Tesi: "Bovine tuberculosis"

1

McIlroy, Samuel George. "The epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484278.

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2

Wilkins, Melinda Jean. "The human health aspects of the Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) outbreak in Michigan". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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3

Modise, Boitumelo Magret. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific antigens for use in serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25169.

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Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic disease that affects domestic and wild animals, and humans. It is caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and has a wide host range. The effective control of BTB is of paramount importance and this can be achieved through the use of accurate and comprehensive diagnostic tests. The most widely used methods to detect BTB are the skin test and in vitro gamma interferon assay which do not detect anergic animals, but serological tests such as ELISA and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) have been found promising in ancilliary tuberculosis diagnosis. The overall aim was to study M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) protein, mycobacterial protein bovis 70 (MPB70) as a target for serological assays in the detection of antibodies to bovine tuberculosis. The MPB70 protein was expressed, purified and labeled with fluorescein (FITC). The mpb70 gene was fragmented into three regions without disrupting predicted epitopes. The resulting protein Fragments were expressed as fusion proteins with the monster green fluorescent protein (MGFP). The recombinant MPB70 (rMPB70) and the expressed gene fragments 2&3 were tested in immunoblots and ELISAs. The rMPB70 and fragment 2-MGFP reacted with chicken antibodies raised against rMPB70 and immune sera from BTB infected buffaloes. MPB70 peptides were synthesized as an approach to identify even smaller antigenic regions. The peptides BT1G (residues 31-45) and BT51L (residues 81-95) were recognised by anti-MPB70 chicken antibodies in the ELISA and fall within fragment 1 and 2, respectively. The tracers (rMPB70-FITC, fragment 2-MGFP fusion and peptides BT1G&BT51L) were tested in the FPA, but the results failed to distinguish between immune sera from chickens immunized with rMPB70 and negative control sera. Even though the FPA was not successful, the MPB70 fragment 2-MGFP fusion protein, which was recognized by sera from BTB infected buffaloes, was tested in an ELISA using panels of sera from uninfected and naturally M. bovis infected buffaloes and cattle. The diagnostic performance of the ELISA was, however, overall unsatisfactory and hence of very limited use as a serological test to detect antibody responses to BTB as a stand-alone assay. Sera from some of the animals gave false positive reactions indicating that MPB70 was not sufficiently specific for serodiagnosis of M. tuberculosis complex infections.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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4

García, Sáenz Ariadna. "Spatial epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and evaluation of surveillance". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328428.

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El objetivo de la presente tesis ha sido obtener información sobre la epidemiología de la Tuberculosis Bovina (TBb) en rebaños vacunos así como la obtención de datos para la implementación de un posible sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo. En el primer estudio se analizó la variación espacio-temporal del riesgo de TBb en rebaños vacunos desde el año 2006 hasta el 2011. Los resultados indicaron que la prevalencia y la incidencia fueron más elevadas en algunas comarcas y en algunos años, comparando con la evolución global a nivel de país. El análisis de potenciales factores de riesgo indicaron que tanto los movimientos entre granjas provenientes de zonas de elevada incidencia (>1%) como la presencia de ganado de lidia, incrementaban el riesgo de infección. En el segundo estudio se describió una aproximación a un sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo que se está evaluando actualmente en Nueva Zelanda. Dado que la presencia de TBb en granjas está conducida por un número de factores que incluyen: historial de infección previo en la explotación, frecuencia de test diagnósticos llevados a cabo en la explotación, localización geográfica y los movimientos de animales; el objetivo del estudio fue calcular una puntuación de riesgo de infección para cada granja utilizando datos recogidos durante la campaña de erradicación de forma rutinaria. De esta forma, los rebaños podrían ser clasificados en función de su riesgo de infección y así la vigilancia se podría focalizar en intentar detectar, de una forma más eficiente y economizando los costes, aquellas granjas con la puntuación de riesgo más elevada. En el tercer estudio, la sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en mataderos de Cataluña fue evaluada. La probabilidad de detectar un bovino infectado fue estimada mediante el producto de las siguientes probabilidades: 1) probabilidad de que un bovino infectado llegue a matadero presentando lesiones compatibles y detectables macroscópicamente (LDM), 2) probabilidad de que LDM sean detectadas durante la inspección en matadero, 3) probabilidad de que el veterinario oficial de matadero sospeche de TBb y envíe las muestras al laboratorio para su confirmación. La sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en los mataderos de bovino de Cataluña, resultó ser de un 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2). En el cuarto estudio, la dinámica de transmisión de TBb dentro de un rebaño fue analizada. Para ello se desarrolló un modelo compartimental estocástico SEI (Susceptibles, Expuestos e Infecciosos). Con este modelo se infirieron los parámetros relacionados con la transmisión, en particular el ratio de transmisión (β) y el ratio en el que los animales infectados pasan a ser infecciosos (α). También, debido a la controversia sobre las sensibilidades reportadas de la prueba de la intradermo-tuberculinización simple (IDTs) en condiciones de campo, la probabilidad de detectar tanto los animales infectados como los infecciosos (ϕ y ρ, respectivamente) fue también evaluada. Las distribuciones posteriores de los parámetros modelizados fueron obtenidas mediante el método de las cadenas de Markov Chain Monte Carlo y por métodos de aproximación por computación bayesiana (MCMC-ABC). El promedio obtenido, de 33 rebaños de diferentes áreas de España, para el ratio de transmisión varió entre 0.0001 y 0.0002 por día, y el promedio del ratio de transición de bovinos infectados a infecciosos varió entre 0.011 y 0.0001.
The present PhD Thesis aimed to provide information about the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle and relevant data for the implementation of a risk based surveillance system. In the first study the space-time variation of the risk of bTB in cattle between 2006 and 2011 was analyzed. The results indicated that in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of Spain. The analysis of potential risk factors indicated that both, a large number of movements from counties with high incidence (>1%), and presence of bullfighting cattle herds increased the bTB risk. In the second study it was described a risk-based approach for bTB surveillance that is under development in New Zealand. Given that the presence of bTB in a herd is driven by a number of factors including previous infection history, the amount of testing carried out on individual herds, geographic location or herd movement behavior, the objective was to use routinely recorded data to derive a ‘risk score’ for each of these factors and then to combine them to return a composite bTB risk score for each herd. By this way, herds could be ranked and this would enable to focus surveillance in those herds with the highest risk score, providing effective surveillance coverage at a reasonable overall cost. In the third study the individual sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Catalonian slaughterhouses of cattle was assessed. The probability of detection of a bTB-infected cattle by the slaughterhouses in Catalonia was estimated as the product of three consecutive probabilities: P1) the probability that a bTB-infected animal arrived at the slaughterhouse presenting Macroscopically Detectable Lesions (MDL); P2) the probability that MDL were detected by the routine meat inspection procedure, and P3) the probability that the veterinary officer suspected of bTB and sent the sample for laboratory confirmation. The mean individual bTB surveillance sensitivity of the different cattle slaughterhouses in Catalonia obtained in this study was 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2). In the fourth study a stochastic compartmental SEI (Susceptible, Exposed (latent), and Infectious) model was developed to mimic Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) within-herd transmission dynamics. This model was used to infer several parameters related to bTB spread within Spanish cattle farms, in particular the cattle-to-cattle transmission rate (β) and the rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α). Also, given the controversy over the sensitivities of the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) application in field conditions, the probability of detection of both infected and infectious cattle (ϕ and ρ, respectively), were also evaluated. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Approximate Bayesian Computation (MCMC-ABC) method was used to generate posterior distributions and the mean within herd transmission rate (β) estimated in 33 Spanish herds varied between 0.0001 and 0.0002 per day, and the mean rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α) varied between 0.011 and 0.0001.

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5

Cassidy, Joseph Paul. "Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268149.

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6

Kazwala, Rudovick Reuben. "Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Tanzania". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30335.

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A study on molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in man and cattle in Tanzania was carried out with two components. The first component was based on field investigation of tuberculosis in cattle and man in Arusha region, in the north and in the Usangu Plains in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The second component involved laboratory analysis of strains acquired from field study by both conventional and molecular biology techniques. The IS986 and mtp40 multiplex PCR developed in the course of this study was able to different M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. DNA fingerprinting of all the strains cultured was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping techniques. Strains of M. bovis from man from Arusha gave similar DNA fingerprints to those from cattle, while the human M. bovis, strains from other places gave different fingerprints from those from cattle. M. tuberculosis strains were found to belong to three clusters, with one cluster containing over 60% of the strains. Intersegment PCR, a molecular typing technique developed in the current study was able to differentiate strains but the results were influenced by the concentration of template DNA. A fragment of RAPD PCR found only in M. bovis and absent in M. tuberculosis and other atypical mycobacteria was cloned and sequenced. The DNA sequence of the cloned fragment was found to match a M. tuberculosis cosmid, which also matched rfbE gene of Yersinia enterocolitica. Specificity testing revealed hybridization to M. tuberculosis as well. The findings of the above studies have shown the existence of M. bovis infection in man and cattle in Tanzania. The study has also shown the zoonotic importance of infection in the two populations which necessitates a veterinary/medical approach to the control of the disease in Tanzania. Furthermore, it has been shown that molecular biology techniques are better epidemiological tools in studies of zoonotic conditions such as tuberculosis. The study was unable to find a specific DNA element for M. bovis. This observation concurs with others which have found 100% homogeneity between species of the M. tuberculosis complex.

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7

Oliveira, Rui Miguel. "Estudo da tuberculose como doença de declaração obrigatória em abates normais de bovinos". Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9288.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Nesta dissertação pretendeu-se identificar potenciais indicadores de infeção por M. bovis em bovinos que apresentaram lesões suspeitas de Tuberculose bovina (69), em Portugal em 2014. Para isso avaliaram-se as informações resultantes da inspeção post mortem, informações referentes aos animais (idade, sexo, raça e aptidão) e ao número de movimentos realizadas entre explorações. Outro objetivo foi avaliar o critério da decisão sanitária aplicado aos animais com lesões suspeitas de Tuberculose. Verificou-se uma associação entre a consistência da lesão e o resultado do exame laboratorial histopatológico e bacteriológico, em que a maioria dos animais com lesão caseo-cálcaria foi positivo ao exame laboratorial. As lesões dos animais positivos localizaram-se quase exclusivamente nos linfonodos retrofaríngeos, brônquicos, mediastínicos e pulmão, tendo-se verificado uma associação entre o local da lesão e o resultado laboratorial obtido. A decisão sanitária quando duas ou mais regiões estavam afetadas foi de uma forma geral a reprovação total, enquanto quando apenas uma região se encontrava afetada, houve reprovação parcial. Nos resultados referentes às informações dos bovinos, verificou-se que a maioria tinha mais de 6 meses e tinha como aptidão a produção de carne. Em relação ao histórico dos movimentos entre explorações, observou-se que o grupo de animais positivos ao exame laboratorial realizou em média mais movimentos entre explorações que o grupo dos animais negativos e que a maioria dos animais nasceu no Alentejo.
ABSTRACT - This dissertation was intended to identify potential indicators of infection by M. bovis in animals that showed suspicious lesions of bovine tuberculosis (69), in Portugal in 2014. For that we evaluated the information resulting from the post mortem inspection, information related to animals (age, sex, breed and aptitude) and to the history of animals. Another objective was to verify the decision concerning the meat of animals infected by bovine tuberculosis. It was found that most the animals with suspicious lesions, that showed a lesion with a caseo-calcarius consistency, were positive to laboratory examination. The lesions of positive animal were located almost exclusively in the lymph nodes retropharyngeal, bronchial, mediastinal and lungs. The decision of the veterinary was generally the total condemnation when two or more anatomic regions were affected and trimming when one region was affected. It was found that most of the animals had more than 6 months old and were cattle raised for meat production. The results concerning the history of the animals showed that, the positives group made more movements between farms (mean) than the negatives, and that the majority was born in Alentejo.

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8

Brown, Julian A. "Transmission of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) from badgers (Meles meles) to cattle". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/d277aaf1-a1b1-4142-b0e5-ffa1f3d12bb7.

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9

Smyth, Allister John. "#gamma##delta# T cell responses in bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301058.

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10

Tsairidou, Smaragda. "Genetics of disease resistance : application to bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25397.

