Tesi sul tema "Bois de chauffage – Combustion"
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Bernard, Claude Zoulalian André. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
Bernard, Claude. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
The development of automatic fed boilers using broken wood follows an upward trend nowadays. These boilers have to fulfil the heating needs despite the heterogeneity of wood. The boiler has to fit its power and allow the use of wood which size and humidity may fluctuate. Our study uses an automatic fed boiler with moving grates of 200 kW. 1000 hours of combustion experiments with sawdust and chips, with different moistures varying according to 3 stages of power enable to achieve a representation of CO emitted from combustion depending on the humidity, the power and the air flow. This model allows to assess the environmental impact of different types of combustion regulations. A new logic of regulation has been then proposed : it enables to reduce up to 40% of the total CO emissions by a simple re-programming of the automaton and works whatever the wood characteristics or the demanded power
Haas, Frédéric. "Etude de la post-combustion des créosotes dans des appareils de chauffage au bois". Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0158.
Rabot-Querci, Marie-Laure. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois". Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
The main source of pollution from residential wood stoves is due to unburned gas and solid phase compounds in the fumes. In order to reduce these pollutants, we propose to use an exhaust gas-treating device to trap the particles in the chimney and to expose them to microwave to break them down. We first evaluated the emissions and the particulate matter (PM) characteristics from different fireboxes. Then we studied separately each function of the system : we trapped 50 % of PM with a 5 cm layer of refractory cement marbles placed in the chimney and then we heated the filter with microwave. About 200 kJ allowed us to clean completely the filter. This study showed that a microwave post-combustion system is particularly well adapted to particulate matter issued from wood combustion, in comparaison with other sources of energy regeneration. We also described the complete specifications of our device
Zhu, Xiangyu. "Characterization of wood pellets combustion for clean energy generation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR016.
The themes of my research are to quantify and compare the combustion characteristics and the associated polluting emissions of natural wood pellets and roasted black pellets.By controlling all the combustion parameters (primary and secondary incoming air, pellet flow, boiler power), the main objectives are to:- Quantify and compare the combustion characteristics of natural wood pellets and roasted pellets on a well-controlled combustion test bench.- To measure pollutant emissions using physicochemical analyzers and by in-situ laser diagnostics in the combustion chamber and in the chimney.- Assess the technical-economic advantages of the two types of pellets across the entire value chain and offer professional advice to heating engineers and combinators on the most economical and environmentally friendly use of biomass pellets
Shah, Narendra. "Carbonisation discontinue du bois en four à combustion partielle : contribution à la connaissance des phénomènes et recherche d'une méthode de gestion". Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD289.
Rouvière, Aurélie. "Impact des combustions du bois de chauffage sur les atmosphères extérieures et intérieures : étude de la dégradation d'un traceur spécifique en enceinte de simulation : le créosol". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10185.
Currently, few studies related to Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) emissions in indoor air were realised from combustion sources (heating, cooking. . . ). Indeed, the use of fireplaces will increase next years due to oil price: wood valorisation is one of the alternative sources for residential heating. There are not many studies about this subject because analytical techniques to determine weak concentration are difficult to implement. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the impact of VOC emissions due to wood combustion, and more particularly in indoor air. In order to understand the role of compounds emitted on air quality, a kinetic study of a specific marker was carried out in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Thus, after having studied the possibilities of news analytical supports containing carbon nanostructures (CNS), we evaluated VOC emissions from different wood fireplace. This study showed it was possible to find a marker in relation to wood type burning. Creosol was highlighted as this marker and its kinetic study showed that it was very reactive (very high constant). This compound was also at the origin of secondary compounds sometimes more toxic for human health. Finally at this time the CNS showed unequalled analytical qualities and requires complementary studies for a reliable analytical application
Chevrier, Florie. "Chauffage au bois et qualité de l’air en Vallée de l’Arve : définition d’un système de surveillance et impact d’une politique de rénovation du parc des appareils anciens". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU020/document.
