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1
Rottet, Kevin J. "Translation and contact languages". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, n. 4 (20 novembre 2017): 523–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.4.04rot.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005; Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point – the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.
2
Muradova, Anna. "Some Breton Words in the Dictionary of the Russian Empress". Studia Celto-Slavica 1 (2006): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/dbzc7654.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The first mention of the Breton language in the Russian linguistical literature was made in the XVIII century when the Empress Catherine II decided to make a wide research in order to compose a dictionary where all the languages in the world would be represented. This work was carried out by a German scientist Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). He was the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the years 1768–1774, and he also took part in several expeditions in which he studied many regions of Russia, including Southern Siberia. The languages of the peoples living in different parts of Russia were largely represented in his study, and the European languages were also collected, assembled into different groups. The first edition of the dictionary, Vocabularia Linguarum Totius Orbis (“Сравнительные словари всех языков и наречий, собранные десницею Всевысочайшей Особы”) was published in 1787–1789. This edition contained 185 entries from 142 Asiatic and 51 European languages. The second edition was published in 1790–1791, and it contained the information on 272 languages and dialects, and 273 entries were represented in this edition. The Celtic languages were well represented in both editions as follows: Celtic (it is not clear what were the specifically Celtic languages), Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Cornish. The information for the Breton language was made available by several intermediaries: some Russian words were translated into Latin, after that – into French and transmitted to the ambassador of France, Le Compte de Segur. He sent the French words list to Baron de Breteuil, who employed the Intendant of Brittany Antoine-François Bertrand de Moleville. De Mollevile was not a Breton speaker and his task was to find someone who could do this job. Even in the XVIII century it seemed difficult to find anyone who was capable of providing a translation. This was a paradox: the Breton language was largely spoken by that time in the Western part of the peninsula (Lower Brittany). One of the difficulties was the absence of a “standard” Breton, and of a “standard” Breton spelling, the four dialects being too different from one another (therefore each author who was writing in Breton used his own variant of spelling). De Mollevile seemed to have had some difficulties to find out which of the dialects was the “correct” one. So he sent the list to Le Goazre in Qimper (where the Cornouaille dialect was spoken) and to Le Bricquir Dumezir in Lannoin (the Tregor dialect). Meanwhile, in order to find out the “correct” forms, the translators seemed to use Gregor Rostrenen’s dictionary (1732). The two versions (from Lannion or from Qimper) were sent to Pallas, and the differences between them made it possible to indicate two Breton forms for one Russian word. It is impossible to use Vocabularia Linguarum Totius Orbis for modern Celtic studies as all the foreign words used in the dictionary were transcribed into Cyrillic. Therefore we cannot make any conclusions with regard to the authentic spelling of these words. Meanwhile, this document is precious as it provides the first mention of Breton in Russia.
3
Kennard, Holly. "Morphosyntactic and morphophonological variation in Breton: a cross-generational perspective". Journal of French Language Studies 29, n. 2 (luglio 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000115.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractLike France’s other regional languages, Breton has seen a steep decline, followed by a period of revitalization in recent decades. Today there are two largely separate communities of speakers: older, traditional speakers who grew up speaking Breton at home, and younger speakers, generally from French-speaking homes, most of whom have learnt Breton through immersion schooling. It is claimed that this ‘Neo-Breton’ differs from the language of older speakers, lexically, phonologically and grammatically. This article examines morphosyntactic (impersonal) and morphophonological (mutation) data to explore exactly how Neo-Breton differs from that of traditional speakers, and how the variability in the data might be explained. The data show that contrary to what might be expected, new speakers do not differ greatly from older, traditional speakers in these areas. Influence from French is more subtle than might be supposed. Children and teenagers who attend Breton-medium schooling seem to show an extended period of acquisition, but the data from adult new speakers suggests that with enough Breton input, these young speakers can reach full proficiency. However, as the number of older speakers decreases, Breton seems likely to see more widespread language change.
4
Blanchard, Nelly. "Évolution du phénomène de traduction dans le domaine littéraire de langue bretonne". Nottingham French Studies 60, n. 2 (luglio 2021): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2021.0317.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Arguing that the concept of littérature-monde conceals unequal relations between literary cultures, this article examines the socio-economic contexts of literary translation from and into Breton from the fifteenth to the twenty-first century. The value of translation across the corpus of 1025 texts lies primarily in creating intercultural relationships and promoting cultural diversity. Translation into Breton represents a vital defence of a language with dwindling speaker numbers: in the late 1970s it increases dramatically, with littérature de jeunesse spearheading a change in state policy allowing regional languages to be taught in schools. Yet translation can also reinforce an existing power imbalance, highlighting the central role played by French in the linguistic and literary construction of Breton society. Poetry, songs and contes translated from Breton often perpetuate stereotypes of a bardic, oral culture, while nationalist writers reject self-translation into French as capitulation before the dominant culture. Since the 1980s, many have chosen to bypass French by translating into languages such as Welsh, Scottish, Irish or Catalan, creating a network of minority literatures. Since the market for Breton translation is so small, however, such texts serve as valuable identity markers, a symbolic, affective force articulating a quest for socio-political legitimacy via literature.
5
Jouitteau, Mélanie. "The Brythonic Reconciliation". Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2007 7 (31 dicembre 2007): 163–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.7.06jou.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
I argue that despite their traditional verb-first vs. verb second partition, Welsh and Breton both instantiate a ban on verb-first and I present an analysis of these two languages as fundamentally verb second. In this view, so-called verb first orders prototypically illustrated byWelsh result from inconspicuous strategies to fill in the preverbal position, whereas traditional verb second prototypically illustrated by Breton results from conspicuous strategies to fill in the preverbal position. I show that both conspicuous and inconspicuous verb second orders are present in bothWelsh and Breton. The difference in word order between Welsh and Breton is reduced to (i) a lexical parameter, that is availability of a free preverbal expletive particle inWelsh, and (ii) a syntactic parameter: Breton allows for the creation of expletives by short movement, a parameter shared with Icelandic and other languages instantiating stylistic fronting.
