Tesi sul tema "Boma (Langue)"

U ovoj studiji, sprovedeno je deset eksperimenata kako bi se ispitale karakteristike i mehanizam uticaja jezika u procesu diskriminacije boja. Karakteristike uticaja jezika su ispitivane u prvom delu studije kroz testiranje efekta kategoriĉke percepcije boja (KPB efekta) na granicama kategorija boja u srpskom jeziku: (1) plavo i teget i (2) crveno i bordo, kod govornika ĉiji je maternji jezik srpski i dvojeziĉnih govornika maĊarskog i srpskog jezika. Pre sprovoĊenja eksperimenata, primenom zadatka izlistavanja boja je, po prvi put, ispitivana kognitivna zasićenost naziva za boje u srpskom jeziku. Rezultati ovog zadatka su pokazali da su nazivi plavo i crveno visoko kognitivno zasićeni za govornike srpskog jezika, te se mogu klasifikovati kao osnovni nazivi, dok se teget i bordo mogu klasifikovati kao zasićeni ne-osnovni nazivi koji su na putu da steknu status osnovnih. Rezultati sprovedenih eksperimenata su pokazali da se, kod govornika ĉiji je maternji jezik srpski, KPB efekat moţe zabeleţiti i u zadatku diskriminacije plavih nijansi (eksperiment 1) i u zadatku diskriminacije crvenih nijansi (eksperiment 2). Nasuprot tome, kod dvojeziĉnih govornika, KPB efekat je zabeleţen samo u diskriminaciji crvenog dela prostora boja (eksperiment 4) koji je na sliĉan naĉin opisan u oba jezika ovih govornika. Dobijeni rezultati govore u prilog prethodnim nalazima da KPB efekat zavisi od naĉina na koji pojedinaĉni jezici opisuju prostor boja i dopunjuju ih prvom demonstracijom KPB efekta u zadatku diskriminacije crvenog dela prostora boja. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je kognicija boja dvojeziĉnih govornika pod uticajem jezika koji uĉestalije koriste, ĉime se dopunjuju prethodni nalazi o kompleksnosti dvojeziĉne kognicije boja. Mehanizam uticaja jezika u procesu diskriminacije boja je ispitivan u drugom delu studije kroz testiranje uloge verbalnog i vizuelnog kodiranja u KPB efektu. Dve vrste kodiranja su ispitivane u zadacima diskriminacije plavih i zelenih nijansi u kojima je primenjena verbalna ili vizuelna interferencija, koja je osmišljena za potrebe ove studije. Dobijeni rezultati su potvrdili implikacije jedne struje prethodnih studija i pokazali da tip kodiranja zavisi od memorijskog opterećenja zadatka diskriminacije – u zadacima bez memorijskog opetrećenja, KPB efekat se dominantno zasnivao na vizuelnom kodiranju (eksperimenti 5-8), dok se u zadacima sa memorijskim opterećenjem, dominatno zasnivao na verbalnom kodiranju (eksperiment 9). Dobijeni rezultati su, takođe, pokazali da odnos dve vrste kodiranja zavisi od vrste interferencije primenjene u zadatku diskriminacije boja – primena verbalne interferencije je usmeravala paţnju ispitanika na verbalni aspekt zadatka, ĉak i kad je vizuelno kodiranje bilo dominantno (eksperimenti 5-7). MeĊutim, kada je u zadatku diskriminacije primenjena vizuelna interferencija (eksperimenti 8 i 10) to nije bio sluĉaj – tada su ispitanici obraćali dodatnu paţnju na vizuelne aspekte zadatka. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na kompleksnu interakciju jezika i drugih kognitivnih procesa i proširuju prethodne nalaze o sloţenom mehanizmu uticaja jezika u procesu diskriminacije boja. Demonstracijom KPB efekta u još jednom savremenom jeziku, u ovoj studiji je potvrđeno shvatanje o tome da naĉin na koji jezici opisuju prostor boja ima kompleksan uticaj na izvedbu govornika u kognitivnim zadacima sa obojenim stimulusima. Ispitivanje specifiĉne jeziĉke kategorizacije prostora boja u srpskom jeziku nam je omogućilo da pokaţemo da KPB efekat nije vezan samo za nazive za boje koji se u jeziku smatraju osnovnim i na osnovu toga iznesemo predlog o razmatranju KPB efekta u kontekstu šire grupe naziva za boje u jezicima. Na taj naĉin, ispitivanje KPB efekta bi se moglo proširiti na veću grupu jezika i na razliĉite delove prostora boja, što bi znaĉajno doprinelo razumevanju njegove prirode. Na kraju, ĉinjenica da je u ovoj studiji, po prvi put, ispitivana kognicija boja govornika srpskog jezika, omogućila nam je da pruţimo preliminarne rezultate o reĉniku boja srpskog jezika iz ugla kognitivne psihologije.

Predmet disertacije jeste optimizacija digitalne slike kadaograničenje nije vezano za način reprodukcije već za samog posmatrača,odnosno optimizacija opaženog kvaliteta digitalne slike od straneosoba sa poremećajima viđenja boja. Predloženi model optimizacijeslike poboljšava distinkciju boja i opseg boja slike za korisnike sarazličitim težinama poremećaja viđenja boja uz očuvanje prirodnostislike. Metodološki okvir ispitivanja, koji uključuje kvantitativnuanalizu računarskih simulacija, analizu eye-tracking podataka isubjektivno ocenjivanje poboljšanja opaženog kvaliteta test slika,daje sistematičnu i pouzdanu verifikaciju efektnosti predloženihmetoda adaptacije boja slike.
The subject of the thesis was the digital image optimization when anobserver represents the main image reproduction limitation or, in otherwords, the optimization of the perceived image quality by individuals withcolour vision deficiencies. The proposed image optimization model enhancescolour distinction and gamut for users with different severities of colourblindnesswhile preserving the image naturalness. The used methodologicalframework, including a quantitative analysis of computer simulations, ananalysis of eye-tracking data and a subjective evaluation of the perceivedimage quality, provides systematic and reliable effectiveness verification ofthe proposed colour adaptation methods.

Lumbalni bol predstavlja jedan od najučestalijih zdravstvenih problema današnjice. Pružanje zdravstvene nege je stresan i težak fizički posao, te spada u grupu visoko-rizičnih poslova za nastanak lumbalnog bola, pa samim tim medicinske sestre – tehničari predstavljaju vulnerabilnu populaciju. Osnovni ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi prevalencija i faktori rizika za nastanak lumbalnog bola kod medicinskih sestara- tehničara, kao i mere prevencije. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u pet zdravstvenih ustanova sa područja Vojvodine u obliku studije preseka, anketiranjem medicinskih sestara – tehničara. Za ispitivanje je korišćen modifikovani Nordijski upitnik. Rezultati pokazuju veoma visoku prevalenciju lumbalnog bola među medicinskim sestrama- tehničarima, oko 94%. Ispitanici su bili uglavnom ženskog pola, prosečne starosti oko 38 godina. Najveći broj ispitanika ima srednju stručnu spremu. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da postoji statistički značajna povezanost lumbalnog bola sa porastom godina života i dužine ekspozicionog radnog staža. Takođe, statistički visoko značajna korelacija nalazi se između porasta BMI i lumbalnog bola. Najzastupljeniji poslovi zdravstvene nege koje ispitanici sa lumbalnim bolom obavljaju su: pozicioniranje pacijenata, podizanje i presvlačenje pacijenata u postelji i podela terapije. Statistički značajno veća zastupljenost lumbalnog bola javlja se kod ispitanika koji sami obavljaju negu u odnosu na one koji imaju pomoć. Medicinske sestre – tehničari koji pripadaju grupi sa višim nivoom stresa na radnom mestu imaju znatno veći rizik za pojavu lumbalnog bola. Smenski rad (naizmenične dnevne i noćne smene od 12 sati) i prekovremeni rad duži od 8 sati dnevno, podizanje tereta većeg od 25 kg i broj pacijenata koje medicinska sestra – tehničar zbrinjava tokom radnog vremena nemaju značajnu povezanost sa pojavom lumbalnog bola. Oko tri četvrtine ispitanika nije izostajalo sa posla zbog bola. Samo oko 8% ispitanika je promenilo radno mesto zbog lumbalnog bola i ide redovno na periodične lekarske preglede. Kod mera prevencije neophodno je staviti akcenat na smanjenje fizičkog opterećenja donjeg dela leđa i smanjenje ručnog prenošenja tereta. Primenom adekvatnog ergonomskog pristupa, boljom organizacijom rada, podsticajnom atmosferom na poslu i spremnošću nadležnih struktura da iskažu veću brigu prema zaposlenima, smanjila bi se učestalost pojave lumbalnog bola.
One of the today’s most frequent health problems is the low back pain. Nursing is stressful and hard physical job which belongs to the group of high-risk jobs that could cause low back pain and therefore medical nurses/technicians represent the vulnerable population. Determination of prevalence, risk factors and prevention of the low back pain were the main goals of this research. The research in the form of cross-sectional study was conducted with nurses filling in the surveys within five medical institutions in Vojvodina. The modified Nordic questionnaire was used for the surveys. The results show very high prevalence of the low back pain, cca 94%, among medical nurses. Most of the respondents were females, who finished high school education, at average age of 38 years. The study showed that there is a statistically significant coherence between low back pain, ageing and working experience as a nurse. There is also a statistically significant coherence between the low back pain and the increase of the BMI. The most common nursing jobs that respondents with the low back pain do are: positioning of patients, lifting patients, dressing patients in bed and giving therapy. The low back pain with the respondents who do the nursing just by themselves is statistically significantly more present then with the respondents who do the nursing with help. Nurses who suffer more stress at their workplaces have a significantly higher risk to develop low back pain. Working 12 hour shifts (alternately day and night shifts), overtime work, more then 25 kg weight lifting and number of patients for nursing per nurse during working hours have no significant correlation with the low back pain occurrence. About three quarters of the respondents had no absence from work caused by the low back pain. Only 8% of the respondents changed their workplace because of the low back pain and have regular health checks. To prevent the low back pain it is necessary to emphasize the physical reduction of the load on the lower back and manual handling of loads. The frequent low back pain with the nurses could be reduced with the appropriate ergonomic access, better work organization, a supportive atmosphere at work and the willingness of responsible authorities to express greater concern about the employees.

Uvod: Individualno kreiran program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije, mogao bi da doprinese boljem oporavku pacijenata sa hroničnim bolom u donjem delu leđa. Program vežbi u lečenju hroničnog lumbalnog bola je prilično raznolik, ali je dokazano da su vežbe stabilizacije najefikasnije, posebno vežbe u zatvorenom kinetičkom lancu. Cilj: je bio da se uporedi program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije u otvorenom i zatvorenom kinetičkom lancu, u odnosu na program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije i torakalne mobilizacije u zatvorenom kinetičkom lancu kao i da se proceni klinička efikasnost oba programa vežbi. Metode: Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao prospektivna, eksperimentalna studija na 80 ispitanika oba pola (35 muškaraca, 45 žena), prosečne životne dobi (48.45+/- 10.22 godina) sa hroničnim lumbalnim bolom. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na Klinici za rehabilitaciju „dr Miroslav Zotović“ u Beogradu u periodu od juna 2017. do marta 2018. godine. Ispitanici su podeljeni u dve grupe od 40 pacijenata. Prva grupa ispitanika je sprovodila program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije i torakalne mobilizacije u zatvorenom kinetičkom lancu (LSTMZ), a druga program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije u zatvorenom i otvorenom kinetičkom lancu (LSZO). Pored opštih demografskih, antropometrijskih podataka o ispitanicima, korišćeni su sledeći upitnici i testovi: za procenu intenziteta bola u leđima i donjim ekstremitetima- vizuelna analogna skala (VAS), za procenu neuropatske komponente bola- DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions), za procenu funkcionalnog statusa korišćen je Osvestrijev upitnik o onesposobljenosti (ODI), procena sagitalne pokretljivosti lumbosakralne kičme Schober testom, procena mišićne snage - manuelnim mišićnom testom; Ispitivanje senzitivnosti na ključnim senzornim tačkama za dermatome je vršeno prema ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) skali, testom istezanja ishiadičnog (Lazarevićev) i femoralnog nerva ispitivano je prisustvo kompresije nervnih korenova, za procenu stabilnosti lumbosakralne kičme- je korišćen test nestabilnosti u proniranom položaju (Prone Instability test). Ispitanici su ergonomski edukovani, sprovedena je transkutana elektro-nervna stimulacija (TENS) i primenjivana je laseroterapija male snage. Pacijentima je određena osmonedeljna kineziterapija koja je obuhvatala vežbe za jačanje dubokih stabilizatora lumbalne kičme. Retestiranje je rađeno nakon 4 i 8 nedelja. Rezultati: Kod obe grupe ispitanika u svim intervalima merenja je nađena visoka statistički značajna (p< 0,001) redukcija intenziteta bola prema VAS skali za lumbalnu kičmu i donje ekstremitete,   poboljšanje funkcionalnog statusa (Oswestry) i sagitalne pokretljivosti (Schober). Statistički značajan (p<0,05) oporavak ispitanika grupe 1 u odnosu na grupu 2, ostvaren je u svim intervalima merenja kod parametara: Intenzitet bola (VAS LS i VAS za nogu), stepen onesposobljenosti (ODI),vrednost motornog skora za trup merenog ASIA skalom i vrednost neuropatske komponente bola (DN4). Statistički značajan (p< 0,05) oporavak ispitanika u grupi 2 u odnosu na grupu 1, ostvaren je posle 8 nedelja kod parametra za procenu vrednosti  senzornog skora dodir prema ASIA skali. Utvrđeno je da veće početne vrednosti intenziteta bola prema skalama Vas ls i Vas za nogu i stepena onesposobljenosti prema ODI, negativno utiču na krajnji ishod ovih parametara kod pacijenata sa HLB-om u obe grupe (p<0,05). Pacijenti sa pozitivnom neuropatskom komponentom bola imaju lošiji ishod lečenja HLB-a vežbama stabilizacije i torakalne mobilizacije (p<0,05). Zaključci: Pacijenti koji su radili program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije i torakalne mobilizacije u zatvorenom kinetičkom lancu su imali bolji funkcionalni oporavak i značajniju redukciju intenziteta bola u odnosu na ispitanike koji su radili program vežbi lumbalne stabilizacije u zatvorenom i otvorenom kinetičkom lancu.
Introduction: An individual program of lumbar stabilization exercises could contribute to a better recovery of patients with chronic lower back pain. The exercise program in the treatment of chronic lumbar pain is quite diverse, but it has been proven that stabilization exercises are most effective, especially in a closed kinetic chain. Objective: was to compare the program of lumbar stabilization exercises in the open and closed kinetic chain, in relation to the program of lumbar stabilization exercises and thoracic mobilization in a closed kinetic chain, and to evaluate the clinical efficacy of both exercise programs. Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective, experimental study of 80 subjects of both sexes (35 men, 45 women), average life expectancy (48.45 +/- 10.22 years) with chronic lumbar pain. The research was conducted at the Rehabilitation Clinic "Dr. Miroslav Zotović" in Belgrade in the period from June 2017 to March 2018. Respondents were divided into two groups of 40 patients. The first group of respondents carried out a lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization program in a closed kinetic chain (LSTMZ) and the second, program of lumbar stabilization exercises in closed and open kinetic chain (LSZO). In addition to general demographic, anthropometric data on respondents, the following questionnaires and tests were used: for assessing the intensity of back pain and lower extremities - visual analogue scale (VAS), for assessing the neuropathic pain component DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions),  for functional status assessment was used Oswestry disability index (ODI), for assessment of sagittal mobility of the lumbosacral spine- Schober test, muscular strength assessment - manual muscle test; Sensitivity testing at key sensory points for dermatomas was performed according to the ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) scale, stretching test of the ishiadic (Lazarević) and femoral nerves was udes for detection of nerve root irritation, and the Prone Instability test was used to assess the stability of the lumbosacral spine. Respondents were ergonomically educated, transcutaneous electrical-nerve stimulation (TENS) and low-power laser therapy were performed. Patients were given an eight-week kinesiotherapy that included exercises to strengthen the deep lumbar spine stabilizers. Retesting was done after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: In both groups of subjects, high statistically significant (p <0.001) reduction of pain intensity to VAS scale for lumbar spine and for the leg, functional disability (Oswestry) sagital mobility of lumbar spine (Schober) improvement were found at all measurement intervals. The statistically significant (p <0.05) recovery of group 1 subjects compared to group 2 was achieved at all measurement intervals in the parameters: Pain intensity (VAS LS and VAS for the leg), degree of disability (ODI), motor score value for the trunk measured by the ASIA scale and the value of the neuropathic pain component (DN4). Statistically significant (p <0.05) recovery of group 2 subjects compared to group 2 was achieved after 8 weeks with the parameter for assessing the sensory touch score value to the ASIA scale. It has been found that higher initial pain intensity values to VAS ls and VAS for leg and degree of disability to ODI, negatively affect the final outcome of these parameters in patients with chronic low back pain in both groups of subject (p<0,05). Patients with a positive neuropathic pain component have a lower outcome of chronic low back pain treatment with lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization exercises (p<0,05). Conclusions: Patients who performed lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization exercises program in a closed kinetic chain had better functional recovery and a significant reduction in pain intensity compared to respondents who performed a lumbar stabilization program in a closed and open kinetic chain.

Bor je bilo koji četinar roda Pinus koji pripada porodici Pinaceae. U Republici Srbiji nalaze se prirodne i veštačke šume crnog bora Pinus nigra Arnold. Kora bora se vekovima koristila u tradicionalnoj medicini, međutim tek u novije vreme su otkriveni i potvrđeni njeni pozitivni biološki efekti u medicini. Najpoznatiji komercijalni preparat kore bora je piknogenol, standardizovani ekstrakt kore francuskog primorskog bora Pinus pinaster Aiton, koji raste duţ obale jugozapadne Francuske. Pozitivni efekti koje ispoljava piknogenol, kao što su antioksidativno, hipoglikemijsko, hipolipidemijsko delovanje, zasnovani su na njegovom visokom sadržaju fenolnih jedinjenja. Danas, i pored saznanja da je kora bora bogata sekundarnim metabolitima ona najčešće završava kao nusproizvod drvne industrije. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su ispitivanje kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karakteristika i biohemijskih aktivnosti ekstrakata kore crnog bora Pinus nigra sa Mokre gore i Tare, dobijenih različitim rastvaračima; upoređivanje glikemijskog i lipidnog delovanja ekstrakta kore bora Pinus nigra sa komercijalnim preparatom piknogenol; uticaj ekstrakta kore bora Pinus nigra i piknogenola na delovanje standardnih antidijabetika metformina i gliklazida; kao i uticaj na parametre oksidativnog stresa nakon izlaganja životinja toksičnoj dozi paracetamola. In vitro ispitivanja su uključivala analizu ekstrakata dobijenih različitim rastvaračima. Ukupni sadržaj fenola, tanina, flavonoida i proantocijanidna, kao i ispitivanje antioksidativne aktivnosti kroz pet različitih metoda, određivani su spektrofotometrijski. Vršena je analiza ekstrakata kore bora visokoefikasnom tečnom hromatografijom (HPLC). In vivo ispitivanje je rađeno na 156 albino laboratorijska pacova soja Wistar. Eksperimentalne ţivotinje su tokom 7 dana per os primale ekstrakt kore crnog bora poreklom sa Mokre gore 100 mg/kg, koji je pokazao najbolju aktivnost, piknogenol 50 mg/kg, metformin 100 mg/kg, gliklazid 10 mg/kg, kao i njihove kombinacije. Za ispitivanje uticaja primenjivanih supstanci na glikemiju ţivotinja korišćeni su test oralnog podnošenja glukoze i indukcija trajne hiperglikemije aloksanom. Od biohemijskih parametara u serumu je određivana koncentracija lipida, kao i parametric pokazatelji funkcije bubrega i jetre. Ex vivo ispitivanja uključivala su određivanje intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije i anktivnosti enzima antioksidativne zaštite u homogenatu jetre ispitivanih ţivotinja, nakon primene toksične doze paracetamola. HPLC analizom ekstrakata kore crnog bora utvrđeno je da ekstrakti poreklom sa Mokre gore i Tare u najvećoj meri sadrţe taksifolin, a zatim katehin, njegove derivate, kafenu kiselinu i epikatehin. PotvrĎen je visok antioksidativni kapacitet piknogenola, ali takođe i značajan antioksidativni kapacitet ekstrakata kore crnog bora, sa najboljim rezultatima kod ekstrakta poreklom sa Mokre gore. Sedmodnevni tretman ekstraktom kore bora 100 mg/kg, metforminom 100 mg/kg, gliklazidom 10 mg/kg i piknogenolom 50 mg/kg, kod ţivotinja sa aloksanski izazvanim dijabetesom, doveo je do sniženja glikemije u krvi. Uočeno je povećanje konentracije HDL holesterola i značajno sniženje serumskih triglicerida kod dijabetičnih i normoglikemičnih ţivotinja koje su primale piknogenol, ekstrakta kore bora, gliklazid i metformin u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom ţivotinja. Zajednička primena ekstrakta kore bora i standardnih antidijabetika značajno je snizila vrednosti AST, ALP i direktni bilirubin u grupi dijabetičnih i normoglikemičnih ţivotinja u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, čime se ukazuje na potencijalno hepatoprotektivno delovanje ekstrakta kore crnog bora. Oštećenje jetre izazvano toksičnom dozom paracetamola je potvrđeno ispitivanim parametrima, uključujući oksidativni status u homogenatu jetre i histološka ispitivanja. Rezultati našeg istraživanja su pokazali da piknogenol 50 mg/kg, kao i ekstrakt kore crnog bora 100 mg/kg značajno smanjuju nivo MDA u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom i grupom koja je primala paracetamol. Na osnovu rezultata istraţivanja može se zaključiti da primena piknogenola i ekstrakta kore crnog bora: ublaţava poremećaj homeostaze glukoze, utiče povoljno na lipidni status, značajno potencira antihiperglikemijsko delovanje metformina i hipoglikemijski efekat gliklazida, sprečava poremećaj biohemijskih parametara pokazatelja funkcije jetre i bubrega u serumu ispitivanih životinja i ispoljava značajno in vitro antioksidativno delovanje i sprečava oštećenje jetre laboratorijskih životinja izazvano toksičnom dozom paracetamola.
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. In the Republic of Serbia there are natural and artificial forests of black pine Pinus nigra Arnold. Pine bark has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, but only recently its positive biological effects has been revealed and confirmed in medicine. The most famous commercial pine bark product is Pycnogenol, a standardized extract of the French maritime pine bark (Pinus pinaster Aiton), which grows along the coast of southwestern France. The positive effects of Pycnogenol, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, are based on its high content of phenolic compounds. Nowdays, despite the knowledge that the pine bark is rich in secondary metabolites, it usually ends up as a by-product of the wood industry. The objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics and biochemical activities of the black pine (Pinus nigra) extracts from Mokra gora and Tara, obtained by different solvents; comparison of glycemic and lipid action of Pinus nigra bark extract with commercial product Pycnogenol; the influence of black pine bark extract and Pycnogenol on the action of standard antidiabetics metformin and gliclazide; as well as the influence on the parameters of oxidative stress in animals exposed to the toxic dose of paracetamol. In vitro analyses included the analysis of extracts obtained with different solvents. The total phenolic, tannin, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content, as well as the antioxidant activity tests, were determined spectrophotometrically. High-efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed in order to determine black pine bark extract content. In vivo analyses was performed on 156 albino Wistar laboratory rats. Experimental animals received for 7 days per os: black pine bark extract obtained from Mokra gora 100 mg/kg, which showed the best activity; Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg; metformin 100 mg/kg; gliclazide 10 mg/kg; and their combinations. An oral glucose tolerance test and the aloxan-induced hyperglycaemia were used to examined the effects of the substances on experimental animals. Biochemical parameters, the lipids concentration and parameters of the kidney and liver function, were determined in animal serum. Ex vivo analyses included determination of lipid peroxidation activity and the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in liver homogenates of the test animals, after administration of a toxic dose of paracetamol. HPLC analysis of black pine bark extracts obtained from Mokra gora and Tara showed the greatest content of taxifolin, then catechin, and its derivatives, caffeic acid and epicatechin. A high antioxidative capacity of Pycnogenol was confirmed, but also a significant antioxidant capacity of black pine bark extract, with the best results in the extract obtained from Mokra gora. Seven-day treatment in aloxan-induced diabetes animals with 100 mg/kg black pine bark extract, metformin 100 mg/kg, gliclazide 10 mg/kg and Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg led to a decrease of serum glycemic index. There was an increase in the HDL cholesterol concentration and a significant reduction in serum triglycerides in diabetic and normoglycemic animals which received Pycnogenol, black pine bark extract, gliclazide and metformin compared to the control group. Concomitant usage of the black pine bark extract and standard antidiabetics significantly reduced the levels of AST, ALP and direct bilirubin in the group of diabetic and normoglycemic animals compared to the control group, indicating the potential hepatoprotective action of the black pine bark extract. Damage to the liver caused by the toxic dose of paracetamol was confirmed by the liver homogenate oxidative status and histological examination. The results of our study have shown that Pycnogenol 50 mg/kg, as well as 100 mg/kg black pine bark extract significantly reduce the level of MDA in comparison with the control and the paracetamol treated group. Based on the results of the dissertation, it can be concluded that the use of Pycnogenol and black pine bark extract alleviate glucose homeostasis disorder; positively affects the lipid status; significantly increases the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin and the hypoglycemic effect of gliclazide; prevents impairment biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney function in the serum of the experimental animals; significantly exhibits in vitro antioxidant activity and prevents liver damage caused by toxic dose of paracetamol in experimental animals.