Biomass burning is one of the major sources of atmospheric particles during wintertime in Alpine valleys, and more especially in the Arve valley where exceedances of the European regulated limit value are regularly observed. This situation led to the establishment of an important program of replacement of old wood stoves with new ones as part of an action of an Atmospheric Protection Plan (APP), the “Fonds Air Bois”. The research program DECOMBIO (“DÉconvolution de la contribution de la COMbustion de la BIOmasse aux PM10 dans la vallée de l’Arve”) has been set up in October 2013 to estimate the impact of this wood stoves renewal policy on air quality. This thesis works be incorporated within this program and have for main objective to validate methodologies used in routine to enable a fast deconvolution of the biomass burning source and to compare any observed changes with progress of wood stove changeout.To complete this work, three sites, representing the different situations of the Arve valley, were instrumented (Marnaz, Passy and Chamonix) to monitor the continuing evolution of atmospheric concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) and molecular markers enabling to distinguish between the biomass burning contribution and that of other types of combustion. A large dataset was acquired between November 2013 and October 2014 thanks to regular filter samples enabling a vast chemical characterization of PM10. The use of statistical analysis “Positive Matrix Factorization” (PMF) has led to an enhanced appreciation of particle emission sources within this valley with a focus on biomass burning emissions. The development of this methodology of identification and source apportionment based on the use of specific organic markers, specific constraints and data from carbonaceous matter deconvolution is an important progress in definition of factors from this model.The developed methodologies during this work, enabling an improvement of knowledges and source apportionment, are tools directly usable by French Accredited Associations for Air Quality Monitoring, especially for the quantitative assessment of actions introduced to improve air quality as part of Atmospheric Protection Plans, for example the one in the Arve valley
Rabot-Querci, Marie-Laure Zoulalian André. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
Brandelet, Benoît. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des particules issues du chauffage domestique au bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0287/document.
The issue of the emissions of fine particles, known for their health and environmental hazards, has been significantly covered in recent years. The governments made the decision to help mainly financially the private individuals in order to renew the domestic appliances stock. However, a non-optimized use of an energy-efficient appliance can degrade system performances. In order to solve this issue, many experimental campaigns have been achieved through complete and innovative physicochemical characterizations of the smoke, especially of the fine particles : Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray microanalysis and assessment of the constitutive Carbon (Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon). First of all, the definition of the use parameters for the appliance and their impacts allowed offering a significant reduction of the fine particles emissions. In this work, the influences of the parameters such as the nature of the fuel, the ignition mode and the air secondary injection were in this way quantified. In order to better understand the origin of these emissions produced regardless of the combustion quality, the mechanisms of formation of all kinds of particles were defined. In a second phase, this work paid attention to the evolution of the characteristics of particles from the combustion room to the near-field. This enabled to go over the classic normative study. New knowledge on particles was brought to light, helping to better know the particles generation from domestic wood appliances. This could allow in the future to create some specific and efficient treatment systems
Pouna, Emmanuel. "Contribution à l'analyse méthodologique des conditions d'intégration de nouvelles technologies de bois-énergie au Cameroun". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10030.
Hector, Gilles. "Elaboration d'un système de dépollution adapté aux appareils de chauffage domestique au bois". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF072.
The global energy and climate contexts encourage EU countries to improve their environmental impacts. One goal is to reduce CO2 emissions by developing the use of renewable energies. In France, wood is the first renewable energy source with an equivalent of 10 Mtoe produced each year. However, it is essential to study the global environment impact of on this energy source including CO2 emissions but also the different pollutants emitted. Indeed, the combustion of wood in small home heating units as stoves, open and closed fireplaces, is responsible for a significant part of typical air pollutants such as CO, VOCs, PAHs and fine particles. The objective of this project is to develop an effective system able to treat both pollutants emittedfrom those heaters. Few technologies are already available for smoke after treatment. However, we must incorporate in our study constraints related to the operation of these wood heating devices as well as criteria of cost, functionality and sustainability defined in the specifications set with the industrial partner of this project. The result of the work performed in this project was the conception of a complete prototype tested for emissions reduction. The system is composed of ceria impregnated iron catalyst for gaseous compounds oxidation and a microwave regenerated bed filter for particles elimination. The tests performed on the prototype showed weak emissions abatement. Nevertheless, this project highlighted constraints and hopes for a future efficient after treatment system
Flity, Hassan. "Modélisation de la dégradation et combustion du bois de construction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0250.
The use of wood in construction offers numerous advantages, but also poses fire safety risks. Several studies available in the literature, whether experimental or numerical, have investigated the fire behavior of wood. However, the diverse and varied results do not allow the identification of the intrinsic behavior of wood, and regulatory frameworks have to rely on numerous simplifying assumptions. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermal degradation of wood at the cone calorimeter scale. The uniqueness of the study lies in the adoption of an increasingly complex approach, the use of meticulous metrology, and the most comprehensive characterization of the properties of the wood samples under investigation. Degradation involves numerous interacting processes such as drying, pyrolysis, and combustion with or without flames, resulting in heat and mass transfer. Given the complexity of studying all these phenomena simultaneously, the strategy adopted was to separate the different phenomena as much as possible through models and specific experiments. In order to overcome the problem of drying and hydric transfer, all the work was carried out on dry wood. First, specific characterization methods were used to determine the thermal properties of wood and charcoal. These experiments helped to establish behavioral laws for some of these properties, facilitating their integration into a model. Subsequently, an experimental campaign was conducted at the material scale of wood using techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry under an inert atmosphere. At this scale, wood is thermally thin, which allowed the development of a kinetic model capable of predicting mass loss, mass loss rate, and heat absorbed or generated by wood during pyrolysis as a function of temperature. Next, an experimental campaign was carried out on wood samples at the scale of the cone calorimeter in an inert atmosphere to validate the 3D pyrolysis model developed to predict wood pyrolysis in the absence of combustion, driven primarily by heat transfer within the material. Finally, tests in an air environment were conducted for a comprehensive modeling of dry wood combustion, which requires a precise characterization of char combustion, the associated heat generated, and the heat flux supplied by the flame
Florea, Tudor. "Simulation numérique de la combustion du bois dans une chaudière automatique de 400 kW". Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/50dbded6-e6b8-4d98-be2c-f710442567f9.