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Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of significant economic importance, being one of the most persistent animal health problems in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and increasingly constituting a public health concern especially for the developing world. Limitations of the currently available diagnostic and control methods, along with our incomplete understanding of bTB transmission, prevent successful eradication. This Thesis addresses the development of a complementary control strategy which will be based on animal genetics and will allow us to identify animals genetically predisposed to be more resistant to disease. Specifically, the aim of my PhD project is to investigate the genetic architecture of resistance to bTB and demonstrate the feasibility of whole genome prediction for the control of bTB in cattle. Genomic selection for disease resistance in livestock populations will assist with the reduction of the in herd-level incidence and the severity of potential outbreaks. The first objective was to explore the estimation of breeding values for bTB resistance in UK dairy cattle, and test these genomic predictions for situations when disease phenotypes are not available on selection candidates. Through using dense SNP chip data the results of Chapter 2 demonstrate that genomic selection for bTB resistance is feasible (h2 = 0.23(SE = 0.06)) and bTB resistance can be predicted using genetic markers with an estimate of prediction accuracy of r(g, ĝ) = 0.33 in this data. It was shown that genotypes help to predict disease state (AUC ≈ 0.58) and animals lacking bTB phenotypes can be selected based on their genotypes. In Chapter 3, a novel approach is presented to identify loci displaying heterozygote (dis)advantage associated with resistance to M. bovis, hypothesising underlying non-additive genetic variation, and these results are compared with those obtained from standard genome scans. A marker was identified suggesting an association between locus heterozygosity and increased susceptibility to bTB i.e. a heterozygote disadvantage, with the heterozygotes being significantly more in the cases than in the controls (x2 = 11.50, p < 0.001). Secondly, this thesis focused on conducting a meta-analysis on two dairy cattle populations with bTB phenotypes and SNP chip genotypes, identifying genomic regions underlying bTB resistance and testing genomic predictions by means of cross-validation. In Chapter 4, exploration of the genetic architecture of the trait revealed that bTB resistance is a moderately polygenic, complex trait with clusters of causal variants spread across a few major chromosomes collectively controlling the trait. A region was identified on chromosome 6, putatively associated with bTB resistance and this chromosome as a whole was shown to contribute a major proportion (hc 2= 0.051) of the observed variation in this dataset. Genomic prediction for bTB was shown to be feasible even when only distantly related populations are combined (r(g,ĝ)=0.33 (SE = 0.05)), with the chromosomal heritability results suggesting that the accuracy arises from the SNPs capturing linkage disequilibrium between markers and QTL, as well as additive relationships between animals (~80% of estimated genomic h2 is due to relatedness). To extend the analysis, in Chapter 5, high density genotypes were inferred by means of genotype imputation, anticipating that these analyses will allow the identification of genomic regions associated with bTB resistance more closely, and that would increase the prediction accuracy. Genotype imputation was successful, however, using all imputed genotypes added little information. The limiting factor was found to be the number of animals and the trait definitions rather than the density of genotypes. Thirdly, a quantitative genetic analysis of actual Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Test (SICCT) values collected during bTB herd testing was conducted aiming to investigate if selection for bTB resistance is likely to have an impact on the SICCT diagnostic test. This analysis demonstrated that the SICCT has a negligibly low heritability (h2=0.0104 (SE = 0.0032)) and any effect on the responsiveness to the test is likely to be small. In conclusion, breeding for disease resistance in livestock is feasible and we can predict the risk of bTB in cattle using genomic information. Further, putative QTLs associated with bTB resistance were identified, and exploration of the genetic architecture of bTB resistance revealed a moderately polygenic trait. These results suggest that given that larger datasets with more phenotyped and genotyped animals will be available, we can breed for bTB resistance and implement the genomic selection technology in breeding programmes aiming to improve the disease status and overall health of the livestock population. Using the genomics this can be continued as the epidemic declines.

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11

Dube, Muzi Mzwandile. "Molecular characterization of bovine tuberculosis strains in Swaziland". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31139.

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The aim of the study was to gain knowledge on molecular techniques (spoligotyping and VNTR typing) in analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and characterize M. bovis isolates available in Swaziland.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
MSc
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12

Li, Siben. "Evaluating surveillance strategies for bovine tuberculosis in Scotland". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31083.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the most complex, persistent and controversial problems facing the British cattle industry. It is also potentially zoonotic and so has public health implications. The incidence of the disease has been increasing in Great Britain for more than 20 years and is now endemic in southwest regions of the country and occurs sporadically elsewhere. Scotland records very few incidences of bTB and was declared as an Officially bTB free (OTF) region in 2009 for the purposes of cattle trading. However, in order to retain its OTF status Scotland must continue to demonstrate the ability to report low level of disease prevalence whilst maintaining its vigilance to potential new outbreaks. This thesis uses a variety of epidemiological and statistical models to evaluate the ongoing control strategies for bTB in Scottish cattle herds and highlight potential limitations to the current surveillance programmes. In the absence of an established wildlife reservoir, livestock movements are considered the primary mechanism for introduction of bTB into cattle herds. I use movement and bTB data to estimate the within-herd incidence rate for each infected farm in Scotland. The results suggest that this rate varies across farms, and is dependent on the herd size and length of disease exposure. These incidence rates are then used to parameterise a multi-herd dynamic model using stochastic simulations that incorporate multiple disease transmission pathways. With this approach I evaluate the impact of different routine test protocols on the overall simulated epidemics. Based on the model outcome, abattoir surveillance alone is not sufficient to maintain infection at a low constant level. Whilst adapting to more frequent routine testing regime can reduce disease incidence, the sensitivity of the surveillance methods can also have a big impact on the long term stability of the disease prevalence and can act as the main barrier to eradicating the disease from low incidence regions. The single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test used in the current routine herd surveillance relies on stimulating an immune response and observing delayed hypersensitivity reactions in infected animals. The test suffers highly variable, and often poor, sensitivity with current estimates ranging from 50% to 80%. The lower sensitivities may be associated with early stages of infection, concurrent illness, and farm management conditions as well as the presence of sub-clinically infected carriers that can potentially escape detection. In addition, there was evidence that physiological stress can have a marked effect on the immune responses in animals affected with bTB. I conducted two different types of case-control analyses to investigate the potential effect of stress related events on the outcome of the SICCT test. In the first analysis, a matched design is implemented to examine the effect of recent calving on reactivity to the SICCT. SICCT test positive cattle (cases) were matched with test negative (control) animals within the same farm. By selecting herd-mates (i.e. animals within the same herd at the same time), the study aims to control for space and time. Furthermore, animal age and breed were used as additional selection criteria to control for previous exposure period and potential genetic variation to the reaction of SICCT test outcome. Results from a conditional logistic regression model indicated that animals calved within 60 days prior to test were less likely to respond to the SICCT test in comparison to non-recently calved animals, and that this effect was strongest in the first 2 weeks of the post-partum period. In the second analysis, animals identified with gross pathology at post-mortem (TB-like lesion and/or bacteria culture) and that were SICCT test negative within 60 days prior to slaughter (representing false negative) were compared with confirmed test positives (true positives). Results from multivariable logistic regression model suggested that the probability of missed infection by SICCT test increases with age and male cattle have higher odds of being a false negative compared to females. Repeated skin tests within 60 and 120 days, as well as recent movement and parturition, were all statistically associated with false negative test outcome. Under future surveillance systems, these results could be used to adjust the timings of testing relative to calving, movements and previous test occasions in order to minimise the risks of false negative test results. Alternatively, increasing the threshold for reactor definition in animals under these categories could be considered to complement the poor test sensitivity.

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13

Todeschini, Bernardo. "Enfoque epidemiológico em dados de tuberculose e brucelose visando a implantação de um sistema informatizado de monitoramento e vigilância". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29066.

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A vigilância epidemiológica é descrita como o conjunto de procedimentos de coleta, processamento e análise de dados utilizado para dar suporte aos processos de tomadas de decisão por parte dos agentes de saúde animal e humana. A crescente atuação de profissionais do setor privado em sanidade animal tem ampliado a vigilância epidemiológica passiva, com geração de montantes significativos de dados. Neste contexto, surge o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal - PNCEBT que promove, entre suas estratégias, a habilitação de médicos veterinários privados - MVH - para realização de testes diagnóstico dessas enfermidades em bovídeos. Nesta pesquisa, foi realizada uma compilação de todos os dados gerados pelos MVH relacionados ao PNCEBT no ano de 2008 no Rio Grande do Sul, os quais foram posteriormente analisados com distintas técnicas estatísticas, com objetivo de caracterizar o perfil de ocorrência demográfica e espacial destes testes, bem como buscar indicativos de frequência de enfermidades. Foram analisados resultados de 63.226 testes de bovinos e bubalinos realizados em 5.012 estabelecimentos e 332 municípios do estado, devidamente tratados por procedimentos de imputação múltipla e de detecção de valores extremos. Foi possível verificar que os animais de aptidão leiteira representam a maioria dos animais testados, e que motivação econômica, como bonificações, é o principal estímulo para realização dos testes. Os animais de aptidão leiteira apresentaram, ainda, maior frequência em casos positivos para ambas as enfermidades, quando comparados com as demais aptidões. Os animais do sexo feminino apresentaram maior frequência em ambas as enfermidades, com relação aos machos. Foi verificada maior frequência de animais positivos para tuberculose com o avanço da idade, ao passo que a brucelose se revelou mais freqüente em animais entre 48 e 60 meses. A análise espacial demonstra variações entre regiões nos percentuais de animais testados e de positivos em ambas as enfermidades. As maiores frequências de estabelecimentos positivos para tuberculose ocorreram nas mesorregiões metropolitana e centro-oriental do estado, as quais apresentam altas densidades de estabelecimentos por km². Foi constatado ainda que a distância percorrida pelo MVH para realização de testes pode ser fator limitante na ocorrência dos mesmos, sendo que 49,5% dos testes foram realizados em uma distância máxima de 50 km, considerando-se a ida e o retorno. Foi verificado que municípios onde foram realizados testes têm 67,5 vezes mais chance de ter um MVH residente. Foi possível concluir, assim, que o adequado enfoque aos dados de vigilância permite a realização de inferências relevantes, sendo factível a estruturação de sistemas de monitoramento e vigilância - MOSS. Tais sistemas podem incrementar a qualidade e acessibilidade dos dados, permitindo aos gestores públicos e privados a realização de análises customizadas que tragam maior eficiência e eficácia às ações em saúde animal.
Epidemiological surveillance is described as a set of procedures of collecting, processing and data analysis used for supporting the decision making process of animal and human health managers. The growing participation of private sector professionals on animal health issues has been widening the passive epidemiological surveillance, generating significant amounts of data. In this context, the National Program of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Control and Eradication – PNCEBT, promotes, amongst other strategies, the accreditation of private veterinarians to make diagnosis tests on bovine, increased significantly the amount of data on bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. In the present research, a compilation of all data from diagnosis tests performed by accredited private veterinarians on behalf of PNCEBT in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2008 was made, which was analyzed through distinct statistics techniques, aiming at characterizing the demography and spatial patterns of occurrence, as well as to assess the frequencies of those diseases. Data from 63.226 individual tests performed in 5.012 farms on 332 municipalities were analyzed, after treatment by multiple imputation and outlier values diagnosis. It was possible to conclude that the majority of tests were from dairy related animals; economical reasons, such as bonus programs, were the main motivation for the farmers to perform tests on their properties. Higher frequencies for both diseases were found in dairy cattle, when compared to other purposes animals. Female presented higher frequencies for both diseases when compared to males. It was also observed that the frequency of tuberculosis increased with age, while for brucellosis the frequency was higher between 48 to 60 months-old animals. Spatial analysis evidenced higher frequencies of positive tuberculosis farms in the metropolitana and centro-oriental mesorregions, which had higher farm density per km². It was also verified that the distance by MVH to perform tests might be a limiting factor for them to occur, being 49.5% of the tests performed at maximum round-way distance of 50 km. The municipalities which had tests performed showed 67.5 times more chances of having a resident MVH. It was possible to conclude that an appropriate approach of surveillance data allows the making of relevant inferences, being feasible the establishment of monitoring and surveillance systems - MOSS. These systems could improve data quality and accessibility, allowing public and private managers to perform custom analysis to bring more efficiency and efficacy to animal health programs.

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14

Sadlier, Linda. "The behavioural ecology of the badger (Meles meles L.) on pastoral farmland". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314145.

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15

Morato, Flávia. "Avaliação do Borato de Sódio como conservante de amostra de tecido com lesão tuberculosa". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-08102012-131041/.

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Avaliou-se a atividade conservante do Borato de Sódio para amostras de tecidos com lesão tuberculosa. Inicialmente, foi feito um teste de inoculação experimental em hamsters. A partir dos resultados observados neste estudo, foram selecionadas as variáveis para a segunda etapa do experimento, com lesões de abatedouro de bovinos. Noventa hamsters foram inoculados experimentalmente com Mycobacterium bovis e foram eutanasiados 40 dias após a inoculação, quando foi feita a colheita dos baços. Esses órgãos foram, individualmente, armazenados em solução saturada de Borato de Sódio, em quatro períodos de armazenamento distintos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após a eutanásia), em duas temperaturas (27ºC e 37ºC), exceto o grupo controle processado no dia da eutanasia. Na segunda etapa do experimento, 69 lesões de órgãos de bovinos foram colhidas de um abatedouro e armazenadas em solução de borato de sódio em três períodos de armazenamento distintos (30, 60 e 90 dias após a colheita), na temperatura de 27ºC, exceto o grupo controle, processado no dia de entrada no laboratório. As análises dos dois experimentos foram feitas separadamente e mostraram-se concordantes. Em relação aos períodos de armazenamento dos órgãos em Borato de Sódio foram consideradas duas variáveis, a proporção de isolados de micobactérias a partir dos órgãos e o número de U.F.C. de micobactérias desses mesmos órgãos. Com base nos resultados observados em ambos os testes, concluiu-se que o armazenamento de tecidos com lesões tuberculosas em solução de Borato de Sódio pode ser feito por até 30 dias em altas temperaturas, 27ºC a 37ºC. Além disso, observou-se que conforme a temperatura ambiente aumenta, diminui a sensibilidade do isolamento de M. bovis a partir de amostras armazenadas em solução saturada de Borato de Sódio.
The preservative activity of Sodium Tetraborate was evaluated for tissues with tuberculous lesion. Initially, an experimental infection essay was performed in hamsters. Based on the results observed in this essay, the variables for the second experiment, involving samples from a slaughterhouse, were selected. The 90 animals were euthanized 40 days after inoculation when the spleens were colected. These organs were individually stored in saturated Sodium Tetraborate solution, in four distincts storage periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the euthanasia), in two temperatures (27º and 37ºC), except for the control group processed on the euthanasia day. On the second part of the experiment, sixty nine samples of bovine organs with tuberculous lesions were collected from a slaughterhouse. The samples were stored in saturated Sodium Tetraborate solution, in three distincts storage periods (30, 60 and 90 days after collection), at the temperature of 27ºC, except for the control group processed on the day of entry in the laboratory. The analysis of both experiments were done separately and were concordant. In relation to the storage periods of the organs in Sodium Tetraborate solution, two variables were considered, the proportion of mycobacterial isolates from the organs and the number of mycobacterial C.F.U from the same organs. Based on the results observed on both essays, it was concluded that tissues with tuberculous lesions can be stored in Sodium Tetraborate solution up to 30 days in high temperatures, 27ºC a 37ºC. Furthermore, it was observed that as the environmental temperature increases the M. bovis isolation sensibility from the samples stored in Sodium Tetraborate decreases.