6
Dołowy-Rybińska, Nicole, e Hanna Popowska-Taborska. "Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?" Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 50 (31 dicembre 2015): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2015.016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Can the presently created Kashubian literary language and the currently formed new Breton language be objects of consideration for researchers of the linguistic picture of the world?The influence of the Polish language in conjunction with education and the mass media have brought about in the second half of the 20th century a growth of Polish-Kashubian bilingualism and a decline of Kashubian dialects. Simultaneously, work on the creation and promotion of the literary Kashubian language has begun. The standard Kashubian language is new to all users as is the new Breton language standardized in the last decades of the 20th century. Intergenerational transmission of the Breton language was severed after WWII. The ethnic revival of the 1970s led to the revalorization of the Breton culture and language, taught since then in a number of schools and at adult courses. Normalized Kashubian and Breton languages are full of neologisms. But at the same time they have also been considerably purified of those traits which make them similar to the respective dominant language (Polish and French). Furthermore, the range of use to which these minority languages are put is very different from one user to another. All these specifics result in the near impossibility of researching the linguistic picture of the world of contemporary normalized minority languages. Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?Wpływ polszczyzny związany ze szkołą i mediami masowymi spowodował wzrost w drugiej połowie XX wieku dwujęzyczności kaszubsko-polskiej i zanikanie dialektów kaszubskich. Jednocześnie rozpoczęły się prace nad stworzeniem i upowszechnieniem kaszubskiego języka literackiego. Standardowy język kaszubski jest nowy dla wszystkich użytkowników, podobnie jak standaryzowany w drugiej połowie XX wieku język bretoński. Międzypokoleniowa transmisja bretońskiego została przerwana w połowie XX wieku. Odrodzenie etniczne lat 70. XX wieku doprowadziło do rewaloryzacji kultury i języka bretońskiego, którego dzieci zaczęły się uczyć w szkołach, a dorośli – na kursach. Znormalizowane języki kaszubski i bretoński pełne są neologizmów, podlegają również procesom puryfikacji mającym oczyścić je z cech upodobniających do języka dominującego (polskiego i francuskiego). Zakres posługiwania się nimi u poszczególnych ich użytkowników jest silnie zróżnicowany. Wszystkie te fakty sprawiają, że badanie językowego obrazu świata normalizowanych obecnie języków mniejszościowych nie wydaje się możliwe.
7
Eichhorn, Sarah. "Conceptualizing Linguistic and Cultural Identity among Breton and Arabic Users in Brittany". Nottingham French Studies 63, n. 2 (luglio 2024): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2024.0411.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The linguistic diversity of France is a highly discussed topic, particularly in relation to the French state's (lack of) support for regional and minority languages (RMLs). There are approximately 200,000 speakers of the regional language Breton, while Arabic is the second-most widely spoken language in France with an estimated 3–4 million speakers. Recent studies have called for comparative analyses and this research seeks to fill this gap, focusing on individual speakers and their social experiences as they relate to language(s), diversity, and identity. This paper discusses findings of fieldwork conducted in Brittany with Breton and Arabic language users, examining how Breton and Arabic language users describe their language experiences, and how identity can be shaped by language practices. This research also explores how such language practices relate to diversity and multilingualism across France more broadly, and how individuals understand the multifaceted nature of identity using terms such as ‘double culture’ and ‘mélange’.
8
Stark, Elisabeth, e Paul Widmer. "Breton a-marking of (internal) verbal arguments: A result of language contact?" Linguistics 58, n. 3 (26 maggio 2020): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0089.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWe discuss a potential case of borrowing in this paper: Breton a- ‘of’, ‘from’ marking of (internal) verbal arguments, unique in Insular Celtic languages, and reminiscent of Gallo-Romance de/du- (and en-) arguments. Looking at potential Gallo-Romance parallels of three Middle Breton constructions analyzed in some detail (a with indefinite mass nominals in direct object position, a-marking of internal arguments under the scope of negation, a [allomorphs an(ez)-/ahan-] with personal pronouns for internal arguments, subjects (mainly of predicative constructions) and as expletive subjects of existential constructions), we demonstrate that even if there are some semantic parallels and one strong structural overlap (a and de under the scope of negation), the amount of divergences in morphology, syntax and semantics and the only partially fitting relative chronology of the different constructions do not allow to conclude with certainty that language-contact is an explanation of the Breton facts, which might have come into being also because of internal change (bound to restructuring of the pronominal system in Breton). More research is necessary to complete our knowledge of a-marking in Middle Breton and Modern Breton varieties and on the precise history of French en, in order to decide for one or the other explanation.
9
Le Dû, Jean. "The Celtic Element in Gallo-Romance Dialect Areas". Studia Celto-Slavica 11 (2020): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/sfww3511.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of the French language was initially marked by Celtomania, which saw Celtic roots everywhere. When this doctrine was discredited and discarded in the XIXth century, the role of the Germanic superstrate became hypertrophied, the more so that Breton, long considered a direct descendant of the native Gaulish, was ranked in the same period as an alien language imported from Great Britain into the Armorican peninsula. Relying on modern geolinguistics, I compare ALF (Atlas Linguistique de la France) maps with Breton ones, using the data recorded in Le Roux’s Atlas Linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne and Le Dû’s Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne. I shall try to show that several of theses maps reveal the presence of ALF data whose origin is clearly Celtic and not Germanic. The study of the Atlas Linguarum Europae and of the Atlas Linguistique Roman has shown that borders between languages and even language families are not waterproof. It is high time to develop such comparisons to bring about a new vision of the history of languages.
10
Valdman, Albert. "Jean Bernabé, La graphie créole. Martinique: Ibis Rouge Editions, 2001. Pp. 142. Pb. €15.00." Language in Society 32, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2002): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404503291053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A signal event in the history of language policy in France was the recognition in 2000 of French-lexifier creoles as languages that students in secondary schools could select as subject matter. This decision by the ministry of education placed these languages on an equal footing with the heretofore officially recognized regional languages, such as Breton or Corsican. For these languages to be taught in French secondary schools, teachers needed to be certified by an examination, the CAPES (Certificat d'Aptitude au Professorat de l'Enseignement Secondaire). This book by the leading creolist of the French Antilles is part of a series of handbooks for prospective candidates for that diploma.