This work presents the implementation of a numerical tool, which can predict as best as possible the woodchips combustion within a medium power reciprocating grate boiler. In order to do so, several global and local measurements were conducted. The first category concerns the operating parameters of the installation. The local measurements concern the profiles of temperature, velocity and gas concentrations inside the furnace. The measurements allowed the ascertaining the operating regimes, the turbulent nature of the flow and the unsteadiness of the flames. Later, these measurements served to analyze the numerical simulations. The approach used for the furnace modelling is based on the computational fluid dynamics code - 2D code coupling. The numerical study was firstly oriented towards the volatiles combustion above the fuel bed, using the code Fluent. A semi-global reaction mechanism (6 reactions, 9 species) was first used. These elements allowed us to evaluate the impact of the secondary air distribution. Thus, the CO emission can be reduced by a factor of three when the secondary air configuration is changed from asymmetrical to symmetrical. The numerical computation is able to reproduce these tendencies, but the semi-global mechanism overestimates the CO concentration. Following these observations, a reduced mechanism (40 reactions, 17 species) was introduced, which proved to be much more accurate as far as the CO, O2 and CO2 are concerned. Regarding the flow analysis, a good agreement was found between the measured and computed velocities. In addition, the computed location of the recirculation zones corresponds globally with the experimental observations. Further, the 40 reactions mechanism was compared, using the CHEMKIN II code, to the experimental results and the 49 reactions (22 species) mechanism of Leroy et al. (2008). The first was found to be more reactive then the last one. However, the 40 reactions mechanism is in a good agreement with the experimental at low temperature (700 - 1000 K) and low fuel to air ratio (0. 6 - 1)
Riviere, Gaëtan. "Conception d’un micro-cogénérateur aux granulés de bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0321/document.
As part of the AGATCO ANR project (Turbine Advance GAz for cogeneration), which began at the end of 2012, the design of a micro-cogeneration generating 1.5 kW of electricity and 10 kW of heat was started and presented in this manuscript. Based on the technology of an externally fired gas turbine, this micro-CHP uses the combustion of pellets coupled to a heat exchanger and a micro-turbine. This technology requires the design of a new fireplace (burner and combustion chamber) suitable to produce fumes at high temperatures (1200°C). The challenge is significant because the desired smoke flow is important (27 g/s) and the fuel power is low (15 kW). Two solutions are proposed to solve the problem, the first uses fresh air at ambient temperature and the second uses recycled hot fumes. The high temperature of the fumes makes it possible to obtain a turbine inlet temperature of 1100°C after the transfer of heat into the exchanger. Experimental and numerical simulation characterization of the exchanger makes it possible to verify its performances. The micro-turbine uses a new technology using channel instead of blades allowing it to have small dimensions for the desired performance. The work carried out made it possible to highlight several results: the realization of the high temperature combustion in very unfavorable conditions, the very interesting performances of the heat exchanger while proposing improvements to optimize the exchanges and the improvements to be brought to the turbine
Bazile, Didier. "La gestion des espèces ligneuses dans l'approvisionnement en énergie des populations : cas de la zone soudanienne du Mali". Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20075.
Social sciences can contribute a great deal to better understanding the subtle relationship between mankind and its environment: "ethnoscience" has proven to be an invaluable tool when tackling issues related to ecology, forest sciences and agronomy in a tropical environment. In Mali, fuel supply depends on firewood to the rate of 91%; charcoal clearing usually occurs round about the main towns, which have been studied first. As population growths rapidly in the country, so does demand for fuel. Supplying towns with fuel depends on the evolution of farm systems and their productive capacity, which were worth analyzing. This research deals with the structure of society, the way the farmers act, where and how decisions are made. According to a scaling-up methodology and a systemic approach, data was gathered and processed in a suitable spatial framework. In addition, a range of indicators was set up to help model a regional land system typology. The main purpose was an attempt to understand how farmers have access to and manage fuel resources, as well as to explain the strategy of the farm units. A decision-making model with regard to "agrosystem" management has been proposed based on the data collected at the various working scales. This model is based on three major established facts. First, fuel-wood consumption increases as a function of availability of fuel resource, and according to the grade of dispersal of the large African family. As they form a valuable energy supply of 1,5 m3/ha/year, fallow fields should be used as a very short rotation copse inside the rotation system. In addition, the rural landscape known as "tree park" represents an unused stock of scattered fuel, and the traditional "tree park" scattered structure should be rationalized and converted into a linear system, more suitable for farming, cattle breeding and forest. Town fuel supply should be changed to a long-term, sustainable management process which should be administrated at the community, with a goal to trade any potential stock surplus for increased revenues
Ouedraogo, Ferdinand. "Asymétries d'informations et efficacité économique et sociale de la filière bois-énergie au Burkina Faso". Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE21020.