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16

Lightbody, Kenneth Allan. "Bovine immune responses to defined mycobacterial antigens". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268182.

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17

Rayman, John F. "Epidemiological modelling of bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/821/.

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This thesis covers the formulation and analysis of a number of deterministic, continuous models of infection by a disease such as bovine tuberculosis in one species (essentially badgers) and in two mutually infective species (badgers and cattle). We examine the dynamics of the disease in each model and then consider the effects of the application of different badger culling strategies which have the objective of eliminating the disease in cattle.

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18

Hardstaff, Joanne Louise. "The distribution and management of bovine tuberculosis within Europe". Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583369.

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important zoonosis, with considerable health, economic and conservation impacts across Europe. The disease shows considerable heterogeneity on both a national and international scale, with a more severe problem occurring in the Western and Southern European countries. This pattern of disease is considered to be due primarily to the role played by bTB-infected wildlife in the dynamics ofthe disease. In the first part of this thesis, a spatial stochastic simulation model is used to examine the dynamics and control of bTB infection in one of the major wildlife host species, the badger (Meles meles).The results indicate that infection can persist at the badger group sizes frequently found within the British Isles. Moreover, the presence of external sources of infection alters the disease dynamics by lowering the threshold of infection. Vaccination of badgers could be an effective method of bTB control. However, it would need to be deployed over a long period of time and the presence of external sources of infection may seriously compromise its effectiveness. In the second part of the thesis, a statistical model is developed to quantify existing and potential hazards of bTB posed by combined livestock-wildlife host communities across Europe. Current hazards are dominated by the contribution of cattle (Bas taurus). However, wildlife species, especially roe deer (Caprealus eaprealus) and wild boar (Sus serafa), have the potential to assume a greater role in disease dynamics in the future. The results of the thesis demonstrate the potential significance of multiple host communities in bTB dynamics at a range of scales. A better understanding of the dynamics of bTB in mixed livestock-wildlife communities with multiple hosts is essential to underpin the development of more effective bTB control strategies across Europe.

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19

Saleem, Imran Y. "Improving diagnosis and oral vaccination strategies against bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, Aston University, 2003. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12348/.

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In this work peptide antigens [ESAT-6,p45 in water (1ml, 1mg/ml)] have been adsorbed onto 10mg inorganic substrates (hydroxyapatite (MHA P201;P120, CHA), polystyrene, calcium carbonate and glass microspheres) and in vitro release characteristics were determined. The aim of formulation was to enhance the interaction of peptides with antigen presenting cells and to achieve rapid peptide release from the carrier compartment system in a mildly acidic environment. Hydroxyapatite microparticle P201 has a greater surface area and thus has the largest peptide adsorption compared to the P120. CHA gave a further higher adsorption due to larger surface area than that available on microparticles. These particles were incorporated into the BOVIGAMTM assay to determine if they improve the sensitivity. After overnight incubation the blood plasma was removed and the amount of IFN-g in each plasma sample was estimated. CHA and MHA P201 gave a significantly higher immune response at low peptide concentration compared to the free peptide, thus indicating that these systems can be used to evaluate Tuberculosis (TB) amongst cattle using the BOVIGAMTM assay. Badgers are a source of TB and pass infection to cattle. At the moment vaccination against TB in badgers is via the parenteral route and requires a trained veterinary surgeon as well as catching the badgers. This process is expensive and time consuming; consequently an oral delivery system for delivery of BCG vaccines is easier and cheaper. The initial stage involved addition of various surfactants and suspending agents to disperse BCG and the second stage involved testing for BCG viability. Various copolymers of Eudragit were used as enteric coating systems to protect BCG against the acidic environment of the stomach (SGF, 0.1M HCl pH 1.2 at 37oC) while dissolving completely in the alkaline environment of the small intestine (SIF, IM PBS solution pH 7.4 at 37oC). Eudragit L100 dispersed in 2ml PBS solution and 0.9ml Tween 80 (0.1%w/v) gave the best results remaining intact in SGF loosing only approximately 10-15% of the initial weight and dissolving completely within 3 hours. BCG was incorporated within the matrix formulation adjusted to pH 7 at the initial formulation stage containing PBS solution and Tween 80. It gave viability of x106 cfu/ml at initial formulation stage, freezing and freeze-drying stages. After this stage the matrix was compressed at 4 tons for 3 mins and placed in SGF for 2 hours and then in SIF until dissolved. The BCG viability dropped to x106 cfu/ml. There is potential to develop it further for oral delivery of BCG vaccine.

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20

Aguiar, Ricardo Souza Costa Barão de. "Caracterização epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas na região de Campinas, Piracicaba, Bragança Paulista, Limeira, Mogi Mirim e São João da Boa Vista, Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-01072013-102513/.

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Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas na região de Campinas, Piracicaba, Bragança Paulista, Limeira, Mogi Mirim e São João da Boa Vista. Foram aleatoriamente amostradas 251 propriedades com criação de bovinos, sendo que nestas, eram sorteadas 40 ou 20 fêmeas acima de 24 meses para diagnóstico de tuberculose e 15 ou 10 fêmeas acima de 24 meses para diagnóstico sorológico de brucelose, dependendo do total de fêmeas existentes. O rebanho foi considerado positivo para brucelose quando havia pelo menos um animal com diagnóstico positivo. Para tuberculose, em propriedades com mais de 99 fêmeas acima de 24 meses, era necessário pelo menos dois animais positivos para a propriedade ser classificada como positiva, enquanto que em propriedades com até 99 fêmeas acima de 24 meses, um animal positivo classificava a propriedade como positiva. Foi aplicado questionário epidemiológico e com base nesse documento, foram feitas as análises univariada e regressão logística para identificar os fatores de risco associados à condição de foco e calculado o valor de odds ratio para quantificar o risco. A prevalência aparente de focos de brucelose foi 11,2% (IC95% = 7,8;15,8) e de tuberculose foi 14,1% (IC95% = 10,2%; 19%). A prevalência aparente de animais positivos para brucelose foi 2,5% (IC95% = 1,5%; 4,1%) e para tuberculose foi 2,7% (IC95% = 1,6;4,5%). Como fatores de risco associados à brucelose ter mais de 57 bovinos no rebanho, apresentou valor de OR = 4,2 (IC95% = 1,9; 9,5). Para tuberculose, exploração leite apresentou valor de OR = 2,6 (IC95% = 1,3; 5,3), ajustado por aquisição de bovinos, OR = 2,4 (IC95% = 1,2; 5,0). Os esforços para redução da prevalência de brucelose não surtiram efeito mesmo após 10 anos de aplicação de medidas de controle preconizadas pelo PNCEBT, sugerindo-se a sua reformulação na área de estudo.
A study was conducted to characterize the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in Campinas, Piracicaba, Bragança Paulista, Limeira, Mogi Mirim and São João da Boa Vista área, State of São Paulo. A total of 251 farms were randomly selected and in each of them 40 or 20 cows over 24 months were selected for tuberculosis diagnosis and 15 or 10 females over 24 months for brucellosis diagnosis depending on the existing total females. The herd was considered positive for brucellosis when there was at least one positive animal. For tuberculosis in herds above 99 females over 24 months at least two positive animals to classify the herd as positive. As long as in farms with up to 99 females over 24 months, a positive animal classified the property as positive. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied and based on this document, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors associated with the diseases, based on odds ratio calculation. The apparent prevalence of brucellosis positive herds was 11.2% (95% CI = 7.8, 15.8) and tuberculosis positive herds was 14.1% (95% CI = 10.2%, 19%). The apparent prevalence of positive animals for brucellosis was 2.5% (95% CI = 1.5%, 4.1%) and tuberculosis was 2.7% (95% CI = 1.6, 4.5%). Having more than 57 cattle in the herd, with an OR = 4.2 (95% CI = 1.9, 9.5) was associated with brucellosis. Milk farm type with an OR = 2.6 (95% CI = 1.3, 5.3), and cattle purchase, with an OR = 2.4 (95% CI = 1.2, 5.0) were associated with tubercullosis. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of brucellosis do not reached the expected effects even after 10 years of implementation of control measures recommended by the PNCEBT. Therefore, the reformulation of the Program is recommended in the study area.

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21

Rodriguez, Cesar Alejandro Rosales. "Sistema de detecção de focos de tuberculose bovina no Estado de São Paulo utilizando métodos moleculares e epidemiológicos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-25102006-154614/.

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Foi estabelecida uma parceria entre o Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS) da FMVZ-USP, a Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado de São Paulo e o Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) para organizar um sistema capaz de detectar focos de tuberculose bovina no Estado, com base nas rotinas de inspeção de carcaças em abatedouros, cujos objetivos foram: 1) conhecer a diversidade genética de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos no Estado de São Paulo; 2) estudar a distribuição espacial desses focos; 3) estudar a tipologia das unidades de criação de bovinos caracterizadas como focos de tuberculose; 4) verificar se é possível, com a atual infra-estrutura existente em São Paulo, operar um sistema de vigilância para detecção de focos de tuberculose bovina. Assim, foi estruturado um sistema de coleta, envolvendo as redes SISP (Sistema de Inspeção do Estado de São Paulo) e SIF, que realizou as coletas de materiais e informações de maio de 2002 a janeiro de 2004. Todo o material seguiu para o VPS, onde foram processados. As propriedades caracterizadas como focos foram rastreadas e delas foi coletada outro conjunto de informações. Seguem os resultados alcançados: 1) foram identificados 33 diferentes espoligotipos dentre os 248 isolados de M. bovis de bovinos no Estado de São Paulo. Os isolados do espoligotipo SB0295 foram re-discriminados em 13 novos perfis genéticos de M. bovis pela técnica MIRU-VNTR; 2) dentre os dois espoligotipos mais prevalentes estudados (SB0295 e SB0121), apenas o SB0295 apresentou-se de forma agrupada nas análises espaciais; 3) foram geradas várias informações sobre a tipologia e o manejo das unidades de criação de bovinos caracterizadas como focos de tuberculose; 4) a atual infra-estrutura existente no Estado de São Paulo foi capaz de operar um sistema de detecção de focos de tuberculose bovina
A partnership between the Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (VPS) of the FMVZ-USP, the Coordination of Agriculture and Animal Defense of the State of São Paulo, and the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) was established to organize a work system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus in the state, based on routine methods of carcass inspection in the abattoir, with the following objectives: 1) to determine the genetic diversity of the isolates of Mycobacterium bovis from bovines in the state of São Paulo; 2) to study the spatial distribution of the focuses; 3) to study the typology of the bovine breading units (farms), which were characterized as tuberculosis focus; 4) to verify the possibility of operating a surveillance system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus based on the current network in the state of São Paulo. Thus, it was performed a system for data collection involving the current systems SISP (System of Inspection of the State of São Paulo) and SIF, who performed the collection of biological samples and information from May 2002 to January 2004. All samples were addressed to the VPS, where they were processed. Farms characterized as focus were traced to obtain new information. The results obtained in this study follow: 1) A total of 33 different spoligotypes were determined out of 248 bovine isolates of M. bovis in the state of São Paulo. The spoligotype SB0295 isolates were re-discriminated into 13 new M. bovis genetic profiles by the MIRU-VNTR technique; 2) From the two most prevalent spoligotypes analyzed in this study (SB0295 e SB0121), only SB0295 showed a cluster presentation by the spatial analyses; 3) Several information about typology and bovine breeding unit management were generated regarding the status of tuberculosis focus; 4) the current network in the state of São Paulo was capable of operating a system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus

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22

Garnett, Benjamin Thomas. "Behavioural aspects of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) transmission and infection in badgers (Meles meles)". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272050.