11
Stump, Gregory T. "Non-local spirantization in Breton". Journal of Linguistics 24, n. 2 (settembre 1988): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011865.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Among the most striking morphosyntactic characteristics shared by the Celtic languages are their elaborate consonant mutation systems. It is clear from the most cursory inspection that in such systems, the range of possible syntactic relations between mutation triggers and their targets is subject to principled limits. In a recent paper, Zwicky (1984) has hypothesized that trigger-target relations are universally restricted by the constraint in (1): (1) The trigger determining a rule feature for a morphophonemic rule must be adjacent to the affected word and c-command it (Zwicky, 1984:389).
12
Dołowy, Nicole. "Możliwości rewitalizacji zagrożonych języków: między odpowiedzialnością państwa a działaniami mniejszości językowych". Kultura i Społeczeństwo 52, n. 2 (9 aprile 2008): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2008.52.2.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article considers the main ways, aims and possibilities of revitalising minority languages. The discussion is based on an analysis of a few minority languages (Welsh, Wendi’s and Breton) and the action being taken in order to keep them alive. The author asks the question as to the degree to which minority cultures and their rights to minority languages are respected by the state and the significance of this to the revitalisation of seriously endangered languages. Her answer is that the most effective method of protecting endangered languages is to support action conducted by representatives of the minority cultures, which will improve the standing of that language and will encourage its use in public life and – at least partly – on official occasions (not forgetting about the introduction of those languages into the education system).
13
Neal Baxter, Robert. "An analytical audit of twenty years of literary translation into Breton". Viceversa. Revista galega de tradución, n. 21 (13 aprile 2021): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35869/viceversa.v0i21.3461.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After presenting the key role played by translation in strengthening the literary canon of minoritized languages, this paper goes on to provide a detailed overview and analysis of the past twenty years of Breton literary translation since the turn of the millennium, covering a variety of aspects ranging from the overall evolution over time, target publics, the genres and the authors selected for translation, the range of source languages and the translators themselves, integrating a gender-based outlook whenever necessary. Taken as an integral part of the publishing sector, comparisons are drawn throughout regarding originals published in Breton for the same period. Particular emphasis is also laid on gauging the initial of the Literary Translation Program as a means of determining and potentially redirecting theoverall strategy for literary translation going forwards.
14
Baxter, Robert Neal. "New technologies and terminological pressure in lesser-used languages". Language Problems and Language Planning 33, n. 1 (27 aprile 2009): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.33.1.04bax.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Taking the impact of the Wikipedia on the Breton language as a case in point, whilst highlighting the huge potential benefits that new technologies have to offer to economically less viable languages as a whole, this article discusses the way internet-based systems can have an impact on the terminological pressure exerted on such languages in many specialised areas. The article goes on to analyse possible conflict resolution mechanisms for competing terminological strategies and the relative merits and shortcomings of each. While centred on the specific case of a European “minority” or “lesser used” language, the article shows the extent to which the discussion and findings can also be relevant to the way other equally economically challenged languages around the globe can evolve and develop unfettered, thanks to the use of free-access virtual resources such as Wikipedia.
15
Khilkhanova, Erzhen. "New Trends in Multilingualism and Minority Languages on a Global Scale". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, n. 4 (dicembre 2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.4.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines current trends in language policy and attitudes towards multilingualism and minority languages in the European Union, the USA, and Australia. On the example of some languages (Basque, Breton, Corsican, Sámi etc.) various factors affecting the current situation of minority languages are analyzed with priority to the state language policy. Special attention is concentrated on a new phenomenon in European sociolinguistics – the emergence of "new speakers" from minority groups who have learned these languages not in the family, but due to the educational system. Regarding the US language policy, the situation with the languages of North American Indians is described through some positive changes that have occurred in the economic, legal, cultural and linguistic environment of Indian tribes. The Australian case is analyzed as an equally striking example of progress from banning the use of aboriginal languages to modern programmes of their revitalisation. On the basis of the considered cases the author points to the importance of such factors as language activism and the financial and economic situation of minorities themselves. It is concluded that the change in the value paradigm only sets the framework conditions for the implementation of language rights but does not guarantee their success.
16
Robinson, Dakota. "Double plurals in Breton: Evidence for a split analysis of plurality". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, n. 1 (5 maggio 2022): 5265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5265.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traditional analyses of plurality situate number features within Num(ber)P between NP and DP projections. However, such an analysis does not easily account for all of the properties of plural forms cross-linguistically, particularly those that surface with multiple plural morphemes affixed simultaneously to a single stem. Kramer (2016b) proposes that number features can be exponed on the n category head in addition to on the Num head, generating plural nouns with either one or two plural suffixes. Yet, questions remain about the ability of this analysis to generate multiple plurals in other languages, such as Breton. In this paper, I test the predictions made by Kramer on Breton, which has a complex set of possible plural nominal forms. I present a morphosyntactic description of Breton noun phrases from the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993), and I propose several adjustments to the theory of split n/Num plurality as presented by Kramer (2016a). This analysis is an alternative to previous descriptions of Breton number that situate double plurals within theories of lexicality (e.g., Acquaviva 2008) or that assume a strict dichotomy between inflectional and derivational morphology (e.g., Stump 1989, 1990).
17
Marsal, Stéphanie Cramer. "The 2021 French Law on the Protection of the Heritage Character of Regional Languages and Their Promotion: A French Story". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 20, n. 1 (6 novembre 2021): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-02001009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The French Law on the Protection of the Heritage Character of Regional Languages and their Promotion, championed by Breton lawmaker Paul Molac (the so-called ‘Molac Law’), was adopted on 8 April 2021. It was enacted in a modified version, on 21 May 2021, after the Constitutional Council found some of its provisions unconstitutional. This piece of legislation represents the latest attempt of French lawmakers to strengthen the legal protection of regional languages. The present article starts with some background on the politics of language in France. It then presents the content of the Molac Law as adopted by the French National Assembly, the ensuing decision of the Constitutional Council, as well as the ideological hurdles and controversies that have surrounded them. It shows how the constitutionally- enforced unity principle continues to curtail proposals to advance the protection of regional languages and how this contrasts with the accommodation of language diversity as practiced locally in different territories of the French Republic.
