- och kylsystemet på ett sjukhus i södra England för att identifiera om systemet var överdimensionerat, och för att kvantifiera dess klimatavtryck. Sjukhusets kylsystem bedömdes vara potentiellt överdimensionerat och studiens fokus var därför på kylsystemet. Det inkluderade kylarna som ger kylning och de anknutna adiabatiska kylarna som ger värmebortförsel, samt de tillhörande pumparna. Klimatavtrycket för systemet kvantifierades, baserat på den operativa energianvändningen, den nuvarande koldioxidfaktorn för elnätet, miljöutvärderingar av enheter, observationer och antaganden, och dess kylkapacitet jämfördes med sjukhusets behov. Ett optimerat alternativ utvecklades genom analys av det nuvarande systemet och dess kapacitet, och behovet på platsen, samt baserat på lärdomarna i litteraturforskningen. Systemet var utformat för att bestå av mindre kylare och ett reducerat pumpsystem för att bättre matcha kylbehovet. Även det optimerade systemet modellerades, dess kapacitet jämfördes med behovet, och dess klimatavtryck kvantifierades. En framtida uppskattning av de två systemens klimatavtryck beräknades för år 2035, baserat på en prognostiserad koldioxidfaktor för elnätet. Systemens uppsättningar och klimatavtryck jämfördes för de nuvarande och framtida scenarierna, resultaten diskuterades sedan, även med avseende på mildringsstrategier som kan leda till en reducering av överdimensionering och minskad miljöpåverkan. Resultaten indikerar att den årliga skillnaden i klimatavtrycket för det nuvarande scenariot var cirka 539 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, vilket var 43% större än det optimerade systemets klimatavtryck. Medan den årliga skillnaden i klimatavtrycket för det framtida scenariot uppskattades till cirka 562 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, vilket var 752% större än det optimerade systemets klimatavtryck i en eventuell framtid. Detta visar på den stora miljöpåverkan som orsakas av överdimensionerade kylsystem. Det nuvarande systemets inneslutna klimatavtryck beräknades till 3.3% av det totala klimatavtrycket för det nuvarande scenariot, och 4.8% för det framtida scenariot. Medan det optimerade systemets inneslutna klimatavtryck för det nuvarande scenariot var 1.5%, och 8.6% för det framtida scenariot. Detta demonstrerar den stora andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck i det nuvarande systemet, jämfört med det optimerade systemet som är bättre anpassat för kylbehovet. Dessutom visar det som förväntat den ökade andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck för en produkts eller ett systems totala klimatavtryck i framtiden, eftersom båda systemens inneslutna klimatavtryck visade på en framtida ökning. Den framtida ökade andelen inneslutet klimatavtryck väcker behovet av att itu med denna växande faktor och göra den till en prioritering. Nyckeln till ett system med korrekt storlek, vars kapacitet möter behovet, bestämdes vara exakta beräkningar av kraven och frånvaron av överskottsmarginaler som saknar kvantifierbar motivering. Detta resulterar i en förbättrad miljöprestanda där systemet fungerar på sin optimala nivå. Berörda parters engagemang och inflytande genom en transparent designprocess med tydlig kommunikation, och incitament som ger ekonomiskt stöd till system av korrekt dimensionering, samt miljökonsekvensbedömningar av produkter, är några av de viktigaste faktorerna med stort inflytande på slutresultatet. Dessa element bedöms vara avgörande för att minska överskottet av klimatavtrycket som orsakas av en överdimensionering av byggnadstjänster.

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Alma, Sandqvist. "Byggbranschen måste också plastbanta : En fallstudie om plaster i dagens byggande och dess hälso- och miljöpåverkan". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73215.

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Syftet med examensarbetet är att bidra med ökad kunskap om hur plastanvändningen ser ut i dagens byggande och vad den har för miljö- och hälsomässiga konsekvenser. Målet med studien är även att kunna visa på hur plastanvändningen kan förändras på ett hållbart sätt. Föratt kunna uppnå examensarbetets syfte och mål har tre stycken frågeställningar formulerats. Hur mycket och vilken typ av plast förekommer i en nybyggd villa idag? Vilka miljö- och hälsomässiga konsekvenser medför den plast som används i dagens byggande? Vad finns det för alternativa material, produkter och metoder? För att svara på dessa frågor har en grundläggande litteraturstudie gjorts kompletterat men enkvantitativ fallstudie. Fallstudien utgår från en villa som är typisk för hur nybyggda villor byggsidag, år 2018. Objektet som valts för fallstudien är en nyproducerad enplansvilla på 170kvadratmeter boyta. Plastprodukter har inventerats i stommaterial, installationer, emballageoch förpackningar. Resultatet av inventeringen visar på att 3181 kg plastprodukter inventerats i villan vilket betyder att nästan 19 kilogram plast går åt för varje kvadratmeter boyta. Viktmässigt återfanns85 procent av plasten i stommaterial, 11 procent i installationer och 4 procent till emballageoch förpackningar. Sammanställningen visar även att en övervägande del av plasten utgörs avpolystyren (PS). Därefter är polyvinylklorid (PVC), polyeten (PE) och polypropen (PP) de mestf örekommande plasterna. Plasterna har även bedömts ur ett miljö- och hälsoperspektiv. Bedömningen utgår ifrån trekategorier; toxicitet, klimatpåverkan och avfall. Resultatet av miljö- och hälsobedömningenvisar att polyeten (PE) och polypropen (PP) är de mest skonsamma plasterna för miljö ochhälsa, bortsett från biobaserade plaster. Den farligaste plasten är enligt denna studiepolyuretan (PUR) tätt följt av polyvinylklorid (PVC), polykarbonat (PC) och polystyren (PS). Miljö- och hälsobedömningen av olika plasttyper visar på att det är viktigt att plast inte ses somett material utan en grupp av många olika material med olika egenskaper som är mer ellermindre problematiska för hälsa och miljö. Analysen visar även att flera plastprodukter i byggnadens stomme kan ersättas med alternativa material och på så sätt reducera inte baramängden plast utan även de miljö- och hälsokonsekvenser som plasten medför. För installationsplast är det bästa alternativet i dagsläget att byta PVC-plast till bättre plast såsom PE och PP. Detta för att minska påverkan på miljö och hälsa både vid tillverkning ochåtervinning. För emballage- och förpackningsplast gäller det främst att minska engångsanvändningen och öka återanvändningen av förpackningsplasten. För vidare studier kan det undersökas med vilka medel kan man hjälpa beslutsfattare inombyggbranschen att välja mer hållbara material, och studera hur stor påverkan den ekonomiskaaspekten har när material ska väljas. Ett annat förslag är att titta på hur plastanvändningenskiljer sig åt för olika typer av byggnader; flerbostadshus, offentliga byggnader, fritidshus.