Rasutost i postojanje malog broj podataka o doprinosu žena razvoju emancipacije u Boki Kotorskoj čini da se održava stereotipna slika o ženama kao pasivnim i gurnutim u privatnu sferu. Cilj istraživanja je prikupljanje, selekcija i klasifikacija podataka na jednom mjestu o institucijama obrazovanja za žene, udruženjima žena i doprinosu pojedinih žena emancipaciji i ravnopravnosti u Boki Kotorskoj tokom dva vijeka (1815-2015). U fokusu pažnje su identiteti žena u određenom vremenu i prostoru.1. Hipoteza: U Boki Kotorskoj postoje mnogobrojni podaci o dostignućima žena, za period 1815-2015. rasuti po različitim izvorima i otuda nedovoljno dostupni javnosti.Tri su metoda analize: metodu analize diskursa; intersekcionalnosti, metod životne priče.Uzorak čine tri tipa empirijskog materijala: 1. Biografije pojedinačnih žena (ukupno 21); 2. Biografije udruženja žena (ukupno 6); Biografije škola za žene (ukupno 5). Analiza biografija žena sadrži 6 komponenata identiteta (djetinjstvo, brak i porodica, profesionalni identitet, rodno senzitivni jezik (ROJ), devedesete godine 20.vijeka, članstvo u udruženjima).Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su pojedinke, udruženja žena i škole za žene, značajno doprinijele razvoju i emancipaciji ukupnog društva u Boki Kotorskoj, o čemu u društvenoj, obrazovnoj i akademskoj zajednici ima dovoljno podataka, a do sada neproučenih. Osnovni je rezultat da su žene tokom dva vijeka u prostoru Boke Kotorske oblikovale svoje indentitete shodno potrebama i na korist društva, a preko različitih kreativnih akcija.Zaključujem da će ovdje sistematizovani empirijski podaci poslužili za vrednovanje učinka žena tokom dva vijeka ne samo u prostoru Boke Kotorske. Zato se podaci mogu iskoristiti u nastavnom procesu u osnovnim i srednjim školama, posebno na interdisciplinarnim rodnim studijama na univerzitetima u Crnoj Gori i u regionu. Podaci su djelatni i za osnivanje Muzeja žena u Crnoj Gori.
It seems that dispersion and scarcity of information about women’s contribution to emancipation in Boka Kotorska may support the stereotypical image of women being passive and moved to a private sphere. The aim of the research is to collect, select and classify the information about the institutions for education of women, women’s associations and individual contributions of women to emancipation and equality in Boka Kotorska over the period of two centuries (1815-2015). Identities of women in certain time and space have been in focus of attentionHypotesis 1: There is plenty of information about women’s accomplishments in Boka Kotorska for the period between 1815 -2015, dispersed through various resources, hence insufficiently accessible to the public. Three methods of analysis are the method of discourse analysis; intersectional analysis and the method of life stories. The sample includes three types of empirical materials: 1. Biographies of individual women (21 in total); 2. Biographies of women’s associations ( 6 in total); 3. Biographies of schools for women (5 in total). The analysis of women’s biographies comprises 6 components of personal identity (childhood, marriage and family, professional identity, gender sensitive language (GSL), the decade of nineties in 20th century, membership in various associations). The results of the research show that the individuals, women’s associations and schools for women, have considerably contributed to the overall emancipation of society in Boka Kotorska , but the evidence of the same has not been fully disclosed to the general intellectual and academic public. The crucial result is the one about women formatting their identities in accordance with the needs and benefits of society through various creative activities in Boka Kotorska in the period of two centuries. Herefor, I conclude that these systematized empirical data will be valuable for the evaluation of women’s accomplishments in the period of two centuries in Boka Kotorska, but elsewhere too. All the pieces of information are relevant to be used in educational process at various levels, starting from the primary and secondary schools, and especially important for the interdisciplinary gender studies at the universities in Montenegro and in the region. It is possible to use them effectively in founding the Museum of Women in Montenegro.

L'ocaina (famille witoto), jusque là peu décrit, est parlé par quelque 50 locuteurs en Amazonie Nord-Ouest. Notre description porte sur les catégories lexicales et leurs (sous-)classe, identifiées suivant leurs corrélats morphosyntaxiques. Une grande division correspond à leur aptitude à se constituer en centre prédicatif ; les sous-divisions renvoient à leur capacité d'instaurer des syntagmes et d'accueillir de la morphologie flexionnelle : catégories non prédicatives, n'instaurant pas de syntagmes : lexies-énoncés, particules, adverbes, adjectif (non flexionnables), adverbes (flexionnables) ; instaurant des syntagmes : postposition (flexionnables) ; catégories prédicatives, instaurant des syntagmes : idéophones (non flexionnables), verbes, noms et adverbes (flexionnables). La riche morphologie de l'ocaina (en particulier des catégories prédicatives flexionnables) justifie un exposé détaillé des processus morphologiques : flexion, translation et dérivation. Cette tripartition est obtenue par le croisement de la présence ou l'absence de l'un de ces critères : régularité, applicabilité à toute une (sous-)classe, variation sémantique impliquant un changement de (sous-)catégorie lexicale. Des analyses complétant l'abord théorique de certaines questions sont proposées. Par exemple, l'ocaina illustre un fait non documenté auparavant : la coexistence d'un système de genre et d'un système de suffixes classificatoires de discrétisation (cf «classificateurs »), exprimant la catégorie de nombre. D'autre part, les concepts de qualité, dits adjectivaux, sont exprimés par le seul adjectif de la langue, quelques noms substantifs et majoritairement par les adverbes prédicatifs
Ocaina (Witotoan), a language with little previous description, is still spoken by about fifty speakers in North-West Amazon. Our description focuses on lexical categories, its classes and sub-classes, identified by means of their morphosyntactic properties. The first distinction is based on the aptitude of the lexical categories to fonction as predicate nucleus; further distinctions can be made according to their ability to form phrases for which they are the head; and/or their ability to receive inflectional morphology: non predicative, with impossibility of heading phrases: lexical statements, particules, adverbs, adjectif (non inflectable), adverbs (inflectable); heading phrases: postposition (inflectable); predicative catégories, heading phrases: ideophones (non inflectables), verbs, noms and adverbs. The rich morphology of the language justifies a detailed presentation in terras of morphological processes: inflectional, transferential, and derivational. This subdivision is distinguished according to their regularity and their scope of application (a class or sub-class) and, whether or not they induce a semantic change involving a change of lexical category or sub-class. We propose analyses that complement the theoretical approach to certain issues. For instance, Ocaina illustrates the co-existence in the same language of a gender system and a system of classificatory suffixes of discretisation (see "classifiers"), markers which, in our analysis, express the number category. Furthermore, concepts of quality and property (adjectival concepts) are expressed in: adjective (just one); noun, with a handful of commun nouns; and, predicative adverbs, with (large inventory)

This work looks at the way the Taiwanese American college student's identities are complicated and compounded by the intertwined histories of China and Taiwan. It looks at the historical account of Chinese and Taiwanese history through the understanding of genealogical history. It also analyzes the importance of narrated family accounts and lived experiences of Taiwanese-ness. Lastly, it looks at the development of Taiwanese identity as it is strengthened or weakened through religion, politics, and language.

Uvod: Radikulopatija je obično praćena bolovima i drugim senzornim i motornim poremećajima, uz smanjenje kvaliteta života u različitom obimu. Algometrija kao visokosenzitivna metoda pruža objektivan uvid u stepen bola, dok se upotrebom upitnika na jednostavan način mogu proceniti karakteristike bola i biopsihosocijalni status pacijenta. Cilj: Istraživanje je sprovedeno kako bi se izmerili prag bola i prag tolerancije na bol kod pacijenata sa cervikalnom i lumbalnom radikulopatijom i utvrdila moguća povezanost bola sa biopsihosocijalnim faktorima. Materijal i metode: Studijom je pre započinjanja i posle završavanja terapijskog ciklusa ispitano 60 pacijenata sa dijagnostikovanom cervikalnom radikulopatijom (30 muškaraca i 30 žena) i 60 pacijenata sa dijagnostikovanom lumbalnom radikulopatijom (30 muškaraca i 30 žena). Svi pacijenti su bili hospitalno lečeni u okviru Klinike za medicinsku rehabilitaciju, Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu, a terapijski ciklus je u proseku trajao 14-21 dan. U istraživanju su korišćenitest za detekciju bola (Pain Detect Test), kratki upitnik o bolu (Brief Pain Inventory), indeks onesposobljenosti zbog bolova u vratu (Neck Disability Index), Kvebekova skala onesposobljenosti kod lumbalnog sindroma (Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale), bolnička skala za anksioznost i depresiju (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), upitnik za procenu prisustva straha od fizičke aktivnosti/posla i njihovog izbegavanja (The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire)  i skala katastrofizma bola (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). Rezultati: Nije uočena statistički značajna razlika algometrijskih vrednosti između pacijenata sa cervikalnom radikulopatijom i pacijenata sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom. Ustanovljeno je da osobe ženskog pola imaju niži prag bola i nižu toleranciju na bol od osoba muškog pola. Poređenjem algometrijskih vrednosti pre započinjanja i posle završavanja terapijskog ciklusa zapaža se da je program rehabilitacije povoljno uticao na pacijente sa lumbalnom radikulopatijom, dok je kod pacijenata sa cervikalnom radikulopatijom došlo do pogoršanja tegoba. Prisutna je negativna korelacija između vrednosti izmerenih algometrom i skorova za anksioznost, depresiju i strah od fizičke aktivnost i posla, što znači da biopsihosocijalni faktori u velikoj meri utiču na bolnost. Zaključci: Kvantifikovanje i mapiranje bola uz pomoć algometra i utvrđivanje biopsihosocijalnog statusa putem upitnika će omogućiti primenu adekvatne terapije kod pacijenata, koja je zasnovana na individualnom pristupu. Istovremeno bi primenjenom metodologijom bila postignuta bolja verifikacija rezultata rehabilitacionog programa.
Introduction: Radiculopathy is usually accompained by pain and other sensory and motor disorders, with reducing the quality of life in different extent. Algometry as a highly sensitive method provides objective insight into the degree of pain, while the use of questionnaires in a simple way can estimate the characteristics of pain and the patient's biopsychosocial status. Objective: The study was conducted in order to measure the pressure pain threshold and pressure pain tolerance threshold in patients with cervical and lumbar radiculopathy and found a possible association of pain with the biopsychosocial factors. Materials and methods: The study examined 60 patients with cervical radiculopathy (30 men and 30 women) and 60 patients with lumbar radiculopathy (30 men and 30 women) before starting and after finishing treatment cycle. All patients were hospitalized in the Clinic for Medical Rehabilitation, Clinical Center of Vojvodina in Novi Sad, and a treatment cycle lasted an average of 14-21 days. Research was conducted using Pain Detect Test, Brief Pain Inventory, Neck Disability Index, Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Results: There was no statisticallly significant difference in algometric values between patients with cervical radiculopathy and patients with lumbar radiculopathy. It was found that females have a lower pressure pain threshold and lower tolerance to pain than males. Comparing algometric values before starting and after finishing treatment cycle can be noted that the program of rehabilitation favorable influence on patients with lumbar radiculopathy, while in patients with cervical radiculopathy occured deterioration in subjective symptoms. There is a negative correlation between values measured by algometer and scores for anxiety, depression and fear of physical activity and work, which means that biopsychosocial factors greatly affect the pain. Conclusions: Quantification and mapping the pain by algometer and determination of biopsychosocial status through questionnaires will provide the implementation of appropriate therapy for patients, which is based on individual approach. At the same time, the applied methodology would be achieved better verification of the results in rehabilitation program.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem por objetivo refletir sobre a relação linguagem e identidade nas falas de imigrantes guianenses que vivem no espaço urbano de Boa Vista capital do estado de Roraima. Trata-se de uma pesquisa sob o viés da Linguística Aplicada por ser uma área transdisciplinar que permitiu o diálogo com outras áreas do conhecimento como a História, a Geografia, as Ciências Sociais, a Literatura, a Música, os Estudos Culturais, a Psicologia Social, o Direito e a Análise do Discurso. Os registros foram coletados por meio da elaboração de Diário de Campo e de nove entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas em áudio e devidamente autorizadas pelos sujeitos. Em seguida, elaborei a roteirização das entrevistas a fim de localizar os dados de análise. A partir da reflexão suscitada pela pergunta de pesquisa Como a linguagem influencia na constituição identitária de imigrantes guianenses que vivem em Boa Vista - RR?, teci a escrita apresentando inicialmente tanto as teorias que embasam o trabalho quanto os sujeitos envolvidos para, em seguida, elaborar as análises reflexivas sobre a linguagem em uso dos imigrantes, o ser ou não ser guianense à luz do Estatuto do Estrangeiro e sobre as percepções de si e dos outros presentes no jogo linguístico do aqui e do "lá".

Jogos de verdade na constituição do bom professor de matemática é uma dissertação de mestrado que tem como objetivo de estudo discutir a relação estabelecida entre sujeitos licenciandos/estagiários de matemática e as verdades pedagógicas que os constituem como sujeitos morais. Como material investigativo, são tomados os ditos e os escritos de alunos do curso de licenciatura em matemática da UFRGS, capturados da dissertação de mestrado de Lenzi (2008), intitulada “Prática de ensino em educação matemática: a constituição das práticas pedagógicas de futuros professores de matemática”, com foco nos estágios de docência da formação inicial de professores e que evidencia os efeitos das relações de poder e verdade, através de discursos pedagógicos, na constituição e regulação de práticas pedagógicas. A análise desses ditos e escritos é realizada entendendo o sujeito como constituído discursivamente, através da clave foucaultiana, tendo a noção de jogos de verdade, perpassada pelo conceito wittgensteiniano de jogos de linguagem, como principal ferramenta para uma analítica discursiva dos modos de dizer-se e ver-se como bom professor de matemática, no espaço interinstitucional universidade-escola e na educação matemática contemporânea. Como possibilidades composicionais de um professor de matemática ético, são discutidas as maneiras pelas quais prescrições de caráter moral podem ser transformadas em condutas de caráter ético com efeitos estéticos no modo de conduzir-se do futuro professor de matemática.
Truth games on the composition of a good mathematics teacher is a master dissertation which aims to discuss the relation between the mathematics students/trainee teachers and the pedagogical truths that constitute them as moral subjects. As research material, the students’ statements and writings from the teaching course in mathematics at UFRGS are analyzed, taken from Lenzi (2008) masters dissertation entitled "Practical learning in mathematics education: the constitution of the pedagogical practices of future math teachers." with a focus on teaching practice in the graduation course and that make evident the effects of the alliance between power and truth through pedagogical discourses in the constitution and regulation of pedagogical practices. The analysis of these statements and writings is made considering this subject as a discourse composition, through foucaultian clef, having the notion of truth games, over wittgensteinian concept of language games, as the main tool for a discourse analysis of the ways one says or sees him/herself as a good mathematics teacher in the university-school ambient and in the contemporary mathematical education. As compositional possibilities of an ethical mathematics teacher, it is discussed the ways in which prescriptions of moral character can be transformed in conducts of ethical character with esthetic effects in the way the math teacher to be can guide him/herself.

У овој докторској дисертацији извршен је преглед постојећих метода мерења угаоног положаја и дат је предлог нове методе за мерење апсолутног угаоног положаја. Предложена мерна метода заснива се на примени трансформације боје објекта из Декартовог RGB простора боја у неки од цилиндричних, кориснички оријентисаних, простора боја (HSV, HSI, HLS). На бази предложене мерне методе конструисан је сензор апсолутног угаоног положаја који се састоји од три оптичка рефлексиона сензора и штампаног шаблона са сивом скалом. Тачност, поновљивост и резолуција мерења, постигнути приликом тестирања сензора су ±1 °, ±0,3 ° и 0,1 °.
U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji izvršen je pregled postojećih metoda merenja ugaonog položaja i dat je predlog nove metode za merenje apsolutnog ugaonog položaja. Predložena merna metoda zasniva se na primeni transformacije boje objekta iz Dekartovog RGB prostora boja u neki od cilindričnih, korisnički orijentisanih, prostora boja (HSV, HSI, HLS). Na bazi predložene merne metode konstruisan je senzor apsolutnog ugaonog položaja koji se sastoji od tri optička refleksiona senzora i štampanog šablona sa sivom skalom. Tačnost, ponovljivost i rezolucija merenja, postignuti prilikom testiranja senzora su ±1 °, ±0,3 ° i 0,1 °.
In this doctoral thesis a review of existing methods for angular positionmeasurement is conducted and a new method for measuring absoluteangular position is proposed. The proposed measurement method is basedon the use of object color transformation from Cartesian RGB color space toone of the user-oriented cylindrical color space (HSV, HSI, HLS). Оn thebasis of the proposed measurement method, absolute angular positionsensor consisting of three optical reflective sensors and a grayscale printedpattern is constructed. Accuracy, repeatability and resolution ofmeasurement using proposed sensor were ± 1 °, ± 0.3 ° and 0.1 °.

Zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se utvrdi uticaj različitih tehnoloških parametara na formiranje boje Petrovačke kobasice, kao i da se modelovanjem tradicionalne tehnologije utvrdi zavisnost između brojnih tehnoloških parametara i optimalnog kvaliteta boje ovog tradicionalnog proizvoda, radi standardizacije kvaliteta i bezbednosti, a u cilju dobijanja prepoznatljivog proizvoda vrhunskog kvaliteta koji bi se kontinuirano proizvodio.U cilju realizacije postavljenih zadataka tokom tri proizvodne sezone je izrađeno 13 modela Petrovačke kobasice kako bi se ispitao uticaj sledećih varijabilnih tehnoloških parametara: proizvodne sezone, vremena otkoštavanja mesa post mortem, vrste upotrebljenog omotača (prirodni i veštački), ručnog i mašinskog mešanja, dimljenja u tradicionalnim i kontrolisanim uslovima, sušenja i zrenja u tradicionalnim i kontrolisanim uslovima, dodatka izolovane autohtone starter kulture, vremena skladištenja i načina pakovanja (neupakovane, pakovane u vakuumu i modifikovanoj atmosferi) na proces formiranja boje.Formiranje boje Petrovačke kobasice tokom procesa dimljenja, sušenja i skladištenja praćeno je određivanjem instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje (L*, a*, b*, h, C*, R, BI i ΔE) na površini i preseku Petrovačkih kobasica. Utvrđeni su brojni tehnološki parametri (vrednost pH, sadržaj vlage, sadržaj ukupnih masti, sadržaj ukupnog pepela i sadržaj hlorida), pokazatelji senzornog kvaliteta (spoljašnji izgled i stanje omotača, boja i održivost boje na preseku, ukupan senzorni kvalitet) i kvalitet ljute začinske paprike.                                                                                                            Analizom rezultata dobijenih u ovim ispitivanjima zaključeno je da su kobasice izrađene od ohlađenog mesa dimljene i sušene u tradicionalnim uslovima (B1 i B2 grupe) imale optimalan kvalitet boje i bile vrhunskog (zaštićenog) senzornog kvaliteta. Niže temperature (8,30°C-10,7°C) tokom procesa dimljenja i sušenja, sporiji pad vrednosti pH, od 5,69 (nadev) do ~5,4 (na kraju procesa fermentacije) i sadržaj hlorida ~ 3% u gotovom proizvodu, uz dodatak kvalitetne ljute začinske paprike omogućili su formiranje optimalne boje ove grupe kobasica. Optimalnu boju preseka kobasica karakterišu numerički manje vrednosti instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje (L*, a*, b*, h, C* i BI) u odnosu na kobasice sa nižim senzornim ocenama za boju. Tokom skladištenja (od kraja sušenja do 270. dana proizvodnje) utvrđene su manje promene instrumentalnih pokazatelja boje na površini i preseku Petrovačkih kobasica kada su skladištene upakovane (vakuum i modifikovana atmosfera) u poređenju sa neupakovanim. Pakovanje u vakuumu i modifikovanoj atmosferi je dobro rešenje za očuvanje optimalnih karakteristika boje kobasica, jer su upakovane kobasice B1 i B2 grupe skladištene 4 meseca od završetka procesa sušenja (od 90. do 210. dana od dana proizvodnje) bez promena senzornog kvaliteta boje, a zatim su do kraja perioda skladištenja (270. dana proizvodnje) promene bile neznatne.Uzimajuću u obzir da su ova istraživanja deo šire koncipitranih istraživanja razvoja tradicionalne tehnologije proizvodnje Petrovačke kobasice i standardizacije kvaliteta i bezbednosti, ispitan je uticaj varijabilnih tehnoloških parametara i na formiranje policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika u Petrovačkoj kobasici, kao veoma važnih pokazatelja zdravstvene bezbednosti kobasica.Jedan od najznačajnijih rezultata u ovim istraživanjima je da benzo[a]piren nije detektovan ni u jednom uzorku Petrovačke kobasice. Takođe je zaključeno da je Petrovačka kobasica dimljena na tradicionalan način, kao i u industrijskim uslovima bezbedna za potrošače sa aspekta sadržaja policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika, jer su svi ispitani uzorci kobasica ispunjavali uslove propisane domaćim i evropskim propisima.
The aim of this Ph.D. dissertation was to determine the influence of various technological parameters on the colour formation of Petrovačka kobasica, as well as to define correlation between number of technological parameters and optimal colour quality of traditional product (by modelling traditional technology), in order to standardize quality and safety, and consequently with the main goal to obtain a recognizable high quality product that could be continuously produced throughout the whole year period.To achieve the defined tasks in three production season 13 models of Petrovačka kobasica were produced in order to examine the effect of the following variable technological parameters: production season, post mortem time of meat deboning, type of the casing (natural and artificial), manual or mechanical mixing, smoking in traditional and controlled conditions, drying and ripening in traditional and controlled conditions, the addition of isolated indigenous starter culture, and storage time and packaging (unwrapped, packed in vacuum and modified atmosphere) in the process of colour formation.Colour formation of Petrovačka kobasica during smoking and drying processes and storage was followed by determination of instrumental colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, h, C*, R, BI and ΔE) on the surface and cut cross section of Petrovačka kobasica. The number of technological parameters (pH, content of moisture, total fat, total ash and chloride), indicators of sensory quality (sausage appearance and condition of casing, colour and colour stability at the cut cross section, the overall sensory quality) and quality of red hot paprika powder were determined.                                                Analysing the results obtained in these studies it was concluded that sausages produced from chilled meat and smoked in traditional conditions (sausages of B1 and B2 groups) had the optimal colour quality and superior (protected) sensory quality. Lower temperatures (8.30°C-10.7°C) during smoking and drying processes, slower decrease of pH value from 5.69 (raw sausage after stuffing) to ~ 5.4 (at the end of the fermentation process) and the chloride content ~ 3% in the final product, with the addition of high quality red hot paprika powder enable the formation of the optimal colour of these groups of sausages. Optimal colour of cut cross section of sausages was characterized with numerically smaller values of instrumental colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, h, C* and BI) in relation to sausages with lower scores for sensory evaluated colour. During storage (from the end of drying process up to 270 days of production), minor changes of instrumental colour characteristics on the surface and cut cross section of Petrovačka kobasica were noted when sausages were stored packed in vacuum or modified atmosphere, compared with unpackaged ones. Packing in vacuum and modified atmosphere is a good solution for the preservation of optimal colour characteristics, as packaged sausages of B1 and B2 groups stored for 4 months from the end of the drying process (from 90 to 210 days from the date of production) had no changes in sensory evaluated colour quality. Further, until the end of storage (270 days of production) just minor changes of this sensory parameter were noticed.Considering that these investigations are a part of wider conceived researches of development of traditional technology of Petrovačka kobasica and standardization of quality and safety, the influence of variable technological parameters on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Petrovačka kobasica, as a very important indicator of health safety of sausage, were also studied.One of the most important results of these researches is that benzo[a]pyrene was not detected in any sample of Petrovačka kobasica. It was also concluded that Petrovačka kobasica smoked in traditional way, as well as in industrial conditions was safe for consumers in the terms of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as all samples of analysed sausages meet the requirements defined by national and European regulations.