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23

Machado, Adelina da Conceicao. "Mapping of the distribution of Mycobacterium bovis strains involved in bovine tuberculosis in Mozambique". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98114.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is reported to cause economic and public health negative impact in countries where it is prevalent. The control of the disease has been a difficult task worldwide. The main object of this thesis was to use molecular tools to generate useful information to contribute to the design of appropriate BTB control measures in Mozambique. To do so we considered a deep knowledge of the BTB history in Mozambique to be essential. The search was largely based on the reports produced annually by the Veterinary Services and other available information. We found reports of BTB in Mozambique as early as 1940. These cases were mainly identified as a result of post-mortem meat inspection. The higher numbers of cases reported were from 8 locations, namely Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete, Quelimane and Nampula, and served as a basis to decide the locations to perform prevalence and molecular epidemiologic studies. Prevalence studies were done in 10 districts selected based on the history of a high number of BTB case reports (intentionally biased towards locations presumably with higher prevalence), a high cattle density, but also to represent districts from the south, centre and north of Mozambique. A representative sample was defined, based on all livestock areas or villages in Massingir and Govuro Districts or by randomly selecting small-scale and commercial herds in 8 districts, specifically Manhiça, Chibuto, Buzi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche and Mecanhelas. Results were obtained from 6983 cattle tested using tuberculin testing. Apparent prevalence varied from 0.98% in Massingir to 39.6% in the Govuro, with prevalence as high as 71.4% in some livestock areas/herds. The analysis of risk factors showed no noteworthy difference with respect to the sex of the animal. Younger age had significantly lower odds of infection compared to the older age class. There was a tendency of cattle from small-scale herds to have lower prevalence when compared to the commercial herds. From the prevalence studies, 187 tissue and 41 milk samples from BTB reactors were collected. Additionally 220 tissue samples were obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratory routine diagnostic work. Samples were subject to bacteriological culture and a collection of 170 M. bovis isolates were obtained. Eight additional isolates were supplied from another study. All isolates were subjected to molecular typing using spoligotyping, and a sub-sample using MIRU-VNTR and regions of difference (RD) analysis. Fifteen different spoligotype patterns were identified of which 8 were not previously registered in the Mbovis.org database. The pattern SB0961 accounted for 61% of the isolates and was found in all areas of the country investigated. We hypothesize that this was one of the first clones to be introduced in Mozambique. Twenty-nine isolates had the pattern SB0140, which is specific for the European 1 (Eu1) clonal complex. Eleven isolates with this spoligotype were subjected to RD analysis, and all isolates had the Eu1 specific deletion. These were all isolated from cattle from the south of Mozambique and the majority from commercial farms that imported cattle, mainly from South Africa, where the Eu1 clonal complex is common. There were no isolates of the African 1 (Af1) or African 2 (Af2) clonal complexes that are frequent in Central-West Africa and East Africa, respectively. The clones identified from different farms and districts, strongly suggest routes of transmission and/or common source of infection. In conclusion, our results show a potential increase in the prevalence of BTB in Mozambique even taking into consideration i) that the selection of locations in our study was biased towards locations with a history of higher BTB prevalence and ii) the use of a more sensitive technique i.e. the testing in the middle neck region as opposed to the testing in the caudal fold as used in previous studies. Even if no cattle to human transmission was found in studies done in Mozambique so far, the evidence of M. bovis shedding through milk and the lack of correct practices to prevent animal to human transmission (consumption of raw milk), strongly suggests that there is zoonotic risk; a subject that needs to be investigated. The results presented in this work also strengthen the need to reinforce the current regulations that require a negative BTB test result before cattle importation. The same should be enforced for the internal movements, as the frequency of shared genotypes (Spoligotype and MIRU) from cattle originating from different parts of the country strongly suggest intra-contry transmission of BTB.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beestering (BTB), wat veroorsaak word deur bakterieë van die Mycobacterium tuberculosis kompleks, het ‘n negatiewe impak op die ekonomiese en publike gesondheid in lande waar dit voorkom. Die beheer van die siekte is ‘n moeilike taak wêreldwyd. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis was om molekulêre toetse te gebruik om nuttige inligting te genereer wat sal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van toepaslike BTB beheermaatrëels in Mosambiek. Om dit te kon doen, was dit noodsaaklik om ‘n indiepte kennies te hê van BTB geskiedenis in Mosambiek. Die soektog was gebaseer op jaarlikse verslae van Veearts Dienste en ander beskikbare inligting. Ons het verslae gevind van BTB in Mosambiek so vroeg as 1940. Hierdie gevalle is hoofsaaklik geïdentifiseer as gevolg van roetine na-doodse inspeksie van vleis. Hoër getalle van sulke gevalle is geïdentifiseer in 8 distrikte, naamlik Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete, Quelimane en Nampula; en het gedien as ‘n basis vir die seleksie van studieareas vir die voorkoms studies. Voorkoms studies is uitgevoer in 10 distrikte gekies op grond van die geskiedenis van 'n hoër aantal BTB gevalle in hierdie areas (doelbewus bevooroordeeld teenoor plekke vermoedelik met 'n hoër voorkoms), asook‘n hoë digtheid beeste, maar ook om distrikte in die suide, middel en noorde van Mosambiek te verteenwoordig. ‘n Verteenwoordigende steekproef is geïdentifiseer gebaseer op al die vee-gebiede of dorpe in Massingir and Govuro distrikte óf deur kleinskaalse en kommersiële kuddes lukraak te kies in 8 distrikte, spesifiek Manhica, Chibuto, Busi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche en Mecanhelas. Resultate is verkry deur 6983 beeste te toets met behulp van die tuberkulien vel toets. Skynbare voorkoms het gewissel van 0,98 % in Massingir tot 39,6 % in Govuro, met voorkoms so hoog as 71,4 % in sommige vee gebiede/ kuddes. Die ontleding van risiko faktore het geen noemenswaardige verskil met betrekking tot die geslag van die dier gewys nie. Jonger ouderdom diere het ‘n aansienlike laer kans van infeksie gehad in vergelyking met die ouer ouderdom klas. Daar was 'n neiging van beeste van kleinskaalse kuddes om ‘n laer voorkoms te hê in vergelyking met die kommersiële kuddes. Van die voorkoms studies, is 187 weefsel- en 41 melkmonsters van BTB reaktors ingesamel. ‘n Addisionele 220 weefselmonsters is verkry vanaf die Sentrale Veterinêre Laboratorium se roetine diagnostiese werk. Monsters was onderhewig aan bakteriologiese kweking en 'n versameling van 170 M. bovis isolate is verkry. Agt bykomende isolate is voorsien deur 'n ander studie. Alle isolate was onderhewig aan molekulêre-tipering met behulp van spoligotipering en ‘n subgroep met behulp van MIRU-VNTR en analise van genomies diverse areas. Vyftien verskillende spoligotipering patrone is geïdentifiseer, waarvan 8 nie voorheen in die Mbovis.org databasis geregistreer is nie. Die SB0961 patroon is geïdentifiseer vir 61% van die isolate en gevind in alle dele van die land wat ondersoek was. Ons hipotese is dat hierdie een van die eerste klone was wat voorgestel is in Mosambiek. Nege en twintig isolate het die SB0140 patroon gehad wat spesifiek is aan die Europese 1 (EU1) klonale kompleks. Elf isolate met hierdie spoligotipering patroon is verder geanaliseer om genomies diverse areas te identifiseer, waarvan almal die Eu1 spesifieke delesie getoon het. Hierdie isolate is almal geïsoleer uit beeste van die suide van Mosambiek, asook beeste gevind op kommersiele plase wat hoofsaaklik vanuit Suid Afrika invoer- waar die EU1 klonale kompleks algemeen is. Daar is geen isolate van die Afrikaans 1 (AF1) of Afrikaans 2 (AF2) klonale komplekse nie, dikwels gevind in onderskeidelik Sentraal-Wes-Afrika en Oos- Afrika. Isolate wat in verskillende plase en distrikte geïdentifiser is dui roetes van transmissie en/ of a gemeenskaplike bron van infeksie aan. Ten slotte, ons resultate dui op 'n moontlike toename in die voorkoms van BTB in Mosambiek, selfs met inagneming dat i) die keuse van areas in ons studie is bevooroordeeld teenoor areas met 'n geskiedenis van hoër BTB voorkoms en ii) die gebruik van 'n meer sensitiewe tegniek d.w.s. toetsing in die middel nekgebied i.p.v. toetsing in die stert vou soos gebruik in vorige studies. Selfs al is geen bees-na-mens-oordrag gevind nie, is die bewys van M. bovis oordrag deur melk en die gebrek aan korrekte prosedures om dier-na-mens-oordrag te voorkom (verbruik van nie-gepasturiseerde melk), ‘n sterk bewys van die soönotiese risiko; ‘n onderwerp wat ondersoek moet word. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek beklemtoon die behoefte om die huidige regulasies wat ‘n negatiewe BTB toetsuitslag vereis voor beeste ingevoer word, te versterk. Dieselfde maatreëls moet ingestel word vir interne beweging van beeste, omdat die frekwensie van gedeelde genotipes (Spoligotipering en MIRU) tussen beeste met oorsprong uit verskillende dele van die land aandui dat interne oordrag van BTB plaasvind.

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24

Ohara, Patricia Miyuki. "Microbiologia e histopatologia de linfonodos de bovinos com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose. Colheitas efetuadas de Maio/2002 à Janeiro/2004, São Paulo, Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-17042007-122417/.

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Linfonodos de 146 bovinos com lesões macroscópicas identificadas como sugestivas de tuberculose pelos Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Estadual de abatedouros do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de Maio de 2002 à Janeiro de 2004, conservadas em solução de borato de sódio em temperatura ambiente por no máximo 60 dias, negativos nos cultivos de micobactérias nos meios de Lowëstein-Jensen e Stonebrink com descontaminação por Petroff e HPC e conservadas por congelamento, foram submetidos a novos cultivos em Agar Sangue, Agar MacConkey e Agar Saboraud bem como ao exame histopatológico pelas colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Ziëlh-Neelsen. Nos cultivos houve isolamentos de E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. solitarius, S. arlettae e S. epidermidis. Não houve correlação entre as bactérias isoladas e a localização dos respectivos linfonodos. Os exames histopatológicos classificaram 49 animais isentos de qualquer lesão microscópica, 4 positivos para micobactérias sp, 18 fortemente sugestivos para micobactérias sp e 45 como processos atribuídos a outros agentes que não micobactérias. Não houve correlação entre o aspecto histológico dos linfonodos e o tipo de microrganismo isolado. Os microrganismos isolados foram considerados como contaminantes que tiveram acesso aos materiais durante os procedimentos de abate.
Lymph nodes of 146 bovines presenting lesions identified macroscopically as suggestive of tuberculosis by the Federal and State Inspection Services of abbatoirs at the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from May, 2002 to January, 2004, that were preserved in sodium borate solution at room temperature for no longer than 60 days, negative to mycobacteria culturing on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media, decontaminated by Petroff and HPC methods and kept frozen, were subjected to new cultivations on blood, MacConkey and Sabouraud agars as well as to histopathological examination by Hematoxilin-Eosin and Ziëlh-Neelsen coloration techniques. E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. solitarius, S. arlettaeand S. epidermidis were isolated by culturing. No correlation between the isolated bacteria and the respective lymph nodes localization was found. The histopathological classification of the animals was: 49 presented microscopically no lesion, 4 were Mycobacterium sp. positive, 18 were strongly suggestive of Mycobacterium sp. and 45 were attributed to agents other than mycobacteria. There was no correlation between the histological aspect of the lymphnodes and the microorganisms isolated. The isolated microorganisms were considered as contaminants that had access to these materials during the slaughter procedures.

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25

Raposo, André Santos Silva. "Contributo para o estudo epidemiológico da tuberculose bovina em animais domésticos e silváticos na região de Portalegre". Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3058.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A tuberculose bovina é uma doença infecciosa que atinge espécies domésticas, silváticas e o Homem, constituindo um problema para as entidades sanitárias veterinárias, devido ao seu potencial zoonótico, ao impacto económico e ao entrave causado à movimentação de animais e produtos. Portugal encontra-se numa fase de pré-erradicação da doença, tendo os esforços com vista a esse objectivo elevados custos para o Estado e para os produtores. Durante o estágio realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de casos de tuberculose em bovinos entre 2005 e 2009 e fez-se uma pesquisa de lesões desta doença em espécies de caça grossa, ambos na região de Portalegre. Averiguou-se a hipótese de transmissão da doença por animais silváticos em 35 focos de tuberculose bovina, concluindo-se que pode ter havido contactos entre javalis e bovinos domésticos em todos. Os veados, embora tenham uma distribuição mais limitada, coabitam com os bovinos em cerca de 45% das explorações em análise. Também se acompanhou uma montaria, identificando-se lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose em 33,3% dos veados e 11,8% dos javalis abatidos, confirmando-se posteriormente em todos os casos a existência de infecção (através de exames histopatológicos e do isolamento de M. bovis). Tendo em conta que os resultados obtidos confirmam a existência de tuberculose em veados e javalis de vida livre e o seu contacto com bovinos domésticos em certas regiões, a transmissão da doença entre as diferentes espécies é uma possibilidade. É necessário esclarecer o papel das espécies silváticas como hospedeiros reservatório ou acidentais de tuberculose, de modo a melhorar a gestão da fauna silvática e dos recursos cinegéticos. Recomenda-se a vigilância sanitária continuada dessas espécies, integrando as boas práticas sanitárias e o acompanhamento médico-veterinário nos procedimentos de inspecção às peças de caça. Devem, ainda, ser implementadas medidas preventivas como a existência de planos de gestão cinegética que contemplem o controlo do tamanho das populações e um maior confinamento dos bovinos em áreas de risco. A tuberculose bovina é um problema emergente no nosso país, devendo as autoridades competentes, os médicos veterinários, os produtores e os caçadores unir esforços na luta para a erradicação da doença, sem esquecer o risco de as espécies silváticas estarem envolvidas na sua transmissão.
ABSTRACT - Contribution to the epidemiological study of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and wildlife in Portalegre - Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects domestic animals, wildlife and Humans, and it remains a problem for veterinary health authorities due to its zoonotic potential, economic impact and obstacles to animal and products movements. Portugal hasn‟t achieved eradication yet, and the efforts towards that aim have high costs to the country and the farmers. During the traineeship it was performed a retrospective study on tuberculosis in cattle between 2005 and 2009 and also a survey for this infection in big game, both in the Portalegre region. The risk of bovine tuberculosis transmission from wildlife to cattle was studied in 35 outbreaks and in all of them contacts between wild boars and cattle where possible. Although deers have a more limited distribution, they cohabit with cattle in about 45% of the farms considered. A hunting journey was also accompanied, leading to the identification of gross tuberculosis lesions in 33,3% of the red deers and 11,8% of the wild boars killed. M. bovis infection was confirmed through bacteriological exams and histopathology was also positive. These results confirm the existence of tuberculosis in free range red deer and wild boar and its coexistence with cattle in some areas, enabling the transmission of this disease between domestic animals and wildlife. It is essential to clarify the role of wildlife either as spill-over or reservoir hosts for tuberculosis, in order to achieve a better management of wildlife and game resources. It is recommended a surveillance system for big game, integrating good health practices and veterinary supervision during game meat inspection schemes. Preventive measures such as the creation of game management plans to control population size and a higher confinement of cattle in risk areas should also be implemented. Bovine tuberculosis is an emerging problem in Portugal, and the competent authorities, veterinarians, farmers and hunters have to join efforts and continue the struggle to eradicate this disease, keeping in mind the risk of its transmission by wildlife.