In Burkina Faso, the wood energy sector is an important source of income generation and employment for people. It allows the country save foreign exchange. The wood energy is the energy source most available and accessible. It is mainly the energy of poorer people. The existence of massive frauds on the chain, overexploitation of wood resources, and environmental degradation, show that the operation of the wood energy sector is economically and socially inefficient. In light of the theory of agency, the failure of the chain implies the existence of imperfect informations or lack of transparency in the sector. The theoretical and empirical research that we conducted allowed us identifying and analysing these imperfect informations. Indeed, the imperfect informations identified as the most predominant in the sector, are in order of importance, prices and quantities of wood sold or purchased. The causes of imperfect information on the wood energy sector are among others the low accessibility of the majority of private actors to means and sources of public information, unequal access to means and sources of private information, the non-compliance by private actors to standards of storage or put in cubic meters of wood before selling, le lack of supervision and monitoring of forests by public authorities, and finally the inefficiency of available means of communication to public actors. The practical solutions that fit the specific case of the wood energy sector for solving problems of imperfect informations are quantities and prices of wood and charcoal, certified, the deposit of bon in a bank account, the signalling of wood and charcoal quantities and prices, and finally the incentive contracts written in local languages. The full communalization and research for development offer interesting prospects in terms of efficient operation of the sector and interesting prospects in terms of efficient internalization of external costs
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
The objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Raddaoui, Abderraouf. "Séchage convectif d'une planche de bois en présence d'un flux de micro-ondes. Application au dimensionnement d'un séchoir à chauffage partiellement solaire". Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0251.
Gallo, Emmanuelle. "Modernité technique et valeur d'usage : le chauffage des bâtiments d'habitation en France". Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010701.
Peigné, Pierre. "Etude d'un système combiné de ventilation et de chauffage au bois dans les bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816015.
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071/document.
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Kuhn, Jean-Claude. "Le poêle et le chauffage dans les chateaux-forts de l'est de la France et du sud-ouest de l'Allemagne". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0017.
Marcoux, Hugo-Bastien. "Réduction de l'émission de particules fines issues de la combustion dans les poêles à bois". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26965.
Fateh, Talal. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la cinétique de décomposition thermique de contreplaqués en bois". Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667332.
Chrusciel, Laurent. "Étude de l'association d'une colonne d'absorption à un séchoir convectif à basse température : influence de l'absorbeur sur la cinétique et la qualité du chauffage". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL069N.
Boni, Adipoh. "Préparation, rhéologie et combustion de mélanges ternaires de charbon de bois décendré : liquides ou bio-ultracarbofluides". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD423.
Hyvrard, François. "Liquéfaction thermochimique du bois étude de la réaction dans des conditions de chauffage très rapide, analyse physico-chimique des huiles produites". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598479c.
Allard, Julie. "Qualité de l'air dans la Vallée de l'Arve : météorologie locale et mesures des réductions des émissions liées au chauffage au bois". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU020/document.