18
Manchec-German, Gary D. "The recategorisation of the conjugated preposition a 'of ' as direct object and subject pronouns in Cornouaillais Breton". Studia Celtica 54, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2020): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/sc.54.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines the functions of the Breton conjugated preposition <a> 'of ' as direct object and subject pronouns. Because these uses are believed to be relatively recent innovations, they are judged by many writers and linguists to be substandard. Although these recategorised a-forms are part and parcel of the vernacular language, their roles vary considerably according to dialect. For this reason it would be illusory to assume they operate as part of a unified linguistic system. Nevertheless, the full scope of their functions is most evident in the Cornouaillais/Kerne dialect spoken in south- western Brittany. This discussion focuses on the Breton spoken in the parishes of Saint Yvi and Elliant in south-central Cornouaille (Finistère) where their use is prevalent. Comparative evidence from other areas of Cornouaille, Tregor and Leon, as well as similar uses of conjugated preposition <o> 'of ' in Middle Welsh and modern south Welsh varieties, suggests that this phenomenon may have emerged as a result of common semantic interpretations which may be inherent to the Brythonic languages more generally. Moreover, a number of secondary morphosyntactic innovations (both analytic and synthetic) that have been spawned by these a-forms suggest that the process is internal to Breton rather than to any direct French influence. The data is presented within a descriptive, variational and diachronic linguistic framework.
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KENNARD, HOLLY J., e ADITI LAHIRI. "Mutation in Breton verbs: Pertinacity across generations". Journal of Linguistics 53, n. 1 (13 novembre 2015): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000420.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although word-initial consonants are highly salient cross-linguistically, the process of initial-consonant mutation has nonetheless continued to affect them in the Celtic languages. This paper investigates the use of the mixed mutation (MM) in Breton, following the progressive particle. Like all mutation, it naturally affects the phonology, but also gives (redundant) information for morphosyntax. Mutation is generally presumed to be a regular process, but as there has been a gap in the transmission of Breton, the extent to which this phono-syntactic phenomenon is consistent across generations remains open to discussion. It has been claimed that younger speakers, being strongly French-dominant, do not use mutation correctly. We tested this examining both distribution of usage and acoustic measurements of the consonants in question. Data from original fieldwork indicate that young adults use MM in the same way as older speakers, but children attending Breton-medium schooling are less proficient. Mixed mutation is difficult to acquire, the crucial factor being sustained Breton input beyond the early teenage years. Acoustically, there is no difference in the production of MM cross-generationally. The difference between the two generations is in the use of the progressive particle itself, omitted by the older generation, but retained by younger speakers.
20
BLACKWOOD, ROBERT J. "The linguistic landscape of Brittany and Corsica: A comparative study of the presence of France's regional languages in the public space". Journal of French Language Studies 21, n. 2 (20 luglio 2010): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269510000281.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTThe linguistic landscape (LL) is emerging as a method by which to examine language practices of multilingual communities. Based on empirical research, carried out in Brittany and on Corsica in the summer of 2007, this project seeks to examine the extent to which two of France's regional heritage languages mark the public space. In categorising the signs recorded, it is possible to detect trends in the use of Breton and Corsican for different purposes within the LL. Given France's recent language management strategies, we are able to differentiate between the way in which cityscapes are marked by those in positions of authority and those with limited power. It is also practicable to examine the differences in multilingual signs within the survey areas. Collectively, these approaches to the LL of Brittany and Corsica will provide an overview of language practices and the relationships between these languages of France.
21
Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "From 'Ambassador' to 'Whisky': A Note on Celtic Elements in Contemporary Polish Vocabulary". Studia Celto-Slavica 4 (2010): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/ttdb1714.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper discusses elements of Celtic origin present in contemporary Polish vocabulary. Polish did not have any direct contacts with the Celtic languages, however, some elements of Celtic (i.e. Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton) origin entered it via other languages, especially English and French. Additionally, several early borrowings from Continental Celtic spread through Latin, and subsequently the Romance languages, to other languages, including Polish, thus becoming internationalisms of Celtic origin. For the purpose of this paper all such indirect borrowings will be referred to as ‘Celtic elements in Polish vocabulary’. The relevant lexical items have been extracted from a general dictionary of Polish, several other words come from specialized sources.
22
Hawas, May. "From the Hashish in Breton to the Hashish in Golo". Journal of World Literature 2, n. 3 (2017): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00203002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the past decade a flurry of interest has appeared in the Surrealist Art and Liberty Group working in 1930s Egypt. Discussions of the circulation of Arabic literature have usually highlighted the important position of translation as cultural mediator. Thinking of modern Arabic literature as world literature obliges us to consider, however, that (colonial) languages such as French and English are in some ways creolized within, or inherent to, modern Arabic literature. The Surrealist practice of fluidity, that is, mixing artistic genres like literature and art, pushes interesting questions about the role of translation and bilingualism in Arabic world literature (or world literature written by Arabophone writers), and the need for language itself in world culture. For which national cultural sphere do we claim the work of the Egyptian Surrealists, and what kind of analytical mediator do we use to connect these works to others when translation is not available?
23
Hughes, Art J. "A synchronic and diachronic reappraisal of Indo-European *dʱug̑ʱh2ter- ‘daughter’ and *suhxnú- ‘son’ in Celtic dialects, Insular and Continental". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 31, n. 1 (1 novembre 2023): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2023-0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper has two chief goals: (i) to collate the disparate synchronic evidence for the distribution of ‘daughter’ and ‘son’ from the dialect maps available for the modern Celtic languages, namely: the Gaelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx) and Brittonic (Welsh, Cornish and Breton), (ii) to revisit and analyse the distribution of the terms ‘son’ and ‘daughter’ at an early stage of Continental Celtic from two millennia ago in Gaulish and Celt-Iberian with particular reference to the Indo-European lexemes *dʱug̑ʱh2ter ‘daughter’ and *suhxnú- ‘son’.