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26

MELO, Mauro Tavares de. "Ocorrência da tuberculose caprina na mesorregião metropolitana de Recife : diagnóstico e intercorrência com a tuberculose bovina". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5759.

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Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-19T12:37:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Tavares de Melo.pdf: 976863 bytes, checksum: 9dc2a916f4b14f2e389668fa6353a8bd (MD5)
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The accomplishment of this work, considering the importance and the pioneer nature of the information to the Northeast and the inexistence of official records of public and private agencies that we can have access in our country, had the aim of reporting the rotation between tuberculosis in bovine and in goats in milk flocks in the State of Pernambuco, and to evaluate the related factors of risk. The identification of the M. bovis infected carriers was made through Cervical Comparative Test (CCT): in bovines, according to the lines of direction of PNCEBT; in goats, through the experimentally standardized tuberculin test for goats. Were submitted to the CCT: 88 cows with the predominant phenotype of Girolanda breed, with age between three and seven, raised in two different dairy cattle’s and 168 goats of Saanen, Toggenburg and Parda Alpina breeds and their crossings, with age between two and six, raised in milk flocks located in towns of the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco. Jointly, the frequency of cows and female goats that reacted positively to the tuberculin test were 10,9%, standing out the high rates in goats (16,2%) and the bovines (19,4%). The cows and the female goats that had clinical inconclusive hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin were 8% and 1,2%, respectively. Jointly, the frequency of cows and female goats that were positive and inconclusive came to the index of 14,4%. The cows that were submitted to the CCT, 17,0% (15/88) reacted positively. On average numbers, the positives showed hypersensitivity reaction to the bovine and avian tuberculin with the intensity of 9,4 mm ( 3,1) e 3,3 mm ( 1,1), respectively, having the difference between the two of 0,6 mm ( 1,8). The female goats that were submitted to the CCT, 7,7% (13/168) reacted positively. On average numbers, the positives showed hypersensitivity reaction to the bovine and avian tuberculin with the intensity of 14,1 ( 6,2) and 6,4 mm ( 4,2), respectively, having the difference between the two of 7,7 mm ( 3,4). The clinical – epidemic evidences observed in this work, not also demonstrates that the tuberculin is highly disseminated on the examined flocks, as well as suggests that the M. bovis infection in goats can occur in connection with the infection in bovines, from the big circulation of cow milk between goat flocks which the producers acquire the common practice of utilizing the cow milk to the baby goats as a preventive measures against CAE.
A realização deste trabalho, considerando a importância e a natureza pioneira das informações para o Nordeste e a inexistência de registros oficiais de órgãos públicos e privados que se tem acesso em nosso país, teve como objetivo relatar a intercorrência entre tuberculose bovina e caprina em rebanhos leiteiros de Pernambuco e avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados. A identificação de portadores de infecção pelo M. bovis foi realizada pelo Teste Cervical Comparativo (TCC): nos bovinos, de acordo com as diretrizes do PNCEBT; nos caprinos, pelo teste da tuberculina padronizado experimentalmente para caprinos. Foram submetidas ao TCC: 88 vacas com fenótipo predominante da raça Girolanda, com idades entre três a sete anos, criados em dois rebanhos leiteiros e 168 cabras das raças Saanen, Toggenburg e Parda Alpina e seus mestiços, com idades entre dois a seis anos, criadas em seis rebanhos leiteiros localizados em municípios da Mesorregião Metropolitana de Recife, Pernambuco. Conjuntamente, a freqüência de vacas e cabras que reagiram positivamente ao teste da tuberculina foi de 10,9%, destacando-se taxas elevadas nos caprinos (16,2%) e nos bovinos (19,4%). As vacas e cabras que manifestaram reações imunoalérgicas clinicamente inconclusivas às tuberculinas corresponderam a 8% e 1,2%, respectivamente. Conjuntamente, as freqüências de vacas e cabras positivas e inconclusivas formaram o índice de 14,4%. Das vacas submetidas ao TCC, 17,0% (15/88) reagiram positivamente. Em valores médios, as positivas apresentaram reações imunoalérgicas às tuberculinas bovina e aviária com intensidades de 9,4 mm (±3,1) e 3,3 mm (±1,1), respectivamente, sendo a diferença entre as duas de 6,0 mm (± 1,8). Das cabras submetidas ao TCC, 7,7% (13/168) reagiram positivamente. Em valores médios, as positivas apresentaram reações imunoalérgicas às tuberculinas bovina e aviária com intensidades de 14,1 (± 6,2) e 6,4 mm (±4,2), respectivamente, sendo a diferença entre as duas de 7,7mm (± 3,4). As evidências clínico-epidemiológicas observadas neste estudo, além de demonstrarem que a tuberculose encontra-se amplamente disseminada nos rebanhos examinados, sugerem que a infecção pelo M. bovis em caprinos pode ocorrer em conexão com a infecção em bovinos, a partir da grande circulação de leite de vaca entre rebanhos caprinos cujos produtores adquiriram a prática comum da utilização do leite de vacas para cabritos como medida preventiva contra a CAE.

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27

Roring, Solvig Mary Margaret. "DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium bovis". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287426.

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28

Ciaravino, Giovanna. "Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis: evaluation of surveillance and sociological factors in Spain". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665078.

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El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido aumentar el conocimiento sobre la epidemiología y el control de la Tuberculosis Bovina (TBb) e investigar factores sociológicos que podrían obstaculizar su erradicación en España. En el primer estudio, desarrollamos un modelo que permitió estimar los parámetros de transmisión de la TBb dentro de los rebaños utilizando datos de la campaña de erradicación. Dichos parámetros se emplearon para simular el número medio de casos secundarios causados por un solo animal infectado introducido en un rebaño (Rh), considerando diferentes frecuencias de control. El coeficiente medio de transmisión fue de 5,2 animales infectados por animal infeccioso y año; sin embargo, los resultados evidenciaron una gran variabilidad entre los 22 rebaños estudiados, con valores que oscilaron entre 1,8 y 8,3. La duración media del período de latencia fue 3,2 meses, con un rango intercuartil de 2,4 a 5,4 meses. Considerando un intervalo de 6 meses entre las pruebas, el valor medio de Rh fue 0,23, aumentando a 0,82 para intervalos anuales, y a 2 y 3,5 para intervalos de pruebas de 2 y 4 años, respectivamente. En el segundo estudio se evaluó la eficiencia de los componentes del sistema de vigilancia: vigilancia de rutina, vigilancia en mataderos y pruebas pre-movimientos; y su variabilidad entre las provincias españolas con una versión modificada del modelo desarrollado. Bajo las condiciones españolas, la sensibilidad (probabilidad de detección por año) del sistema de vigilancia fue 79,7% y el tiempo medio hasta la detección de 221,6 días. La vigilancia de rutina fue el componente más eficiente, mientras que la eficacia de la vigilancia en matadero y las pruebas pre-movimientos fue menor; aunque estos componentes también contribuyeron a la detección de algunos rebaños infectados. La eficiencia de los diferentes componentes de vigilancia entre las provincias fue muy variable, pero sin un patrón espacial evidente. Nuestros resultados muestran que, en muchas provincias, la intensidad de la vigilancia no se correlaciona con la prevalencia. En el tercer estudio, utilizamos enfoques cualitativos para investigar opiniones y actitudes de ganaderos y veterinarios hacia el programa de erradicación. Para ello se emplearon entrevistas exploratorias y entrevistas en profundidad. Los principales resultados sugirieron que el programa se percibe como una obligación impuesta por la ley sin una adecuada motivación. La compleja epidemiología de la TBb combinada con una falta de conocimiento y carencias en la comunicación contribuyen a generar desconfianza hacia las medidas de control y, a su vez, a la generación de diferentes tipos de conjeturas sobre la enfermedad. También se mencionó una baja fiabilidad en la prueba cutánea, así como presiones a los veterinarios durante el saneamiento. En general, no se perciben beneficios de ser libres y los ganaderos perciben agravios comparativos respecto a la fauna silvestre, otros reservorios domésticos y granjas de lidia. En el cuarto estudio, los factores sociológicos previamente identificados se investigaron mediante un cuestionario estructurado, entrevistando telefónicamente a 706 ganaderos y 180 veterinarios. Un análisis de correspondencia múltiple, seguido de un análisis de conglomerados, nos permitió identificar tres perfiles de opinión; además, se desarrolló un modelo de regresión logística para cuantificar las principales diferencias entre los grupos. Dichos perfiles se diferenciaron principalmente por su opinión sobre las pruebas de diagnóstico, su percepción sobre el impacto de la TBb y la importancia de otras especies domésticas y silvestres. Algunas personas mostraron actitudes positivas y otras negativas hacia el programa, y un tercer grupo una clara tendencia a no responder. Entre los ganaderos se observaron perfiles opuestos mientras que los veterinarios fueron más homogéneos y la mayoría de ellos expresaron una actitud positiva; sin embargo, algunos veterinarios mostraron una actitud negativa que merece particular atención.
The present PhD thesis aimed to increase knowledge on bTB epidemiology and control and to investigate sociological factors that might hinder the success of the bTB eradication programme. In the first study, we developed a stochastic dynamic model that allowed estimating the cattle-to-cattle bTB transmission parameters within Spanish herds, using field data from the eradication campaign. Then, we used those parameters to simulate the average number of secondary cases caused by a single infected animal introduced into a herd (Rh), considering different control frequencies. The median transmission coefficient () was 5.2 newly infected animals per infectious animal per year; however, results evidenced a great variability in the estimates among the 22 study-herds, with median estimates ranging between 1.8 and 8.3. The overall median duration of the latent period () was 3.2 months, with an interquartile range varying from 2.4 to 5.4 months. Considering a 6-month interval between tests, the mean Rh was 0.23, increasing to 0.82 for annual intervals, and to 2.01 and 3.47 with testing intervals of 2 and 4 years, respectively. The second study was directed at evaluating the efficiency of the components of bTB surveillance system: routine skin testing, slaughterhouse surveillance and pre-movement testing; and, to assess their variability among Spanish provinces, by using a modified version of the model previously developed. Under the average Spanish conditions, the overall sensitivity (i.e. probability of detection per year) of the national bTB surveillance system was 79.7% and the mean time until detection 221.6 days. Routine testing was the most efficient component, while the efficiency of slaughterhouse surveillance and pre-movement testing was much lower; although these components also contributed to detection of some infected herds. Looking at the province level, the efficiency of the different components of the bTB surveillance varied significantly, but no obvious spatial pattern was identified. Our results evidence that in many Spanish provinces, the intensity of surveillance efforts was not correlated to the herd prevalence in the area. In the third study, we used qualitative approaches to investigate opinions and attitudes of farmers and veterinarians toward the Spanish bTB eradication programme. Face-to-face exploratory interviews were used to identify main themes, followed by in-depth interviews. Main results suggested that the bTB programme is perceived as a law enforcement duty without an adequate motivation of some stakeholders. The complex bTB epidemiology combined with gaps in knowledge and weak communication among stakeholders contributed to generate disbeliefs towards control measures and, in turn, different kinds of guesses on the disease. Low reliability in the skin test was expressed and some pressures faced by private veterinarians during field activities also emerged. People perceived very few benefits of being bTB-free and comparative grievances to wildlife, other domestic reservoirs and bullfighting farms arose. In the fourth study, the sociological factors previously identified were investigated through a structured questionnaire, telephonically interviewing a sample of 706 farmers and 180 veterinarians. Multiple Correspondence Analysis, followed by Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components were used to identify opinion profiles; and, a logistic regression model was developed to quantify the main differences between groups. Different attitudes toward the bTB eradication programme were characterised by opinions on the bTB diagnostic tests, the perception on the impact of bTB and the importance of other domestic and wildlife species. There were people with positive and with negative attitudes toward the programme and a third group with a clear tendency to not respond. Opposite profiles were observed among farmers. Differently, veterinarians were more homogeneous and the vast majority of them expressed a positive attitude; however, some veterinarians showed a negative attitude toward the bTB eradication programme, which deserve a special attention.