Biomass burning, particularly residential wood burning, is a source of atmospheric particles that contributes significantly to winter PM10 levels globally in Europe. In order to reduce emissions from this source, a large-scale program for the renewal of non-efficient wood-burning appliances, the “Fonds Air Bois” has been launched since 2013 in the Arve Valley. The assessment of its impact on atmospheric concentrations is an issue for future air quality management policies. The research DECOMBIO program (2013-2018) has been proposed to evaluate the impact of this operation on PM10 concentrations from measurements. This DECOMBIO program, which includes these thesis works, was based on the confrontation during 4 winters of continuous measurements of PM10 resulting from biomass burning (noted PM10wb), weather conditions, and emissions variations related to appliances renewal. To answer this challenge, the aim of this thesis was to develop methods to take into account the influence of atmospheric conditions on winter PM10 concentrations and to evaluate the parameters and uncertainties that make it possible to compare the estimated PM10wb emission variations with those of the measured PM10wb concentrations during the 4 winters.This work was based on large datasets of chemical and meteorological measurements made during 4 winters (13-14 to 16-17) at 3 sites in the Arve Valley. In addition, the technical data from wood appliances renewal files was provided to us, allowing us to spatially and temporally estimated reductions of PM10wb emissions from these appliances replacements. The state of atmospheric stability, an essential parameter for determining episodes of temperature inversions, has been continuously monitored thanks to an inexpensive system of sheltered temperature sensors installed along the slopes. These measurements have shown that local weather conditions in these valleys are the primary factor conditioning atmospheric concentrations. An automatic weather types classification has been established, making it possible to overcome this variability and to compare the concentrations for similar atmospheric conditions between the different winters. The innovation of this approach is mainly based on taking into account the degree of influence of meteorological variables and parameters related to the intensity of emissions. A gradual decrease of PM10wb concentrations during winters was thus observed at the 3 sites for certain weather types, a result consolidated by the concomitant decrease in tracer biomass combustion at the mass of PM10. To clarify these results, we were interested in estimating the reduction of PM10 emissions from device replacements at measurement sites and their uncertainties.At the end of this work and of the DECOMBIO program, we have been able to develop and validate several methodological tools applicable in the evaluation of future “fonds air bois” (use of sensors along the slopes, meteorological classification adapted to the quality of the air, estimation of uncertainties on wood appliances renewable emissions). This solid foundation has allowed us to better understand the measurements made on atmospheric PM, and their relationship to emission estimates
Avocat, Helene. "Approche géographique des approvissionnements en plaquettes foréstières des chaufferies du secteur collectif/tertiaire : application au Pays Loue-Lison et à la Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Besançon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1048.
In a context of strong increase of fuelwood demand in the collective sector, the supply issue becomes central to all stakeholders, raising many issues relating to land and forestry planning, local development, environment ... Meanwhile, questions emerge: how much energy can be mobilized sustainably? Does the spatial and structural configuration of forests influence the supply process? Do we seek to minimize transport distances? Can we observe spatial competition between the boilers ? To understand the current organization of supplies, we analyzed two sets of data traceability of wood chips. Then, we have developed a model of local supply basins, considering constraints of renewability of the resource, and conflicts of use, by combining various information sources: vegetation index derived from satellite imagery, forest mapping and production tables. The objective of this approach was dual : to determine the quantity of forest chips workable on a territory, and to highlight the spatial competition between the different basins supply, and the contribution of different tree species. This has enabled to show the importance of the energy potential of isolated trees, to our knowledge not previously evaluated in a sub-regional scale
Baraket, Nada. "Étude et compréhension de la formation et de la destruction de dioxines lors de la combustion de déchets bois en chaudières automatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0369.
Within the framework of the energy transition, the energy valorization of biomass is bound to be increased, mainly as regards the uses in industrial or collective boiler rooms, for heat or cogeneration applications. In order to limit possible conflicts of use, forest biomass is also solicited for applications such as materials, construction, chemistry, etc. The use of end-of-life wood tends to develop rapidly for energy applications. These types of fuels have characteristics (lower calorific value, ash content, elemental composition, etc.) that are radically different from those of the forestry chips that are still mainly used; they are wood collected from waste disposal sites, industrial by-products or part of furniture or demolition waste for example. These new types of fuels, coming from different sources and having very different compositions, may contain pollutants that favour new types of emissions, in particular dioxins. Dioxins are a family of organochlorine molecules, heterocyclic and having two oxygen atoms in an aromatic ring. This family includes PCDD/F (PolyChloroDibenzoDioxins and PolyChloroDibenzoFurans) and PCB (dioxin-like). Tests in laboratories or on pilot sites have shown some cases of dioxin formation during the combustion of some wood at the end of its life. Moreover, it became clear that these emissions can last over time, even when first quality wood is used after the passage of more or less polluted wood. In the case of these emissions, the solutions implemented are very often of secondary types with treatment devices set up in the smoke. However, these techniques weigh on the economic viability of the sector. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to adapt the existing knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, destruction, deposition, release, etc. of PCDD/F in order to propose primary solutions for the reduction of emissions at the exit, applicable to our sector. In addition to an exhaustive bibliographical analysis, the work is based on an experimental approach using the LERMAB pilot boiler (instrumented and equipped with sampling systems) to carry out combustion tests and existing devices in the laboratory: macro-TG and model reactor, to try to better understand the phenomena of formation/destruction and release of PCDD/Fs on the surface of the ash, the objective being to make recommendations to the operators
Thi, Van Diem. "Modélisation du comportement au feu des structures en bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0363/document.