24
Hornsby, David. "Picard: a mal aimé among regional languages?" Journal of French Language Studies 29, n. 2 (luglio 2019): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTAlthough often seen as a medieval rival to French, Picard has received far less official recognition and support than more celebrated regional languages such as Breton or Occitan. A shared history and high degree of linguistic similarity with the national language appear to have engendered a perception that it is simply ‘bad French’, but for supporters such Eloy (1997) Picard remains potentiellement une vraie langue, worthy and in need of status enhancement initiatives enjoyed by other regional languages. Promotion of language status for Picard, however, is found to be fraught with practical difficulties, not least of which are a lack of territorial unity and major cultural differences between the north and south of the picardophone area. Equally importantly, the discourse of languagehood fosters notions of linguistic purity which ignore the extensive mixing of local, supralocal and national elements that has always been evident in Picard writing and speech. This in turn engenders linguistic insecurity, notably among urban working-class speakers, whose speech can all too easily be caricatured as both ‘bad French’ and ‘bad patois’, with obvious consequences for intergenerational transmission. The well-intentioned promotion of Picard as a regional language may therefore, perversely, be detrimental to the very varieties it serves.
25
Dressler, Wolfgang U. "Independent, Dependent and Interdependent Variables in Language Decay and Language Death". European Review 26, n. 1 (10 dicembre 2017): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000370.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This contribution gives in its first part an overview on factors of the decay and death of whole languages, focusing on dependency relations between these factors. They are organised along the following dimensions: socio-political, socio-economic, sociocultural, socio-psychological, and linguistic dimensions. The order of these dimensions partially represents a causal chain from left to right, but with many feedback relations. The second part of this article deals with early (socio-)linguistic indicators of language decay and discusses in this respect massive and asymmetric borrowing from the dominant into the recessive language, the loss of productivity of word formation patterns in the latter (illustrated from Breton), changes in name-giving (doubtful), shift of ‘foreign accent’ from the dominant to the recessive language, borrowing of morphological and syntactic patterns (inconclusive).
26
Ó Fionnáin, Mark. "The Celtic Languages in the Сравнительные Словари (1787–1789): An Introduction". Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, n. 11 Zeszyt specjalny (2021): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh216911-9s.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the 1780s, a multilingual dictionary was published in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire, under the editorship of the German Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). As its title— Сравнительные Словари Всѣхъ Языковъ и Нарѣчiй [Comparative Vocabularies of all Languages and Dialects]—explains, it aimed to be a comparative dictionary of almost 300 headwords and numbers in Russian and their equivalents in 200 languages and dialects from all over Europe and Asia. Amongst these are five of the six Celtic languages—Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish and Breton, as well as an unknown “Celtic”—and this paper gives a brief overview of the background to the dictionary, and then focuses on the first 10 lexemes in each of the Celtic languages as they are presented in the dictionary itself, pointing out various inaccuracies, but also the historical value therein.
27
Blin-Rolland, Armelle. "A Breton Bande Dessinée? Graphic Mosaics of Brittany". Nottingham French Studies 60, n. 2 (luglio 2021): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2021.0320.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article uses the figure of the mosaic to explore the multiple ways in which Breton creators of bande dessinée have engaged with cutural, social and political questions from the 1940s to the twenty-first century. Graphic works published in the 1940s magazine O Lo Lê, created by Herri and Ronan Caouissin and later revived in the early 1970s, offered nostalgic images of a fantasized past, a form of cultural propaganda based on myths of Celtic ancestors, literary forefathers such as Auguste Brizeux, and the politics of provincialism. In the second half of the 1970s and early 1980s, amid calls for internal decolonization, the Breton BD scene became more varied, depicting emigration, unemployment and social unrest while giving voice to political dissent and deconstructing the clichés of picturesque localism. Finally, a selection of contemporary texts offers a space for re-examining Frenchness through the interplay between different languages and cultures, new models of relationality informed by postcolonial and ecocritical frameworks. As a hybrid, dynamic art form, BD emerges as a key contributor to the construction and deconstruction of community and group identities.
28
Rottet, Kevin J. "Neology, Competing Authenticities, and the Lexicography of Regional Languages: The Case of Breton". Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 35, n. 1 (2014): 208–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.2014.0016.
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McWHORTER, J. H. "What else happened to English? A brief for the Celtic hypothesis". English Language and Linguistics 13, n. 2 (luglio 2009): 163–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309002974.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article argues that despite traditional skepticism among most specialists on the history of English that Brythonic Celtic languages could have had any significant structural impact on English's evolution, the source of periphrastic do in Cornish's equivalent construction is virtually impossible to deny on the basis of a wide range of evidence. That Welsh and Cornish borrowed the construction from English is impossible given its presence in Breton, whose speakers left Britain in the fifth century. The paucity of Celtic loanwords in English is paralleled by equivalent paucity in undisputed contact cases such as Uralic's on Russian. Traditional language-internal accounts suffer from a degree of ad hocness. Finally, periphrastic do is much rarer cross-linguistically than typically acknowledged, which lends further support to a contact account.
30
Wollman, Alfred. "Early Latin loan-words in Old English". Anglo-Saxon England 22 (dicembre 1993): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004282.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is a well-known fact that Old English is rich in Latin loan-words. Although the precise number is not yet known, it is a fairly safe assumption that there are at least 600 to 700 loan-words in Old English. This compares with 800 Latin loan-words borrowed in different periods in the Brittonic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton), and at least 500 early Latin loan-words common to the West Germanic languages. These rather vague overall numbers do not lend themselves, however, to a serious analysis of Latin influence on the Germanic and Celtic languages, because they include different periods of borrowing which are not really comparable to each other. The basis of these estimates, moreover, is often not stated very clearly. Although the establishment of a complete list of Latin loan-words in the various Germanic languages is a desideratum, it can only be achieved in a later stage of our studies.