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29

Cooke, Richard. "The Economics of Bovine Tuberculosis Breakdowns and Alternative Control Strategies". Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519859.

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30

Piercy, Jenny. "The oxidative stress response and its role in bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437130.

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31

Karolemeas, Katerina. "Persistence of bovine tuberculosis within cattle herds in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609775.

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32

Robinson, Philip Alexander. "A political ecology of bovine tuberculosis eradication in Northern Ireland". Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10796/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is arguably the most important animal health problem in the world. TB is endemic in the Global South, and also affects several nations and regions with highly developed cattle farming industries and statutory eradication programmes in the European Union, including Northern Ireland. The disease has implications for livestock agriculture, wildlife ecology, public health, and the national economy. In addition to scientific and technical complexities, socio-economic and socio-cultural factors affect efforts to control the disease. Disease problems such as TB at the human-nature interface are complex and indeterminate, and require innovative multidisciplinary research to find holistic and workable solutions: geography has much to contribute. This investigation uses a political ecology framework, and provides explanations for the historical and geographical patterns of the disease through a ‘chain of explanation’ approach (Blaikie & Brookfield, 1987). It utilizes political ecology, STS, rural, cultural, health, ‘more-than-human’ and veterinary literatures to produce a political ecology of animal disease control in the First World. Significantly, this account is as much about people and politics as it is about land use, technology, cattle, badgers, bacteria and disease. Conducted from the positionality of being a vet and a farmer’s son, and based on ethnographic interviews with farmers, vets, policy makers and other agricultural industry representatives, the links in the chain explain why the statutory eradication programme has not yet been successful in achieving its original aim. The disease continues to spread across the landscape and evades efforts to eradicate. The thesis shows how TB permeates time and space shaped by global economic forces, political structures, cultural practices and complex ecologies. TB, often invisible and underestimated, must be made visible again. New network structures are required to rescale governance and move closer to the target of TB eradication.

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33

Palisson, Aurore. "Rôles des contacts entre bovins dans la circulation d’agents infectieux. Importance respective du commerce et du pâturage pour la tuberculose bovine". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS538/document.

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Bien que la France soit reconnue indemne de tuberculose bovine (TB) par l’Union Européenne depuis 2001, une centaine de nouveaux foyers sont déclarés chaque année. Deux des principaux mécanismes de propagation de l’infection entre troupeaux bovins sont l’introduction d’animaux infectés et les contacts au pâturage. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de quantifier les rôles respectifs des échanges commerciaux de bovins et des contacts au pâturage « par-dessus la clôture » dans la circulation de la TB en France entre 2005 et 2014. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des méthodes d’analyse de réseaux sociaux et de modélisation dynamique. Nos analyses ont montré que les contacts par le commerce étaient une origine probable pour 12% [5 - 18] des infections déclarées en France entre 2005 et 2014, contre 73% [68 - 78] pour la transmission locale. Cependant, nous avons pu observer que les contacts par le commerce permettaient à l’infection de coloniser de nouvelles zones. Puis nous nous sommes intéressés au risque structurel du réseau du pâturage. À partir d’une exploitation donnée, il était possible d’atteindre quasiment toutes les autres exploitations du territoire métropolitain. Il semble donc facile pour l’agent de la TB de se propager par les contacts de voisinage au pâturage. Enfin, afin de reconstituer la propagation de la TB en France entre 2005 et 2014, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique stochastique individu-centré, dirigé par les données et avec un pas de temps mensuel. Ce modèle reproduit une dynamique intra- et inter-élevages de l’infection, avec une transmission de l’infection entre élevages par le commerce et au pâturage. Il a permis de confirmer la facilité de propagation de l’infection via les contacts au pâturage. En conclusion, les mécanismes de propagation de la TB sont complémentaires : le commerce permet une diffusion sur de longues distances et le pâturage facilite la propagation locale. Le dispositif de lutte contre la tuberculose bovine doit donc s’appuyer combiner les mesures de contrôle afin de cibler plusieurs mécanismes de propagation
Although France was declared free of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) by the European Union in 2001, a hundred of outbreaks are reported every year. Cattle movements and contacts on pastures are considered the main between-herd transmission routes of bTB. The aim of this work was to quantify the respective roles of live cattle trade and “over the fence” contacts on pastures in the spread of bTB in France between 2005 and 2014, using social network analysis and dynamic modelling. Results showed that cattle movements may be the origin of 12% [5 - 18] of the French outbreaks between 2005 and 2014, versus 73% [68 - 78] due to the transmission on pasture. However, cattle movements appeared to allow the introduction of the bacteria into new areas. In a second step, the structural risk resulting from the French pasture network was studied. Almost all of the premises owning pastures were mutually connected by pastures neighbourhood relationships, on the territory. Thus, the spatial configuration of pastures appeared favourable to the spread of bTB in France. Finally, to mimic the spread of the infection in France between 2005 and 2014, a stochastic individual-based model was developed. It was driven by the data with a monthly time step. This model reproduced the within- and between-herd dynamic, with a between-herd transmission due to cattle movements and contacts on pastures. The easy spread of the bacteria through the network of French pastures was confirmed using the model. In conclusion, cattle movements and contacts on pastures are complementary paths for bTB spread: cattle movements allow the long-range spread, whereas contacts on pasture make easier the short-range spread. Hence, control programs must target several routes of transmission to be able to eradicate bTB

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34

Vendrame, Fabiano Benitez. "Situação epidemiológica da tuberculose bovina no Estado de Rondônia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-07102013-160843/.

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Realizou-se um inquérito epidemiológico para estimar a prevalência da tuberculose bovina no Estado de Rondônia. O Estado foi estratificado em três circuitos produtores, e em cada um dos circuitos escolheu-se aleatoriamente as propriedades a serem visitadas, totalizando 904 propriedades e 19.640.animais amostrados. Um número pré-estabelecido de animais foram aleatoriamente escolhidos e submetidos ao teste cervical comparativo, de modo que em propriedades com até 100 fêmeas com idade superior a 24 meses, foram testadas 20 fêmeas ou menos e, em propriedades com mais de 100 fêmeas com idade superior a 24 meses, foram testadas 40 fêmeas. Foram considerados focos as propriedades com um animal reagente entre os 20 amostrados e nas propriedades com 40 fêmeas amostradas que tiveram dois animais reagentes. As prevalências de focos e animais para o Estado foram, respectivamente, 2,3% [1,5; 3,5] e 0,1% [0,1; 0,2], e para os circuitos pecuários foram: Circuito 1 (Norte-Oeste-Sul), 1,7% [0,7; 4,0] e 0,1% [0; 0,4], Circuito 2 (Nordeste), 3,0% [1,6; 5,7] e 0,2% [0,1; 0,3] e Circuito 3 (Sudeste), 2,3% [1,1; 4,7] e 0,1%[0; 0,2]. Além dos testes tuberculínicos, aplicou-se um questionário para levantamento dos fatores de risco para tuberculose bovina. As variáveis foram submetidas à analise univariada e aquelas que apresentaram p < 0,20, foram submetidas à regressão logística. A aquisição de animais sem tuberculinização foi associada a condição de foco de tuberculose (OR = 7,1 [1,6;31,1], p=0,009). As baixas prevalências tanto de focos como de animais no Estado de Rondônia, sugerem a adoção de medidas de erradicação, previstas no PNCEBT. A obrigatoriedade de execução de testes tuberculínicos para trânsito interestadual independentemente da finalidade e a regulamentação de rastreamentos de novos focos a partir de amostras coletadas em frigoríficos tornam-se imprescindíveis para detecção de focos residuais e subsequente erradicação da tuberculose bovina.
An epidemiological survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. The State was divided into three epidemiological regions and, in each of them, a total of 904 farms were randomly chosen and 19,640 animals were sampled. A fixed number of animals were randomly chosen and submitted to the cervical comparative test, so that in farms with less than 100 bovine females over 24 months of age, 20 females, or less (if the herd was < 20), were tested. In farms with over 100 bovine females over 24 months of age, 40 females were sampled. We have considered positive farms when at least one positive animal among the 20 sampled or two positive animals in the farm with 40 animals sampled were found. The prevalence of infected herds and positive animals in Rondonia State were, respectively, 2.3% [1.5; 3.5] and 0.1% [0.1; 0.2]. In each epidemiological region, the results were: Region 1 (North west - South) = 1.7% [0.7; 4.0] and 0.1% [0; 0.4]; Region 2 (Northeast) = 3.0% [1.6; 5.7] and in the Region 3 (Southeast) = 2.3%[1.1; 4.7] and 0.1% [0; 0.2]. In addition to the tuberculin tests a questionnaire was applied in each visited farm in order to determine the risk factors for bovine tuberculosis. The variables were submitted to univariate analysis and those with p < 0.20) were submitted to logistic regression. The acquisition of animals without tuberculin tests was associated to tuberculosis (OR = 7.1 [1.6; 31.1], p = 0.009). The low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Rondonia State suggests the adoption of eradication measures, provided by the National Program for the Eradication and Control of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). Compulsory enforcement tuberculin tests for interstate transit regardless of the purpose and regulation of new outbreaks tracing from abattoir samples makes it essential to detect residual foci and subsequent eradication of bovine tuberculosis.

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35

Ferreira, Rodrigo de Souza. "Situação epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas no circuito pecuário 2 do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2011". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-28052013-162144/.

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Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas no circuito pecuário 2 do Estado de São Paulo, já que o Estado foi estratificado em sete circuitos pecuários. No total, foram amostrados 269 rebanhos tanto para brucelose quanto para tuberculose. As colheitas de amostras de sangue para o diagnóstico da brucelose e as inoculações intradérmicas para o diagnóstico da tuberculose foram realizadas, aleatoriamente, em 2.072 e 3.201 fêmeas bovinas com idade superior a 24 meses, respectivamente. Para o diagnóstico da brucelose, utilizou-se um protocolo de testes sorológicos em série, sendo o teste de soroaglutinação do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) utilizado como método de triagem e o teste de fixação de complemento (FC) utilizado como teste confirmatório. Para o diagnóstico da tuberculose, utilizou-se o teste cervical comparativo (TCC). A prevalência estimada de rebanhos foi de 12,27% [8,60- 16,80%] para a brucelose e de 11,15% [7,65-15,54%] para a tuberculose, enquanto a prevalência estimada de animais reagentes foi de 3,1% [1,90-5,00%] para a brucelose e de 2,20% [1,10-4,20%] para a tuberculose. Em cada rebanho, foi também aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas zootécnicas e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença utilizando como medida de associação a Odds Ratio (OR), também chamada de razão de chances. O fator de risco associado à condição de propriedade foco para a brucelose e para a tuberculose foi possuir rebanhos com mais que 23 fêmeas com idade superior a 24 meses, cujo valor de OR foi de 3,893 para a brucelose e 3,125 para a tuberculose.
We conducted a study to characterize the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle 2 Circuit of the State of São Paulo, since the State was divided into seven circuits livestock. In total, 269 herds were sampled for brucellosis as much for tuberculosis. Samples of blood for the diagnosis of brucellosis and intradermal inoculations for diagnosing tuberculosis were conducted randomly, in 2072 and 3201 female cattle older than 24 months, respectively. For the diagnosis of brucellosis, a protocol was used serologic tests in series with the Rose Bengal test used as a screening method and the Complement Fixation used as a confirmatory test. For the diagnosis of tuberculosis, we used the cervical comparative test. The estimated prevalence of herds was 12.27% [8.60 to 16.80%] for brucellosis and 11.15% [7.65 to 15.54%] for tuberculosis, while the estimated prevalence of animals reagents was 3.1% [1.90 to 5.00%] for brucellosis and 2.20% [1.10 to 4.20%] for tuberculosis. In each herd, was also applied an epidemiological questionnaire to check the type of farming and the husbandry and health that could be associated with the risk of infection as a measure of association using the Odds Ratio (OR), also called the odds ratio . The risk factor associated with the infected herds for brucellosis and tuberculosis was farms with more than 23 females aged over 24 months, with a value of OR was 3.893 and 3.125 for brucellosis for tuberculosis.

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36

Sousa, Paola da Rocha. "Situação epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas na região seis do Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-14112013-155058/.