Numerical modelling of timber structures in fire conditions requires the knowledge of the variation with temperature of the physical properties of the wood material (the thermal conductivity, the specific heat and the density) in order to take into account the thermal degradation of wood under high temperatures during the drying, pyrolysis and combustion phases, as well as the temperature profiles in the thickness of the surfaces exposed to fire. In particular, this work focusses on the thermomechanical behaviour of timber. The heat transfer analysis is described by the standard equations of heat conduction. It includes the three modes of heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection. The structural response is modelled within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes using the notion of state variables. It takes into account the coupling between the orthotropic elastic behaviour, the anisotropic plastic behaviour with isotropic nonlinear hardening, and isotropic damage. The numerical integration of the equilibrium equations is carried out with an iterative implicit scheme combining the technique of radial re- turn with the reduction of the number of equations. The thermomechanical coupling is carried out according to the approach recommended by Eurocode 5 for the fire resistance of timber structures by applying the reduction factor Kθ to the strength of a softwood. The theoretical aspects and boundary conditions associated with the thermomechanical model are also discussed. The parameters of the model are identified with experimental data obtained from actual fire tests available in the literature. Several comparative applications are carried out. The finite element model accurately reproduces the distribution of the temperature profile in the thickness of timber planks, the formation of the charred layer, and the evolution of the mechanical resistance during exposure to fire
Prieur, Anne. "Les ressources forestières : produits du bois, usages énergétiques, capture et stockage du carbone". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12871.
Cremona, Pierre. "Caractérisation expérimentale et numérique des scenarii de feu impliquant un conduit de fumée d'appareils de combustion bois". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0023/document.
The structural evolution of residential buildings due to thermal, environmental regulations and roll out of the Construction Products Regulation generate major challenge for chimney manufacturers, in particular with regard to the safety of residents during a fire. Two fire resistance scenarios are eloquent in European Regulations: the one associated with the development of fire in the room where the chimney is located and the last reported on the development of fire in the chimney itself, by ignition of the deposits. In both cases, the chimney must not be a vector for propagating fire to adjacent rooms and combustible materials. In this context, the present study aims to characterize the main thermal transfers involved in the two scenarios and to better understand the kinetics of formation, decomposition, ignition and combustion of the deposits within the chimney. To do this, an experimental and numerical approach was adopted. The experimental part allows to determine the chemical characteristics (elemental and chemical analyzes) and thermo-physical characteristics (density, conductivity, effusivity and thermal capacity, porosity, calorific value) of 24 residues from real installations or created in laboratory under representative conditions of combustion. These residues are then studied in thermogravimetric analyzers (TGA) and Cone Calorimeters in order to determine the thermal decomposition steps as well as the flammability and combustibility properties, in cases of piloted and auto-ignition. A consequent database of the set of properties has then been generated. A fire-resistant furnace (according to EN 1366-13) allowed the study of the chimney participation in the propagation of fire from one room to another, through the measurement of temperature fields, above the ceiling. The tests allow the acquisition of data essential to the definition of the initial conditions and the limits necessary for the development and the validation of a numerical model developed under Fluent. This model describes heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It makes possible to estimate the temperature level on the outer wall of the chimney above the furnace, which is required in the EI performance declaration tests according to EN 1366-13, regardless of the configuration of the chimney (diameter, materials...). The results obtained correspond to the need for Poujoulat, whose challenge is to have an experimental and numerical tool for the development of fire-resistant chimney and a database relating to deposits in order to advise the habitants
Gargouri, Thameur. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de la combustion-incinération des effluents atmosphériques engendrés par la carbonisation du bois". Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0580.
Theoretical and experimental study of the incineration of wood carbonisation smokes is investigated. The model equations coupled with heat transfer and chemical kinetics are solved by using an implicit difference shame and the zone method. The numerical model shows the effect of smokes flow, heat radiation transfer and air excess on the incineration process. A pilot plan of carbonisation, equipped with smokes incineration, is realised and installed in sfax (tunisia). The experimental study shows a matter balance of 31% and an energy balance of 79%. The theoretical and experimental results prove the efficiency of the incineration process
Khalfi, Az-Eddine. "Etude du comportement dans diverses conditions de combustion, de déchets de bois, représentatifs de la filière ameublement". Mulhouse, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MULH0610.
Dhahak, Amal. "Modélisation chimique détaillée de la combustion de la biomasse dans les appareils de chauffage domestique en vue de réduire leurs émissions polluantes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0017.