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Cardoso, Poliana Figueira. "Sistemas de certificação ambiental de edificações habitacionais e possibilidades de aplicação da avaliação do ciclo de vida". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-08032016-091721/.

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Dada a complexidade da interação entre o construído e o ambiente natural, a ACV (Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida) representa uma abordagem de máxima precisão para analisar os impactos ambientais de todo o edifício. Esta técnica além de considerar os materiais e consumo de energia, deve incluir em sua avaliação a produção e transporte de materiais de construção, e até mesmo o material de reciclagem e gestão de resíduos na fase de desativação. A ACV é a técnica que melhor se enquadra na avaliação de medidas de desempenho ambiental, pois tem a possibilidade de ser integrada aos sistemas de certificação ambiental. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a aplicabilidade da técnica de ACV para os sistemas de CAE (Certificação Ambiental de Edificações) habitacionais no Brasil. Para alcançar este objetivo, utiliza-se a pesquisa exploratória por meio de revisão bibliográfica e documental. Observou-se que a utilização da técnica de ACV nas CAE ocorre em passos iniciais. Todas as CAE já iniciaram pelo menos o pensamento de ciclo de vida como base para conhecimento por parte dos agentes interessados. Algumas CAE possuem iniciativas com propósitos mais adequados ao uso da técnica, como é o caso do BREEAM e do LEED. O BREEAM classifica os materiais escolhidos por meio de abordagem de ACV e o LEED faz a ponderação dos créditos das categorias utilizando o método de caracterização de impacto TRACI. Outra questão relevante é o uso da tecnologia BIM para realizar avaliações de ciclo de vida, o sistema Casa Azul faz menção para no futuro a integração nas fases de projeto. Aponta-se projeções de aplicabilidade da técnica de ACV estar inserida nas categorias relacionadas aos materiais, categoria esta considerada como padrão para avaliação por todas as CAE.
Given the complexity of the interaction between the built and the natural environment, the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is a maximum precision approach to analyze the environmental impacts of the entire building. Besides considering the materials and energy consumption, this technique must include in its assessment the production and transport of building materials, and even the material recycling and waste management in the decommissioning phase. LCA is the technique that best fits the evaluation of environmental performance measures, it has able to be integrate with environmental certification systems. In this context, this study aims at analyzing the applicability of LCA technique for ECB systems (Environmental Certification of Buildings) housing in Brazil. To accomplish this, we use the exploratory research through literature and document review. It was observed that use of the CAE technique LCA showed up in the initial steps. All CAE have started at least the thought of life cycle as a basis for knowledge on the part of stakeholders. Some efforts have CAE more suitable for use in technical purposes, such as the BREEAM and LEED. BREEAM classifies chosen materials through LCA approach and LEED is the balance of credits in categories using the method of characterization TRACI impact. Another relevant issue is the use of BIM to perform life cycle assessments, which Casa Azul system makes reference to the future integration into project phases. It points applicability projections of LCA technique is inserted in the categories related to materials, a category regarded as a standard for evaluation by all CAE.

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Rask, Fredrik. "Life Cycle Assessment and comparison of the climate impact of structural members and floor systems constructed in concrete, steel and timber". Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256506.