This study of atomic-bomb literature on Hiroshima will be through a critical lens, largely through postcolonial theory and reader-response criticism. It will be a discussion on the social and political implications behind the popularization of certain works. The discussed texts will not necessarily be written by the Japanese or by survivors of the atomic bomb: in the first case, I will be examining authorial intent and its relation to the intended reader responses from the implied American audience to study perpetuations of propaganda after the war. This paper will also be examining the interlingual translatability of psychological and physical trauma surrounding the atomic bomb and will be exploring the capacities of language to express an emotional and often sensitive topic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA_MONTI_DISSERTACAO_30_11[1].pdf: 919357 bytes, checksum: 321a02501817167d5acf8efa44573d70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-22
The aim to search for an ideal definition of a teacher dates from the genesis of the teaching profession. Due to its relevance, this issue keeps being focus of debate and reformulation. That can be justified by the fact that educational needs are transformed historically and socially and teacher identity is created and recreated through experiences lived by the professional, their choices concerning education and reflection upon the practice. This study aims to identify which knowledge and abilities are essential to a good EFL teacher according to the students and tutor s beliefs. This study is characterized as a qualitative case study focused on understanding the beliefs of student-teachers and university tutors concerning what it takes in terms of knowledge and competence to be a good teacher. The scenario investigated was the Letters course in a private. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews which inquired about what kind of knowledge, ability or competence is needed in order to educate properly an English teacher. Discourse Analysis supported this research by offering theoretical basis to analyze the data collected through the interviews. The analysis revealed, among other aspects, students lack of interest and information about the course. It has shown that taking private English Language courses, in addition to living and studying in one English speaking country, is considered as a good way of educating ESL teachers. This belief comes from their understanding that linguistic competence in the target language is an essential requirement to an English teacher. The tutors interviews have shown similar beliefs towards the importance of being fluent in English, also about the necessity of taking part in an exchange program abroad. In short, it was possible to find out in both discourses the feeling of dissatisfaction concerning the quality of education provided to these future teachers; that was captured from both students and tutors interviews. There is a lack of dialogue and synchrony from both parts which results in problems to the education of these students. By confronting the discourses exposed in the official documents from Ministry of Education and those from the university it was possible to realize that they are in consonance. Although, when contrasting the discourse in the interviews to those documents, it was possible to observe that there is a huge gap between them. Due to this fact, small isolated changes as increasing the number of hours, are not capable of solving the situation. Extensive and engaged debates on the problem, based on the causes already exposed in this study and in previous researches, may be able to promote relevant changes in the educational scenario. The main contribution expected by this research is to promote reflection among university tutors as well students in order to indicate ways to improve the process of English teachers education.
A busca pela definição de um ideal de professor data da gênese da profissão e, por sua relevância, continua sendo foco de debate e reformulação. Fato justificado devido às necessidades educacionais se transformarem histórica e socialmente e a identidade docente criar-se e recriar-se através de experiências vividas pelo profissional, seus percursos formativos, além de sua reflexão sobre a prática. Neste estudo o objetivo é o de identificar quais conhecimentos e habilidades são necessários ao bom professor de Língua Inglesa, segundo crenças docentes e discentes. O presente trabalho é de caráter qualitativo e caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso que teve como cenário de pesquisa o curso de Letras de uma universidade privada. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas que inquiriam acerca dos conhecimentos, habilidades e competências necessárias ao docente dessa área. A Análise de Discurso ofereceu o embasamento teórico para a análise das entrevistas. As análises dos dados revelaram, dentre outros aspectos, desinteresse, desprestígio e desinformação sobre o curso de Letras por parte dos alunos que elencaram cursos de idiomas aliados a programas de intercâmbio como os responsáveis pela preparação de um bom professor de LI. Essa crença é oriunda do entendimento deles de que a competência primordial a um bom professor de LI é a linguístico-comunicativa. As entrevistas com os docentes mostraram percepções similares com relação ao requisito mais importante que seria a fluência no idioma. Em síntese, as crenças de docentes e discentes demonstram insatisfação quanto à qualidade da formação desses futuros professores. Há uma falta diálogo e sincronia de objetivos de ambas as partes o que acarreta prejuízos à formação desses alunos-professores. O confronto entre o discurso do Ministério da Educação (MEC), por meio de documentos oficiais, e o discurso da faculdade, em seu Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) indicaram que, ao menos no papel, os objetivos estão em consonância. No entanto, ao compararmos o discurso dos participantes, suas crenças e necessidades com relação aos documentos analisados, observou-se que há uma lacuna muito grande a ser preenchida e que mudanças isoladas de grade curricular ou aumento de carga horária não seriam suficientes para sanar o problema. O debate amplo e engajado sobre o problema baseado nas causas já detectadas nessa pesquisa e em outras realizadas anteriormente (BARCELOS, 1995, 1999, 2004; VIEIRA-ABRAHÃO, 1996, 2001, 2004; BASSO, 2001; LIMA, 2010) podem promover mudanças significativas nesse cenário educacional. A principal contribuição pretendida por esta pesquisa é a de que seja promotora de reflexão docente e também discente a fim de apontar nortes que indiquem melhorias nos processos formativos do professor de Língua Inglesa. Professor; língua inglesa; formação docente; análise de discurso

UVOD: Ingvinalna hernioplastika predstavlja najučestaliju operaciju u abdominalnoj hirurgiji. U istorijatu herniologije su se razvijale različite ideje, te iz njih nastale operativne metode, koje su imale za cilj formiranje kvalitetnog vezivnog tkiva na mestu kilnog defekta. Danas postoje brojne hirurške tehnike, bazirane na tenzionim ili beztenzionim principima, uz primenu hirurških mrežica, otvorenim pristupom, kao i laparoskopskim tehnikama. Zajednički cilj navedenih metoda je kreiranja idealne hernioplastike ingvinalnih kila. I pored postojanja ogromnog broja hirurških procedura i tehnika, još uvek ne postoji tzv. »prava hernioplastika« koja bi zadovoljila sve potrebne zahteve vezane za problem ingvinalnih hernija. CILJ I HIPOTEZA: Cilj rada je bio da se napravi uporedna analiza između dve različite hirurške tehnike otvorenim pristupom, konvencionalne tenzione suturne hernioplastike, te beztenzione tehnike, uz korišćenje hirurških mrežica ( mesh ). Korišćeni su sledeći parametri tokom istraživanja: određivanje nivoa postoperativnog bola prema numeričkoj skali, vizuelno-analognoj te kategorijskoj skali bola; određivanje samostalne fizičke aktivnosti; (savijanje nogu, naprezanje trbušnih mišića, ustajanje) u neposrednom postoperativnom periodu; gradacija nivoa mišićne snage, određivanje vremenskog perioda kada se pacijenti uspevaju vratiti svojim svakodnevnim aktivnostima i radnim obavezama; određivanje stope postoperativnog morbiditeta i mortaliteta te određivanje stope ranog recidiva bolesti. RADNA HIPOTEZA: Beztenzionu ingvinalnu hernioplastiku karakteriše znatno manja operativna trauma, što ima za posledicu manji lokalni i generalizovani odgovor organizma na stres. Kod bolesnika operisanih beztenzionom metodom očekuje se manji intenzitet bola, kraće zadržavanje u hospitalnim uslovima, manji procenat postoperativnih komplikacija, brži povratak uobičajenim fizičkim i radnim aktivnostima i znatno manji stepen recidiva bolesti. Pretpostavlja se da beztenziona ingvinalna hernioplastika u poređenju sa konvencionalnom uzrokuje manju nelagodnost za pacijente, znatno manji postoperativni bol i bolju mišićnu aktivnost. Poboljšanje mišićne aktivnosti ogleda se u lakšoj vertikalizaciji, kvalitetnijem kretanju uz manje bolan hod, bez povijanja tela na stranu operativne rane. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je prospektivna, kliničko- statistička studija sa praćenjem parametara (preoperativnih, intraoperativnih i postoperativnih) kod svakog operisanog bolesnika. Studija je obuhvatila seriju od 200 pacijenata hospitalizovanih na Klinici za abdominalnu, endokrinu i transplantacionu hirurgiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine, od decembra 2002. do avgusta 2007.godine, svrstanih u dve jednake grupe po 100 pacijenata, odabranih metodom slučajnog izbora. Prva, ispitivana grupa obuhvatila je pacijente operisane beztenzionim procedurama, druga, kontrolna grupa je obuhvatila pacijente operisane konvencionalnim, tenzionim tehnikama. Korišćeni metod rada je kliničko statistički sa praćenjem svih potrebnih fizioloških parametara, a dobijeni rezultati su analizirani i međusobno upoređivani statističkim metodama multifaktorijalne analize. Pronađene vrednosti su međusobno upoređene parametrijskim i neparametrijskim testovima značajnosti na nivou p<0.05. REZULTATI: komparacija između dve ispitivane grupe je vršena tokom preoperativnog, intraoperativnog i postoperativnog perioda, različitim statističkim parametrima. Konstatovana je, statističkom analizom, homogenost grupa u smislu starosne dobi i polne distribucije, kao i lokalnog preoperativnog nalaza vezanog za tip, veličinu i lokalizaciju kila, kao i spram klasifikacije hernija. U sledećim parametrima je ustanovljena statistički signifikantna razlika: postoperativni bol, gradacija mišićne snage, rana fizička aktivnost, količina utrošenih analgetika, dužina hospitalizacije, prisutnost obostranih kila, povratak radnim aktivnostima i obavezama, postoperativne komplikacije i recidiv bolesti. Dobijeni podaci su prikazani tabelarno, te delom u vidu grafikona i dijagrama. ZAKLJUČCI: 1. Kod pacijenata operisanih beztenzionom metodom evidentan je znatno manji postoperativni bol i brži oporavak i povratak uobičajnim dnevnim i radnim aktivnostima 2. Proceduru treba izvoditi u svim slučajevima sa prisutnim velikim defektima i razorenim zadnjim zidom ingvinalnog kanala 3 Beztenzionu hernioplastiku karakteriše manji broj recidiva u poređenju sa otvorenim tenzionim hernioplastikama. 4. Pacijenti sa bilateralnim ingvinalnim i recidivnim hernijama imaju punu indikaciju za izvođenje beztenzione herioplastike sa ugradnjom mesh-a. 5. Preduslov za uspešno obavljenu beztenzionu hernioplastiku je primena dovoljno velike proteze, odnosno mesh-a, dimenzija 15 x 10 cm.
INTRODUCTION: Inguinal hernioplasty is the most common surgical procedure in abdominal surgery. In the history of herniology have developed different ideas, and from them emerged operational methods, which are aimed at educating quality of connective tissue at the site of the hernia defect. Nowadays, there are numerous surgical techniques, based on the tensioned or tension-free principles, with the use of surgical mesh for open access as well as laparoscopic techniques. Common goal of these methods is creating ideal inguinal hernioplasty despite the existence of a huge number of surgical procedures and techniques, there is still no so-called »Proper hernioplasty " that would satisfy all the necessary requirements related to the problem of inguinal hernia. AIM AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to make a comparative analysis between two different open access surgical techniques conventional tension hernioplasty and tension-free techniques, with the use of surgical mesh .The following parameters were used during the research: determining the level of postoperative pain according to a numerical scale, visual analogue scale and categorical scale of pain; determining the initial independent physical activities: (bending the legs, straining abdominal muscles, getting up) in the immediate postoperative period; gradation levels of muscular strength, determination period when patients can return to their usual daily activities and work duties; determining the rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality and to determine rates of early recurrence of the disease. WORKING HYPOTHESIS: Tension-free inguinal hernioplasty characterized by significantly less operative trauma, which results in smaller local and generalized body's response to stress. In patients operated by the tension. free method is expected to lower the intensity of pain, a shorter stay in the hospital setting, a smaller percentage of postoperative complications, faster return to normal physical and occupational activities and much lower degree of disease recurrence. It is assumed that the tensional. free inguinal hernioplasty compared with conventional causes less discomfort for patients, significantly less postoperative pain and better muscle activity. Better muscle activity is reflected in a facilitated mobilization, quality of movement and less painful gait, without bending the body at the side of the surgical wound. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: The research was a prospective, clinical-statistical study of the monitoring parameters (preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative) in each of the operated patients. The study involved a series of 200 patients hospitalized at the Clinic for Abdominal, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Center Vojvodine, from December 2002 to August 2007, divided into two groups of 100 patients, randomly chosen. First, the test group consisted of patients operated by the tension-free procedures, the other, the control group consisted of patients operated on conventional techniques. The method used is the work of clinical statistical tracking of all necessary physiological parameters, and the results were analyzed and compared with each other with multivariate statistical methods of analysis. Found values are compared with each other parametric and non-parametric tests of significance at p <0.05. RESULTS: The comparison between the two study groups was performed during the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative period, using various statistical parameters. It was noted using the statistical analysis, the homogenity of the groups in terms of age and sex distribution, as well as local preoperative findings related to the type, size and location pounds as well as towards the classification of hernias. In the following parameters is statistically significant difference: postoperative pain, graduations of muscle strength, healing of physical activity, the quantity of analgesics, length of hospitalization, the presence of bilateral hernias, the return of work activities and responsibilities, postoperative complications and recurrence. The data are presented in tables, and partly in the form of graphs and charts. CONCLUSIONS: 1. In patients operated by the tension-free obvious method is significantly less postoperative pain and faster recovery and return to usual daily and work activities 2. The procedure should be performed in all cases with the presence of large defects and lacerated back wall of the inguinal canal 3. Tension-free hernioplasty is characterized by a smaller number of recurrence compared with conventional hernioplasty 4. Patients with bilateral inguinal hernias and recurrent have a full indication of the performance of the tension-free hernioplasty with the installation of mesh. 5. A prerequisite for the successful work carried out tension-free hernioplasty application is large enough prosthesis ( mesh ), measuring 15 x 10 cm.

Sve veća potreba za izvođenjem kolonoskopije u dijagnostičke ili terapijske svrhe nameće potrebu za usavršavanjem ove endoskopske procedure. Izvođenje kolonoskopije u opštoj, intravenskoj anesteziji, moglo bi u značajnoj meri olakšati njeno izvođenje, poboljšati podnošenje ove procedure od strane ispitanika i omogućiti otkrivanje većeg broja pacijenata sa potencijalno malignim bolestima debelog creva. Cilj ispitivanja je bio utvrditi da li primena opšte intravenske anestezije tokom kolonoskopije povećava broj totalnih kolonoskopija i skraćuje vreme intubacije cekuma, povećava broj viđenih patoloških procesa i smanjuje osećaj bola i učestalost neželjenih reakcija. Primena opšte intravenske anestezije značajno je povećala broj totalnih kolonoskopija u 94.3% ispitanika u odnosu na 78.7% totalnih kolonoskopija kontrolne grupe i skratila vreme intubacije cekuma, značajno je povećala broj viđenih patoloških promena u 46.7% ispitanika u odnosu na broj viđenih patoloških promena u 28.8% ispitanika kontrolne grupe i značajno je smanjila intenzitet bola i učestalost neželjenih reakcija. U kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika skalom bola nakon kolonoskopije ustanovljen je značajno veći intenzitet bola u poređenju sa ispitanicima ekperimentalne grupe. Na Likertovoj skali zadovoljstva ustanovljena je značajno bolja kontrola bola i lični stav lekara u ekperimentalnoj grupi, dok su poseta ustanovi i procedura, razumevanje procedure, tehnička veština lekara, lični stav medicinskih sestara i drugog tehničkog osoblja značajno bolje ocenjeni u kontrolnoj grupi. Od svih ispitivanih faktora na zadovoljstvo obe grupe pacijenata značajno su uticali: način izvođenja procedure, bol, uočene patološke promene i intubacija cekuma. U kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika između skale zadovoljstva i skale bola ustanovljena je značajna negativna korelacija. U kontrolnoj grupi se 80,1% pacijenata izjasnilo da bi ponovnu kolonoskopiju uradili u opštoj intravenskoj anesteziji u poređenju sa svim pacijentima eksperimentalne grupe koji ne bi menjali način izvođenja ponovne procedure. Primena opšte intravenske anestezije tokom kolonoskopije povećava broj totalnih kolonoskopija i uočenih patoloških promena, smanjuje učestalost i intenzitet neželjenih reakcija povećavajući zadovoljstvo pacijenata, što bi prevashodno moglo imati značaja u skriningu karcinoma debelog creva. Potrebno je proširiti ispitivanje primene opšte intravenske anestezije u drugim endoskopskim procedurama kako bi bila uvedena u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi.
An increasing need to perform colonoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes imposed the need for mastering this endoscopic procedure. Performing colonoscopy in general intravenous anesthesia could greatly ease the procedure, make it more comfortable for patients and it could enable detecting a higher number of patients with occult malignant diseases of the colon. The aim of this paper was to determine if the implementation of general intravenous anesthesia during colonoscopy increases the number of total colonoscopies and shortens the time of cecum intubation, increases the number of familiar pathological processes and decreases the sensation of pain as well as the frequency of side reactions. The implementation of general intravenous anesthesia has significantly increased the number of total colonoscopies in 94.3% of examined patients in relation to 78.7% of total colonoscopies of the control group and shortened the time of cecum intubation. It has significantly increased the number of familiar pathological changes in 46.7% of the patients in relation to the number of familiar pathological changes in 28.8% patients of the control group and significantly decreased pain intensity and the frequency of side reactions. A statistically greater pain intensity after colonoscopy was determined by the pain scale in the control group in comparison to the examinees of the experimental group. Likert satisfaction scale has shown that the experiment group assessed pain control and doctors’ opinion as significantly better, while the institution visits and the procedure, understanding the procedure, doctors’ technical skills, nurses’ and technical personnel’s personal opinions were assessed as significantly better in the control group. Out of all the examined factors on the satisfaction of both groups, the following ones had a significant inluence: the way the procedure was done, the level of pain, detected pathological changes and cecum intubation. A significanlty negative correlation was determined between the scale of satisfaction and the scale of pain in the control group. 80.1% of the control group patients stated that they would undergo a general anesthesia colonoscopy again in comparison to all the patients of the experimental group who would not change the way the procedure was previously done. The implementation of general intravenous anesthesia in the course of colonoscopy increases the number of total colonoscopies and detected pathological changes, decreases the frequency and intensity of side-effects therefore it enhances patients' sastisfaction, which could play a major role in colon cancer screening. It is necessary to extend the implementation of general intravenous anesthesia in other endoscopic procedures in order to introduce it in everyday clinical practice.

Primena različitih tretmana sa ciljem redukcije sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi šećerne repe potencijalan je metod za poboljšanje parametara kvaliteta melase, lakše sprovođenje procesa desaharifikacije melase i sprečavanje eventualnih nepoželjnih promena pri skladištenju melase. Stoga je predmet istraživanja ove disertacije redukovanje sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi šećerne repe upotrebom prirodnih adsorbenata mineralnog (različiti tipovi bentonita) i celuloznog (celuloza različitog stepena čistoće i modifikovani ekstrahovani rezanci šećerne repe) porekla. Variranjem pH vrednosti sredine, suve materije melase i koncentracije primenjenog adsorbenta ispitan je sinergistički efekat uslova tretmana na stepen redukcije sadržaja nesaharoznih jedinjenja u melasi. Efikasnost sprovedenog tretmana utvrđena je na osnovu promena parametara kvaliteta melase i to boje, mutnoće, sadržaja saharoze, sadržaja suve materije i sadržaja pepela. Na osnovu rezultata uočava se da je pozitivan uticaj kombinovanog dejstva upotrebljenih adsorbenata i uslova tretmana najizraženiji kod mutnoće i boje melase što potvrđuje afinitet adsorbenata ka zadržavanju i/ili vezivanju bojenih materija. Takođe, navedeni pozitivan uticaj izražen je u manjoj ili većoj meri u zavisnosti od tipa primenjenog adsorbenta ali i uslova gde je uglavnom dominantan uticaj pH vrednosti
 The application of different treatments aiming to reduce the content of non-sugar compounds in sugar beet molasses is a potential method for molasses quality enhancement, facilitation of molasses desugarization process and prevention of any undesirable changes during molasses storage. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to reduce the content of non-sugar compounds in sugar beet molasses by using natural adsorbents of mineral (different types of bentonite) and cellulosic (cellulose of different purity and modified sugar beet pulp) origin. By varying treatment conditions such as pH, molasses dry substance and the applied adsorbent concentration, the synergistic effect of the treatment conditions on the reduction efficiency of non-sugar compounds content in molasses was examined. The treatment effectiveness was determined based on changes in molasses quality parameters, namely color, turbidity, sucrose content, dry substance content and ash content.According to the obtained results, the positive influence of the combined effect of applied adsorbents and treatment conditions is most pronounced for molasses quality parameters turbidity and colour, which confirms the applied adsorbents affinity towards coloured compounds retention or binding. Also, the stated positive influence is expressed to a greater or lesser extent depending on the type of adsorbent used as well as the conditions applied, where the influence of pH is mainly dominant.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the defining characteristics of the genre-theory analytically for isiXhosa. The five chosen genre texts in isiXhosa, extracted from five Bona magazine, deal with social problems. Firstly the study investigates the theory of genre-based approach. The genre-based approach forms the framework for the analysis of the isiXhosa texts. The ethnography of writing posited in the theory of text construction of Grabe and Kaplan (1996) is explored. This theory is accepted as an underlying framework for teaching writing in isiXhosa in Curriculum 2005. The ethnography of writing entails addressing the following questions: who writes, what, to whom, for what purpose, why and how. Secondly, the write parameter, which is extensively examined, deals with the six learning outcomes such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, thinking and reasoning, language structure, in relation to the assessment standards, as a realisation of communicative purpose. The text-linguistic characteristics of the genre approach involving Grabe and Kaplan's model of writing are explored in the five isiXhosa magazine texts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die onderskeidende kenmerke van die genre-teorie analities vir isiXhosa. Die vyf genre-tekste van die BONA tydskrif wat gekies word, handeloor sosiale probleme. Die studie ondersoek eerstens die teorie van die genre-gebaseerde benadering. Die genre-gebaseerde benadering vorm die raamwerk vir die analise van die isiXhosa tekste. Die etnografie van skryf soos gepostuleer in die teorie van tekskonstruksie van Grabe en Kaplan (1996) word ondersoek. Hierdie teorie word aanvaar as onderliggende raamwerk in die onderrig van skryfvaardighede in Kurrikulum 2005. Die etnografie van skryf, behels die ondersoek van die vrae: wie skryf wat aan wie, vir watter doel, wanneer, waarom, en hoe. Tweedens, die skryf parameter, wat uitgebreid ondersoek word met verwysing na die Xhosa tekste, hou ook verband met die leeruitkomste van luister, lees, praat, denkvaardighede en taalstruktuur, met betrekking tot die assesseringsstandaarde, as 'n realisering van kommunikatiewe doelstelling. Die tekslinguisitiese eienskappe word ondersoek soos gepostuleer deur Grabe en Kaplan t.o.v. die vyf Xhosa tydskrifartikels.
ISICATSHULWA Lo msebenzi uphonononga ukwakhiwa kwe thiyori yegenre ngokuhlalutyiweyo. Itekisi zegenre ezintlanu zijonga iingxaki zasekuhlaleni yaye zicatshulwe kumabali amahlanu encwadi ekuthiwa yiBona. Okokuqala lo msebenzi uphanda ithiyori ebanzi ngendlela ethi igenre ijongwe ngayo. Le yimvelaphi yohlobo Iwetekisi yolwimi IwesiXhosa. Indlela yokubhala amagama ivela kwithiyori ka Grabe no Kaplan (1996). Le thiyori yamkelekile njengesiseko sokufundisa ukubhala. Iquka indlela yokubhala enale mibuzo: ngubani obhalayo, ebhala ntoni, ebhalela bani, siyintoni isizathu, ngoba kutheni, ebhala njani. Imigaqo okanye imimiselo yokubhala iyavavanywa yaye iza kujongana neziphumo zokufunda ezithandathu ezizezi: ukumamela, ukuthetha, ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala, ukucinga nokuqiqa, ukwakhiwa kolwimi nokusetyenziswa, nendlela yokuhlola njengenjongo yokudlulisa umba lowo. Ezi mpawu zolwimi Iwetekisi yokusetyenziswa kwegenre zizakujongwa banzi kusetyenziswa Ie ndlela yokubhala ka Grabe no Kaplan. Iziphumo zemfundo eyile: ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala, ukucinga nokuqiqa ziza kunikwa uqwalaselo olulodwa. Okokugqibela abafundi bebanga lesixhenxe baza kuba nakho ukukubona ukuvisisana nokudibana kokubhala ukucinga ukuqiqa kunye nemiqathango yokuhlolwa.