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O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose e tuberculose bovinas no Estado de São Paulo, o qual foi dividido em sete regiões. O presente estudo diz respeito à região seis, na qual 230 rebanhos com atividade reprodutiva foram aleatoriamente selecionados. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de 10 ou 15 fêmeas bovinas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses (em rebanhos com <100 vacas e ≥100 vacas, respectivamente), para o diagnóstico da brucelose, totalizando 1.570 animais. Os soros foram submetidos a um protocolo de testes em série, tendo o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (rosa bengala) como método de triagem e o teste 2-mercaptoetanol como confirmatório. Para o diagnóstico da tuberculose foi utilizado o teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo em 20 ou 40 bovinos com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, totalizando 2.319 animais. A escolha dos animais também foi feita de forma aleatória. A prevalência estimada de focos de brucelose foi de 7,82% [4,70%; 12,08%], e de tuberculose foi de 3,91% [1,80%; 7,29%], enquanto a prevalência estimada de animais foi de 2,6% [1,5%; 4,5%] para brucelose e 0,4% [0,2%; 0,8%] para tuberculose, na região. Em cada rebanho foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para avaliar o grau de associação de possíveis fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) com a doença. As variáveis associadas à condição de foco foram, para brucelose, a presença de piquete de parição na propriedade, como fator protetor (OR = 0,35 [0,13; 0,97]) e para tuberculose, propriedades com 23 ou mais fêmeas bovinas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses (OR = 6,11 [1,58; 23,67]).
The objective of the study was to characterize the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo. The State was divided into seven regions and this paper was about the sixth region, were 230 herds with reproductive activity were randomly selected. Ten or 15 cows (age ≥ 24 months), randomly selected, were tested for brucellosis in each herd, through a serial testing procedure: Rose Bengal followed by 2 - Mercaptoethanol test. The cervical comparative tuberculin test was used for tuberculosis diagnosis in 20 or 40 cows (age ≥ 24 months), randomly selected, in each herd. A total of 1.570 animals were tested for brucellosis and 2.319 for tuberculosis. The prevalence of infected herds for brucellosis was 7,82% [4,70%; 12,08%] and 3,91% [1,80%; 7,29%] for tuberculosis, the prevalence of positive animals for brucellosis was 2,6% [1,5%; 4,5%] and 0,4% [0,2%; 0,8%] for tuberculosis. In order to investigate the risk factors for both diseases, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied in the selected farms. The presence of calving areas emerged as protective factor for brucellosis (OR = 0,35 [0,13; 0,97]) and herds with 23 or more cows (age 24 months) was pointed as risk factor for tuberculosis (OR= 6,11 [1,58; 23,67]).

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37

Hauer, Amandine. "Etude des souches de Mycobacterium bovis à l'origine de foyers de tuberculose bovine en France de 1978 à aujourd'hui : une approche moléculaire et génomique". Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4010/document.

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Mycobacterium bovis, agent étiologique de la tuberculose bovine (bTB), affecte principalement les bovins mais évolue également dans des systèmes multi-hôtes. La France possède le statut UE indemne de bTB depuis 2000, mais la prévalence de la maladie a augmenté régulièrement ces cinq dernières années. Son contrôle passe par la connaissance des nouveaux facteurs de risque. Pour les déceler, nous avons étudié l’évolution spatio-temporelle de la bTB via la caractérisation des souches isolées de foyers français depuis 1978. A partir de plus de 2.000 souches, environ 600 profils génétiques ont été définis par spoligotypage et typage MLVA. Les groupes majoritairement identifiés, SB0120, SB0134, SB0121 et la «famille F4», sont différenciés plus finement par le MLVA qui augmente la puissance des études d’épidémiologie moléculaire. La diminution de la variabilité génétique et des changements de la distribution géographique des souches s’explique par des modifications dans les pratiques d’élevages et par la prolifération de certains génotypes évoluant dans des systèmes multi-hôtes. L’identification des groupes clonaux existants en France est confirmée par l’étude de mutations SNP effectuée suite au séquençage total de 82 génomes sélectionnés. De nouveaux outils de typage visant à affiner l’identification des souches, définir des profils de transmission méconnus et établir des liens épidémiologiques entre animaux sauvages et de rente sont envisagés
Myobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), principally affecting cattle but also evolving in multi-host livestock-wildlife systems. Prevalence is regularly increasing in France, an EU bTB-free state since 2000’s, after a 50 year collective fighting-campaign. To control the disease, it is necessary to acknowledge new risk factors. For identifying them, we have studied the spatial-temporary evolution of the disease by characterizing M. bovis strains causative of French outbreaks since 1978. Within more than 2,000 strains, around 600 profiles could be defined by spoligotyping and MLVA. SB0120, SB0134, SB0121 and the « F4 family » are the major spoligotypes isolated. In these groups, the refinement of differentiation can be increased by MLVA typing for powerful molecular epidemiological studies. Decreases in genetically and geographical variability could be explained by changes in husbandry practices and by the proliferation of unique genotypes in multi-host systems. Identification of clonal groups coexisting in France is confirmed by the study of SNPs mutations deduced from the whole genome sequencing of 82 representative strains. New typing tools for refining strains identification and disclosing unknown transmission patterns between livestock and wildlife are foreseeable

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38

Hogg, Alison Elizabeth. "The nature of memory CD8+ T-cell responses in bovine tuberculosis". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444787/.

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M. bovis is a zoonosis and is the aetiological agent of bovine TB. The incidence of bovine TB in the UK is increasing, demonstrating that the current test and slaughter policy is failing. M. bovis-BCG, the vaccine used against human TB, is not used in cattle as it interferes with the tuberculin skin test and only confers partial protection. The control of bovine TB will require the design of a more efficacious vaccine and discriminatory diagnostic test. To achieve this, a greater understanding of both the immune response induced by the mycobacteria and the protective immune response required to clear or control M. bovis infection in cattle is needed. In human and mouse studies, CD8+ T cells have been proposed to play an important role in immunity to mycobacteria. The aim of this study was to identify and define the CD8+ T cells induced by BCG vaccination and/or M. bovis infection in cattle. Initial experiments identified different subsets of CD8+ T cells present in cattle using expression of surface and effector molecules. The CD8+ population is heterogeneous and contains ap (TCR1"CD3+), y8 (TCR1+CD3+) and NK (TCRTCD3") cells. CD8+ cells could be divided into CD8hiCD3+ and CD8loCD3+/ The (CD8hiTCRT) ap+ T cells were analysed in this study as these form part of the adaptive immune response. Age-related increases in the percentage of activated/memory CD8hlTCRl" T cells were observed in blood as shown by increases in expression of the activation marker CD25 and memory marker CD45RO. Concomitant decreases were observed in the percentage of CD8hiTCRlT cells that express CD45RA, CD62L and CD27, surface molecules associated with naive T cells. The percentage of CD8hiTCRl" T cells in blood expressing perforin and IFN-gamma also increased with age. The CD8hlTCRlT cells present in the BAL were mainly activated/memory T cells as shown by a combination of expression of surface and effector molecules. In contrast, the CD8hlTCRlT cells present in the lymph nodes more resembled naive T cells with only a small percentage expressing perforin and IFN-gamma. A minor population of CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+CD62L+ T cells were present in the LN which may be the bovine equivalent of murine central memory cells. BCG vaccination of cattle induces mycobacteria-reactive CD8hlTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells. These cells mediated recall responses to BCG, detected by proliferation, production of IFN-gamma, up-regulation of perforin expression and lysis of BCG-infected hi + macrophages (M). M. bovis reactive-CD8mTCRl"CD45RO T cells were detected in non-vaccinated and BCG-vaccinated animals after infection with M. bovis. These cells proliferated and produced IFN-gamma in response to M. bovis-infected but not BCG-infected M( ), indicating that they were responding to an M. bovis-specific antigen. Post- challenge responses in the CD8hiTCRl'CD45RO+ T cells from BCG-vaccinees were considerably greater than those of non-vaccinated animals. M 6ov/s-reactive CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells reduced mycobacterial viability when cultured with BCG- or M. bovis-infected M( >. CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells present in the lungs of M. bovis-infected animals expressed IFN-gamma after culture with mycobacteria. These results demonstrate that mycobacteria-reactive CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells that express effector functions are present at the site of infection, and may contribute to the control of M. bovis infection in cattle. This study provides a basis to investigate the role of CD8hiTCRl"CD45RO+ T cells in immunity to M. bovis infection in cattle and to evaluate the effectiveness of new TB vaccines at inducing CD8+ T cell responses.

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39

Hutchings, Michael R. "The risk of transmission of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) posed to cattle by badgers (Meles meles)". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243671.

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40

Rafael, Joana Sofia Silva Baptista. "Estudo epidemiológico de tuberculose bovina em Portugal". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23980.

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A tuberculose bovina é uma zoonose com grande impacto económico e na saúde, originada pelo Mycobacterium bovis. Neste estudo foi realizado uma análise a 206 isolados correspondentes aos focos de bTB em bovinos e silváticos nos anos 2013 e 2014, relacionando a proximidade genética, a distância euclidiana e a proximidade de trocas comerciais. Verificou-se que os padrões mais comuns de spoligotypings foram o SB1174, SB0122 e SB1264. A distancia euclidiana entre focos de bTB em zonas de caça é muito mais próxima do que entre as explorações. Na análise da rede de trocas comerciais entre explorações de bovinos, foi possível observar uma rede com uma grande quantidade de intervenientes e com ligações comerciais heterogenias. Foi possível observar através dos indicadores de centralidade que explorações com focos de bTB apresentam maior influência na rede. Rastreou-se cronologicamente as trocas comerciais de explorações, e verificou-se casos particulares de focos de bTB, com ligações diretas entre si e o mesmo padrão de spoligotyping; Abstract: Epidemiological study of bovine tuberculosis in Portugal Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonosis with huge economic and health impact, caused by Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, we analyzed 206 samples corresponding to the outbreaks of bTB in cattle and wild species in the years 2013 and 2014, relating the genetic proximity, the euclidean distance and the proximity of trade. The most common patterns of spoligotypings found were SB1174, SB0122 and SB1264. The euclidean distance between bTB outbreaks in hunting areas is much closer to cattle farms. In the analysis of the trade network between cattle farms, it was possible to observe a network with a large number of actors and with heterogeneous commercial links. It was possible to observe through the centrality indicators that farms with bTB outbreaks have vast influence on the network. Farms trading was chronologically traced, and there were particular cases of bTB outbreaks, with direct links to each other and the same spoligotyping pattern.

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41

MENDES, Emerson Israel. "Avaliação da intercorrência entre leucose enzoótica e tuberculose bovina em vacas leiteiras do Estado de Pernambuco". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5495.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study was conducted to evaluate the complications of enzootic leukosis (EBL) and tuberculosis (TB) in dairy cattle herds in eight districts of the State of Pernambuco, from the establishment of the prevalence of bovine specific reagents for diagnostic tests and to verify the correlation between Enzootic leucosis, tuberculosis in cattle, the Leukocytes count and lymphocytes count between animals studied. We analyzed 662 serum samples from cattle raised in 15 dairy herds, distributed in eight municipalities of the State of Pernambuco, two of which located in Mesorregião Metropolitan of Recife, three in, five in Mesorregião of Agreste and four in Mesorregião of Sertão. 662 animals were tested serologically and hematology, the techniques of double Immunodiffusion in agarose gel (AGID) and the leucocyte count in the total and differential leukocytes, respectively, and 612 were evaluated allergic immune through the test for tuberculosis. The 15 herds examined, the prevalence of cattle that were positive to the tuberculin tests were AGID and 32.2% (213/662) and 14.1% (86/612), respectively. Most herds (86.6% - 13/15) contributed to the bovine reagent composition of these indices, especially high rates of 48.9% (22/45) and 30% (36/121) for TB and EBL respectively. Analyzing the correlation between variables total leukocytes and lymphocytes, we have total leukocyte is highly positively related with the variable lymphocytes (72%). The results obtained in this study, considering the analysis and interpretation of health aspects of leukemia and of bovine tuberculosis in herds examined, have concluded that the diseases studied, are widespread in the population studied, with significant levels of growth in leukemia and infection by bovine leukemia virus (VLB) and Mycobacterium bovis they are active and growing, with imminent risk of compromising the health of cattle herds, and the zoonotic nature of bovine tuberculosis, people who deal with cattle.
Foi realizado esse estudo com o objetivo de avaliar à intercorrência entre leucose enzoótica (LEB) e tuberculose (TB) em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros em oito municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, a partir do estabelecimento da prevalência de bovinos reagentes às provas diagnósticas específicas, bem como, verificar a correlação entre a Leucose Enzoótica, a Tuberculose dos Bovinos, a Leucometria e linfocitometria entre os bovinos estudados. Foram analisadas 662 amostras séricas de bovinos criados em 15 rebanhos leiteiros, distribuídos em oito Municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, dos quais dois localizados na Mesorregião Metropolitana do Recife, três na Mesorregião da Mata Pernambucana, cinco na Mesorregião Agreste Pernambucano e quatro na Mesorregião do Sertão Pernambucano. 662 animais foram analisados sorologicamente e hematologicamente, pelas técnicas de Imunodifusão dupla em gel de agarose (IDGA) e pelo leucograma com a contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos, respectivamente, e 612 foram avaliados imunoalergicamente, através do teste detuberculinização. Nos 15 rebanhos examinados, as prevalências de bovinos que apresentaram positividade aos testes IDGA e tuberculina foram 32,2% (213/662) e 14,1% (86/612), respectivamente. A maioria dos rebanhos (86,6% - 13/15) contribuiu com bovinos reagentes para a composição destes índices, destacando-se taxas elevadas de 48,9% (22/45) e 30% (36/121) para LEB e TB, respectivamente. Analisando a correlação entre as variáveis leucócitos total e linfócitos, temos que leucócito total está altamente relacionado positivamente com a variável linfócitos (72%). Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, considerando a análise e interpretação dos aspectos sanitários da leucose e da tuberculose dos bovinos nos rebanhos examinados, permitiram concluir que, as doenças estudadas encontram-se amplamente disseminadas na população avaliada, com crescimento em níveis significativos da leucose, e as infecções pelo vírus da leucose bovina (VLB) e Mycobacterium bovis encontram-se ativas e em expansão, com risco iminente do comprometimento da saúde dos rebanhos bovinos e, pelo caráter zoonótico da tuberculose bovina, das pessoas que lidam com os bovinos.