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In this report the climate impact is determined for some basic structural elements made in steel,>mber and concrete. The aim is to compare the climate impact of these three building materials byquan>fying the emissions related to the produc>on and construc>on of some typical structures.The comparison comprise two parts, were one is the comparison of members in bending,compression and tension and the other part is the comparison of a couple of floor structures.The emissions are determined through a Life Cycle Assessment, LCA. The members are comparedwith respect to their load bearing resistance and the floor structures is compared per square meter.The mo>va>on for this inves>ga>on is that the construc>on industry is a large contributor to the totalamount of greenhouse gas emissions and in order to reduce these emissions new solu>ons andprac>ses must be adopted. A more thoughVul choice of the materials used in structures has thepoten>al of reducing the emissions.The method of determining the climate impact is based on first determining the material quan>>esfor all the inves>gated structures and then calcula>ng the amount of carbon dioxide equivalentsrelated to the produc>on of these materials with the help of a Life Cycle Assessment.The material quan>>es of the structural members is determined based on the load. The dimensionsof the cross sec>on is determined with respect to the required load resistance. The materialquan>>es of the floor structures is based on some exis>ng solu>ons from manufacturers.The study show that the >mber based design solu>ons almost always has a smaller climate impactand that the differences can be considerable. Members made in steel oZen result in very largeamount of greenhouse gas emissions but the sca[er in the results indicate that the origin of the steelhas great importance. Primary steel has a much larger impact as opposed to recycled steel.The comparison of the floor designs show that beyond the material choice itself, also the materialefficiency is important. The hollow core slab made in concrete is a very material efficient design andmay in some cases be on par with >mber based designs.The massive >mber floors made of Cross Laminated Timber, CLT, has a fairly large climate impactbecause of the sheer volume of material and may be on the same level as the floor made in concretefor some scenarios. There is however a wide range in the result based on whether the material istransported a long distance and depending on the choice of insula>on material. If these choices isop>mised, the emissions of the CLT floor is instead on a much lower level, closer to that of the otherlightweight floors inves>gated.The process of evalua>ng and comparing the material choices and structural designs form a lifecycleperspec>ve can be u>lised during the design in order to reduce the emissions. With a be[erknowledge of the climate impact of the design, be[er choices can be made in order to reduce theemissions.

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Al-Najjar, Ahmad. "Full life cycle assessment of a cross laminated timber modular building in Sweden". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105018.

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Building industry contributes to massive amounts of harmful emissions. This trend will continue to rise unless appropriate measures are taken. This master thesis aims to calculate the environmental impact during the whole life time of a prefabricated cross-laminated timber (CLT) modular building. The environmental impacts from the end-of-life stage and the benefit of the most of the building material beyond the system boundary is also included. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used as a tool to assess the environmental impacts following the standard SS-EN 15978:2011. Since there is a lack of environmental data about CLT in general and about prefabricated CLT volumetric modules buildings in particular the results from this work will enhance the understanding of the environmental performance of this kind of building system. This work is done with Size AB, a company that only produces CLT modular multi-storeys buildings. The studied object is three storeys building located in Nykvarn in Sweden. The total emissions during the building life cycle are at least 377 kg CO2-eq/m2 of the gross floor area (GFA), 0,296 kg PO43--eq/m2 of GFA and 1,1 kg SO2-eq/m2 of GFA for global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP) and acidification potential (AP) respectively. The result shows that the share of the AP and EP during the end-of-life stage is only 1% for each, whereas CO2-eq emission is accounted for 14% during this stage. The material production stage accounts for more than 50% for all environmental indicators. This study provides fundamental data to perform LCAs in this area and to carry out climate declarations. Through sensitivity analysis it was discovered inter alia that high production intensity in the modules fabrication factory plays a significant role in reducing the environmental impacts during the construction stage. It was also found that modification of the LCA’s system boundary is recommended to present a transparent LCA of modular buildings.

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Florez, Laura. "Measuring sustainability perceptions of construction materials". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34845.

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As more owners seek to develop sustainable buildings, the construction industry is adapting to new requirements in order to meet owner's concerns. Material selection has been identified as an area where designers and contractors can have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of a building. Objective factors such as design considerations and cost constraints can play a role in the selection of materials. However, there may be subjective factors that could also impact the selection of materials. Building upon the potential impact of sustainability perceptions in an optimization model that can be used to help decision makers to select materials, this study defines and tests an instrument to identify and measure such perceptions. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual instrument that measures the user-based assessment of product sustainability and validates decision-maker's perceptions in order to evaluate the contribution of subjective characteristics in materials selection. A survey of design and construction students and practitioners is carried out to capture the subjective factors included in the instrument. A Factor Analysis approach is used to refine and validate the measurement instrument and predict decision-makers' sustainability appraisal due to the factors considered.

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Eriksson, Lovisa. "Klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändning från en multihall i två plan : En livscykelanalys av Hästhagens sporthall i Malmö". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428163.