Zadatak ove doktorske disertacije, koji se sastojao iz dva dela, je bio da se pokaže mogućnost zamene sintetičkih pigmenata, koji se danas koriste u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji jaja, sa prirodnim izvorima pigmenata i njihov uticaj na boju žumanca, kao i mogućnost promene nutritivnog profila jaja dodatkom ko-ekstrudata lana, lanika i konoplje bogatih omega-3 masnim kiselinama u smeše za ishranu kokoši nosilja. U cilju realizacije postavljenih zadataka izvedena su dva biološka ogleda, u kojima su koriščene kokoši nosilje Lohmann Brown rase.U prvom biološkom ogledu kokoši nosilje su prema eksperimentalnom dizajnu podeljene u 12 tretmana, deset eksperimentalnih i dva kontrolna, koji su se razlikovali prema izvoru dodatih pigmenata. Kao prirodni pigmenti korišćeni su: cvet nevena, sušena šargarepa i crvena mlevena začinska paprika. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, utvrđeno je da dodatak prirodnih izvora pigmenata u količini od 1,5%, ne utiče na tehnološke parametre kvaliteta jaja. Takođe je utvrđeno da dodatak nevena i šargarepe, pojedinačno ili u kombinaciji, ne može da doprinose boji žumanca većoj od 10 prema Roche lepezi, dok dodatak paprike u količini od 1% i 1,5% doprinosi da se ostvari boja žumanca veća od 14 prema Roche lepezi. OPTIMALNA narandžasta boja žumanca, sa vrednostima od 12 do 14 prema Roche lepezi, koja je bila cilj prvog dela doktorske disertacije, ostvarena je u tretmanima u kojima je u ishranu kokoši nosilja dodato 1% nevena i 0,5% paprike, 1% šargarepe i 0,5% paprike, kao i 0,5% od sve tri komponente. U cilju postizanja optimalne boje žumanaca u drugom biološkom ogledu odabrana je kombinacija sa 1% šargarepe i 0,5% paprike obzirom da je šargarepa jeftinija i ekonomski isplativija sirovina od nevena.U drugom biološkom ogledu kokoši nosilje su prema eksperimentalnom dizajnu podeljene u 8 tretmana, šest eksperimentalnih i dva kontrolna, kojisu se razlikovali prema izvoru i količini dodate masti (3% i 5%), kao i izvoru pigmenata (sintetički i prirodni). Kao izvori polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, u smeše za ishranu kokoši nosilja, dodavani su: ko-ekstrudati lana, lanika i konoplje u količini od 13,5% i 22,5% lana, 16,6% i 27,6% lanika i 18,4% i 30,7% konoplje. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da dodatak ko-ekstrudata u navedenim količinama ne utiče na tehnološke parametre kvaliteta jaja. Optimalna boja žumanca, sa vrednostima od 12,50 do 13,39 prema Roche lepezi, i sa najvišim senzorskim ocenama za prihvatljivost, ujednačenost i nijansu boje, ostvarena je u svim eksperimentalnim tretmanima, čime je potvrđen rezultat iz prvog dela doktorske disertacije.Najvažniji rezultat, sa aspekta nutritivne vrednosti žumanca, koji je ostvaren dodatkom ko-ekstrudata lana, lanika i konoplje u ishranu kokoši nosilja jeste smanjenje ukupnog sadržaja zasićenih masnih kiselina (SFA), a povećanje sadržaja poželjnih omega - 3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina: α-linolenske kiseline (ALA), eikozapentaenske kiseline (EPA) i dokozaheksaenske kiseline (DHA), kao i povećanje sadržaja ukupnih tokoferola.Dodatkom ko-ekstrudata u hranu za kokoši nosilje postignut je mnogo bolji odnos ω-6/ω-3 masnih kiselina u žumancima. Međutim, sa aspekta senzorskog kvaliteta, dodatak ko-ekstrudata lana pokazao je negativan uticaj na ukus jaja u odnosu na dodatak ko-ekstrudata lanika i konoplje koji nisu narušili senzorska svojstva dobijenih jaja.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se, dodatkom odabranih kombinacija prirodnih izvora pigmenata, kao i odabranih izvora omega masnih kiselina, može dizajnirati funkcionalno jaje koje će imati poželjnu boju žumanca, povećan sadržaj omega - 3 masnih kiselina, a da pri tom ne dođe do narušavanja senzorskog profila jaja.
The aim of this doctoral dissertation, which consisted of two parts, was to show the possibility of replacing synthetic pigments, which are nowadays used in conventional egg production, with natural sources of pigments and their influence on the colour of the yolk, as well as the possibility of changing the nutritive egg profile by adding co-extruded flax, camelina seed and hempseed rich in omega-3 fatty acids in laying hens nutrition. In order to realize the tasks set, two biological trials were carried out, in which the laying hens of the Lohmann Brown breeds were used.In the first biological trial, according to the experimental design the laying hens were divided into 12 treatments, ten experimental and two controls, which differed in the source of added pigments. Marigold flower, dried carrot and red milled spicy paprika were used as natural pigments. Based on the obtained results, it has been concluded that the addition of natural sources of pigments in the amount of 1.5% does not affect the technological parameters of egg quality. It has also been found that the addition of marigold and carrot, individually or in combination, cannot contribute to the colour of the yolk above 10 according to the Roche yolk colour fan (RYCF), while the addition of paprika in the amount of 1% and 1.5% contributes to the colour of the yolk greater than 14 RYCF. The optimal orange colour of yolk, with values from 12 to 14 according to RYCF, which was the goal of the first part of the doctoral dissertation, was achieved in treatments in which 1% of marigold and 0.5% of paprika, 1% of carrot and 0.5% of paprika, as well as 0.5% of all three components were added in laying hens diets. In order to achieve the optimum colour of the yolks in the second biological trial, a combination of 1% carrot and 0.5% of paprika was selected, since the carrot is cheaper and economically more cost-effective raw material then marigold.In the second biological trial, according to the experimental design, laying hens were divided into 8 treatments, six experimental and two controls, which differed in the source and amount of added fat (3% and 5%), as well asin the source of pigments (synthetic and natural). As sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in laying hens diet were added: co-extruded flaxseed, camelina seed and hempseed in the amount of 13.5% and 22.5% of flax, 16.6% and 27.6% of camelina seed and 18.4% and 30.7% of hempseed. Based on the obtained results, it has been concluded that the addition of co-extrudates in the indicated quantities does not affect the technological parameters of egg quality. The optimal colour of the yolk, with values ranging from 12.50 to 13.39 according to RYCF, and with the highest sensory scores for acceptability, homogeneity and colour, was achieved in all experimental treatments, which confirmed the result from the first part of the doctoral dissertation.The most important result, from the aspect of the nutritional value of the yolk, achieved by the addition of co-extruded flaxseed, camelina seed and hempseed in laying hens diet, is a decrease in the total content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the increase in the content of the desired omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: α-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as an increase in total tocopherol content.With the addition of co-extrudates in laying hens diets, a much better ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids in yolks has been achieved. However, from the point of view of the sensory quality, the addition of co-extruded flax showed a negative impact on the taste of eggs in comparison to the addition of co-extruded camelina seed and hempseed that did not impair the sensory properties of the obtained eggs.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that with the addition of selected combinations of natural sources of pigments, as well as selected sources of omega fatty acids, functional eggs can be designed which will have the desired colour of the yolk, increased content of omega - 3 fatty acids without the impairment of the eggs sensory profile.

Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene homogenog, heterogenog i Fentonsličnog procesa u tretmanu obojenih otpadnih voda grafičke industrije.  Kao Fenton katalizatori korišćeni su sintetisani gvožđe(III)-molibdat i nano nula valentno gvožđe, kao i komercijalni gvožđe(II)-sulfat. Istraživanja  su sprovedena u četiri faze. U prvoj fazi  je izvršena sinteza  i karakterizacija  Fenton  katalizatora, pri čemu su ustanovljene njihove osnovne morfološke karakteristike. Nano nula valentno gvožđe je sintetisano iz ekstrakta  lišća hrasta, dok je  gvožđe(III)-molibdat sintetisan putem tzv. vlažnog hemijskog postupka. U drugoj fazi je  izvršena optimizacija Fenton procesa u tretmanu sintetičkih rastvora grafičkih  boja primenom nove statističke  metode,  definitive screening design.  U  cilju postizanja  maksimalnog stepena obezbojavanja i mineralizacije tretiranog uzorka  ispitan  je  uticaj  sledećih  procesnih parametara: inicijalne koncentracije boje, koncentracije gvožđa, pH vrednosti i koncentracije vodonik-peroksida. Nakon ustanovljenih optimalnih uslova i izvršene verifikacije predloženog optimuma, sproveden je tretman realnog efluenta.  Stepen mineralizacije  tretiranog  efluenta  ustanovljen  je  na  osnovu  vrednosti  sadržaja  ukupnog  organskog  ugljenika  i  hemijske  potrošnje kiseonika.  U cilju razumevanja mehanizma degradacije grafičkih boja u Fenton procesu, kao i identifikacije prirode  degradacionih  produkata,  izvršena  je  kvalitativna  gasno-hromatografska/maseno  spektrometrijska analiza. Kinetika obezbojavanja realnog  efluenta  najbolje  je opisana primenom  Behnajady  -  Modirshahla  -Ghanbary  modela,  koji  definiše  inicijanu  brzinu  i  oksidacioni  kapacitet  posmatranog  procesa.  Rezultati  su ukazali  na  moguću  primenu  Fenton  procesa  u  tretmanu  CMYK  boja  usled  postizanja  visokih  efikasnosti obezbojavanja i mineralizacije tretiranih efluenata. Nedostatak primenjene metode se ogleda u činjenici da je većina  uzoraka  okarakterisana  kao  visoko  toksična,  a  ujedno  i  izrazito  kisela,  budući  da  je  ustanovljena optimalna  pH  vrednost  Fenton  tretmana  2  -  3.  Stoga  je  u  okviru  treće  faze  istraživanja  primenjen  dodatni tretman  realnog  efluenta,  adsorpcija  na  aktivnom  uglju  sintetisanom  iz  koštica  divlje  šljive.  Adsorpcioni tretman  je rezultovao smanjenjem  toksičnosti  kod  svih tretiranih uzoraka, koji  se  karakterišu  kao nisko do umereno toksični, te je sa tog aspekta moguće njihovo bezbedno ispuštanje u recipijent. Ujedno je ustanovljena i povećana mineralizacija uzoraka, kao posledica degradacije jedinjenja koja su inicijalno doprinela povećanoj toksičnosti. U četvrtoj fazi rada primenjena je metoda ocenjivanja životnog ciklusa sinteze Fenton katalizatora. Rezultati LCA su utvrdili da sinteza heterogenog Fenton katalizatora, gvožđe(III)-molibdata, ostvaruje najveće opterećenje  životne  sredine,  dok  bi  se  proces  sinteze  nano  nula  valentnog  gvožđa  mogao  unaprediti modifikovanjem ekstrakcione faze uz korišćenje alternativnih materijala i obnovljivih izvora energije. Značaj  predstavljenih rezultata se ogleda u činjenici da su uzorci obojenih otpadnih voda grafičke industrije prvi put podvrgnuti Fenton tretmanu koji je rezultovao visokim stepenom efikasnosti.
The subject of this thesis is  exploring the possibility of homogeneous, heterogeneous and Fenton-like process application in the treatment of dye wastewater in printing industry. Synthesized iron(III)-molybdate and nano zero valent iron, as well as commercial iron(II)-sulfate were used as a Fenton catalyst. The research was carried out in four  phases.  In  the  first  phase,  the  catalyst  synthesis  and  their  characterization  were  performed,  whereby  the morphological characteristics were established. Nano zero valent iron was synthesized from  oak leaf extract  and iron(III)-molybdate was synthesized by wet chemical process. In the second phase, the optimization of Fenton process was performed within the treatment of synthetic printing dye solution using a new statistical method, a definitive screening design. In order to achieve maximum decolorization and mineralization of the treated sample, the influence of  following  process parameters was conducted: initial dye concentration, iron concentration, pH value  and hydrogen peroxide concentration.  The treatment of printing effluent was performed  after  establishing optimal  conditions  and  verifying  the  proposed  optimum  values.  Mineralization  degree  of  treated  effluent  was determined based on the results of total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. In order to understand the dye  degradation  mechanism  in  Fenton  process,  as  well  as  to  identify  degradation  products,  a  qualitative  gaschromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis was carried out. The  kinetic studies of the printing effluent were best described by using the Behnajady- Modirshahla-Ghanbary model, which defines the initial speed and oxidation capacity of the process. The results indicated the possible application of the Fenton process in the treatment of CMYK dyes due to the high decolorization and mineralization efficiency of treated effluent. Disadvantage of the applied method is reflected in the fact that most of the samples are characterized as highly toxic and,  at the same time, extremely acidic since the optimum pH value of Fenton treatment is 2 - 3. Therefore, in the third phase of the study, adsorption process on functionalized biochar prepared from wild plum kernels was applied on real printing effluent.  Adsorption  treatment  resulted  in  toxicity  reduction  in  all  treated  samples,  characterized  as  low  to moderately toxic. Therefore, from this aspect, treated effluent can be safely released into the recipient. At the same time, increased mineralization of the samples was established as a result of the compounds degradation that initially contributed to high toxicity. In the fourth phase, a life cycle assessment method of Fenton catalyst was applied. The results of the LCA indicated that the synthesis of the heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, iron(III) molybdate, achieved the highest environmental burden, while the synthesis of nano zero valent iron could be improved by modifying the extraction phase using alternative materials and renewable energy sources.  The significance of the obtained results is high decolorization efficiency achieved by Fenton treatment of printing dye wastewater,  which was used for the first time.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T11:42:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Tatiana Diello Borges - 2017.pdf: 2153806 bytes, checksum: fa1752b077fb1d1d1154781be12be116 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T11:52:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Tatiana Diello Borges - 2017.pdf: 2153806 bytes, checksum: fa1752b077fb1d1d1154781be12be116 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T11:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Tatiana Diello Borges - 2017.pdf: 2153806 bytes, checksum: fa1752b077fb1d1d1154781be12be116 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31
This research was carried out in a Modern Language Course at a federal university in central western Brazil and aimed at investigating the beliefs of an English language teacher educator about what it means to be a good English language teacher educator in the process of teaching and learning, and also at verifying the reflections of the English language teacher educator’s students, pre-service English teachers, about her beliefs. The theoretical framework was based on the field of language teachers’ education (PERRENOUD, 1999; CELANI, 2001, 2003; ALARCÃO, 2002, 2011; MATEUS, 2002; VIEIRA-ABRAHÃO, 2002; ARAÚJO, 2004; MIZUKAMI, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2008; MAZZA; ALVAREZ, 2011; NASCIMENTO, 2011; VIANA, 2011; HALU, 2014) and beliefs about foreign language teaching/learning (PAJARES, 1992; GIMENEZ, 1994; JOHNSON, 1994; BARCELOS, 1995; HORWITZ, 1999; SILVA, 2005; SOARES; BEJARANO, 2008; PERINE, 2012; MARQUES DE OLIVEIRA, 2013; HAYASHI, 2015). The case study methodology was employed and the following data collection instruments were used: questionnaires, narrative, interviews, class observations (supported by field notes and audio recordings), and group discussion. Regarding the teacher educator’s beliefs, results suggest that she believes that the good teacher educator makes use of pair/group work, employs ludic activities in classes, values continuous education, uses technological resources, works not only with intellectuality, but also with emotions/feelings, and can influence the adoption of postures throughout pre-service teacher’s academic education and teaching practice. The data obtained also reveal the existence of a central belief in which the other beliefs of the English language teacher educator are held: the good teacher educator must pay careful attention to the learning environment so that the learner can feel comfortable to learn. It is also verified that there is congruence between the teacher educator’s beliefs and her pedagogical actions. As for the reflections of students, pre-service teachers, concerning their teacher educator’s beliefs, results indicate that they share her beliefs and understand that they influence in a positive way both their academic education and teaching practices, since they already work as English language teachers. The analysis of the students’ reflections also suggests that the teacher educator’s central belief - the good teacher educator must pay careful attention to the learning environment so that the learner can feel comfortable to learn - seems to be understood in a positive way by the students, once they demonstrate a more humanized posture because they acknowledge that the learners’ emotional framework must be taken into consideration. This study indicates the importance of seriously considering the possibility of teacher educator’s influence in relation to their undergraduate students. It is imperative to keep this in mind when dealing with teachers’ education, since teacher educator’s beliefs and actions can influence both positively and negatively.
Esta pesquisa, realizada em um curso de Letras Inglês de uma universidade pública da região centro-oeste do Brasil, teve como objetivo investigar as crenças de uma professora formadora de língua inglesa acerca do que significa ser um bom professor formador de inglês ao longo do processo de se ensinar/aprender, além de verificar as reflexões de seus alunos, professores em formação, acerca de suas crenças. O referencial teórico apoiou-se na área de formação de professores de línguas (PERRENOUD, 1999; CELANI, 2001, 2003; ALARCÃO, 2002, 2011; MATEUS, 2002; VIEIRA-ABRAHÃO, 2002; ARAÚJO, 2004; MIZUKAMI, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2008; MAZZA; ALVAREZ, 2011; NASCIMENTO, 2011; VIANA, 2011; HALU, 2014) e de crenças no campo de ensino/aprendizagem de línguas (PAJARES, 1992; GIMENEZ, 1994; JOHNSON, 1994; BARCELOS, 1995; HORWITZ, 1999; SILVA, 2005; SOARES; BEJARANO, 2008; PERINE, 2012; MARQUES DE OLIVEIRA, 2013; HAYASHI, 2015). A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso, e os seguintes instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados: questionários, narrativa, entrevistas, observações de aulas, acompanhadas de anotações de campo e gravações em áudio, e grupo de discussão. Quanto às crenças da professora formadora, os resultados sugerem que ela acredita que o bom professor formador faz uso de trabalho em pares/grupos, emprega atividades lúdicas em suas aulas, preza pela formação contínua, utiliza recursos tecnológicos, não trabalha apenas com intelectualidade, mas também com emoções/sentimentos, e pode influenciar a adoção de posturas ao longo da formação e prática docente do professor em formação. Os dados obtidos também revelam a existência de uma crença central na qual se sustentam as demais crenças da professora formadora: o bom professor formador deve estar atento ao ambiente para que o aprendiz se sinta confortável para aprender. Verifica-se ainda que há congruência entre as crenças da formadora e suas ações pedagógicas. No tocante às reflexões dos alunos, professores em formação, em relação às crenças de sua docente formadora, os resultados indicam que eles compartilham de suas crenças e percebem que influenciam de modo positivo tanto em sua formação acadêmica quanto em suas práticas docentes, uma vez que já atuam como professores de língua inglesa. A análise das reflexões dos acadêmicos sugere também que a crença central da docente formadora de que o bom docente formador se preocupa em tornar o contexto de aprendizagem o mais favorável possível parece ser entendida por seus alunos positivamente, uma vez que demonstram uma postura mais humanizadora porque reconhecem que os aspectos emocionais dos aprendizes devem ser levados em consideração. Este estudo evidencia a importância de considerarmos seriamente a possibilidade de influência do docente formador em relação a seus formandos. É imprescindível ter isso em mente ao se formar professores, pois as crenças e ações dos formadores podem influenciar tanto de modo positivo quanto negativo.

Sarah Kane’s first play Blasted (1995) has often been read in a normative and biographical way by critics, authors and previous researchers. This essay makes a supplementary close reading of Blasted from gender and genealogical perspectives and utilizes theoretical works by Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray and Michel Foucault. My study makes clear that the characters different positions in language and talk create and maintain a power imbalance between them. Efforts to change and develop one’s individual position in language and talk are being made throughout the play since it is the only way to bring about a change in the social power structure. A fact that in turn also subsequently punishes those efforts. By analyzing the tools of representation, Kane points out a direct link between a violent power imbalance in a couples relationship and the violence of a war zone. In Blasted, it is revealed how violence in a private situation is mirrored in a situation of public violence and how the public violence, in turn, crawls back to the private zone and there repeats itself. By forcing one of the main characters to regress back to the infancy of language and from there alter the ability to act within the framework of human interrelations, Kane demonstrates how a change in social structures can be made, and as is shown in this essay, this indicates that a knowledge of how the social structures are being maintained and how they in turn can be disarranged, is what is required to create an opportunity for change.

Позоришни редитељ Боривоје Ханауска незаобилазан је у проучавању делатности Српског народног позоришта у периоду после Другог светског рата. Ханауска је од 1945. до 1967. (са прекидом од 1948. до 1952) у Српском народном позоришту режирао тридесет представа. Овај рад приказуке редитељски радБоривоја Ханауске у СНП, једног од најзначајнијих редитеља СНП-а, и на најбољиначин показује његовог значај и допринос развоју режије у српском послератномпозоришту. Методи истраживања били су историјски, театролошки, реконструкција ианализа свих тридесет представа које је Ханауска режирао у СНП, као и синтезадобијених резултата. Овај рад на основу доступне грађе обухвата сваки сегментњеговог рада на представи. У раду му је био важан сваки детаљ представе, залагао да домаћи драмски текст буде што више присутан на сцени, да се са сцене чује домаћи текст, а посебно је водио рачуна о визуелном аспекту. Један је од зачетника новог приступа драмској режији. Из сваке његове представе, у мањој или већој мери, излазила је поетичност, коју је носио дубоко у себи. Рад је илустрован палкатима и фотографијама из представа, а доноси и попис свих представа које је режирао са пописом свих актера, бројем извођења у СНП и на гостовању, као и бројем гледалаца.
Pozorišni reditelj Borivoje Hanauska nezaobilazan je u proučavanju delatnosti Srpskog narodnog pozorišta u periodu posle Drugog svetskog rata. Hanauska je od 1945. do 1967. (sa prekidom od 1948. do 1952) u Srpskom narodnom pozorištu režirao trideset predstava. Ovaj rad prikazuke rediteljski radBorivoja Hanauske u SNP, jednog od najznačajnijih reditelja SNP-a, i na najboljinačin pokazuje njegovog značaj i doprinos razvoju režije u srpskom posleratnompozorištu. Metodi istraživanja bili su istorijski, teatrološki, rekonstrukcija ianaliza svih trideset predstava koje je Hanauska režirao u SNP, kao i sintezadobijenih rezultata. Ovaj rad na osnovu dostupne građe obuhvata svaki segmentnjegovog rada na predstavi. U radu mu je bio važan svaki detalj predstave, zalagao da domaći dramski tekst bude što više prisutan na sceni, da se sa scene čuje domaći tekst, a posebno je vodio računa o vizuelnom aspektu. Jedan je od začetnika novog pristupa dramskoj režiji. Iz svake njegove predstave, u manjoj ili većoj meri, izlazila je poetičnost, koju je nosio duboko u sebi. Rad je ilustrovan palkatima i fotografijama iz predstava, a donosi i popis svih predstava koje je režirao sa popisom svih aktera, brojem izvođenja u SNP i na gostovanju, kao i brojem gledalaca.
The theatre director Borivoje Hanausca is an unavoidable figure in the study of the Serbian National Theatre (SNP) activities in the period after the Second World War. Hanausca directed thirty plays in the Serbian National Theatre from 1945-1967(with a break from 1948-1952). This study describes the work of the theatre director Borivoje Hanausca in the Serbian National Theatre being one of the most significant directors in it and in the best way presents his contribution to the development of directing in the Serbian post-war theatre. The research methods in this work are historical andtheatrical; reconstruction and analysis of all the thirty plays Hanausca directed in the Serbian National Theatre as well as the synthesis of the results that were obtained. This study includes each part of his work in his plays, on the basis of the material which was available. He considered every single detail of his plays important; he supported Serbian plays to be both present and heard from the stage as much as possible and he particularly took care of visual aspects. He is one of thecreators of the new approach to theatre play directing. Poetics he had deep within himself came out and was present, more or less, in his plays. This work is illustrated with posters and photographs from his plays and there is a list of all plays he directed and the names of all the people involved in the performances, the number of performances in the Serbian National Theatre and performed on tour, as well as the number of audiences.