31
Kapphahn, Krista. "Celtic Heroines: The Contributions of Women Scholars to Arthurian Studies in the Celtic Languages". Journal of the International Arthurian Society 7, n. 1 (1 settembre 2019): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jias-2019-0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This article surveys some of the main contributions of female scholars to the study of Arthurian literature in the Celtic languages from the nineteenth century to the present day. Scholarship by women has been integral to the study of Celtic Arthurian literature since the translations of native Welsh texts by Lady Charlotte Guest. Since then, women’s contributions have been foundational to the field, influencing theories of transmission, analysis and the standard editions of much Arthurian material in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic and Breton. They remain vital to the life of Arthurian scholarship, and the final section addresses contributions by younger scholars whose lasting influence remains to be seen.
32
Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography". ZCPH 54, n. 1 (30 aprile 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.
33
St. Clair, Robert N. "Review of Breton (1997): Atlas of the Languages and Ethnic Communities of South Asia". Language Problems and Language Planning 21, n. 3 (1 gennaio 1997): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21.3.13stc.
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34
Whitmore, Oliver. "But I Don’t Speak Breton...? Teaching Regional & Minority Languages & Cultures of France". French Studies Bulletin 44, n. 167-168 (1 agosto 2023): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/frebul/ktad018.
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35
WILLIS, DAVID. "Reconstructing last week's weather: Syntactic reconstruction and Brythonic free relatives". Journal of Linguistics 47, n. 2 (13 dicembre 2010): 407–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226710000381.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lightfoot (2002) argues that syntactic reconstruction is rendered impossible by the lack of any analogue in syntax to the traditional notion of the phonological ‘correspondence set’ of the Comparative Method and by the radical discontinuity caused by reanalysis between successive grammars. Alice Harris and Lyle Campbell, in various works, have defended the notion of ‘syntactic pattern’ as the analogue of the correspondence set, arguing that patterns can be compared across languages, with innovations being stripped away to reveal aspects of the protolanguage. In this article, I argue that syntactic reconstruction can be carried out while maintaining and indeed utilizing core notions in generative approaches to syntactic change such as the central role of reanalysis and child language acquisition and the distinction between the abstract grammatical system and the surface output of that system. Reanalysis itself is constrained by the fact that both pre- and post-reanalysis grammars must be acquirable on the basis of the same primary linguistic data. This imposes limits on the possible hypotheses that can be entertained (‘local directionality’) even in the absence of any crosslinguistic generalizations about patterns of change (‘universal directionality’). This approach is then applied to aspects of the syntax of free relative clauses and negation in the early Brythonic Celtic languages (Welsh, Breton and Cornish), showing that non-trivial reconstructions can be achieved even where the daughter languages manifest significant differences.
36
Manning, Paul. "Orderly affect". Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 12, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2002): 415–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.12.4.02man.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper describes and analyzes a series of paradigmatic oppositions between N’ constructions in the P-Celtic languages (Welsh, Breton, Cornish) which serve to code expressive pragmatics of adjectives. The paper considers both paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of these constructions, and shows that asymmetric interaction of constructions in paradigms influences their purely formal syntagmatic interactions. A typology of expressive categories is built to serve as a framework for comparison between constructions. It is argued that a view of grammar that includes both formal and functional dimensions (‘the coding view’) also provides valuable insight in matters of purely formal constructional interaction.
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Dołowy-Rybińska, Nicole, e Michael Hornsby. "Language Ideologies and Minority Language Education: Lessons from Brittany for Kashubia". European Review 26, n. 1 (16 novembre 2017): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000369.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In many situations of minority language education, the focus has been on gains in the absolute numbers of speakers, with the result that less attention has been paid to the processes and linguistic outcomes associated with students in these educational programmes. In this article, we initiate a discussion on the revitalization situations in Brittany and Kashubia from a comparative perspective. In particular, we look at the different models of education in each of these regions and examine ethnographic data that highlight the attempts of students to attain legitimate ‘speakerhood’ of the minority languages in question. In particular, we take into the consideration the difficulties associated with these situations of attempted additive multilingualism when the general trend, among the majority populations, is toward standardized monolingualism. By way of a conclusion, we attempt to evaluate the different educational systems in both regions in terms of the production of future generations of ‘successful’ Kashubian and Breton speakers by examining the various language ideologies that are apparent in both situations of language revitalization.
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Zabaleta, Iñaki, Arantza Gutierrez, Carme Ferré-Pavia, Itxaso Fernandez e Nikolas Xamardo. "Facts and transformations in European minority language media systems amid digitalization and economic crisis". International Communication Gazette 81, n. 3 (30 gennaio 2018): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048518754749.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article investigates the reality and variations of the European minority language media systems between 2009 and 2016, a period of serious economic crisis and accelerated digitalization process. To that aim, several parameters were measured: structure of the media systems and changes during that period along the variables of media type, ownership and reach; presence and relevance of major media in each of the communities; number and variation of full-time journalists; and the density or relative weight of the media systems with regard to the speaking population. The 10 minority languages under analysis (Basque, Catalan, Galician, Corsican, Breton, Frisian, Irish, Welsh, Scottish-Gaelic and Sámi) represent a wide range of communities. The relevance of the study lies in its direct comparative nature and in the fact that it thoroughly updates previous scholarly literature, measuring the changes which occurred within the 10 media systems.