This thesis aims to understand and model the chemical mechanisms of biomass combustion in domestic heating appliances to reduce polluting emissions. For this purpose, a global model of combustion has been developed. This model considers both detailed chemical kinetics and heat transfer. The first part of this work consisted of developing a kinetic model to represent the devolatilization of biomass as well as the secondary gas phase combustion reactions of the species emitted during primary pyrolysis. According to the used kinetic model of pyrolysis, the biomass is characterized as a mixture of three so-called reference constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To know the limitations of the studied model, it has been tested on several cases of primary pyrolysis. A model of secondary pyrolysis and combustion was added to the model representing primary pyrolysis. This secondary model is composed of oxidation mechanisms for products formed by pyrolysis, such as hydroxyacetaldehyde, furan and its derivatives, furfural, anisole, guaiacol ... This secondary model, as well as the new global model developed BioPOx (Biomass Pyrolysis and Oxidation) have been tested on a large number of experimental results. In a second part, the kinetic model considering both the primary pyrolysis and the thermal cracking of the emitted gaseous species, is coupled to a simplified model of heat transfer to model the combustion of a log of wood in a stove represented by a network of ideal chemical reactors. The global model, coupling the kinetic and thermal parts, reproduces experimental results on gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NO) obtained in a wood stove
Mérel, Jérôme. "Etude du captage post-combustion du CO2 grâce à un procédé TSA (Temperature Swing Adsorption) à chauffage et refroidissements indirects". Paris, CNAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CNAM0700.
Face à l’augmentation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, le captage post-combustion du CO2 associé à son stockage est une solution technologique prometteuse. Différentes méthodes sont actuellement développées dont l’adsorption qui fait l’objet de cette étude. Ce travail concerne l’utilisation d’un procédé TSA (Temperature Swing Adsorption) pour le captage post-combustion du CO2. Ce procédé fait appel à un adsorbeur équipé d’un échangeur interne permettant un chauffage (vapeur d’eau) et refroidissement (circulation d’eau) indirects (pas de contact entre le caloporteur et l’adsorbant). Ce travail s’appuie à la fois sur une partie expérimentale et numérique. A partir des premières expériences, la zéolithe 5A a été sélectionnée. Différentes conditions opératoires (composition de l’alimentation, température de désorption, débit de purge, durée du cycle, étapes de pré-refroidissement / pré-chauffage,…) ont alors été testées à partir d’un mélange N2-CO2 afin d’obtenir un compromis optimal entre les critères de performance. D’autres configurations ont ensuite été testées au moyen d’un modèle numérique préalablement validé à partir d’expériences. En phase d’adsorption, la température d’alimentation et la température initiale du lit n’ont que peu d’influence sur les performances de l’adsorbeur. Grâce à une étude paramétrique effectuée pour des cycles, des conditions opératoires optimales, notamment avec une étape de pré-refroidissement, ont été déterminées pour cette application spécifique. Les résultats ainsi obtenus sont tout à fait encourageants puisqu’ils ont permis de mettre en évidence des performances comparables à celles des procédés de référence d’absorption par amine
Riviere, Gaëtan. "Conception d’un micro-cogénérateur aux granulés de bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0321.
As part of the AGATCO ANR project (Turbine Advance GAz for cogeneration), which began at the end of 2012, the design of a micro-cogeneration generating 1.5 kW of electricity and 10 kW of heat was started and presented in this manuscript. Based on the technology of an externally fired gas turbine, this micro-CHP uses the combustion of pellets coupled to a heat exchanger and a micro-turbine. This technology requires the design of a new fireplace (burner and combustion chamber) suitable to produce fumes at high temperatures (1200°C). The challenge is significant because the desired smoke flow is important (27 g/s) and the fuel power is low (15 kW). Two solutions are proposed to solve the problem, the first uses fresh air at ambient temperature and the second uses recycled hot fumes. The high temperature of the fumes makes it possible to obtain a turbine inlet temperature of 1100°C after the transfer of heat into the exchanger. Experimental and numerical simulation characterization of the exchanger makes it possible to verify its performances. The micro-turbine uses a new technology using channel instead of blades allowing it to have small dimensions for the desired performance. The work carried out made it possible to highlight several results: the realization of the high temperature combustion in very unfavorable conditions, the very interesting performances of the heat exchanger while proposing improvements to optimize the exchanges and the improvements to be brought to the turbine
Henry, Auréade. "Paléoenvironnement et gestion du bois de feu au Mésolithique dans le sud-ouest de la France : anthracologie, ethno-archéologie et expérimentation". Nice, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726927.
Dhahak, Amal. "Modélisation chimique détaillée de la combustion de la biomasse dans les appareils de chauffage domestique en vue de réduire leurs émissions polluantes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0017.
This thesis aims to understand and model the chemical mechanisms of biomass combustion in domestic heating appliances to reduce polluting emissions. For this purpose, a global model of combustion has been developed. This model considers both detailed chemical kinetics and heat transfer. The first part of this work consisted of developing a kinetic model to represent the devolatilization of biomass as well as the secondary gas phase combustion reactions of the species emitted during primary pyrolysis. According to the used kinetic model of pyrolysis, the biomass is characterized as a mixture of three so-called reference constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To know the limitations of the studied model, it has been tested on several cases of primary pyrolysis. A model of secondary pyrolysis and combustion was added to the model representing primary pyrolysis. This secondary model is composed of oxidation mechanisms for products formed by pyrolysis, such as hydroxyacetaldehyde, furan and its derivatives, furfural, anisole, guaiacol ... This secondary model, as well as the new global model developed BioPOx (Biomass Pyrolysis and Oxidation) have been tested on a large number of experimental results. In a second part, the kinetic model considering both the primary pyrolysis and the thermal cracking of the emitted gaseous species, is coupled to a simplified model of heat transfer to model the combustion of a log of wood in a stove represented by a network of ideal chemical reactors. The global model, coupling the kinetic and thermal parts, reproduces experimental results on gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NO) obtained in a wood stove
Dusserre, Patrick. "Etude des chaudières à bois : contribution à la mesure des émissions de composés imbrûlés, à l’évaluation des rendements énergétiques et à la modélisation de la combustion". Lyon, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAL0003.