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42

Wahlström, Helene. "Bovine tuberculosis in Swedish farmed deer : detection and control of the disease /". Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v178.pdf.

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43

Ramírez, Villaescusa Ana. "A cohort study of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in South West England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2344/.

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Farm, cattle group and individual bovine risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle herds in the South West of England were explored. A cohort study using 148 well characterised cattle herds was conducted in SW England 2001-2004. The study was set up in areas affected by foot-and-mouth disease in 2001 and all farms were taking part in the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). The use of a standard questionnaire and national data records from the skin intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin test (SICCT) and from the British Cattle Movement Service (BCMS) databases were combined. The two main statistical techniques used were survival analysis and multilevel logistic regression with random effects. Associations with the risk of herd breakdown with bTB were explored using survival analysis. The main factors associated with disclosure of reactor cattle were the purchase of cattle from markets and the storage of slurry and manure in close containment. In the investigation of the risk of an individual bovine animal becoming a reactor using multilevel logistic regression with random effects analysis, explanatory variables at herd, individual cattle and test levels, were explored. The potential exposure to reactor cattle in previous tests was the most significant finding as a risk for a bovine animal reacting at a current test. Only 9/19,027 cattle became reactors if they had not been exposed to a reactor animal previously. When the risk of an animal group having at least one reactor disclosed in the group was investigated using the location of the animal groups within the farm by monthly periods, the risk increased with the number of cattle in the groups when these were housed and with the presence of badgers in the fields when they were grazing. This thesis has provided a deep investigation into the risk factors that can affect the introduction and persistence of infection with M. bovis in cattle herds, and the importance that cattle play in these factors has been highlighted.

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44

Macucule, Baltazar Antonio. "Study of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Govuro District, Inhambane Province, Mozambique". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03022010-153428/.

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45

Nolan, Ann. "An investigation of the development of specific antibody responses of badgers (Meles meles) to infection with Mycobacterium bovis with reference to the pathogenesis and epidemiology". Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280743.

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46

Taylor, Stephanie Jemma. "The role of protozoa and nematodes in the survival of Mycobacterium bovis". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/802/.

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47

Cox, Mark. "Ecological economics of wildlife disease control". Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310898.

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48

BAPTISTA, FILHO Luiz Carlos Fontes. "Análise leucométrica em bovinos tuberculinizados e sua aplicação no monitoramento da leucose enzoótica em rebanhos do Estado de Pernambuco". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5744.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Enzootic Leukosis (EBL) and Bovine Tuberculosis (BT) compromise the immune status of the herds, especially the immunosuppressive potential of bovine leukosis virus (BLV). Several factors interfere with leukocyte values of cattle, but little is known about the effects of BT on them. The aim with the study was to evaluate the leukogram of tuberculinized cattle, with a view to the use of leukocytes as an epidemiologic tool in combating EBL in dairy herds of Pernambuco. 1.000 serum samples from 33 herds of cattle coming from various municipalities in the state were submitted to the serodiagnosis of EBL (AGID), being 920 cattle previously tuberculinized by the simultaneously comparative technique (SCT). Blood smears were prepared of all tuberculinized cattle, and the total and differential leukocyte count was performed using conventional techniques. The evaluation of the influence of BT in leukocyte counts was performed by comparing the results of four experimental groups, according to the results of the AGID and SCT (gTB group - 41 to the positive SCT; group gLEB - the 151 AGID positive, group gNEG - 379 to the negative TSC and AGID, group gINT - 43 positive to both tests). The prevalence rates of TB and LEB were, respectively, 11% (99/920) and 28% (282/1000), with 88% (29/33) of herds contributing at least one animal positive for one or both tests. From the 920 cattle examined, 43 (4,7%) were positive to both tests simultaneously. The mean values of leukocytes and lymphocytes (x 103/mm3 of blood) of the experimental groups were, respectively: gTB 9,6 ± 2,5 and 5,9 ± 1,9; gLEB 13,3 ± 6,3 and 9,1 ± 6,0; gNEG 11,5 ± 3,8 and 7,6 ± 5,1; and gINT 11,8 ± 4,3 and 8,0 ± 3,5. There were significant differences (p<0,05) between leukocytes and lymphocytes, when confronted gTB group (lower values) and gLEB (higher values) with the gNEG group, while gINT group did not differ (p>0,05) in none of the parameters analyzed in relation to the group gNEG. It is concluded that the leukogram is influenced by bovine BT, and health programs to combat LEB in dairy herds in the state of Pernambuco, and include the white blood cell count as an epidemiologic tool wish to consider the strategic prior tuberculin test the herds involved, being discarded cattle that are experiencing imunoalergic test positivity.
Leucose Enzoótica (LEB) e Tuberculose bovina (TB) comprometem o estado imunitário dos rebanhos, especialmente pelo potencial imunodepressor do Vírus da Leucose Bovina (VLB). Inúmeros fatores interferem nos valores leucométricos dos bovinos, porém, pouco se sabe dos efeitos da TB sobre os mesmos. O objetivo com o estudo foi avaliar o leucograma de bovinos tuberculizados, com vista ao uso da leucometria como ferramenta epidemiológica no combate à LEB em rebanhos leiteiros de Pernambuco. Amostras séricas de 1.000 bovinos procedentes de 33 rebanhos de diversos municípios do estado foram submetidas ao sorodiagnóstico da LEB (IDGA), sendo 920 bovinos previamente tuberculinizados pela técnica simultânea comparada (TSC). Esfregaços sanguíneos foram confeccionados de todos os bovinos tuberculinizados, sendo a contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos realizada usando técnicas convencionais. A avaliação da influência da TB no leucograma foi realizada pelo confronto dos resultados de quatro grupos experimentais, em função dos resultados da IDGA e TSC (grupo gTB - 41 positivos ao TSC; grupo gLEB - 151 positivos à IDGA; grupo gNEG - 379 negativos ao TSC e IDGA; grupo gINT - 43 positivos a ambos os testes). As taxas de prevalência da TB e da LEB foram, respectivamente, 11% (99/920) e 28% (282/1000), com 88% (29/33) dos rebanhos contribuindo com ao menos um animal positivo para um ou ambos os testes. Dos 920 bovinos examinados, 43 (4,7%) apresentaram positividade simultânea a ambos os testes. Os valores médios dos leucócitos e linfócitos (x 103/mm3 de sangue) dos grupos experimentais foram, respectivamente: gTB 9,6 ± 2,5 e 5,9 ± 1,9; gLEB 13,3 ± 6,3 e 9,1 ± 6,0; gNEG 11,5 ± 3,8 e 7,6 ± 5,1; e gINT 11,8 ± 4,3 e 8,0 ± 3,5. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os leucócitos e linfócitos, quando confrontados os grupos gTB (valores menores) e gLEB (valores maiores) com o grupo gNEG, enquanto o grupo gINT não diferiu (p>0,05) em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados em relação ao grupo gNEG. Conclui-se que o leucograma dos bovinos sofre influência da TB, devendo programas sanitários de combate à LEB em rebanhos leiteiros do estado de Pernambuco e que incluam a leucometria como ferramenta epidemiológica estratégica preconizar a prévia tuberculinização dos rebanhos envolvidos, sendo descartados os bovinos que apresentarem positividade ao teste imunoalérgico.

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49

Awah, Ndukum Julius. "Epidemiology and public health significance of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/913.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious neglected zoonosis of cattle that is prevalent but under-investigated in Cameroon, hence this study was designed to assess the epidemiology of bovine TB in cattle, risks for M. bovis infection in cattle and humans; and public health implications of zoonotic bovine TB in the highlands of Cameroon. A retrospective study of meat inspection records (1994 – 2010) was done to estimate the prevalence of TB lesions in slaughtered cattle in the North West region. The prevalence of bovine TB and anti-bovine TB antibodies in live cattle based on tuberculin skin tests (2 surveys) and immune-chromatographic assays respectively were carried out in the Western and Adamawa highlands of Cameroon. The performance of the tuberculin tests for bovine TB diagnosis in cattle using various tuberculin skin test cut-off points against the detection of anti-bovine TB antibodies (hypothesised risks of exposure) was compared. Suspected TB lesions from slaughtered cattle and infected human sputa were cultured on Lowentein – Jesen and Middlebrook 7H9 media to isolate mycobacteria agents for molecular genotyping using genomic deletion analysis and spoligotyping. Risk factors for exposure and transmission of zoonotic bovine TB infection of cattle and cattle professionals, and its public health significance were determined using structured questionnaires. Seventeen years of meat inspection record revealed that suspect TB lesions were identified in 599 of 129,165 slaughtered cattle at the Bamenda abattoir. The lungs and associated lymph nodes (over 60%) were the most affected tissues. Other results showed that the prevalence of anti-bovine TB antibodies in cattle in the study regions was 37.17%. Chi square statistics revealed that irrespective of the tuberculin test cut-off value (P<0.05; χ2>48), strong associations existed between the detection of anti-bovine TB antibodies and disease status. A 95% confidence interval analysis of the comparative cervical tuberculin tests revealed that the prevalence rates were 4.67% – 7.15%, 12.02% – 15.67% and 20.56% – 24.98% at the ≥ 4mm, ≥ 3mm and ≥ 2mm cut-off points, respectively. Overall, the best test performance was realised at ≥ 3-mm, though the ≥ 2-mm cut-off point predicted more positive reactors. Age, sex, breed and husbandry practices served as significant (P<0.05) risks to the prevalence and exposure of bovine TB in cattle. The feedbacks from cattle professionals suggested that there was high possibility of cattle to cattle and cattle to human transmission of bovine TB such as intimate and repeated animal / animal and animal / human interactions, consuming unpasteurised milk and eating raw meat. Genomic deletion analysis of cultured isolates showed evidence of M. tuberculosis from cattle and M. bovis from human while spoligotyping identified five cattle M. bovis strains; and four spoligotype patterns that had not been previously described anywhere. The study has important epidemiological and public health implications requiring prompt and decisive actions from the Cameroonian authority towards controlling zoonotic bovine TB in both humans and animals. A multidisciplinary approach is needed for further collaborative research and effective control strategies such as enhancing the awareness of people to this deadly disease through continuous education, proper food handling and personal hygiene, healthy husbandry practices and maintenance of the environment.

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50

Queiroz, Mariana Ramos. "Epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-20022017-152040/.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study was conducted to determine the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The state was divided in seven regions, and in each of them, a pre-established number of farms was randomly sampled. In each farm, cows with age equal to or greater than 24 months were selected at random and submitted to the comparative cervical tuberculin test. The animals whose tests were inconclusive were retested with the same diagnostic procedure within a minimum interval of 60 days. In all, 9,895 animals from 1,067 farms were tested. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in the farms in order to identify risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis. The prevalence of infected herds in the state was 2.8% [1.8; 4.0] and that of infected animals was 0.7% [0.4; 1.0]. There was a trend towards a concentration of infected herds in the northern part of the state, with a predominance of dairy and mixed herds. The risk factors associated with the condition of infected herds were being a dairy herd (OR = 2.90 [1.40; 6.13]) and herds with 16 or more cows (OR = 2.61 [1.20; 5.49]). Thus, the best strategy to be adopted by the state is the implementation of surveillance systems to detect and remediate the infected herds, preferably incorporating elements of risk-based surveillance. In addition, the state must carry out a solid action of health education so that the producers test animals for bovine tuberculosis before introducing them in their herds
Um estudo foi realizado para determinar a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose bovina no Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. O Estado foi dividido em sete regiões e em cada uma delas foi aleatoriamente amostrado um número pré-estabelecido de propriedades. Dentro de cada propriedade, fêmeas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e submetidas ao teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo. Os animais que resultaram inconclusivos foram testados novamente com o mesmo procedimento diagnóstico em intervalo mínimo de 60 dias. Ao todo foram testados 9,895 animais provenientes de 1,067 propriedades. Nas propriedades, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar fatores de risco associados à tuberculose bovina. A prevalência de focos no estado foi de 2.8% [1.8; 4.0] e a de animais 0.7% [0.4; 1.0]. Houve tendência de concentração de focos na parte Norte do estado, caracterizada pelo predomínio de propriedades de leite e mistas Os fatores de risco associados à condição de foco foram exploração leiteira (OR = 2.90 [1.40; 6.13]) e rebanhos com 16 ou mais vacas com pelo menos 24 meses de idade (OR = 2.61 [1.20; 5.49]). Assim, a melhor estratégia a ser adotada pelo estado é a implementação de sistema de vigilância para detecção e saneamento dos focos, de preferência incorporando elementos de vigilância baseada em risco. Além disso, o estado deve realizar uma sólida ação de educação sanitária para que seus produtores passem a testar os animais para tuberculose bovina antes de introduzi-los em seus plantéis

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