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Till följd av ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser har klimatförändringar blivit ett faktum och ett väldiskuterat ämne världen över. Parallellt med klimatfrågan behöver den allmänna folkhälsan gynnas, och med ett ständigt växande samhälle växer även efterfrågan på fler idrottsanläggningar. Då byggnader står för en betydande del av bidragen till den globala klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändning blir idrottsanläggningars miljöpåverkan en allt viktigare fråga. Vilka typer av anläggningar som bör byggas för att främja den allmänna folkhälsan samtidigt som miljöpåverkan minimeras är en fråga som fler och fler av Sveriges kommuner börjar diskutera. Att bygga idrottsanläggningar som multihallar i flera plan är ett fenomen som undersöks allt mer och kan möjligen vara en potentiell lösning. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka miljöpåverkanskategorierna klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändningen från Hästhagens sporthall i Malmö. Hallen är byggd i två plan och innehåller därmed två fullstora gymnastikhallar staplade på varandra. Miljöpåverkan från denna multihall jämfördes sedan med den från en traditionell sporthall i ett plan. För att analysera miljöpåverkanskategorierna utfördes en livscykelanalys utifrån ISO-standarderna 14040 och 14044, och avgränsningar gjordes utifrån standarden för värdering ochberäkning av byggnaders miljöprestanda, SS-EN 15978:2011. Därmed undersöktes endast modulerna A1-A5 i byggskedet, vilka innefattar produktion av byggmaterial, transport och konstruktion, samt modul B6 som hanterar energiförbrukningen i driftfasen. Materialen som studerades var de som utgör klimatskalet av Hästhagens sporthall och består främst av betong, tegel, isoleringsmaterial och fönster. I driftfasen granskades klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändningen av fjärrvärme samt fastighets- och verksamhetsel. Resultaten visar att det är produktionen av material i modul A1-A3, samt fjärrvärmen i B6 som har störst utsläpp av CO2-ekvivalenter och därmed bidrar mest till klimatpåverkan. Utslaget på multihallens antagna livslängd på 70 år har byggfasen en något större påverkan än driftfasen, 27 respektive 23 ton CO2-ekvivalenter per år. Vad gäller energianvändning är det driftfasen som brukar majoriteten av primärenergin, 795 GJ per år, vilket är drygt tre gånger mer per år än de 254 GJ som byggfasen använder. I jämförelsen med en traditionell sporthall i ett plan framgår att Hästhagens sporthall i två plan är något mer energieffektiv och har en lägre klimatpåverkan per tillhandahållen aktivitetstimme. Miljöpåverkan från idrottsanläggningar är dock ett förbisett område och det krävs mer forskning för att kunna dra generella slutsatser om huruvida sporthallar i fler plan är mer miljövänliga än traditionella hallar.
Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, the issue of climate change is now a well debated topic worldwide. Simultaneously, the municipalities in Sweden are constantly working on improving the public health and with a growing society the demand for new sports facilities is increasing. Since the construction and operation of buildings contribute to a major part of the global climate impact as well as primary energy use, the environmental impact of sports facilities is an important question. What sorts of buildings that are most beneficial to increase the health of the general public, and at the same time minimizing the environmental impact, is a question that a growing number of municipalities in Sweden are starting to discuss. The aim of this thesis was to examine the climate impact and the primary energy use of Hästhagens sporthall in Malmö. The multi-use sports facility is constructed in two levels, putting two full-sized gymnasiums on top of each other. Its environmental impact was then compared to the impact of a traditional one-level gymnasium. To conduct this analysis, a life cycle assessment was preformed according to the international standards ISO-14040 and 14044, and the definitions and boundaries of the study was set based on the standard SS-EN 15978:2011, defining the calculation method and assessment of environmental performance of buildings. Thus, modules A1-A5, which include production of building materials, transportation and construction, as well as module B6, which handles the energy use during operation, were examined. The materials that are included in the pre-use phase make up the shell of the building and consists mostly of concrete, brick, insulation and windows. In the operational or use phase, district heating and electricity use were studied. The results show that the production of materials, modules A1-A3, as well as the district heating have the highest emissions of CO2-equivalents and that, if divided upon the total life expectancy of 70 years of the building, the pre-use phase has a slightly higher climate impact than the use phase, 27 versus 23 ton CO2-equivalents per year. Regarding primary energy use, the use phase require 795 GJ per year, and has thus more than a three-fold impact than the pre-use phase, which only requires 254 GJ per year. Compared to a traditional one-level gymnasium, Hästhagens sporthall is somewhat more energy efficient and has a lower climate impact per hour performed activity. However, more research is needed to make more general conclusions about the possibility of multi-use facilities in multiple levels to be more environmentally friendly than one-level establishments.

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Ivansson, Signe, e Kajsa Starck. "Operativa beslut inom byggsektorn med hjälp av LCC-utvärdering". Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45780.