39
Muradova, Anna. "Breton Lanneg and Russian Ляда: Aspects of Liminality in Celtic and Slavic Folk Tales". Studia Celto-Slavica 3 (2010): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/bmke3860.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Modern Breton, the word lann, lanneg has two meanings – ‘the wasteland’ and ‘a sacred place’ (‘church’, ‘chapel’; ‘lieu consacre du village’, GBV). These meanings are present in other Celtic languages. The Old Church Slavonic cognate, *leda/ledъ/ledo has a meaning close to the Celtic one. Not only it is the wasteland, but the cognate lexemes both in Celtic and in Slavic derive from the IE stem *lendh- ‘wasteland’. This stem obtains a connotation of malicious sacred force. As far as the Russian language is concerned, the IE stem *lendh- finds its cognates in a dialectal Russian lexeme lyada (Russ. ляда). In Rolland’s Jozebik ha Merlin the wasteland is a liminal zone separating the human world (cultivated zone) and the Otherword. There is often a wood to the rear of the wasteland where the supernatural creatures live, the Otherworld, or the uncultivated land. In order to get access to the Otherworld and to get a permission to cross the boundary zone, the hero must first become a shepherd. The earlier Russian folklore, and, in particular, some contemporary ethnographic material from the twentieth century Northern Russia, provides some examples of magic rituals concerned with the initiation and other practices of the shepherds.
40
Irslinger, Britta. "Intensifiers and reflexives in SAE, Insular Celtic and English". Indogermanische Forschungen 119, n. 1 (1 novembre 2014): 159–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2014-0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Intensifiers and reflexives have been studied as features both in areal linguistics and in the context of substratum hypotheses. While typical SAE languages differentiate between intensifiers and reflexives, English, Welsh and Irish use complex intensifiers for both functions. This article discusses the two strategies with regard to their diachronic developments, starting with PIE. Complex intensifiers are first recorded in Old British and emerge only later in English and Irish. These complex intensifiers are then increasingly used as reflexives, constituting an instance of areal divergence from SAE between the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. Breton, on the other hand, maintains its intensifier - reflexive differentiation due to areal convergence.
41
Breeze, Andrew. "Arthur in the Celtic Languages, The Arthurian Legend in Celtic Literatures and Traditions, ed. Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan and Erich Poppe. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages IX. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2019, xxiv, 408 pp." Mediaevistik 32, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2020): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In twenty-four chapters, Arthurian tradition in Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, or Scottish Gaelic is surveyed by writers from Wales, Germany, the USA, and beyond. What they offer is familiar enough, with no surprises. The surprises are in what is ignored, not what is said. Before we reach that, however, a summary of contents.
42
Hornsby, Michael. "The “new” and “traditional” speaker dichotomy: bridging the gap". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2015, n. 231 (1 gennaio 2015): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This article analyzes the tensions and dynamics which exist between “new” speakers and other speakers, such as traditional or native speakers of minority languages (MLs), in an attempt to discover just how much of a barrier to communication are the (perceived) differences which are purported to exist between them. The dynamics between “new” and native speakers seem to be complex and nuanced, and “(in)authenticity” can be indexed through accent, the lexicon and grammatical structures, both by local users and more widely by researchers and other interested third parties, reflecting a wide range of ideo-logical stances. Using a critical sociolinguistic framework, these differences are examined from the perspective of the power differentials among and between various ML speakers/users in two situations of language endangerment, Breton and Yiddish. The reproduction of “symbolic violence”, as described by Bourdieu (1991), which results from such differentials can hinder language revitalization projects and can run counter to the interests of the language community in question. Both settings appear to share a commonality of experience that is wider than just the two language communities under scrutiny here and possible ways of reconciling such differences are examined toward the end of the article.
43
Schiffman, Harold. "Roland J.-L. Breton, Atlas of the languages and ethnic communities of South Asia. Walnut Creek, London & New Delhi: Altamira Press, 1997. Pp. 231. Hb $65.00." Language in Society 30, n. 2 (aprile 2001): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450141205x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This is an English version of the author's French work, Atlas géographique des langues et des ethnies de l'Inde et du Subcontinent, (Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1976.) Since it was originally based on data from the 1971 (or even earlier) censuses of India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (and since Bangladesh was part of Pakistan in 1971, and Bhutan data were not reliable earlier), it has been updated to include data from various regional census sources, mostly those conducted in 1981 and 1991. One notes that there are various censuses of Nepal (1952/54, 1971, 1981, 1991) cited, but that Sri Lanka does not seem to have done one since 1953. The cartographic techniques have also benefited from this updating, with new methods of representation not previously available. This makes it possible to compare various increases of speakers and languages in various parts of the subcontinent, in tables added for this purpose. This version also includes a very useful bibliography of sources – not only various censuses, but also other studies of language distribution, language classification, ethnicity, and language issues. There are also a language classification and plate index, a subject and author index, and material on the diffusion of South Asian languages and scripts outside the subcontinent proper.
44
Steriopolo, Olga. "Diminutive affixes in the Number domain: A syntactic variation". Questions and Answers in Linguistics 1, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2013): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qal-2015-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This article investigates diminutive affixes in four unrelated languages: Maale, Walman, Kolyma Yukaghir, and Itelmen, with additional discussion of German, Breton, and Yiddish. The data show variation in the syntax of diminutives. Diminutives differ cross-linguistically in the manner and place of attachment in a syntactic tree. In terms of the manner of attachment, some diminutive affixes are shown to behave as syntactic heads, while others show a behaviour characteristic of syntactic modifiers. In terms of the place of attachment, some affixes attach in the number position, while others attach above it. This article contributes to a discussion of form-function correspondence between syntactic categories (Wiltschko, in press). It shows that although diminutives across languages have the same meaning (or function), they significantly differ in their syntactic structures (or form). Thus, there is no 1:1 correspondence between form and function of diminutives in terms of the attachment and ordering of morphemes.
45
Gornig, Gilbert. "Minderheiten und Minderheitenschutz in Frankreich". europa ethnica 77, n. 3-4 (2020): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/0014-2492-2020-34-126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The official French state doctrine denies the existence of national minorities in French territory. One assumes a homogeneous nation (nation homogène). French is the only official language in France. The enforcement of the French language was extremely important for the success of centralization, since minorities often define themselves through their common language. Nevertheless, linguists estimated that there are still almost 80 regional languages spoken in France! - Minorities include the Flemish, Alsatian, Lorraine, Breton, Basque, Catalonian and Corsican. The people living in Occitania are also characterized by cultural and linguistic common ground. The Départments d’Outre-Mer contain a variety of regional minorities. Most people are Creoles. - French law does not know the concept of a minority. This is a consequence of the centralist thinking that has always shaped the French legal system. Since France does not recognize a minority in its territory, there is no explicit protection against discrimination for - linguistic and cultural - minorities and there are no special regulations in the right to vote for parties or members of national minorities or ethnic groups. A specialty applies only to Corsica. An autonomy statute was created for this island.