This study has been undertaken to explore and investigate the genre-theoretic properties of social commentary texts in isiXhosa' -- P. ii.
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study has been undertaken to explore and investigate the genre-theoretic properties of social commentary texts in isiXhosa. Five social commentary texts are chosen from the Bona magazine dealing with social problems, which the writers want the readers to focus on. The genre-based approach to the isiXhosa texts is employed as framework to analyse social commentary texts. The genre based approach involves the view of being explicit about the way language works to make meaning in social commentary texts. This means in this study that the engagement of students and language educators is important. The genre based approach represents a fundamentally new educational paradigm of language teaching in Curriculum 2005. The implications for teaching isiXhosa will be given consideration given that texts belong to different genres. Some of these implications of Freedom and Medway (1992) are discussed. The genre-theoretic approach is utilized in such a way to form a framework -__ for analysing discourse properties of the isiXhosa texts. The theory of text construction of Grabe and Kaplan (1996) deals with textlinguistic analysis and the ethnography of writing. The following questions are examined: who writes, what, where, why, to whom, how and for what purpose? These parameters of writing give an explicit framework for the analysis. Textlinguistic properties are explored and the isiXhosa texts will be analysed according to these properties. The five learning outcomes which include: listening, speaking, reading and viewing, writing and thinking and reasoning together with their assessment standards are into considered when dealing with Outcome Based language Education in relation to the genre approach to language teaching.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is onderneem om 'n ondersoek te doen na die genre-teoretiese eienskappe van sosiale kommentaartekste in isiXhosa. Vyf sosiale kommentaartekste is gekies vanuit die BONA tydskrif wat handeloor sosiale probleme waarop die skrywers die lesers se aandag wil fokus. Die genre-gebaseerde benadering tot die isiXhosa tekste word gebruik as raamwerk om die sosiale kommentaar tekste te ontleed. Die genre-gebaseerde benadering behels die siening in hierdie studie dat daar eksplisiet gewees moet word oor die wyse waarop taal werk om betekenis te skep in sosiale kommentaar tekste. Die genre-gebaseerde benadering verteenwoordig 'n fundamenteelnuwe paradigma vir taalonderrig in Curriculum 2005. Die implikasies vir die onderrig van isiXhosa salondersoek word met inagneming dat tekste tot verskillende genres behoort. Van hierdie implikasies, soos ondersoek deur Freedom en Medway (1992) word bespreek. Die genre-teoretiese benadering word aangewend as 'n raamwerk vir die analise van die diskoerseienskappe van isiXhosa tekste. Die teorie van Grabe en Kaplan (1996) hou verband met tekslinguistiese analise en die etnografie van skryf. Dit ondersoek die volgende vrae: Wie skryf wat vir wie, waar, hoe en vir watter doel? Hierdie parameters van skryf gee 'n eksplisiete raamwerk vir die analise van die Xhosa tekste. Tekslinguistiese eienskappe van isiXhoda word ondersoek en die tekste word ontleed n.a.v. hierdie eienskappe. Die vyf leeruitkomste, luister, lees, skryf, praat en denkvaardighede en argumentasie, saam met hulle assesseringsstandaarde, van Kurrikulum 2005, word beskou in die lig van Uitkomsgebaseerde taalonderrig en die verband daarvan tot die genre-gebaseerde benadering.

Hirurška inetrvencija aktivira odgovor organizma na stres, pokreću se neuroendokrine promene u organizmu, što rezultira neželjenom hemodinamskom nestabilnošću, promenama metabolizma, endokrinog i imunog sistema. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi uticaj kaudalnog bloka na nivo perioperativnog stresa i njegova efikasnot u zbrinjavanju intra- i postoperativnog bola. Ovo prospektivno, randomizirano kliničko ispitivanje obuhvatalo je 80 dečaka, uzrasta 2-5godina, kojima su bile indikovane urološke operacije. Jedna grupa (n = 38) je primila opštu anesteziju, a druga (n = 38) opštu anesteziju sa kaudalnim blokom. Mereni su intraoperativno hemodinamski parametri u 8 merenja, ukupna potrošnja svih datih lekova i intenzitet bola u 3 navrata postoperativno. Uzorci krvi uzeti su pre uvoda u anesteziju i nakon buđenja pacijenta, i ispitivan je nivo glukoze, kortizola, leukocita, leukocitarne formule, pH i laktata. Deca koja su primila kaudalni blok imala su, postoperativno, značajno niži nivo glukoze u serumu (p <0,01), koncentracije kortizola (p <0,01), leukocita i neutrofila (p <0,01), laktata i acidoze, a takođe su imali i niže ocene bola u sve tri momenta merenja (p<0,01). Intraoperativno utvrđena je veća hemodinamska stabilnost i manja potrošnja analgetika perioperativno. Takođe, u toj grupi nije bilo komplikacija. Kombinacija kaudalnog bloka sa opštom anestezijom je bezbedna metoda, koja dovodi do manjeg stresa, veće hemodinamske stabilnosti, nižih ocena bola i manje potrošnjelekova.
Surgery generates a neuroendocrine stress response, resulting in undesirable haemodynamic instability, alterations in metabolic response and malfunctioning of the immune system. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of caudal blocks in intra- and postoperative pain management and in reducing the stress response in children during the same periods. This prospective, randomized clinical trial included 80 patients scheduled for elective urological operations. One group (n = 38) received general anaesthesia and the other (n = 38) received general anaesthesia with a caudal block. Haemodynamic paramethers, drug consumption and pain intensity were measured. Blood samples for serum glucose, cortisol level, leukocytes, pH and lactate level were taken before anaesthesia induction and after awakening the patient. Children who received a caudal block had, postoperativly, significantly lower serum glucose (p < 0.01), cortisol concentrations (p < 0.01), leukocytes (p<0,01), lower lactate level and acidosis,also pain scores were lower at all 3 measurments (p<0,01). Intraoperativly greater haemodynamic stability and lower drug consumption were noticed. Also, there were no side effects or complications identified in that group. The combination of caudal block with general anaesthesia is a safe method that leads to less stress, greater haemodynamic stability, lower pain scores and lower consumption of medication.

A língua não é apenas um meio através do qual o ser humano expressa seu pensamento. Também não é apenas um código virtual já pronto e disponível fora do contexto de formação. Qualquer uma dessas compreensões desconsidera, a seu próprio modo, os falantes e situações de uso como determinantes dos fatos e regras da língua. A língua é essencialmente dialógica e deve ser compreendida enquanto forma ou processo de inter-ação, no qual os usuários interagem enquanto sujeitos sociais. Ela não é trabalho de um indivíduo, mas trabalho social e histórico seu e dos outros. E é para os outros e com os outros que ela se constitui. Por isso, se afirma que as interações ocorrem no interior de um enorme contexto social, histórico e ideológico e, nesses limites, a linguagem sofre interferências. Essa concepção exige uma leitura diferenciada do texto bíblico, ou seja, uma abordagem que alcance o aspecto histórico, social e dialógico do texto. Dessa maneira, o que se propõe é a leitura bíblica por meio do método sociológico, a leitura dos quatro lados. Esse método parte do pressuposto de que existem quatro lados ou aspectos que são determinantes na vida social de um povo. É uma metodologia orientada para uma leitura simplificada, com fins didáticos, que apresenta a totalidade do dinamismo social em quatro grandes aspectos ou dimensões da realidade social, a saber: econômico, social, político e ideológico. Fundamentado na concepção dialógica do texto, na teoria dos gêneros, no aspecto histórico-cultural com dados obtidos através de uma análise exegética e, especialmente, no aspecto sociológico da parábola do bom samaritano, este trabalho realiza uma leitura sociológica do texto de Lucas 10.2537 para alcançar o propósito da parábola do Bom Samaritano. Com essa leitura se identificaram várias vozes sociais que permeiam o texto e, também, uma proposta peculiar de modelo cristão que procura o sujeito do amor cristão em vez de se preocupar com o objeto e o limite dessa compaixão.
Language is not only a means through which human beings express their thought. It also is not simply a virtual code ready and available outside of the formation context. Any one of these comprehensions, each in its own way, does not consider the speakers and the situations of use as determiners of the facts and rules of the language. Language is essentially dialogic and should be understood as a form or process of inter-action, in which the users interact as social subjects. It is not the work of one individual, but the social and historical work of that individual and of others. And it is constituted for the others and with the others. That is why it is affirmed that the interactions occur within an enormous social, historical and ideological context and, in these limits, language suffers interferences. This concept demands a differentiated reading of the biblical text, that is, an approach which takes in the historical, social and dialogic aspect of the text. Thus, what is being proposed is a biblical reading through the sociological method, a reading from the four sides. This method is based on the presupposition that there exist four sides or aspects which determine the social life of a people. It is a methodology orientated toward a simplified reading with didactic goals, which presents the totality of the social dynamism in four great aspects or dimensions of the social reality, that is: economic, social, political and ideological. Based on the dialogic concept of the text, on the theory of genres, on the historical-cultural aspect with data obtained from an exegetical analysis and, especially, on the sociological aspect of the parable of the Good Samaritan, this paper carries out a sociological reading of the text of Luke 10:25-37 to reach the goal of the parable of the Good Samaritan. With this reading various social voices were identified which permeate the text as was also identified a peculiar proposal of a Christian model which seeks the protagonist of the Christian love instead of being concerned with the object and the limit of this compassion.

Лесно-палеоземљишне секвенце на простору Војводине (северна Србија) представљају најзначајније регионалне палеоклиматске и палеоеколошке архиве. Испитивана секвенца Орловат- циглана на Тамишком, као и Дукатар педокомплекс V-S5 на Тителском лесном платоу изграђени су од седимената квартарне старости, формираних током глобалних палеоклиматских промена које  су се одиграле током горњег  и средњег плеистоцена. Промена боје између леса и палеоземљишта представља једно од најважнијих визуелних обележја ових литолошких чланова. Такође, наведене промене у блиској су вези са степеном развоја земљишта. Најизраженије разлике у боји између леса и палеоземљишта  базиране су на заступљености два феромагнетична минерала- хематита и гетита. Поменути гвожђевити минерали имају значајну заступљеност у земљиштима и носиоци су записа о климатским и еколошким променама.  Земљишта која садрже само, или готово искључиво гетит имају жуту боју. Када је присутан хематит боја углавном постане црвенкаста, због чињенице да црвени хематит веома успешно маскира жути гетит. Детаљним теренским и лабораторијским истраживањима поменутих лесно-палеоземљишних секвенци добијене су колориметријске вредности и вредности стенског магнетизма презентоване у оквиру ове дисертације. Боја лесно-палеоземљишних  седимената у влажном и сувом стању  одређена је применом Манселовог каталога боја земљишта,  а рефлективност боја лесних и палеоземљишних узорака одређена је инструментално, помоћу тристимулусног колориметра. Колориметријске вредности дате су у  CIE  L*, a*, b* колорном систему.  Боје одређене у влажном и сувом стању  (помоћу Манселовог каталога боја) коришћене су за израчунавање вредности рубификације и меланизације, параметара који представљају саставни део индекса развоја земљишта. Као алтернативни показатељ црвенила земљишта (рубификације) и промене  у садржају хематита,  послужио је  индекс црвенила  земљишта. Вредновање/рангирањe црвенила земљишта извршено је за изразито рубификовано палеоземљиште V-S5 са профила Дукатар. Такође је извршено и мерење магнетног сусцептибилитета који има широку примену у лесно-палеоземљишним  студијама као показатељ интензитета педогенезе. Резултати истраживања  представљени у овој студији указују на значај локалитета Орловат, као кључног палеоклиматског и палеоеколошког архива горњег плеистоцена на простору Баната (северна Србија), односно југоисточног дела Карпатског (Панонског) басена. Са друге стране, резултати колориметријско-магнетних истраживања на  локалитету Дукатар (V-S5) указују да је испитивано палеоземљиште формирано током периода MIS 13-15  (479-640 ka),  који се карактерише вишим температурама током летњих месеци и/ или дужим сушним периодима.  На основу палеопедолошких интерпретација, добијених колориметријских вредности и вредности индекса развоја земљишта изложених у овој студији, може се констатовати да испитиване лесно-палеоземљишне секвенце указују на сукцесију еколошких услова који се крећу од семи-хумидно суптропских окружења (V-S5) до типичних степских окружења (V-S1). Компарација са другим евроазијским лесно-палеоземљишним записима указује на присутност сличног палеоклиматског тренда. Резултати ове дисертације јасно апострофирају значај примене колориметријских метода у интердисциплинарном приступу приликом процене присутности феромагнетика и одређивања стенског магнетизма лесно-палеоземљишних секвенци средњег и горњег плеистоцена у средњем делу басена Дунава. Такође, овакав приступ значајан је приликом  истраживања климатских и еколошких услова и успостављања корелација са другим локалитетима на регионалном нивоу.
Lesno-paleozemljišne sekvence na prostoru Vojvodine (severna Srbija) predstavljaju najznačajnije regionalne paleoklimatske i paleoekološke arhive. Ispitivana sekvenca Orlovat- ciglana na Tamiškom, kao i Dukatar pedokompleks V-S5 na Titelskom lesnom platou izgrađeni su od sedimenata kvartarne starosti, formiranih tokom globalnih paleoklimatskih promena koje  su se odigrale tokom gornjeg  i srednjeg pleistocena. Promena boje između lesa i paleozemljišta predstavlja jedno od najvažnijih vizuelnih obeležja ovih litoloških članova. Takođe, navedene promene u bliskoj su vezi sa stepenom razvoja zemljišta. Najizraženije razlike u boji između lesa i paleozemljišta  bazirane su na zastupljenosti dva feromagnetična minerala- hematita i getita. Pomenuti gvožđeviti minerali imaju značajnu zastupljenost u zemljištima i nosioci su zapisa o klimatskim i ekološkim promenama.  Zemljišta koja sadrže samo, ili gotovo isključivo getit imaju žutu boju. Kada je prisutan hematit boja uglavnom postane crvenkasta, zbog činjenice da crveni hematit veoma uspešno maskira žuti getit. Detaljnim terenskim i laboratorijskim istraživanjima pomenutih lesno-paleozemljišnih sekvenci dobijene su kolorimetrijske vrednosti i vrednosti stenskog magnetizma prezentovane u okviru ove disertacije. Boja lesno-paleozemljišnih  sedimenata u vlažnom i suvom stanju  određena je primenom Manselovog kataloga boja zemljišta,  a reflektivnost boja lesnih i paleozemljišnih uzoraka određena je instrumentalno, pomoću tristimulusnog kolorimetra. Kolorimetrijske vrednosti date su u  CIE  L*, a*, b* kolornom sistemu.  Boje određene u vlažnom i suvom stanju  (pomoću Manselovog kataloga boja) korišćene su za izračunavanje vrednosti rubifikacije i melanizacije, parametara koji predstavljaju sastavni deo indeksa razvoja zemljišta. Kao alternativni pokazatelj crvenila zemljišta (rubifikacije) i promene  u sadržaju hematita,  poslužio je  indeks crvenila  zemljišta. Vrednovanje/rangiranje crvenila zemljišta izvršeno je za izrazito rubifikovano paleozemljište V-S5 sa profila Dukatar. Takođe je izvršeno i merenje magnetnog susceptibiliteta koji ima široku primenu u lesno-paleozemljišnim  studijama kao pokazatelj intenziteta pedogeneze. Rezultati istraživanja  predstavljeni u ovoj studiji ukazuju na značaj lokaliteta Orlovat, kao ključnog paleoklimatskog i paleoekološkog arhiva gornjeg pleistocena na prostoru Banata (severna Srbija), odnosno jugoistočnog dela Karpatskog (Panonskog) basena. Sa druge strane, rezultati kolorimetrijsko-magnetnih istraživanja na  lokalitetu Dukatar (V-S5) ukazuju da je ispitivano paleozemljište formirano tokom perioda MIS 13-15  (479-640 ka),  koji se karakteriše višim temperaturama tokom letnjih meseci i/ ili dužim sušnim periodima.  Na osnovu paleopedoloških interpretacija, dobijenih kolorimetrijskih vrednosti i vrednosti indeksa razvoja zemljišta izloženih u ovoj studiji, može se konstatovati da ispitivane lesno-paleozemljišne sekvence ukazuju na sukcesiju ekoloških uslova koji se kreću od semi-humidno suptropskih okruženja (V-S5) do tipičnih stepskih okruženja (V-S1). Komparacija sa drugim evroazijskim lesno-paleozemljišnim zapisima ukazuje na prisutnost sličnog paleoklimatskog trenda. Rezultati ove disertacije jasno apostrofiraju značaj primene kolorimetrijskih metoda u interdisciplinarnom pristupu prilikom procene prisutnosti feromagnetika i određivanja stenskog magnetizma lesno-paleozemljišnih sekvenci srednjeg i gornjeg pleistocena u srednjem delu basena Dunava. Takođe, ovakav pristup značajan je prilikom  istraživanja klimatskih i ekoloških uslova i uspostavljanja korelacija sa drugim lokalitetima na regionalnom nivou.
Loess-palaeosol sequences in Vojvodina (North Serbia) represent a significant  terrestrial sedimentary archives of climate and environmental changes during Pleistocene. The investigated sequence Orlovat on Tamiš, and Dukatar pedocomplex V-S5 on Titel loess plateau are comprised of quaternary sediments, formed due to global paleoclimatic changes during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. Loess and intercalated paleosols are characterized by significantly different colors. Obvious changes in hues can be interpreted as a consequence of different climate conditions under which pedocomplexes were formed. Goethite and hematite are the main iron oxides in loess and paleosols that strongly influence color differences. Presence of the above mentioned ferrimagnetica represent proxy of climatic and ecological changes. Soils containing only, or almost exclusively, goethite are yellow. When hematite is present, the color usually becomes reddish because the red hematite is very effective in masking the yellow goethite. Sampling and laboratory investigations of the mentioned loess-paleosol sections provided rock magnetic and colorimetric perspective on the Late and Middle Plistocene climate presented in this study. Wet colors were determined using a Munsell soil color chart. Dry colors were observed using the same Munsell soil color notation. Then, the dry samples were ground using mortar and pestle and color reflectance of loess and paleosol samples was determined colorimetrically using a chromameter. Color values  as determined by the chromameter are given in the CIE L*, a*, b* color space. Wet and dry colors, determined by Munsell soil color chart were used for calculation of Rubification and Melanization Indices. The Rubification Index and Melanization Index represent common soil development indices. As an alternative proxy for soil reddening (rubification) and changes in the hematite content, the Redness Index was determined as well. The Redness Rating was calculated as average from moist and dry Munsell colors for strongly rubified pedocomplex V-S5 (Dukatar section). Rock magnetic measurements were carried out as well, since this parameter is generally  applied as proxy for the exclusively pedogenetically formed fraction of ferrimagnetica (as shown in many loess-paleosol studies). The results presented in this study highlighted the importance of the Orlovat section as a key archive for the Late  Pleistocene paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of the Banat region in Serbia, the southeastern part of the Carpathian (Pannonian) Basin. On the other hand, rock magnetic and colorimetric results of the Dukatar (V-S5) pedocomplex shows that investigated paleosol was formed during MIS 13-15 (479-640 ka), a period characterized by increase in summer temperature and/or duration of summer dryness.  Due to paleopedological interpretations and measured colorimetric and soil development index values, it can be highlited that investigated loess-paleosol sequences presented in this study indicate a succession of interglacial environmental changes from semi-humid subtropical environments (V-S5) towards landscapes with typical steppe soils (V-S1). Comparison with equivalent Eurasian loess-paleosol records indicate a similar paleoclimatic trend. This study points out the potential of a joined colorimetric or spectrometric analyses and rock magnetic analyses in paleoenvironmental investigations on loess-paleosol sequences and correlation establishment between other sections on regional level.