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Syfte: Det finns en stor brist på kunskap om att översätta klimatpåverkan till ett monetärt värde. Forskare har under flera decennium studerat och forskat inom området och tagit fram flera metoder och verktyg inom LCC (Livscykelkostnad). Forskarna frågar sig varför inte dessa används i branschen? Målet med denna studie är att ta fram ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av LCA (Livscykelanalys) utföra en LCC med invägd miljökostnad. Metod: De metoder som används för att nå målet med arbetet är mailintervjuer, observationer, dokumentanalys och litteraturstudie. Resultat: Arbetet beskriver att kommunala bostadsbolag inte använder sig av LCC i någon större utsträckning. En fallstudie har utförts på två hus i Kv. Vingpennan 2 i Kungsängen. Arbetet presenterar utifrån fallstudien, ett arbetssätt där miljökostnad översätts till ett monetärt värde med hjälp av LCA och LCC. Konsekvenser: Eftersom kommunala bostadsbolag inte arbetar med LCC analyser i den utsträckning som skulle behövas i nuläget skulle någon form av krav från kommun kunna bli aktuellt. Byggnation som är en stor koldioxidbov skulle behöva en sådan typ av krav, i form av till exempel en koldioxidskatt som räknas fram i början av varje nytt byggprojekt. Orsakerna varför inte LCC används i någon större utsträckning är många. Osäkerhetsfaktorerna för uppskattning av ett monetärt värde för miljöpåverkan inom LCC anses vara en bidragande orsak. Om dessa krav som detta arbete föreslår skulle ställas på beslutsfattarna då tvingas de att lära sig att arbeta aktivt med LCC. Den nya ISO standarden 14008:2019 kan vara en början till fungerande arbetsmetoder med LCC där miljökostnaden kan räknas fram. Begränsningar: Val av metoder och strategier har varit passande för detta arbete. Det som dels har begränsat resultatet är att fallstudien endast pågått en kort tid i projektet Kv. Vingpennan 2 och dels att det finns olika LCA-verktyg på marknaden. Innehållet i dessa LCA-program kan ha begränsat arbetet då de inte är exakta med verkligheten. De osäkerhetsfaktorer som finns i en LCC analys kan göra att den som utför analysen kan tolka de olika faktorerna på olika sätt och därför få olika resultat.
Purpose: There is a lack of knowledge of translating environmental cost to a monetary value. Sientcis has during the last decades studied and researched the field and developed several methods and tools within the Life cycle cost (LCC). The researchers are wondering why these are not used in the industry? The goal in this study is to develop a working method on how to build better for the climate using Life cycle assessment (LCA) and LCC. Method: The methods used to reach the goal of the study are mail interviews, observations, document analysis and literature review. Findings: The result of the study describes that municipal housing companies do not use LCC a lot. A case study is done on two houses in Kv. Vingpennan 2 in Kungsängen, Jönköping. The study presents, based on the case study a method for working with LCC with a environmental cost translated into a monetary value by using LCA. Implications: Since municipal housing companies at present do not work with LCC analyses to the extent that would be needed, some kind of demands from the municipality could be relevant. The construction sector is emitting a lot of carbon dioxide that is why some kind of tax should be calculated in the beginning of a new building project. There are many reasons why LCC is not so much in use. The uncertainty factors for estimating a monetary value for the environmental cost within the LCC might be a contributing factor. If the requirements that we propose would be put to the decision makers they would be forced to learn how to and work with LCC. The new ISO standard 14008:2019 could be the beginning of work methods for LCC where the environmental cost could be calculated. Limitations: The choice of methods and strategies for this study has been appropriate. The limitation is that the case study has only been studied over a shorter time of the studied projects time and that there is a lot of different programs for making a LCA and the materials in those programs is not always the exact same as in the real project. The uncertainties in an LCC could make the results variate a lot depending on who makes it.

47

Paananen, Linnea, e Injonglan Gamm Burom. "En möjlighet till en hållbar byggbransch : Jämförelsestudie mellan stommaterialen KL-trä och prefabricerad betong". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259934.

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Byggbranschen står idag för cirka 21 procent av Sveriges totala årliga utsläpp av växthusgaser. En stor utmaning är att kunna uppnå klimatlagens mål som innebär att Sverige inte ska ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser i atmosfären de kommande decennierna. Samtidigt ökar behovet av fler bostäder i samband med en ökad befolkning. Betong är det material som dominerar dagens industriella byggande av flervåningshus och i samband med den tidigare svenska lagen som förbjöd träkonstruktioner med fler än två våningar är träbyggandet i Sverige inte lika etablerat i samma utsträckning som betongkonstruktioner. För att öka förståelsen och kunskapen om träkonstruktioner bland aktörer i byggbranschen som exempelvis beställare, är syftet att jämföra en KL-trästomme och en prefabricerad betongstomme utifrån skillnader i miljöpåverkan, materialkostnad och byggtid. Med handlingar från ett referensprojekt med KL-trästomme erhållna av Bjerking har en undersökning av stommens materialåtgång utförts, för att sedan kunna ersättas med en prefabricerad betongstomme. Med hjälp av materialåtgången för respektive stomme har jämförelsestudien slutförts. Resultatet visar att KL-trästommen har mindre miljöpåverkan och total materialkostnad jämfört med den prefabricerade betongstommen, dock är inte alla material i KL-trästommen inräknade i studien. De uteslutna materialen är enligt uppgift kostsamma vilket i slutändan kan medföra att stommen i KLträ blir det dyrare alternativet. Byggtiden som i detta fall är tiden för stommontage uppskattades till cirka en arbetsvecka per våningsplan för båda stommarna, men det krävs mindre arbetskraft för KLträstommen. Slutsatsen är att KL-trä är det mest miljövänliga stommaterialet för att bygga referensprojektet i Kajstaden eftersom att det bidrar minst till miljöpåverkan. Den prefabricerade betongstommen är mer fördelaktig om en mindre materialkostnad är det som prioriteras. Om en kortare byggtid med mindre arbetskraft önskas är KL-trästommen mer gynnsam. I framtiden bör den viktigaste parametern vid val av stommaterial vara det med minst miljöpåverkan för att byggbranschen ska bli mer hållbar.
The construction industry is currently responsible for about 21 percent of Sweden’s total annual emission of greenhouse gases. A major challenge is to be able to achieve the goals of the climate change act, which means that Sweden will not have any net emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the coming decades. At the same time, the need for more housing increases in connection with an increased population. Concrete is the construction material that dominates today’s industrial construction of multi-storey buildings and in connection with the earlier Swedish law that prohibited wooden structures with more than two stories, wood construction in Sweden is not as developed to the same extent as concrete structures. In order to increase understanding and knowledge of CLT structures among operators in the construction industry, such as clients, the purpose is to compare a CLT structure and a prefabricated concrete frame based on differences in environmental impact, material cost and construction time. With documents from a reference project with CLT structure obtained by the company Bjerking, an investigation of the construction’s material consumption has been accomplished, in order to be replaced with a prefabricated concrete frame. The comparative study has been completed using the material consumption for each frame. The results shows that the CLT structure has less environmental impact and total material cost compared to the prefabricated concrete frame, however, not all materials in the CLT structure are included in the study. The excluded materials are reportedly costly, which in the end means that the CLT structure can become the more expensive alternative. The construction time, which in this case is the time for the frame assembly, was estimated to be about one working week per storey for both frames, but less workers is required for the CLT structure. The conclusion is that the CLT structure is the most environmentally-friendly frame material for building the reference project in Kajstaden because it contributes least to the environmental impact. The prefabricated concrete frame is more advantageous if a lower material cost is the priority. If a shorter construction time with less workers is desired, the CLT structure is more favorable. In the future, the most important parameter in the choice of frame material should be the one with least environmental impact for the construction industry to become more sustainable.