46
Tambor, Jolanta. "Foreign cuisine in Poland. Adapting names and dishes". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców 27 (23 dicembre 2020): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0860-6587.27.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the more interesting layers of vocabulary in Polish are lexical items related to cuisine, sometimes, though rarely, referred to as gastronyms. In this text I intend to mainly discuss the names which exist at the crossroads of languages and cultures, as I believe they may, often after various transformations and adaptations, constitute Polish culturemes. I consider them distinctive indicators of a culture. Those include not only bigos [sour cabbage stew], pierogi and schabowy [pork chop], but also fasolka po bretońsku [“Breton beans”, beans, bacon and sausage in tomato sauce] and śledź po japońsku [“Japanese herrings”, pickled herring, hard-boiled egg and pickle salad], as well as bogracz [a stew], a word which despite having Hungarian origins does not operate in Hungarian as the name of a dish. I shall also focus on the methods of Polonising some borrowed names. The problems which I shall discuss offer an opportunity for teachers of Polish as a foreign/second language to help their students more easily accept the cultural differences at the intersection of Polish culture and their own cultures.
47
Byrnes, Joseph F. "The Relationship of Religious Practice to Linguistic Culture: Language, Religion, and Education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890". Church History 68, n. 3 (settembre 1999): 598–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170040.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The revolutionary and legislator Bertrand Barrère in his Sur les idiomes étrangers et l'enseignement de la langue française had said, “Federalism and superstition speak Breton; emigration and hatred of the Republic speak German; the counter-revolution speaks Italian, and fanaticism speaks Basque.” For Barrère, regional languages were intertwined with religion (“superstition,” “fanaticism”) and the other antigovernment forces. And he was right, at least in part. Surveys made in the last century indicate that of those regions where a language other than French was spoken (German in Alsace-Lorraine, Flemish in the department of the Nord, Gaelic in Brittany, Basque in the Southwest, and Catalan in the Roussillon), all save the Roussillon had statistically high levels of religious practice. To explore how religious practice has been supported by linguistic culture in modern France, I have chosen the high-practice region of Alsace and the low-practice region of the Roussillon in the last half of the nineteenth century. I want to interpret the dynamics through which Alsace supported religious practice and the Roussillon did not.
48
KLEMOLA, JUHANI. "Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections". English Language and Linguistics 13, n. 2 (luglio 2009): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309003037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A number of nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century dialect descriptions refer to an unusual adverb + infinitive construction in southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English. The construction is most often reported in the form of a formulaic phrase away to go, meaning ‘away he went’, though it is also found with a range of other adverbs. In addition, the same dialects also make use of a possibly related imperative construction, consisting of a preposition or adverb and a to-infinitive, as in out to come! ‘Come out!’ and a negative imperative construction consisting of the negator not and the base form of the verb, as in Not put no sugar in!. These construction types appear to be marginal at best in earlier varieties of English, whereas comparable constructions with the verbal noun are a well-established feature of especially British Celtic languages (i.e. Welsh, Breton, and Cornish). In this article I argue that transfer from the British Celtic languages offers a possible explanation for the use of these constructions in the traditional southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English.
49
Stump, Gregory T. "How peculiar is evaluative morphology?" Journal of Linguistics 29, n. 1 (marzo 1993): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many languages possess morphological rules which serve to express diminution or augmentation, endearment or contempt; examples are the Breton rule relating potr ‘boy’ to potrig ‘little boy’, the Shona rule relating chibikiso ‘cooking tool’ to zichibikiso ‘huge cooking tool’ and the Italian rule relating poeta ‘poet’ to poetastro ‘bad poet’. Because of the possibility of interpreting diminution and augmentation in affective rather than purely objective terms (Wierzbicka, 1980: 53ff.; Szymanek, 1988: 106ff.), morphological expressions of diminution or augmentation are not always discrete from those of endearment or contempt; that is, diminutives and augmentatives are frequently used as expressions of endearment (such as Italian sorella ‘sister’ → sorellina ‘dear little sister’, donna ‘woman’ → donnotta ‘fine, stout woman’) or disdain (Italian uomo ‘man’ → uomicciuolo ‘contemptible little man’, donna → donnona ‘overgrown girl’).
50
Dołowy-Rybińska, Nicole. "Néo-bretonnants – konstruowanie tożsamości językowej przez młode pokolenie osób bretońskojęzycznych". Sprawy Narodowościowe, n. 41 (13 febbraio 2022): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Néo-bretonnants: The Construction of Linguistic Identity by the Young Generation of Breton-Speaking PeopleAccording to statistics there are today only about 200,000 people who know the Breton language, but 70% of them are over 60 years old. However, every year more than a thousand young Bretons learn the language in schools and another several thousand adults attend language courses. It seems that in a dozen years or so the Breton language will be known almost only as a second/learned language. This paper is based on open interviews conducted with pupils in the Diwan immersion High School, students of the Faculty of Breton at Rennes University and Breton language learners (aged 16–25). A large majority of them come from families who have not used Breton for two generations. The reason why these young people have decided to learn the language of their ancestors and their relation to the language are studied. The Breton identity of today is not based on knowledge of the language but on the strong emotional relation to it. The relation between their Breton identity and the language is interesting. Speaking Breton is their conscious choice. It is not their first language, in which they think and feel. The central question of the paper is concerned about to what extent the identity of néo-bretonnants is based on the relation with the language as a distinguishing feature of cultural membership, and to what extent the Breton language is the medium of enforcing this selected and consciously created identity.