Knowledge of Indigenous language and identity for Australian Indigenous children is vital. Despite this there has been little research into the effects that living culture practice affords Australian Indigenous children through learning heritage language. Yarrabil (to sing) is one way in which Indigenous youth can participate in learning Indigenous language. Through a series of surveys, wula bora (focus group) sessions, interviews and reflections, the jarjum (children) of the Yugambeh language region assisted to discover how the process of participation in an urban Aboriginal children’s language choir can play an integral part in youth leadership, language acquisition, well-being (self-efficacy), and Identity and Aboriginality. The research also demonstrates how a language choir can safe-guard language and culture whilst building socio-cultural capital within an Indigenous community. The National Indigenous Languages Survey Report of 2005 listed the Aboriginal language Yugambeh of the Gold Coast, Logan and Scenic Rim regions of South-East Queensland, Australia as endangered. This thesis investigates an alternate way to girrebba (wake up) a sleeping language and engage youth in the process of learning their heritage language. The ‘Yugambeh Language and Song project’ provides academic knowledge in a relatively unstudied field, supports living culture practice and provides a model to assist other Indigenous communities to sing their language alive.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Arts Research (MARes)
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

Orientador : Kanavillil Rajagopalan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_SandraHelenaDiasde_D.pdf: 1443142 bytes, checksum: 231a45d2cc250197b5271a861e87c072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Com o objetivo de investigar os "valores", "opiniões" e "conceitos" evidenciados e constituídos na e sobre a linguagem, este trabalho pretendeu ser uma pequena contribuição àqueles interessados nas discussões sobre identidade, ética e linguagem na imprensa. Partindo do pressuposto de que a língua oferece um leque de possibilidades interpretativas e de que a identidade não é encontrada in natura, fundamentei minha reflexão sob o entendimento de língua como performativa e ao mesmo tempo constitutiva do discurso da história. Para refletir sobre a relação criada entre linguagem e ética na imprensa, a partir do construto que a identifica como "neutra", recorri aos estudos de discurso, política e identidade da análise crítica do discurso. O levantamento do que se considera "bom" ou "ruim" no comportamento da linguagem e da imprensa foi feito a partir da análise de três manuais de redação e estilo de jornais brasileiros. Além desses aparelhos de referência para a "boa" imprensa, foram analisados textos jornalísticos e livros técnicos, em especial, aqueles que trazem um discurso sobre linguagem e Imprensa. A tese central de que a linguagem é performativa e não informativa, como quer a imprensa, mobilizou uma discussão sobre a representação política que é feita pelos manuais, através da apresentação/divulgação da redação e do estilo jornalísticos, bem como dos procedimentos utilizados pelo profissional da imprensa. A representação, como um modo de agir sobre a construção das identidades, revela a modelização, que é lançada pela imprensa para sua linguagem e seu procedimento técnico, a qual produzirá, nas/pelas práticas discursivas hegemônicas do jornalismo, a "estreita ligação" entre ética e linguagem informativa e neutra na imprensa. Como aqui nada é conclusivo, pelo menos, no que tange a uma decisão eficientemente não vacilante para estudos posteriores, as discussões trazidas nesta investigação pretendem servir de sugestões para a reflexão ou desarrumação de alguns conceitos muito bem definidos no discurso sobre linguagem e jornalismo. Por fim, é preciso dizer que, se esta investigação servir para acautelar as pessoas envolvidas na promessa de Como Fazer um Bom Jornalismo com Palavras, o ato de fala aqui empreendido já terá sido feliz
Abstract: Aiming at investigating the "values", "opinions", and "concepts" evinced and constituted in and on language, this thesis had the purpose ofbeing a modest contribution to those interested in the discussions on identity, ethics and language in the press. Based upon the presupposition that language offers a sheaf of possibilities for interpretation and that identity is not found in natura, I will support my reflection with the understanding of language as both performative and constitutive of discourse and history. In order to reflect on the relation created between language and ethics in the press, fTomthe construct that identifies it as "neutral", I resorted to the studies of discourse, politics, and identity in the field of critical discourse analysis. The survey of what is considered "good" or "bad" in the behavior of language and the press was carried out from the analysis of three manuaIs of writing and style of Brazilian newspapers. Besides these reference texts to the good press, journalistic texts and technical books were analyzed, especially those which convey a discourse on language and the press. The central thesis is that language is performative and not informative, as the press wants, mobilized a discussion on the political representation that is made by the manuals, through the presentation/publicizing of journalistic writing and style, as well as the procedures utilized by the press professional. The representation, as a way of acting on the construction of identities, reveals the modelization that is launched by the press to its language and technical procedure, which will produce, in/by the joumalistic hegemonic discursive practices, the intimate link between ethics and informative and neutrallanguage in the press. As here, in this thesis, nothing is conclusive, at least in terms of a decision efficient1y unfaltering to ulterior studies, the discussions conveyed in this investigation intend to render suggestions for the reflection or displacement of some concepts very well defined by the discourse on language and journalism. Finally, it is worth saying that, if this investigation rendered with caution the persons involved in the promise of How to Do a Good Journalism with Words, the speech act undertaken here would already have been happy
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística

U ovoj tezi, uz pomoć literaturnih podataka prezentovano je geografsko poreklo masline i maslinovog ulja, njegova upotreba tokom istorije, proizvodni proces, senzorska svojstva, nutritivna vrednost i sastav masnih kiselina i održivost. U eksperimentalnom delu teze detaljno je analizirano pet uzoraka devičanskih maslinovih ulja-DMU proizvedenih na različitim maslinarskim područjima Libije tokom dve uzastopne proizvodne godine. Krakteristike ovih ulja su upoređene sa karakteristikama ekstra devičanskih maslinovih ulja najpoznatijih svetskih proizvođača, Italije. Španije i Grčke. Najvažnije masne kiseline u maslinovom ulju su sedam glavnih masnih kiselina- MK koje su detektovane u uzorcima DMU. Oleinska, palmitinska i linolna kiselina su dominantne, dok su druge MK detektovane u malim količinama.Najveći procenat palmitinske kiseline nadjen je u DMU sa područja Tripoli (P ≤ 0,05). Oleinska kiselina je dominantna u svim uzorcima DMU.Ustanovljeno je da je Libijsko DMU sa područja Gharyan poseduje najvišu koncentraciju oleinske kiseline, mononezasićenih masnih kiselina, najviši sadržaj bioaktivnih jedinjenja i najbolju nutritivnu vrednost.Bioaktivna jedinjenja u maslinovom ulju su tokoferoli, fenoli i pigmenti. Ova jedinjenja čine maslinovo ulje veoma zdravim. Ispitivana je, takođe, i fotostabilnost DMU pod uticajem fluorescentnog svetla u periodu od 35 dana. Ovi eksperimenti su sprovedeni sa tri uzorka DMU sa poreklom iz Libije u poređenju sa uljem iz Italije. Uzorci su bili izloženi fluorescentnom svetlu u providnoj i tamno smeđoj staklenoj ambalaži. Posmatrane su izmene karakteristika boje i rezultati su pokazali da fluorescentna svetlost utiče na smanjenje kvaliteta DMU više u uzorcima u transparentnoj ambalaži u poređenju sa onima u tamno smeđoj ambalaži.Osim toga, ispitana je i termostabilnost boje DMU primenom Schaal-Oven testa pod uticajem umerene temperature od 63 ± 2°C tokom perioda od 28 dana. Najmanje promene karakteristika i parametri najboljeg kvaliteta zabeležene su uzorku Gharyan DMU. Uzorak je sadržavao više pigmenata i fenolnih jedinjenja u poređenju sa uzorkom iz Italije i gubitak je bio najmanji za parametre boje. Pozitivna veza između jodnog broja i polinezasićenih masnih kiselina je registrovana sa koeficijentom korelacije r = +0,927. Primećena je i snažna pozitivna veza između sadržaja hlorofila i (a*) vrednosti boje, (r = + 0,859). Snažna pozitivna veza između TPC i AC (1/EC50DPPH) je takodje primećena, r je bio + 0,511. S druge strane, (1/EC50DPPH) je pokazao pozitivnu umerenu korelaciju sa TTC, (r = + 0,587).
In this thesis, with the help of literature data, the geographical origin of olive and olive oil, its use during history, production process, sensory properties, nutritive value and composition of fatty acids and sustainability were presented. In the experimental part of the thesis, five samples of virgin olive oils-VOO produced in various olive growing regions of Libya were analyzed in detail over the two consecutive production years. The qualities of these oils are compared with the characteristics of extra virgin olive oils of the world's most famous producers, Italy. Spain and Greece. The most important fatty acids in olive oil are the seven major fatty acids - FA that are detected in the VOO samples. Oleic, palmitic and linolenic acid are dominant, while other FAs are detected in small amounts. The largest percentage of palmitic acid was found in the VOO from the Tripoli area (P ≤ 0.05). Oleic acid is dominant in all VOO samples. It has been found that the Libyan VOO from the Gharyan region has the highest concentration of oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, the highest content of bioactive compounds and the best nutritional value. Bioactive compounds in olive oil are tocopherols, phenols and pigments. These compounds make olive oil very healthy. The VOO's photostability under the influence of fluorescent light for a period of 35 days was also examined. These experiments were carried out with three samples of VOO originating in Libya in comparison with oil from Italy. Samples were exposed to fluorescent light in transparent and dark brown glass containers. Changes in color characteristics were observed and the results showed that fluorescent light influences the quality of VOO more in samples in transparent packaging compared to those in dark brown packaging. In addition, the VOO color thermostability was tested using a Schaal-Oven test under the influence of a moderate temperature of 63 ± 2°C over a period of 28 days. The smallest changes in characteristics and parameters of the best quality were recorded in the Gharyan VOO sample. The sample contained several pigments and phenolic compounds compared to the sample from Italy and the loss was the smallest for the color parameters. The positive relationship between iodine and polyunsaturated fatty acids is registered with the coefficient of correlation r = + 0.927. A strong positive relationship between the content of chlorophyll and (a*) of the color value was noted, (r = + 0.859). A strong positive association between TPC and AC (1/EC50DPPH) was also observed, r was + 0.511. On the other hand, (1/EC50DPPH) showed a positive moderate correlation with TTC, (r = + 0.587).

Uvod: Lumbalni bolni sindrom (LBS) podrazumeva tegobe u vidu bolova, u lumbalnom ili lumbosakralnom segmentu kičmenog stuba, sa ili bez iradijacije u donje ekstremitete, uz poremećaj funkcije umbosakralnog dela kičmenog stuba, zaštitnu mišićnu reakciju na bol (spazam) uz moguće znake senzitivnog poremećaja. Laser male snage (LMS) ima široku primenu u fizikalnoj medicini i rehabilitaciji zbog analgetskog, antiinflamatornog, antiedematoznog i biostimulativnog dejstva. Cilj rada: Glavni ciljevi su bili da se utvrdi da li fizikalna terapija primenom LMS utiče na smanjenje bola, povećanje pokretljivost lumbalne kičme, smanjenje spazma pravertebralne muskulature, kao i na smanjenje funkcionalne osnesposobljenosti u subakutnom LBS. Materijal i metode: Sprovedena je prospektivna studija na 123 pacijenata (50 muškaraca i 73 žene), različitih profesija, izabranih metodom slučajnog izbora, prosečne životne dobi 32.59±5.67 godina (ispitivana grupa 31.87±5.84, kontrolna grupa 33.31±5.45, raspon od 19-45). U studiju su uključeni ispitanici koji su prvi put doživeli lumbalni bolni sindrom koji su pregledani u Odeljenju za fizikalnu medicinu i rehabilitaciju Doma zdravlja Novi Sad. Ispitivanu grupu je činio 61 ispitanik koji su uključeni u fizikalni tretman, primenom laseroterapije i kineziterapije uz medikamentoznu terapiju. Kontrolnu grupu je činilo 62 ispitanika koji koji su uključeni u fizikalni tretman primenom kineziterapije uz medikamentoznu terapiju. Svim ispitanicima je uzeta anamneza, obavljen klinički pregled, izvršena samoprocena bola i popunjavali su upitnike. Navedeno ispitivanje je sprovedeno na početku tretmana, nakon 6 nedelje i nakon sprovedenog tretmana. Korišćeni su sledeći upitnici: vizuelna analogna skala (VAS), standardizovani upitnici za merenje funkcionalnog ishoda - The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), The Rolland&Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) i SF-36 upitnik. Rezultati: Rezultati ukazuju da se intenzitet bola meren VAS skalom u obe ispitivane grupe značajno smanjivao tokom svih posmatranih perioda ispitivanja, pri čemu dobijena razlika između dve grupe nije statistički značajna (p=0.904). Pokretljivost lumbalne kičme u obe ispitivane grupe tokom posmatranog perioda se značajno povećala tokom svih posmatranih perioda ispitivanja, pri čemu dobijena razlika između dve grupe nije statistički značajna (p=0.798). U obe ispitivane grupe spazam paravertebralne muskulature se značajno smanjivao tokom svih posmatranih perioda ispitivanja, dok dobijena razlika između grupa nije statistički značajna (p=0.453). Funkcionalna onesposobljenost pacijenata (procenjivana smanjenjem funkcionalne onesposobljenosti ODI i RMDQ) se značajno smanjivala u obe ispitivane grupe pacijenata tokom svih posmatranih perioda ispitivanja. Dobijena razlika u skorovima procenjivana RMDQ između ispitivanih grupa pacijenata nije statistički značajna (p=0.648), kao i putem ODI skora između ispitivanih grupa (p=0.311). Procena funkcionalne onesposobljenosti putem procene kvaliteta života (SF-36), ukazuje da se kvalitet života značajno povećavao u svim ispitivanim skorovima u obe ispitivane grupe tokom svih posmatranih perioda ispitivanja. Nema razlika u funkcionalnoj onesposobljenost (SF-36), odnosno nema razlike u kvalitetu života u skorovima fizičko funkcionisanje, ograničenje zbog emocionalnih problema, socijalno funkcionisanje, mentalno zdravlje, telesni bol, energija i vitalnost, sumarni skor fizičkog i sumarni skor mentalnog zdravlja između ispitivanih grupa. Dimenzije kvaliteta života u skorovima ograničenje zbog fizičkog zdravlja je značajno bolje u kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika (p=0.028). Dimenzija kvaliteta života u skoru opšte zdravlje je značajno bolje u ispitivanoj grupi pacijenata (p=0.041). Zaključci. Primenom LMS u subakutnom LBS došlo je statistički značajnog smanjenja intenziteta bola, povećanja pokretljivosti lumbalne kičme, smanjenja spazma paravertebralne muskulature, kao i smanjenja funkcionalne onesposobljenosti. S obzirom da ne postoji koncenzus oko primene LMS, kao ni drugih metoda fizikalne terapije u subakutnom stadijumu LBS, navedeni rezultati bi mogli doprineti usvajanju kliničkih smernica, odnosno dijagnostičkih i terapijskih protokola za subakutni LBS.
Introduction: Low back pain syndrome (LBP) implies pain in the lumbar or lumbosacral segment of the spine, with or without irradiation into the lower extremities, with a disorder to the function of the lumbosacral part of the spine, a protective muscular reaction to pain (spasm) and possible signs of a sensory processing disorder. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has broad application in physical medicine and rehabilitation due to analgesic, antiinflammatory, anti-edematous and biostimulative effects. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine whether physical therapy with a LLLT has an effect on reducing pain, increasing mobility in the lumbar spine, reducing spasms of the paravertebral muscle, as well as in reducing functional incapacity in subacute LBP. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 123 patients (50 men and 73 women), of different professions, chosen through random selection, with a mean age of 32.59 ± 5.67 years (examined group 31.87 ± 5.84, control group 33.31 ± 5.45, range 19-45). The study included respondents who had experienced lumbar pain syndrome for the first time and who had been examined in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Novi Sad Health Center. The examined group consisted of 61 respondents undergoing physical treatment with the application of LLLT and kinesiotherapy with medication therapy. The control group consisted of 62 respondents undergoing physical treatment with the application of kinesiotherapy with medication therapy. All patients were subject to an anamnesis, a clinical examination, a selfassessment of pain and were required to complete questionnaires. The above study was carried out at the beginning of treatment, after 6 weeks, and after treatment was completed. The following questionnaires were used: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), standardized questionnaires for assessing functional outcomes – The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), The Rolland & Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: Results indicate that pain intensity assessed using the VAS scale was significantly decreased, in both examined groups, during all observed study periods, where the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.904). Mobility of the lumbar spine was significantly increased, in both examined groups, during all observed study periods, where the obtained difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.798). In both examined groups, spasm of the paravertebral musculature significantly decreased during all observed study periods, while the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.453). Functional disability of patients (assessed by a reduction of functional disabilities of ODI and RMDQ) significantly decreased in both examined groups of patients during all observed examination periods. The obtained difference in scores assessed via the RMDQ, between the studied patient groups, was not statistically significant (p = 0.648), as well as via the ODI score between the researched groups (p = 0.311). Assessment of functional disability through the assessment of quality of life (SF-36) indicates that the quality of life increased significantly, for all examined scores in both examined groups, during all observed testing periods. There is no difference in functional disability (SF-36), that is, there is no difference in quality of life in score physical functioning, restrictions due to emotional problems, social functioning, emotional wellbeing, bodily pain, energy/vitality, physical and mental health, between the examined groups. The dimensions of quality of life in score role limitations due to physical health problems are significantly better in the control group (p = 0.028). The quality of life dimension in the general health perceptions is significantly better in the examination group (p = 0.041). Conclusions: The application of LLLT in subacute LBP resulted in a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity, increased lumbar spine mobility, decreased spasms of paravertebral musculature, and decreased functional disability. Given that there is no consensus on the use of LLLT, nor any other methods of physical therapy, during the subacute LBP, these results could contribute to the adoption of clinical guidelines, that is, diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for subacute LBP.

UVOD. Bilijarna kalkuloza je najčešće oboljenje hepatobilijarnog sistema, a holecistektomija predstavlja jedan od najčešće izvođenih operativnih zahvata. Laparoskopska holecistektomija je danas zlatni standard lečenja holelitijaze. Laparoskopska holecistektomija je pokazala poboljšanje u klinički značajnim ishodima kao što su skraćenje operativnog vremena, kraća hospitalizacija, smanjenje jačine i trajanja postoperativnog bola i brži povratak dnevnim i radnim aktivnostima. Postoperativna bol i vreme potpunog oporavka ostaju dva glavna problema posle nekomplikovane laparoskopske holecistektomije koje bi trebalo poboljšati. Bol koji je povezan sa laparoskopskom holecistektomijom je kompleksan i multifaktorijalan. On nastaje oštećenjem tkiva, disekcijom i uklanjanjem žučne kesice iz svoje lože, stimulacijom periportalnih nerava, iritacijom dijafragme, mehaničkim i hemijskim interakcijama gasa i pneumoperitoneuma, incizijama portova. Istraživanja su označila parijetalni i visceralni bol kao dva glavna mehanizma nastanka bola kod laparoskopske holecistektomije. Bol se ne može meriti nego proceniti jer je subjektivni osećaj. Pokazalo se potrebnim da se na čvršćim naučnim osnovama da odgovor na pitanje da li je moguće blokirati parijetalni i visceralni bol posle laparoskopske holecistektomije u akutnoj fazi. CILJEVI. Cilj studije je da uporedi standardnu analgeziju (ne-opioidnu) (grupa O) sa davanjem parijetalne blokade (grupa P), ili davanjem visceralne blokade (grupa V), ili sa obe date blokade (grupa P+V). Primarni ishodi studije su bolesnikov procenjeni bol pre operacije i posle operacije na 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 sati i 7. dana. Sekundarni ishodi studije su bolesnikova procenjena mučnina na 1,2,4,6,12 sati i bolesnikova procenjena mobilnost 1. 2. i 7. dan. HIPOTEZA. Blokada postoperativnog visceralnog bola i blokada postoperativnog parijetalnog bola posle laparoskopske holecistektomije putem intraperitonealne lokalne infiltracije anestetikom i putem lokalne infiltracije anestetikom pristupnih laparoskopskih portova može značajno smanjiti rani postoperativni bol. MATERIJAL I METODE. Ova prospektivna, randomizirana jednostruko slepa studija je započela septembra 2014. godine i trajala je do januara 2016. godine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na Klinici za abdominalnu, endokrinu i transplantacionu hirurgiju i Urgentnom centru Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu kod bolesnika operisanih metodom laparoskopske holecistektomije. Rad je podeljen u nekoliko celina. 1. Procena veličine uzorka; 2. Procena podobnosti za studiju; 3. Anketiranje i uključivanje u studiju; 4. Razvrstavanje u grupe i operativni rad; 5. Period postoperativnog praćenja; 6. Statistička obrada i pisanje rada.1. Procena veličine uzorka. Studija je realizovana podelom bolesnika u 4 grupe. Neophodni broj bolesnika je izračunat uzimajući podatke iz pilot istraživanja slične studije iz 2012. godine. Veličina uzorka je računata za primarni ishod studije  (bolesnikov procenjen bol sa NAS) na pretpostavci da treba biti 20% smanjenja bola u prvom postoperativnom satu, uz verovatnoću Tip 1 greške α=0.05 i Tipa 2 greške β=0.10 da postigne adekvatnu statističku snagu oko 80% i da otkrije 20% razlike u srednjoj vrednosti procenjenog bola jedan sat nakon laparoskopske  holecistektomije. Procenjeni broj ispitanika po grupama prema zadatim kriterijumima je bio (P+V=65; P=68; V=68; O=65). Studija je započela uključivanjem prvog bolesnika u studiju a završena ispunjenim periodom praćenja sve dok poslednji bolesnik nije doneo upitnike o bolu, mučnini i kretanju. 2. Procena podobnosti za studiju. U periodu studije ukupan broj holecistektomiranih bolesnika je bio 1024 (440 klasično i 584 laparoskopski). Samo pogodni bolesnici su anketirani (584) i pročitali su informacioni list o istraživanju. Uključivanje ili procena podobnosti bolesnika za studiju sprovedena je na osnovu uključnih i isključnih kriterijuma. U studiju nije uključeno ukupno 226 bolesnika. Od tog broja 82 bolesnika je odbilo učestvovati u studiji a 144 bolesnika nije ispunilo uključne postavljene kriterijume. Svojim potpisom potvrdilo je učešće u studiji 358 bolesnika. 3. Anketiranje i uključivanje u studiju. Nakon prijema bolesnika u bolnicu ispitivači su uzimali anamnezu i bolesnicima je ponuđen informacioni list i informisani pristanak. Nakon čitanja informacije, potpisivanja informisanog pristanka i zadovoljavanja  uključnih i isključnih kriterijuma 358 bolesnika je uključeno u studiju. Obavljena je preoperativna priprema i ispitivači su popunili deo podataka u individualnom listu. 4. Razvrstavanje u grupe i operativni rad. Neposredno preoperativno od strane nezavisne osobe neuključene u studiju napravljena je randomizacija izabranih (n=358) u studijske grupe tablicama slučajnog izbora, tako da bolesnici nisu znali kojoj grupi pripadaju, dok su operater i osoblje to znali na početku operacije (jednostruko slepa studija). Nakon randomizacije i operacije bolesnici pripadaju jednoj od sledeće 4 grupe: Kontrolna grupa O=89, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom  holecistektomijom bez visceralne blokade anestetikom i bez parijetalne blokade anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa P=88, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom bez visceralne blokade anestetikom i sa parijetalnom blokadom anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa V=92, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom sa visceralnom blokadom anestetikom i bez parijetalne blokade anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa P+V=89, u kojoj će biti bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom sa visceralnom blokadom anestetikom i sa parijetalnom blokadom anestetikom. Primenjivan je uobičajni, standardni protokol anestezije za laparoskopske operacije kod svih ispitanika. Svim bolesnicima plasirana je orogastrična sonda koja se nakon operacije odstranjivala. Kod  bolesnika kod kojih je primenjivan lokalni anestetik neposredno pre početka operacije pravio se rastvor lokalnog anestetika (Marcaine® 0,25%). Bolesnici su otpušteni sa bolničkog lečenja prvog postoperativnog dana, pod uslovom da nisu imali komplikacija. 5. Postoperativno praćenje i ispunjavanje upitnika. Po dolasku na odeljenje  bolesnicima je odmah uključivana ista analgezija. Tokom ispunjavanja informisanog pristanka, bolesnici su dobili upitnik na kojoj će sami procenjivati nivo bola, mučnine i kretanja tokom ležanja u bolnici i vremena praćenja od 7 dana kući. Bolesnici su dolazili na unapred zakazane postoperativne kontrole 7 do 10 dana posle operacije i donosili ispunjene upitnike. Otpušteno je i za praćenje ostalo n=302 laparoskopski operisanih bolesnika a isključeno iz studije n=20 bolesnika. 6. Statistička obrada i pisanje rada. Ukupno je analizirano 274 listića operisanih bolesnika: u Grupi P+V =67; u Grupi P =70; u Grupi V =70 i u Grupi O =67. Od osnovnih deskriptivnih statističkih parametara za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu procenu dobijenih rezultata su korišćeni apsolutni brojevi, relativni brojevi, mediana, mod, aritmetička sredina i standardna devijacija (SD). Obrada podataka se vršila  osnovnim i naprednim statističkim metodama i programima. Rezultati su prikazani tabelarno i grafički. REZULTATI. Demografski podaci. Ukupno je bilo 188 žena i 86 muškaraca, u odnosu 2,2 : 1. Prosečna starost cele grupe je bila 52,1 ± 15,72 godine. Ukupno je bilo 179 zaposlenih i 95 nezaposlenih. Ukupno je bilo 45 ispitanika sa osnovnim obrazovanjem, 153 ispitanika sa srednjim obrazovanjem i 76 ispitanika sa visokim obrazovanjem. Ukupno je bilo 186 nepušača i 88 pušača. Prosečna vrednost BMI cele grupe je bila 27,24 ± 4,21 kg/m2. Prosečna vrednost ASA u celoj grupi je bila 2,03 (mediana=2, mod=2). Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u odnosu na posmatrane parametre. Laboratorijski podaci. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrednosti leukocita između posmatranih grupa (p=0,039), u vrednosti uree između posmatranih grupa (p=0,040). Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrednosti eritrocita, trombocita, hemoglobina, ŠUK-a, kreatinina i bilirubina posmatranih grupa. Operativni i postoperativni podaci. Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u količini upotrebljenog Fentanila između posmatranih grupa. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u dužini trajanja operacije između posmatranih grupa (p=0,003), u trajanju postavljenog abdominalnog drena između posmatranih grupa (p=0,024), u trajanju hospitalizacije između posmatranih grupa (p=0,027), u broju dana do povratka uobičajenim aktivnostima između posmatranih grupa (p=0,000), u broju uzetih tableta između posmatranih grupa (p=0,000). Prosečna ocena zadovoljstva bolesnika posle operacije u celoj grupi je bila 8,80 (mediana=9; mod=10). Najbolju ocenu zadovoljstva bolesnika posle operacije je imala grupa P+V. Procena bola, mučnine i kretanja. Postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u proceni jačine bola pre operacije (p=0,003). Postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u proceni jačine bola 1h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 2h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 4h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P); u proceni jačine bola 6h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 12h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 24h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 48h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P) i u proceni jačine bola 7 dana posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P). Procenjena bol se pojačava otprilike 2,5 sata posle operacije sa vrhom 3 sata posle operacije, a smanjuje se na istu vrednost kao 2. sata posle operacije, otprilike 5. sata posle operacije. U vremenskim intervalima 1, 2. i 7. postoperativni dan postoji značajno poboljšanje u postoperativnoj mobilnosti bolesnika. U vremenskim intervalima 1, 2, 4, 6 i 12 sati postoji značajno poboljšanje u procenjenoj vrednosti mučnine bolesnika. Korelacije. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ocene bola posle 1. sata, posle 2. sata, posle 6. sata, posle 12. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000), kao i procene mučnine (p=0,000). Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija procene bola posle 4. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,006), kao i aktivnosti (p=0,014). Statistički značajna korelacija procene bola posle 24. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000; pozitivna) i trajanjem operacije (p=0,028; negativna). Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija procene bola posle 48. sata i posle 7 dana je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000). ZAKLJUČCI: Primena lokalnog anestetika datog na bilo koji način značajno smanjuje bol posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Primena lokalnog anestetika datog i  portalno i visceralno (P+V) značajno smanjuje bol u odnosu na samo portalnu (P) ili visceralnu (V) primenu u vremenskim intervalima 2, 6, 12 sat posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Portalna (P) primena sa ili bez visceralne (V) primene lokalnog anestetika značajno smanjuje bol u vremenskim intervalima 1, 4, 24, 48 sati i 7 dana posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najbolje kretanje je bilo u grupi P+V posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najbolje smanjenje procenjene mučnine je bilo u grupi P posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najraniji povratak uobičajenim aktivnostima zabeležen je u grupi P+V. Najbolja ocena zadovoljstva bolesnika hirurškim lečenjem bila je u grupi P+V. Postoperativna bol ima najznačajniju pozitivnu korelaciju sa procenjenom mučninom i brojem tableta uzetih od momenta otpusta do prve kontrole bolesnika.
INTRODUCTION: Biliary calculosis is the most frequent disease of the hepatobiliary system, and cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures. Today laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the golden standard in treating cholelithiasis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed improvement in the clinically significant outcomes, such as: reducing the duration of the surgery, shorter hospital stay, reducing the intensity and duration of postoperative pain and faster return to normal daily and working activities. Postoperative pain and the time of full recovery remain the two major problems after a non-complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy and they should be improved. The pain related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy is complex and multi-factorial in origin. The pain occurs due to damaged tissues, dissection and removal of gallbladder from its cavity, stimulation of periportal nerves, irritation of the diaphragm, mechanical and chemical interaction of gases and pneumoperitoneum and port incisions. Researches have denoted parietal and visceral pains as two major mechanisms in occurrence of pain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pain cannot be measured, but estimated, as it is a subjective feeling. It was considered necessary to find the answer, based on solid scientific evidence, if it was possible to block parietal and visceral pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in its acute phase. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare standard, non-opioid, analgesia (group O) with applying parietal blockade (group P), or visceral blockade (group V), or compare with both applied blockades (group P+V). The primary outcomes of the study are the patient´s estimated pain before surgery and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours and 7th day after the surgery. The secondary outcomes of this study are the patient´s estimated nausea level during 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 hours, along with the patient´s estimated mobility 1st, 2nd and 7th day, postoperatively. HYPOTHESIS. Blockade of postoperative visceral pain and blockade of postoperative parietal pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, applying intraperitoneal local infiltration with anesthetic and also by local infiltration with anesthetic through accessible laparoscopic ports, can significantly reduce early postoperative pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospectively randomized single-blinded study started in September 2014 and lasted up to January 2016. The research was carried out at the Clinic for Abdominal, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery and Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Vojvodina in Novi Sad and it involved patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study has been divided into several units. 1. Assessment of sample size; 2. Assessment of eligibility for the study; 3. Survey and inclusion in the study; 4. Group formation and operational work; 5. Period of postoperative follow-up; 6. Statistical processing and writing the paper.1. Assessment of sample size. The study was realized by dividing the patients into 4 groups. The number of patients necessary was determined based on the data taken as pilot study from a similar study from 2012. Sample size was calculated for the primary outcome of the study (patient´s estimated pain with NAS) based on the assumption that a pain reduction of 20% should occur during the first postoperative hour, with the probability of Type 1 error α=0.05 and Type 2 error β=0.10 to reach the adequate statistical power of about 80%, and to reveal 20% difference in the average value of the estimated pain one hour after the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The assessed number of respondents in groups according to the set criteria was (P+V =65;P =68;V =68; O =65). The study started when the first patient was included and it ended with the complete follow-up period when the last patient handed in the survey about pain, nausea and mobility. 2. Assessment of eligibility for the study. During the study the number of patients undergoing surgery applying the method of cholecystectomy was 1024 (440 classical and 584 laparoscopic). Only the suitable patients were surveyed (584) and given to read the information leaflet about the study. Inclusion and assessment of patients´ eligibility was performed on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 226 patients was not included in the study. Out of that number 82 patients refused to participate in the study and 144 did not fulfill the inclusive criteria set. By signing 358 patients confirmed their participation in the study. 3. Survey and inclusion in the study. After admitting the patients to hospital the surveyors took their anamnesis and the patients were offered an information leaflet and informed consent. Following the reading of the information leaflet, signing the informed consent and satisfying the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 358 patients were included in the study. Preoperative preparations were performed and the surveyors filled in some of the data on the individual list. 4. Group formation and operational work. Prior to the surgery an independent person not included in the study carried out the randomisation of the patients chosen (n=358) into study groups by random selection tables. The patients did not know which group they belonged to, while it became known to the surgeon and the operation stuff at the beginning of the surgery (singleblinded study). After randomization and surgery the patients belonged to one of the following groups: Control group O=89 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visceral blockade by anesthetic and without parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group P=88 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visceral blockade by anesthetic but with parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group V=92 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy with visceral blockade by anesthetic but without parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group P+V=89 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy with visceral blockade by anesthetic and with parietal blockade by anesthetic. The standard protocol of anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was applied to all patients. An orogastric tube used during the surgery, was removed after it. In patients with applied local anesthetic immediately before surgery a solution of local anesthetic was made (Marcaine® 0,25%). The patients were discharged from hospital the first postoperative day, provided that no complications occurred. 5. Postoperative follow-up and completing the questionnaire. When admitted to the ward the patients were given the same kind of analgesia. While completing the informed consent the patients were given a questionnaire for estimating their pain level, nausea and mobility during their stay in hospital and during the 7-day follow-up period at home. The patients were required to come for 7 and 10-day postoperative check-ups by appointment and then they handed in the questionnaires. n=302 patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy were released and designated for follow-up, and n=20 patients were excluded from the study. 6. Statistical processing and writing the paper. In total 274 operated patients´ slips were analysed, by groups as follows: in Group P+V =67; in Group P =70; in Group V =70 and in Group O =67. From the basic descriptive statistical parametres for qualitative and quantitative assessment of results obtained, absolute numbers, relative numbers, the median, mode, arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD) were used. Data processing was carried out using basic and advanced statistical methods and programmes. The results are presented in tabular and graphical manner. RESULTS. Demographic data. In total there were 188 women and 86 men, in proportion 2,2 : 1. The average age of the whole group was 52,1 ± 15,72 years. In total there were 179 employed and 95 unemployed persons. In total there were 45 surveyed patients with primary education, 153 surveyed patients with secondary education and 76 surveyed patients with higher education. In total there were 186 nonsmokers and 88 smokers. The mean BMI value of the whole group was 27,24 ± 4,21 kg/m2. The mean value of ASA of the whole group was 2,03 (the median=2, mode=2). There is no significant difference among the groups observed considering the observed parametres. Laboratory data. There is a statistically significant difference in the value of leukocytes among the observed groups (p=0,039), and in the value of urea among the observed groups (p=0,040). There is no statistically significant difference in the value of the erythrocyte, platelets, hemoglobin, blood glucose, creatinine and bilirubin of the  observed groups. Operative and postoperative data. There is no statistically significant difference in the amount of Fentanyl® applied among the observed groups. There is statistically significant difference in the length of the surgery among the observed groups (p=0,003), in the duration of the positioning of abdominal drainage among the observed groups (p=0,024), in the duration of hospital stay among the observed groups (p=0,027), in the number of days until getting back to regular activities among the observed groups  (p=0,000), in the number of taken pills among the observed groups (p=0,000). The patients´ average satisfaction grade after surgery in the whole group was 8,80 (the median=9; mode=10). Group P+V had the best patient‘s satisfaction grade after the surgery. Assessment of pain, nausea and mobility. There is statistically significant difference in the estimation of pain intensity before surgery among the observed groups (p=0,003). There is statistically significant difference in the estimation of pain intensity 1 hour after surgery among the observed groups (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 2 hours after  surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 4 hours after surgery (P having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 6 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 12 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 24 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 48 hours after surgery (P having the best estimated pain) also in the estimation of pain intensity 7 days after surgery (P having the best estimated pain). The estimated pain intensifies at about 2,5 hours after surgery and peaks 3 hours after surgery, and decreases to the same level as it was during 2nd hour after surgery approximately during 5th hour after surgery. There is considerable improvement in mobility of patients in the time interval 1st, 2nd and 7th postoperative days. There is considerable improvement in estimated nausea level of patients in the time interval 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 hours. Correlations. Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 1st hour, after 2nd hour, after 6th hour and after 12th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000), just like the estimated nausea level (p=0,000). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 4th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,006), just like the activities (p=0,014). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 24th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000; positive), and by the duration of the surgery (p=0,028; negative). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 48th hour and after 7 days was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000). CONCLUSIONS: The application of local anesthetic, regardless of how it was applied, considerably reduces pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The application of local anesthetic by port or viscerally (P+V) considerably reduces pain compared to only by port (P) or only visceral (V) application in the time intervals of 2, 6, and 12 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The application of local anesthetic by port (P), with or without visceral (V), considerably reduces pain in the time intervals of 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours and 7 days after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The best mobility was shown by group P+V after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Estimated nausea was most reduced in group P after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Group P+V presented the earliest return to regular activities. The best patients´ satisfaction grade with surgical treatment was shown by group P+V. Postoperative pain is most considerably positively correlated with the estimated nausea and pills taken, from the moment of patient´s release from hospital to the first check-up. 