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Petterson, Sandra, e Ulrika Vinberg. "Arboga Mekaniska Verkstad : Förslag på saneringsåtgärder gällande gjuteriet och plåtverkstaden". Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6164.

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The industrialization in Sweden has increased the large number of areas that have been contaminated with various types of pollution. One of those sites are the property Höjen 3:24 in Arboga where “Arboga Mekaniska Verkstad” once been. The property wants to increase the use of the old former foundry building with the adjacent “plate-workshop” and believe there are two options for the building: That the building either should be used as a warehouse/concert hall, or rebuilt into a cultural center.

An environmental evaluation has shown that the levels of heavy metals are over the Swedish environmental protection agency guidelines of less sensitive land. The purpose of this report has been to provide possible suggestions for remedial action for these two options and to describe the effects, consequences and costs of the various proposals. It appears from the report that there are two possible solutions to reduce exposure and proliferation of heavy metal pollution in the building. If the building is used for storage and concerts then the pollution should be encapsulated, while if the building is built into a cultural center, it is suggested that the pollutants are to be removed.

In an encapsulation it is suggested that the floor surfaces are reconstructed, the walls must be painted with an elastic paint and all the dust on the beams are to be vacuumed. In addition to the measures proposed is that the ground floor is dug up and the walls are milled down a few millimeters to remove the highest levels of pollutions. But there are some uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the report. It is mainly the economic aspect as calculated using prices from construction firms on the Internet and estimates on the building's size and degree of pollution. There are also gaps and uncertainties about the pollution distribution and dissemination of building materials, soil and groundwater.

Sveriges utveckling till industriland har gett upphov till att ett stort antal områden blivit förorenade med olika typer av föroreningar. Ett flertal av dessa områden har blivit så förorenade att de riskerar att skada människors hälsa och miljön. Idag har drygt 80 000 potentiellt förorenade områden kartlagts i Sverige och Arboga mekaniska verkstad är ett av dessa förorenade områden. Sverige riksdag har antagit 16 miljökvalitetsmål som ett steg i arbetet mot en hållbar utveckling. Ett av miljökvalitetsmålen är ”Giftfri miljö”. Målet innefattar ett flertal delmål, varvid två delmål behandlar ”Efterbehandling av förorenade områden”.

I Arboga kommun, på fastigheten Höjen 3:24 har Arboga mekaniska verkstad en gång legat som är en före detta mekanisk verkstad där det har tillverkats bland annat järnvägsgods, strykjärn och manglar. Verksamheten bedrevs i ett flertal olika byggnader. På området finns idag till exempel en gammal gjuteribyggnad med angränsande plåtverkstad. Arboga mekaniska verkstad startade sin verksamhet år 1858 och år 1967 lades verksamheten i gjuteribyggnaden ned. Resterande verksamhet lades ned år 1982, när företaget gick i konkurs. Idag används gjuteribyggnaden med angränsande plåtverkstad endast till lagerlokal.

Med uppdrag från Länsstyrelsen i Västmanland har SGI utfört en inventering av området enligt MIFO fas 2 med statliga medel. Gjuteribyggnaden med angränsande plåtverkstad riskklassades i en MIFO fas 1 utfört av länsstyrelsen till risklass 2, stor risk. MIFO fas 2 utredningen resulterade i att byggnaden klassades ner till risklass 3, måttlig risk. Utredningen i MIFO fas 2 omfattade gjuteribyggnaden samt angränsande plåtverkstad och marken i och omkring dessa byggnader. Det påvisades förhöjda halter av föroreningar i form av tungmetallerna arsenik, koppar, zink och bly. Dessa förhöjda halter har påträffats i framförallt i det äldre sandgolvet, omkring ugnen i gjuteriet samt i marklager med slaggrester. De förhöjda halterna av koppar i området utgör inte någon hälsofara, men de kan däremot påverka markekosystemet i området. Arsenikförekomsten bedöms kunna utgöra en hälsorisk. På vissa platser i gjuteribyggnaden överskrider arsenikhalterna det hälsobaserade riktvärdet för MKM. Vid labbanalys har det visat sig att endast ett prov innehåller halter över MKM, men eftersom antalet prov är begränsat i förstudien kan det finnas fler platser med höga arsenikhalter. Undersökningen tyder på att åtgärder för att förhindra föroreningsspridning samt exponering bör utföras. I första hand bör föroreningarna tas bort och åtgärder som minskar exponeringsrisken bör övervägas i andra hand. De förhöjda metallhalterna kan begränsa markfunktionen i viss mån.