This project analyzes three documentaries that explore the inherent tensions and difficulties in building a sense of community in three different settings in Rio de Janeiro. The documentaries Boca de Lixo (1993), Santo forte (1999), and Edifí­cio Master (2002) by Eduardo Coutinho present an in-depth look at the tensions inherent in developing communal identity based on vocation in Boca de Lixo, religion in Santo forte, and location in Edifício Master. Through these documentaries, Eduardo Coutinho presents the difficulties faced by different groups of people in Brazil as they explore the development of a sense of community. Boca de Lixo endeavors to understand the tension between using a sense of community to bolster one's self-respect and personal pride in the face of perceived outsider contempt. Santo forte addresses the problems associated with establishing a sense of community in a favela that contains various different religious traditions, each vying for more members at the cost of the others. Edifí­cio Master focuses on the difficulties of developing a sense of community within an apartment building in Copacabana, and in this film Coutinho explores the power of storytelling as an alternative method for creating communal identity. Together these three films examine the resiliency of the human spirit while challenging various forms of prejudice and stereotypes within Brazilian culture.

Podizanje novih zasada i povećanje kapaciteta preradegrožđa povećava količinu otpada sa kojim se suočavaindustrija proizvodnje vina i rakije. Najbolji i najodgovornijinačin upravljanja otpadom je njegovo dalje iskorišćenjekao nusproizvoda. U ovoj disertaciji sagledavana je mogućnost iskorišćenjanusproizvoda iz različitih faza proizvodnje u vinarijama idestilerijama za dobijanje semenki grožđa koje sukorišćene za proizvodnju hladno presovanog ulja. Hipotezase zasniva na činjenici da semenke grožđa raznih sorti izrazličitih faza proizvodnje vina (bela, roze ili crvena vina),odnosno, rakije mogu imati sasvim različit hemijski sastav ikvalitet koji svakako može da se reflektuje na kvalitet,bioaktivne komponente i održivost hladno presovanog ulja.Ovakav proizvod, obzirom da je dobijen hladnimpresovanjem, može biti veoma atraktivan za potrošače,zbog svojih specifičnih senzorskih i nutritivnihkarakteristika.Za potrebe izrade disertacije prikupljeni su nusproizvodii pripremljeni su uzorci iz vinarija i destilerija fruškogorskogvinogorja. Dobijene su semenke i proizvedeno hladnopresovano ulje od semenki crnog grožđa sorte Merlot,belog grožđa sorte Italijanski rizling i belog grožđa sorteSila, kao autohtone sorte vinove loze. Hladno presovanaulja su proizvedena od semenki grožđa koje nisu prošlenikakav tretman, odnosno dobijene su nakon presovanja,prilikom proizvodnje belih (Italijanski rizling i Sila) i roze(Merlot) vina, zatim od semenki koje su prošle procesfermentacije prilikom proizvodnje crvenih vina (Merlot) i odsemenki koje su prošle proces fermentacije i destilacijeprilikom proizvodnje rakije (Merlot, Italijanski rizling i Sila).Pored navedenih semenki i ulja, pripremljen je i prosečanproizvodni uzorak koji predstavlja uzorak dobijen od svihprikupljenih semenki. Kao uporedni uzorci korišćeno jenerafinisano i rafinisano ulje od semenki grožđa nabavljenona tržištu. Za realizaciju postavljenog cilja, rad na izvođenju ovedisertacije obuhvatio je različite faze. U prvoj faziprikupljene su semenke grožđa i ispitivane su njihovetehničko-tehnološke karakteristika i kvalitet. Zatim su odnavedenih semenki proizvedena hladno presovana ulja.U sledećim fazama, ovako dobijena uja, zajedno sauzorkom nerafinisanog i rafinisanog ulja od semenkigrožđa sa tržišta ispitivana su sa aspekta senzorskog inutritivnog kvaliteta i praćene su razlike u održivosti ulja.Izvršena je senzorska analiza, određivane su frakcijepigmenata, karotenoidi i hlorofili, merena je transparencija,a parametri boje ulja određivani su i instrumentalno.Nutritivni kvalitet ulja sagledavan je na osnovu sadržaja isastava bioaktivnih komponenti, pre svega tokoferola itokotrienola, fenola i sterola. Budući da ova jedinjenjaispoljavaju značajne antioksidativne aktivnosti izvršeno je iispitivanje antiradikalske aktivnosti uzoraka. Odživost uljaod semenki grožđa sagledana je na osnovu početnogkvaliteta i oksidativnog stanja, kao i rezultata ubrzanihtestova, kao što je Rancimat test, Schaal-oven test ifluorescentni test.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, može se konstatovati dasu svi dobijeni uzorci semenki imali dobru skladišnu vlagu,koja, obzirom na mali sadržaj ulja u semenkama, može daosigura čuvanje semenki u dužem periodu. Sadržaj ulja usemenkama, pored uticaja sorte vinove loze, zavisi i oduticaja procesa kome su podvrgnute semenke prepresovanja (fermentacija, destilacija).Senzorska analiza ulja od semenki grožđa pokazala jeznačajne razlike u karakteristikama koje su posledica nesamo načina dobijanja ulja (hladno presovano ili rafinisano), sorte vinove loze, već i postupka dobijanja,porekla i kvaliteta semenki grožđa. Uslovi kojima susemenke grožđa izložene u toku alkoholne fermentacije iposebno destilacije utiču na formiranje specifične aromehladno presovanog ulja. I pored toga što se pojavljujeizuzetno širok spektar različitih aroma, mirisa i ukusa u uljui što postoje značajne razlike u aromi ulja u zavisnosti odsorte grožđa, moguće je prepoznati da li je hladnopresovano ulje dobijeno od semenki grožđa bezfermentacije, posle fermentacije ili posle destilacije.Takođe, sa aspekta boje ulja može se kazati da rafinisanoulje od semenki grožđa ima svetlo žutu boju sazelenkastom nijansom, dok su hladno presovana uljaintenzivnijih boja i kreću se od žuto-zelenkaste, prekozelenkasto žute i svetlo zelenkaste do tamno zelene. Većiudeo zelene boje imaju hladno presovana ulja od semenkigrožđa dobijenih posle destilacije.U radu je pokazano da sadržaj pigmenata (karotenoida ihlorofila) u velikoj meri zavisi od porekla semenki.Postupak fermentacije doprinosi povećanju sadržajapigmenata, dok postupak destilacije, zbog visokihtemperatura ima negativan efekat.Transparencija uzoraka hladno presovanih ulja odsemenki grožđa proizvedenih za potrebe disertacije kretalase od 32,8% do 53,8%.Sadržaj nezasićenih masnih kiselina u svim uzorcimaulja od semenki grožđa veći je od 90%, pri čemudominantnu masnu kiselinu čini linolna, omega-6, masnakiselina.Sadržaj tokotrienola je veći od sadržaja tokoferola u uljima od semenki grožđa, a dominantni tokoferol je alfatokoferol.Njegov sadržaj je veći u uzorcima ulja dobijenimiz semenki nakon fermentacije i destilacije.Sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja, u zavisnosti od sorte, uproseku je nešto viši u hladno presovanim uljima dobijenimod crvene sorte grožđa, ali uočava se i značajan porast(akumulacija) fenola u hladno presovanim uljima dobijenimiz semenki grožđa nakon procesa fermentacije i destilacije.Najveći pojedinačni sadržaju u ulju od semenki grožđa imaursolna kiselina, a pored nje značajniji sadržaj, madamnogo manji, pokazuju rezveratrol, kemferol i vanilinskakiselina.Najzastupljeniji steroli ulja semenki grožđa su β-sitosterol sa udelom od 62,59-69,74%, stigmasterol saudelom od 12,13-15,00% i kampesterol sa udelom od 6,59-11,94% u ukupnim sterolima. Na sadržaj fitosterola uuljima od semenki grožđa nemaju uticaja procesifermentacije i destilacije kojima su podvrgnute semenkepre preosvanja.U radu je dokazan negativan uticaj procesa fermentacijei destilacije kojima su povrgnute semenke grožđa naantiradikalski potencijal dobijenih ulja. Antiradikalskipotencijal ulja od semenki grožđa zavisi i od sorte vinoveloze, kao i od načina dobijanja ulja (hladno presovano ilirafinisano).Procesi fermentacije i destilacije utiču i na osnovnihemijski kvalitet dobijenih hladno presovanih ulja na načinda dovode do povećanja kiselinskog i peroksidnog broja.Hladno presovana ulja od semenki grožđa pokazujudobru oksidativnu stabilnost. Rancimat test je pokazao razlike u indukcionom periodu hladno presovanih ulja odsemenki grožđa kao posledicu razlike u sorti, kao i unačinu dobijanja semenki. Proces fermentacije utiče napovećanje, a proces destilacije na smanjenje indukcionogperioda.Na osnovu svih dobijenih rezultata istraživanja može sekonstatovati da su hladno presovana ulja od semenkigrožđa pokazala različit nutritivni kvalitet i oksidativnustabilnost, zbog specifičnih razlika koje su posledica razlikau sorti i poreklu semenki, tj. zbog specifičnog efektafermentacije i destilacije na semenke od kojih je uljeproizvedeno, čime je i potvrđena hipoteza.
Raising new plantations and increasing the grapeprocessing capacity increases the amount of waste facedby the wine and brandy industry. The best and mostresponsible way of waste management is its furtherexploitation as by-products.In this dissertation, the possibility of using by-products from different stages of production in wineries and distilleries forobtaining grape seeds, which were used for the productionof cold pressed oil, was examined. The hypothesis isbased on the fact that grape seeds of various varietiesfrom different stages of wine production (white, rose or redwine), that is, brandy can have a completely differentchemical composition and quality that can certainly bereflected on the quality, bioactive components and stabilityof cold pressed oil.Such a product, as it is obtained by cold pressing, canbe very attractive to consumers, due to its specific sensoryand nutritional characteristics.For the needs of the dissertation, the by-products werecollected and samples were prepared from the wineriesand distilleries of the Fruška Gora vineyard. Seeds wereobtained and cold pressed oil produced from Merlot grapeseed, as representatives of red grape varieties, ItalianRiesling, as representatives of white grape varieties andSila, as new white grape varieties. Cold pressed oils wereproduced from grape seeds that did not undergo anytreatment, that is, they were obtained after pressing, duringthe production of white (Italian Riesling and Sila) and rose(Merlot) wines, then from the seeds that were fermentedduring the production of red wines (Merlot ) and seeds thathave undergone fermentation and distillation processduring the production of brandy (Merlot, Italian Riesling andSila). In addition to the mentioned seeds and oils, anaverage production sample was prepared, which is asample obtained from all collected seeds. Unrefined andrefined grape seed oil purchased on the market was usedas comparative samples. For realization of the set goal, the work on theperformance of this dissertation encompassed differentphases. In the first phase, grape seed were collected andtheir technical and technological characteristics and qualitywere examined. Then cold-pressed oils were producedfrom these seeds.In the following phases, the resulting ear, together with asample of unrefined and refined grape seed oil from themarket, were examined from the aspect of sensory andnutritional quality and differences in oil stability wereobserved. Sensory analysis was performed, pigmentatefractions, carotenoids and chlorophylls were determined,transparency was measured, and oil color parameterswere also determined instrumentally. The nutritive oilquality was examined based on the content andcomposition of bioactive components, primarily tocopherolsand tocotrienols, phenols and sterols. Since thesecompounds exhibit significant antioxidant activities, theantiradical activity of the samples was also tested. Thestability of grape seed oils was examined based on theinitial quality and the oxidative state, as well as the resultsof accelerated tests, such as Rancimat test, Schaal-ovenand fluorescence test.On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concludedthat all the obtained seed samples had good storagemoisture, which, given the small content of oil in the seeds,can ensure the storage of seeds for a longer period. Thecontent of oil in the seed, in addition to the influence of thegrape variety, depends on the influence of the process towhich the seeds are subjected to pressing (fermentation,distillation). Sensory analysis grape seed oils showed significantdifferences in characteristics that are due not only to themethod of obtaining oil (cold pressed or refined), grapevarieties, but also the method of obtaining, the origin andquality of grape seed. The conditions for grape seedsexposed during fermentation and especially distillationaffect the formation of a specific cold pressed oil. Althoughan extremely wide range of different flavors, odors andflavors in oil appear, and there are significant differences inthe aroma of the oil, depending on the grape variety, it ispossible to recognize whether the cold-pressed oil isderived from the grape seed without fermentation, afterfermentation or after distillation. Also, from the aspect of oilcolor it can be said that refined grape seed oil has a lightyellow color with a greenish shade, while cold pressedgrape seed oils have more intense colors range fromyellowish-greenish, over greenish yellow and light greenishto dark green. A higher proportion of green color has coldpressed grape seed oils obtained after distillation.The thesis has shown that the content of pigments(carotenoids and chlorophyll) depends to a great extent onthe origin of the seed. The fermentation processcontributes to increasing the content of pigments, while thedistillation process has a negative effect due to hightemperatures.Transparency of cold pressed grape seed oils producedfor the dissertation ranged from 32.8% to 53.8%.The content of unsaturated fatty acids in all samples ofgrape seed oil is greater than 90%, with the dominant fattyacid being linoleic, omega-6, fatty acid. The content of tocotrienols is higher than the content oftocopherols in grape seed oils, and the dominanttocopherol is alpha-tocopherol. Its content is higher in oilsamples obtained from the seed after fermentation anddistillation.The content of phenol compounds, depending on thevariety, is somewhat higher in cold pressed oils obtainedfrom red grape varieties, but there is also a significantincrease in accumulation of phenol in cold pressed oilsobtained from the grape seed after the fermentation anddistillation process. The largest individual oil content ofgrape seeds has ursolic acid, and besides it, significantcontent, although much smaller, shows rezveratrol,kemferol and vanillinic acid.The most prevalent sterols of grape seed oils are β-sitosterol with a share of 62.59-69.74%, stigmasterol with ashare of 12.13-15.00% and campesterol with a share of6.59-11.94% in total sterols. Fermentation and distilationprocesses, to which the seeds have been exposed, haveno effect on the content of phytosterols in grape seed oils.The paper has shown the negative influence of thefermentation and distillation process, to which the seedshave been exposed, onto the antiradical potential of theobtained oils. The antiradical potential of grape seed oilsdepends on grape varietes, as well as on the way oil isobtained (cold pressed or refined).Processes of fermentation and distillation also affect thebasic chemical quality of obtained cold pressed oils in sucha way as to increase the acid and peroxide values.Cold pressed grape seed oils show good oxidative stability. The Rancimat test showed differences in theinduction period of cold pressed grape seed oils as a resultof the variation in the variety, as well as in the method ofobtaining the seed. The fermentation process affects theincrease, and the process of distillation decreases theinduction period.Based on all the obtained results, it can be concludedthat cold pressed grape seed oils showed differentnutritional quality and oxidative stability due to specificdifferences resulting from differences in variety and seedorigin, i.e. due to the specific effect of fermentation anddistillation processes on the seeds from which the oil wasproduced, thus confirming the hypothesis.