Det finns flera olika saneringsmetoder för att behandla metallförorenad mark. Exempel på några sådana metoder är reaktiva barriärer, jordtvätt och termiska metoder, stabilisering och solidifiering, elektrokemiska metoder samt fytoremediering. För att behandla en förorenad byggnad kan flera olika metoder användas, bland annat: rivning, sanering, forcerad ventilation och inkapsling. Målning kan vara en relativt enkel metod för att kapsla in föroreningarna och minska exponeringsrisken. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att ge åtgärdsförslag till saneringen av gjuteribyggnaden med angränsande plåtverkstad utifrån två alternativ inklusive förslagens effekter, konsekvenser och kostnader. Alternativ ett innebär att gjuteriet med angränsande plåtverkstad fortsätter ha lagerverksamhet men i utökad form och att konserter kan anordnas i byggnaden. Detta innebär att en rad åtgärder kan behöva vidtas för att förhindra exponeringsrisken samt spridningsrisken. Byggnaden är dessutom eftersatt och kräver en viss renovering före en utökad användning. Alternativ två innebär att gjuteribyggnaden med angränsade plåtverkstad görs om till ett kulturcentrum med konserthall, museum, hantverksstäder och café. Den gamla industrikulturen ska bevaras så mycket som möjligt. Projektets framtidsversion kräver stora ekonomiska resurser och större saneringsåtgärder än alternativ ett.

De åtgärdsalternativ som förespråkas i båda alternativen är framförallt dammsugning av bjälkar, hårdgöra golvet samt att lägga in en geotextilduk som förhindrar föroreningarnas spridning samt inkapsling av föroreningarna i väggarna i form av målning. Under själva sanerings- och renoveringsarbetet med byggnaden och marken kommer boende och djur- och växtliv inte störas i någon större omfattning, då de boende bor ca 100 meter ifrån fastigheten samt att industriverksamhet redan pågår i området. Industriverksamheten kan i dagsläget ge upphov till buller, vibrationer och andra störningar.

De slutsatser vi kan dra från vårt arbete är att det finns två lösningar för att bevara och öka användningen av byggnaden. Det ena är alternativ ett som bygger på att byggnaden används till lagerlokal och konserthall. I det alternativet kapslas föroreningarna in. Det andra är alternativ två som går ut på att ett kulturcentrum upprättas i byggnaden. För detta alternativ avlägsnas föroreningarna. Alternativ två är ett mer långsiktigt alternativ än alternativ ett med avseende på exponeringsrisk och föroreningsspridning. Däremot är det ur ett kortsiktigt ekonomiskt perspektiv billigare att genomföra åtgärdsförslagen för alternativ ett. Den totala kostnaden som sammanställts är mycket preliminärt och osäker då endast antaganden har gjorts på byggnadens storlek samt hur mycket av jorden som behöver saneras. Det har heller inte tagits någon hänsyn till förarbeten och andra underarbeten.

Det finns osäkerheter rörande gjuteribyggnaden med angränsande plåtverkstad som behöver utredas, främst vid alternativ två. I den gjorda MIFO fas 2 utredningen var antalet prov begränsat, därmed kan fler platser påvisa höga föroreningshalter. I utredningen fann man bland annat enstaka platser i gjuteribyggnaden där arsenikhalterna överskrider det hälsobaserade riktvärdet för MKM. Utredningen tyder på att ingen provtagning har utförts på överbyggnaden av trä. Förorenat byggmaterial är heller inte avgränsat i djup- och ytled.

För fortsatt arbete bör förslagsvis dammet ovanpå bjälkarna i gjuteribyggnaden provtas med ett XRF-instrument först för att se om det finns något arsenik dammet. Detta ska ske enligt ett förläggande som finns från kommunens miljö- och hälsoskyddsenhet. Sedan bestäms vilket alternativ som ska genomföras. Väljs alternativ ett kan åtgärder börja vidtas direkt för att kapsla in föroreningarna. För alternativ två behövs en mer omfattande provtagning genomföras för att ta reda på föroreningsspridning samt föroreningshalter i området. Utifrån resultatet från provtagningen kan en plan för saneringen upprättas och saneringen kan sedan påbörjas, följt av ombyggnad och renovering.

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Santos, Almai do Nascimento dos. "Diagnóstico da situação dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) no município de Petrolina". Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=679.