In this thesis, the different aspects of trauma are discussed at length while looking at the French New Wave Film directed by Alain Resnais, Hiroshima, Mon Amour. Through this film, I discuss how language shapes testimonies of traumatic events and if this shaping of language can possibly be seen in the film itself. Furthermore, I discuss if there is merit to looking at a work of art as an accurate depiction of historical trauma.

本論は、広島の平和記念施設の敷地において、原爆ドーム前身の物産陳列館設立（1915）から慰霊碑後方の「平和の灯」設置（1964）まで、一貫して、平和ではなく繁栄を目指す造営と展示がなされてきたことを明らかにした。また、原爆ドームは、慰霊碑がある南からの眺めでは、原爆犠牲者の象徴のように見做されるのに対し、原爆スラムがあった北からの相貌では、被曝後を生きるものとして捉えられていたことを指摘した。以上のことから、現代における記念碑の意味を問い直した。
In this dissertation I revealed that there had been consistently construction and exhibitions aimed at prosperity rather than peace, from the establishment of the product display hall (1915), the predecessor of the Atomic Bomb Dome to the setting up of the "Peace Flame" behind the cenotaph (1964) on the site where the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Facility is located. In addition, it was pointed out that the atomic bomb dome was regarded as a symbol of the victims of the atomic bomb in the view from the south where the cenotaph is located, and the appearance from the north where the atomic bomb slum was made to live after exposure. From the above, the meaning of the monument in the present age was questioned again.
博士(芸術学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Art Theory
同志社大学
Doshisha University

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
This study concerns the genre analysis of five texts (articles) in isiXhosa from Bona Magazine using genre theoretic approach.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study concerns the genre analysis of five texts (articles) in isiXhosa from Bona Magazine using genre theoretic approach. They all analyse genre of social community leaders using the theory of Grabe & Kaplan. (1996) All five articles re attached as appendices at the end of this assignment. The chapters 2 and 3 present an overview of different views expressed by different linguistics and researchers in relation to the genre theoretic approach and how these theories are applied in analyses. The views of Bhatia (1993) are also used in that he promotes the use of language in text when people communicate either in written or verbal format. Bhatia emphasizes the use of text linguistic properties and insights in the culture of participants to ensure that communication purpose is reached. Among other things, he invokes text structure, lexical choices, cohesion and coherence of text, content and theme are analyzed. This study investigates the social cognitive and linguistic choices and how they influence writing and reading. The purpose and meaning of the text is depicted as very important in the analysis of written text. (Bhatia; 1993) The first part of chapter 4 deals with the theory of Grabe & Kaplan (1996), which emphasizes the use of ethnography of writing. The ethnography of writing according to Grabe & Kaplan (1996) entails the answers to the following basic questions: Who is writing? To whom? For what purpose? Why? When? And how? The answers to these questions are to be formed in the analysis of the articles on Grabe & Kaplan's views on the relationship between ethnography of writing and lexicon of writing skills are also analyzed. The study also includes Halliday's (1984) views. Educating children in their home language environment makes them to learn better as they write in their own language and about the things they know. Lastly there is a short discussion about the relationship between the new genre approach and Outcomes-Based Education. (OBE) The similarities they share in connection with aims, goals and purposes as language teaching approached are touched upon.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie hou verband met die genre analise van vyf tekste (artikels) in Xhosa uit die Bona tydskrif. Die analises handel oor die genre van sosiale gemeenskapsleiers binne die raamwerk van Grabe en Kaplan (1996). AI vyf die artikels is in In Appendix aangeheg aan die einde van hierdie werkstuk. Hoofstukke 2 en 3 bied In oorsig aan van verskillende sieninge van linguiste t.o.v. die genre-teoretiese benadering en die aanwending van die teoretiese uitgangspunte in analises van tekste. Die sieninge van Bhatia (1993) word ook ingespan m.b.t. die kommunikasie tussen mense. Bhatia wend tekslinguistiese eienskappe aan asook sosiale en kulturele insigte in die ondersoek van hoe kommunikatiewe doelstelling bereik word. Hy gebruik o.a. tekslinguistiese kenmerke, leksikale keuses, kohesie en koherensie, en tematiese realiserings in die teks. Die doelstelling van die teks is uiters belangrik volgens die betekenis wat Bhatia in die teks ondersoek. Die eerste gedeelte van hoofstuk 4 handel oor Grabe en Kaplan (1996) se model van tekskonstruksie en die etnografie van skryf. Die onderrig van leerders is beter as hulle in hulle huistaal skryf en leer. Die studie beskou die onderliggende uitgangspunte van Kurrikulum 2005 m.b.t. die genre benadering tot die onderrig van Xhosa
ISICATSHULWA Olu fundo luphanda ngohlalutyo ngohlobo Iwejenri kumabali esiXhosa afumaneka kwimagazini iBona kusetyenziswa ulwimi IwesiXhosa. La ngamabali amahlanu angeenkokheli zoluntu, nazakuhlalutywa ngokweembono zikaGrabe noKaplan (1996). Kuqalwe ngokushwankathela iinkcazo zohlobo Iwejenri, neembono zabaphononongi neengcali ezahlukeneyo malunga nolu hlobo lutsha lokuhlalutya. Kucaciswa imbono kaBhatia (1993) mlunga nokuphononongwa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa kolwimi xa kunxityelelwana, kwiitekisi ezithethwayo nezibhaliweyo. Oku kucaciswa ngokupheleleyo xa kuhlalutywa la mabali mahlanu angenkokheli zolunu. Phakathi kwezinto ezijongwayo xa kuhlalutywa nobhalo Iwamabali; lulwakhiwo Iweetekisi, ngumxholo, lukhetho Iwamagama, lunamathelwano nonxulumano. Kwakhona indlela umbhali ayiphuhlisa ngayo intsingiselo yetekisi yakhe ukuze injongo yakhe izaliseke. Indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimpawu eziziparametha eziyimbono ka Grabe noKaplan (1996) xa kuhlalutywa la mabali angenkokheli zoluntu. Xa kuthethwa ngezi mpawu, kuxelwa ukuphendulwa kwemibuzo yobhalo ethi; ngubani umbhali? Ubhala ntoni? Ubhalela bani? Yintoni injongo yakhe? Kutheni ebhala nje? Ezi mpawu azaneli knceda umbhali ukuba abhale kakuhle koko zinceda nomfundi ukuba ahlalutye kakhuhle okubhaliweyo. Kwakhona imbono kaHaliday ethi xa kusetyenziswa ulwimi makusetyenziswe izinto nemizekelo engentlalo nenkcubeko yabantu. Lilonke yena ugxininisa ukufakwa kwenkcubeko kwimfundo yabantwana. Uyixhasa lembono yakhe ngokuthi abafundi baqonda lula xa befunda ngolwimi Iwabo nange nkcubeko yabo nangezinto ezibangqongileyo. Le mbono iyahambelana nokufundisa ngohlobo Iwejenri yona imkhululayo umntwana ukuba azifundele ngokwengqondo angadityaniswa nomnye. Kwakhona kolu fundo kuthelekiswe uhlobo Iwejenri nohlobo olusetyenziswayo kwizikolo zethu olujonge iziphumo uhlobo Iwe O. B. E. Kujongwa nendlela ezinxulumene ngayo, ngenxa yokufana kweenjongo zazo kwaneziphumo kubantwana abafundiswayo kusetyenziswa zona.

Przedmiotem rozprawy jest obraz Boga w czterech wybranych językach ugrofińskich: węgierskim, fińskim, estońskim i udmurckim (wotiackim). Podstawę metodologiczną stanowi teoria językowego obrazu świata według koncepcji Jerzego Bartmińskiego. Wynika ona z założenia, że struktura języka może wpływać na sposób postrzegania i organizowania rzeczywistości. Celem rozprawy jest rekonstrukcja – na podstawie danych pochodzących z poszczególnych języków – zachowanych w nich obrazów Boga. Wyniki badań prezentuję w formie definicji kognitywnej, co oznacza uwzględnienie wszelkich cech, które można wydobyć z zebranego materiału, bez ograniczania się jedynie do charakterystyk koniecznych i wystarczających. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiłem teorię językowego obrazu świata, jak również opierającą się na podobnych założeniach teorię relatywizmu językowego Sapira i Whorfa, ilustrowaną przykładami nieprzystawalności językowych. Opisałem także naturalny metajęzyk semantyczny Anny Wierzbickiej oparty na elementarnych pojęciach prostych i uniwersalnych. Drugi rozdział dotyczy samego pojęcia Boga. Na początku przedstawiłem jego ogólną definicję religioznawczą, aby następnie skupić się na obrazie wynikającym z założeń konkretnych religii, przede wszystkim chrześcijaństwa. Dla poparcia tezy o znaczeniu tej religii dla badanego tematu przedstawiłem strukturę wyznaniową narodów posługujących się czterema badanymi językami. Uwzględniłem także czynnik historyczny, aby mieć pewność, że dane wyznanie jest obecne wystarczająco długo wśród rodzimych użytkowników danego języka, aby mogło wpłynąć na kształtowanie się utrwalanego przez pokolenia w tym języku obrazu świata, uważanego przez jego użytkowników za oczywisty i naturalny. Z danych tych wynika, że na utrwalony w nich obraz Boga mogą mieć wpływ doktryny katolicyzmu (głównie w przypadku Węgrów), luteranizmu (głównie w przypadku Finów i Estończyków), kalwinizmu (głównie w przypadku Węgrów), prawosławia (głównie w przypadku Udmurtów) i unitarianizmu (wyznawanego wśród mniejszości węgierskiej w Rumunii). Wszystkie one opierają się na Biblii, dlatego w rozdziale tym przedstawiłem wynikający z lektury Starego i Nowego Testamentu obraz Boga. Wyłaniający się z oficjalnych tekstów (takich jak wyznania wiary, postanowienia soborów, katechizmy i inne księgi wyznaniowe) wymienionych wyżej denominacji obraz Boga jest zasadniczo zbieżny. Wyjątek stanowi ujęcie unitariańskie, negujące dogmat trynitarny. W pracy opisałem również kilka religii rodzimych: żywą do chwili obecnej politeistyczną religię udmurcką, odgrywające pewną rolę głównie w okresie międzywojennym neopogaństwo estońskie oraz utrwalone w Kalevali elementy fińskiego politeizmu. Kolejne cztery rozdziały dotyczą obrazu Boga w czterech badanych językach. Wszystkie zostały zbudowane według podobnego schematu, jednak nie są symetryczne, co wynika z różnicy w dostępności źródeł dla poszczególnych języków. Po przedstawieniu etymologii przeszedłem do zasadniczej części materiałowej. Można tu wyróżnić trzy grupy źródeł: słowniki objaśniające, zbiory przysłów i inne teksty (fiński epos Kalevala i teksty udmurckich modlitw) oraz ankiety internetowe. W poszczególnych rozdziałach przytoczyłem i przetłumaczyłem na język polski eksplikacje pochodzące z jednojęzycznych słowników objaśniających. Eksplikacje te dotyczyły zarówno poszczególnych znaczeń wyrazów isten, jumala, jumal i инмар, jak również notowanych przez te słowniki wyrazów od nich derywowanych i wyrazów złożonych. Obraz Boga w czterech badanych językach wykazuje duże podobieństwa, zarówno w etymologiach, w eksplikacjach słownikowych, jak i w przysłowiach i powiedzeniach oraz dłuższych tekstach (takich jak fiński epos Kalevala i teksty udmurckich modłów) i w wynikach ankiet. Paralele te są widoczne przy porównywaniu sporządzonych dla każdego języka definicji kognitywnych, umieszczonych na końcu każdego rozdziału poświęconego danemu językowi. Niektóre elementy wspólne mogą stanowić pozostałość dawnych wierzeń ugrofińskich, takie jak prawdopodobna zbieżność etymologiczna udmurckiego imienia Inmar i fińskiego Ilmari(nen) oraz kojarzenie Boga z nacechowaną pozytywnie bielą, o czym świadczą przykłady z języka estońskiego (jumalavalge 'bożobiały') i udmurckiego: тӧдьы инмар (töddzi inmar) 'biały bóg'. Jednakże większość podobieństw najprawdopodobniej wynika z dwóch przyczyn. Po pierwsze, na wszystkie cztery narody posługujące się badanymi językami duży wpływ wywarło i nadal wywiera chrześcijaństwo, tak więc obraz Boga w poszczególnych językach jest zasadniczo zgodny z obrazem znanym z Biblii i z nauczania Kościołów chrześcijańskich. Po drugie, bóg najwyższy albo bóg jedyny siłą rzeczy jest wyobrażany w różnych kulturach w podobny sposób – jako wszechmocna postać przebywająca w niebie (to, co u góry jest wartościowane pozytywnie), panująca nad pogodą i wpływająca na los ludzi, którzy są zobowiązani do oddawania jej czci.
The dissertation discusses the linguistic picture of God (or gods) in four Finno-Ugric languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Udmurt. With the inclusion of one of the smaller Finno-Ugric languages, it has been made possible to demonstrate a fuller view of the language family, by completing a gap caused by the fact that the two largest Finno-Ugric languages (Hungarian and Finnish) are also the two most distant from each other. This phylogenetic distance between the Hungarian language and Balto-Finnic languages (like Finnish and Estonian) is one of the reasons for the existence of many cultural differences between them. Although the majority of Hungarians, Finns, Estonians and Udmurts are at least culturally Christian and the history of the respective peoples has been shaped by the Christianity, they have also retained some elements of their pre-Christian beliefs, which is the reason for the „(or gods)” part of the title. In the first chapter I am presenting the history of linguistic research on the topics of linguistic relativity and linguistic picture of the world. I am mentioning works of John Locke, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ronald W. Langacker, Teresa Hołówka, Leonard Bloomfield, Baudouin de Courtenay, Bronisław Malinowski, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jerzy Bartmiński, Renata Grzegorczykowa and Janusz Bańczerowski. A separate section has been devoted to the concept of Natural Semantic Metalanguage developed by Anna Wierzbicka. I present the theory of the linguistic picture of the world (Językowy Obraz Świata = JOS) according to Jerzy Bartmiński. In the second chapter I present the religious structure (both past and present) of respective peoples – Hungarians (both those living in Hungary and those living in Romania), Finns, Estonians and Udmurts. Subsequently, I present the official Christian picture of God, as shown in the Bible and in other Christian texts, like the confessions of faith of different ecclesiastical bodies: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism (both Lutheran and Reformed) as well as of Unitarianism. The next four chapters are discussing the picture of God in respective languages. The third chapter begins with citing different etymologies of the Hungarian word isten, followed by the analysis of its dictionary entries. I take into account also its derivatives and compounds. Next section is about the picture of God reconstructed in Hungarian proverbs. Then, results of an on-line survey are discussed. The chapter is completed by a summary and a proposed cognitive definition of the word isten. The fourth chapter concerns the Finnish language. It shows origin of the word jumala, its occurrence in dictionaries and in proverbs. A special section is discussing the picture of gods in Finnish national epic, that is Kalevala, mainly the supreme god of sky called Ukko. A survey and a cognitive definition are presented afterwards. The fifth chapter is about the picture of God in Estonian language, reconstructed from the lexical data concerning the word jumal, proverbs featuring the word, and websurvey. Information about Estonian pantheon and neopagan religious movements is also provided. In the last of the researched languages – Udmurt – there exists more than one main theonym. I describe in detail both Инмар and Кылдысин – their etymologies and occurrence in dictionaries. Texts of Udmurt pagan prayers are also analysed, as well as the feedback of the websurvey. The dissertation is completed with a comparition of the four linguistic pictures of God. Similarities are found, but they are more likely explainable as resulting from the influence of Christian worldview and not as any proof of one common Finno-Ugric religion.

The thesis deals with the current situation of minority languages in Peru, focusing on language shift as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is seen as a transition from the use of one language to another language. The first part conceives the topic from a broader perspective and points out certain weaknesses in the subject. Some Peruvian minority languages, ie the native languages of the Amazon region, have not been adequately documented, individual languages have not been given sufficient attention by linguists, and therefore we encounter inconsistent terminology, classifications and varying estimates of the number of the languages. Many of the languages are in danger of extinction because they are replaced in everyday use by Spanish. The thesis analyzes the individual extralinguistic and other factors that have contributed to accelerating the language shift, and on the basis of empiric data obtained during field research in 2013, describes the progress of the shift in selected communities in the languages Bora and Huitoto murui. The third part introduces the sociolinguistic profile of the settlements Pucaurquillo and Ancon Colonia, which were the center of the research. The main part of the thesis analyzes the topic "behaviour towards language", focused on the intergenerational transmission of...

Orientação: Edmundo José Neves Cordeiro
Essa dissertação faz uma análise comparativa entre o fazer fílmico do cineasta português Pedro Costa em “No quarto da Vanda”, as questões que levaram o realizador para Fontaínhas, o como a região mudou sua forma de ver e falar cinema, unidos com a ideia de mundo, referencias e momento em que vive, e o fazer fílmico do brasileiro Eduardo Coutinho em “Boca de Lixo”, suas ideias sobre cinema, sobre seu posicionamento enquanto realizador e as questões levantadas no Lixão de São Gonçalo. Ao longo da dissertação surge a necessidade de entender o como apesar das varias semelhanças de ideias dos diretores os filmes são tão diferentes; é a partir dessa constatação que entramos na questão da Epistemologia do Sul do sociólogo Boaventura de Sousa Santos; as questões de consolidação de discursos do hemisfério norte – que são as chamadas epistemologias dominantes – e a feita no hemisfério sul, a dita epistemologia do sul. Isto é, nessa dissertação existe um projeto de justificar as diferenças de linguagem e resultados dos diretores a partir do espaço ao qual os realizadores estão inseridos, ou seja, Costa em Portugal – estando, portanto, inserido num espaço de discurso dominante – e Coutinho no Brasil – produzindo o discurso à margem, com uma forma distinta de ver e falar sobre o mundo.
This dissertation makes a comparative analysis between the filmmaking done by the Portuguese filmmaker Pedro Costa in "No quarto da Vanda", the questions that led the director to Fontaínhas, how the region changed his way of seeing and talking cinema, united with the idea of World, references and moment in which he lives, and the filmmaking of brazilian Eduardo Coutinho in "Boca de Lixo", his ideas about cinema, his position as a director and the issues raised in the Garbage of São Gonçalo. Throughout the dissertation comes the need to understand how despite the various similarities of ideas of the directors the films are so different; It is from this observation that we enter into the question of the Southern Epistemology of the sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos; The questions of the consolidation of discourses of the northern hemisphere, which are the so-called dominant epistemologies, and that of the Southern Hemisphere, the so-called epistemology of the South. That is, in this dissertation there is a project to justify the language differences and results of the directors from the space to which the directors are inserted; Costa in Portugal - Being, therefore, inserted in a space of dominant discourse - and Coutinho in Brazil - Producing the speech at the margin, with a distinct way of seeing and speaking about the world.

This thesis investigates sociolinguistic variation in the Fijian village of Waitabu. The aim is to investigate how particular uses, functions and varieties of language relate to social patterns and modes of interaction. ·The investigation focuses on the various ways of speaking which characterise the Waitabu repertoire, and attempts to explicate basic sociolinguistic principles and norms for contextually appropriate behaviour.The general purpose is to explicate what the outsider needs to know to communicate appropriately in Waitabu community. Chapter one discusses relevant literature and the theoretical perspective of the thesis. I also detail the fieldwork setting, problems and restrictions, and thesis plan. Chapter two provides the necessary background information to this study, describing the geographical, demographical and sociohistorical setting. Description is given of the contemporary language situation, structure of Fijian (Bouma dialect), and Waitabu social structure and organisation. In Chapter 3, the kinship system which lies at the heart of Waitabu social organisation, and kin-based sociolinguistic roles are analysed. This chapter gives detailed description of the kin categories and the established modes of sociolinguistic behaviour which are associated with various kin-based social identities. Chapter 4 focuses on discourse of everyday life, dealing with the general rules and norms by which Waitabu individuals construct their everyday sociolinguistic behaviour including: male and female speech; greetings and leave-taking; deference and politeness markers; and conversational strategies. Chapter 5 provides detailed investigation of the ceremonial speech event. This event is characterised by special rules of speech and nonverbal behaviour, and is distinguishable by clearly defined opening and closing sequences with set sequencing of components in between. The chapter describes the specific principles and norms governing the linguistic, social and kinesic behaviour. In chapter 6, the decline of chiefly respect language is described. First, I detail distinguishing lexical, grammatical and speech act features of the speech style traditionally used towards the village chief. Then, I investigate the loss of these specific rules and norms in contemporary Waitabu, exploring factors in this change. Chapter 7 gives detailed description of dialect levelling evident in Waitabu. The various dialect varieties and their domains are described. Language attitudes and factors conducive to dialect shift are also investigated. Then follows analysis of how individuals creatively use these dialect differences in constructing their sociolinguistic behaviour, to mark certain contexts and role-relationships as distinct. Focus is on the specific rules and norms for sociolinguistic behaviour in the netball peer-group and in interaction with Indians. Chapter 8 investigates the special patterns of language use which characterise two institutionalised modes of communication in Waitabu society - religion and education. Chapter 9 gives a summary of the Waitabu investigation.

This thesis's project is about the anthropological perspective of Émile Benveniste, i.e. his look at the complex relationship between man-subject, language and society. We analyze primarily Benveniste's works of historical linguistics, in order to underline the link between the general reflexions on language contained in his Problèmes de linguistique générale and his grammatical study of the single, historically determined languages. The first chapter of the thesis deals with biographical notices about the less-known childhood years of Benveniste, until his college years. The second one addresses two notions that are crucial to understand his ethnosemantics works of the 1930s and 1940s: namely the trifunctional structure of society and the phraseology. The third chapter is dedicated to the intertwining of historical linguistics and general linguistics into two of his major works (Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen [1935] and Noms d'agent et noms d'action en indo-européen [1946]) and in a less-known piece which was not signed, an «Aperçu historique» published in 1937. The fourth chapter focuses on the influence of Marcel Mauss and Antoine Meillet's body of work on Benveniste, as well as on Benveniste and Franz Boas' analyses on personal pronouns. The fifth one details the foundation of the anthropological journal L'Homme by Benveniste and Claude Lévi-Strauss, where were published Lévi-Strauss and Algirdas Julien Greimas' structural analyses of the myth. Finally, the sixth chapter is dedicated to a close inspection of Benveniste's last masterpiece, the Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes: the goal is to uncover the general reflection which underlies his analyses of specific occurrences in languages.
Le projet de recherche de cette thèse est l'intérêt anthropologique d'Émile Benveniste, c'est-à-dire sa perspective sur la relation entre l'homme, la langue et la société. La thèse analyse surtout ses travaux de linguistique historique, pour souligner le lien entre les réflexions générales sur le langage des Problèmes de linguistique générale et l'étude de la grammaire des langues particulières. Le premier chapitre de la thèse contient des notes biographiques sur les années peu connues de l'enfance de Benveniste, jusqu'à ses études universitaires. Le deuxième aborde deux notions centrales dans ses travaux d'ethnosémantique des années 1930 et 1940 : la structure trifonctionnelle de la société et la phraséologie. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'entrelacement entre linguistique historique et générale dans deux des principaux ouvrages de Benveniste (Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen [1935] et Noms d'agent et noms d'action en indo-européen [1946]) et dans un texte peu connu et non signé, l' « Aperçu historique », publié en 1937. Le quatrième chapitre s'occupe de l'influence sur Benveniste des travaux de Marcel Mauss et d'Antoine Meillet, ainsi que des analyses des pronoms personnels chez Benveniste et Franz Boas. Le cinquième détaille la fondation de la revue L'Homme par Claude Lévi-Strauss et par Benveniste, dans laquelle Lévi-Strauss et Algirdas Julien Greimas donnent leurs analyses structuralistes des mythes. Dernièrement, le sixième chapitre est consacré à un examen attentif du dernier chef-d'œuvre de Benveniste, le Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, essayant d'indiquer la réflexion générale qui sous-tend ses analyses des occurrences particulières dans les langues.