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Apesar de ser uma grande geradora de impactos ambientais devido ao grande consumo de matéria-prima e da grande geração de resíduos, a Construção Civil é reconhecida como uma das mais importantes atividades para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Nos países desenvolvidos, a geração de RCD nas obras de demolição entre os anos de 1994 a 1999 variava entre 32 e 99 ton/ano. O que não difere muito do Brasil, que em 2005, através de pesquisas em 11 Municípios, observou-se uma geração de resíduos com média de 59% também, provenientes de obras de reforma, ampliação e demolição. O Município de Petrolina localizado em pleno sertão Pernambucano, atualmente, tem uma população de 268.339 habitantes e ainda não possui um sistema de gerenciamento de RCD, conforme preceitua a Resolução n. 307 do CONAMA (2002). Visando contribuir com o estudo desta problemática, a presente dissertação realiza um diagnóstico dos RCD do Município verificando sua potencialidade de reciclabilidade. A pesquisa constitui de um trabalho de campo de natureza exploratória e descritiva que visa identificar os materiais descartados pela indústria da construção civil de 10(dez) empresas geradoras de RCD, bem como identificar, para efeito de estudos de impacto ambiental, 11(onze) pontos de deposição irregular de RCD e a possível reutilização desses materiais. Os resultados demonstraram que 91,2% dos materiais são resíduos classe A, com potencial de reciclabilidade, tendo em vista os descartes de materiais cerâmicos representar no total da amostra 45,5% de todo o material observado, seguido de argamassas com (23,6%), de concreto (14,1%) e da areia (8,0%), ficando os 8,8% restantes destinados ao descartes de plásticos, gesso e madeira. Apesar da falta de uma destinação adequada, tanto as empresas quanto o Poder Público do referido município, tentam se adequar ao que determina a Resolução 307, em especial, no que se refere ao beneficiamento dos RCD, implantando uma usina de reciclagem no aterro remediado Raso da Catarina, proporcionando assim, emprego e renda à população. Esta pesquisa também propõe ações futuras que poderão colaborar na realização de estudos de viabilidade técnica utilizando agregados de RCD na produção de agregados para pavimentação, confecção de blocos sem função estrutural, peças para o meio fio, entre outros, beneficiando a população e o Município de Petrolina
Besides the fact that it is the cause of some environmental impact due to the great consumption of raw material and generation of residues, construction engineering is recognized as one amongst the most important activities that contributes to the economic and social development of our country. Within underdevelopment countries the generation of CDW (Construction and Demolition waste) in demolition works between the years 94-99 varied from 32 to 99 tons/year. CDW in Brazil is not different. In 2005, a research carried in 11 municipalities showed that the medium CDW was 59% as well. The municipality of Petrolina is located in the arid backlands of the state Pernambuco, the current population is 268,339 and still doesnt own a system for management of the CDW as required in the resolution 307 of CONAMA(2002) (National Council for Environmental Issues). Willing to contribute to the solving of this problem, the present dissertation brings a survey of variability of CDW in the municipality of Petrolina and verifies its recycling potential. The research is based on exploratory and descriptive field work and aims to identify the varied waste material discarded through the work of ten civil engineering companies and also to identify 11(eleven) points of irregular discard and the possible re-use of the discarded material. Results show that 91, 2% of residues are class A, waste with recycling potential. 45, 5% of the waste is ceramic, 23, 6% is mortar, 14, 1% is concrete and 8% is sand. The other 8, 8% are discard of wood, plastic and plaster. Despite the lack of place for disposal, private and governmental companies try to adjust themselves to what is required in resolution 307, specially regarding to recycling of CDW.There have been implemented a recycling industry in a disposal area called Raso da Catarina therefore providing jobs for the population. The present work of study also suggests some future action that may collaborate in studies for the use of CDW aggregates for paving, blocks with non-structural function and pieces for sidewalk, benefitting population and municipality as a whole

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Jönsson, Fanny. "Vilket alternativ av trä eller betong bidrar till minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter för byggnader i Sverige? : - En litteraturstudie". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40178.

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Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att genom en litteraturgranskning ta reda på vilket material av trä eller betong för byggnader i Sverige som resulterar i minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Bygg-och fastighetssektorn bidrar till 10-30% av Sveriges totala miljöpåverkan och enligt Boverket så har denna verksamhet dessutom ökat andelen koldioxidutsläpp under de senaste åren. Denna studie har utförts som en så kallad rapid review med en tillhörande kvalitetsbedömning av aktuella artiklar. Vid litteratursökningen har databaserna Web Of Science och Scopus nyttjas och totalt nio stycken artiklar inkluderades i den slutliga resultatsyntesen. Denna undersökning visar att träbyggnader uppförda i Sverige bidrar till mindre utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter jämfört med betongbyggnader. De största anledningarna till detta är på grund av betongens användning av cement, som under produktionsskedet släpper ut stora mängder koldioxid, samt träprodukters kapacitet att fungera som kolsänkor och förmåga att ersätta fossila bränslen i större utsträckning än vad betongbyggnader kan. Avfallshanteringen för träprodukter visar sig däremot vara en viktig faktor att ta i beaktning för att erhålla bästa möjliga scenario. Deponering utan tillvaratagande av biogas resulterar i likvärdigt koldioxidavtryck som betongbyggnader. Däremot visar resultatet att för scenarion där de träprodukter som är i godkänt skick återanvänds och den andel som är obrukbara används som energi har en positivt miljöpåverkan och släpper ut nästan fyra gånger mindre koldioxidekvivalenter än betongbyggnader. Vidare visar arbetet betydelsen av användning av olika fossila bränslen och ersättning av dessa.

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