Piga, Damien. "Processus engagés dans la rémanence, au niveau du compartiment atmosphérique, des radionucléides artificiels antérieurement déposés". Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609509.
Piga, Damien. "Processus engagés dans la rémanence, au niveau du compartiment atmosphérique, des radionucléides artificiels antérieurement déposés". Phd thesis, Toulon, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00609509/fr/.
Since 1959, atmospheric sampling stations of the environmental radioactivity permanent observatory measure both natural and artificial radioactivity in ambient air. Nowadays, Cs-137 (30. 07 years), an artificial radionuclide mainly issue from atmospheric weapons tests and several accidents, is still measured at trace level in the lower atmosphere although there is no significant release anymore. This study has aimed to identify and to characterize the processes which explain this persistence. Areas highly contaminated by Chernobyl accident are the major contributors to the Cs-137 atmospheric persistence in France. In these areas, wildfires are the most significant resuspension processes during the dry season and can lead to long range transport events. Around 1013 Bq of Cs- 137 are yearly resuspended by this process. In connection with significant increases of total suspended particles, Sahara is the second area involved in the atmospheric Cs-137 persistence due to dust transport events. The whole of these events has a mean contribution of around 1/3 of the Cs-137 background level at the French scale. The last identified process is the wood burning during winter. Even if its emission factor is low, spatial extent of source areas and quantities used at the season scale do of wood burning a significant process compared to ambient trace levels. At the French scale, around 1011 Bq of Cs-137 are yearly resuspended by this process. During this season, the decrease of ventilation conditions in the lower atmosphere leads to an increase of the background level whereas significant increases are due to long range transport events from Eastern Europe
Jambes, Jean-Pierre. "L'or vert du Sertão : combustibles ligneux, économie et sécheresse dans le Nordeste brésilien". Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU1002.
Professions connected with the exploitation of firewood and vegetable coal went through a period of intense development in brazil's nordeste at the beginning of the nineteen eightles. This phenomenon can be explained through the conjunction of that period : on the one hand, a drought which, from 1979 to 1983, imperiled the agro-pastoral economy of the semi-arid hinterland (the sertao); on the other hand, the increase of the price of hydrocarbons brought about by the second oil crisis. Lack of water almost completely destroyed local agriculture, making it thus necessary for the sertanejos to exploit the ultimate resources of the natural environment : the wood of the sparsely wooded forests of the hinterland. The production, first of firewood, then of vegetable coal, thus increased markedly, all the more so as the soaring prices of hydorcarbons compelled almost all the cement works and the mining concerns in the nordeste to replace oil by-products by ligneous fuel. This twofold exploitation of the work force and of the ecosystem), which is at the origin of the development of the professions linked with the exploitation of firewood, gradually lost its impetus with the return of rain in 1984-85. From 1986 onwards there began a period of shortage, particularly of coal, which hit the concerns which used it. Besides the resuming of traditional agro-pastoral activities, it illustrates the disengagement of the leaders of the sertao economy who, confronted with the disruption of the conditions of production, gradually gave up trading ligneous fuel. Beyond the strictly contingent aspect of this phenomenon, part of the working of the sertao society, its cumbersome structures and its relation-ship with the dominant areas of the brazilian coast are also revealed
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
The objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Zhao, Hong. "Etude par modélisation de la commande optimale des systèmes de chauffage des bâtiments utilisant des chaudières à charbon". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523172.
Salmoria, Gean Vitor. "Application des micro-ondes à la chimie fine et aux transformations des matériaux céramiques, polymères et bois : mesure des propriétés électromagnétiques pour l'optimisation et le contrôle des procédés". Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT022H.
Lamarche, Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale et à la modélisation de la gazéification étagée de biomasse en lit fixe". Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2093.
Real alternative with combustion, the energy valorization of the biomass by gasification and CHP answers to the double problem of energy production and wood residues elimination. The work presented in this thesis is related to the development of a dimensioning tool for the continuous fixed bed and external heating pyrolysis reactors integrated into staged gasification process for small and middle power plants (< 500 kWe). This tool allows the prediction of the temperature fields and species concentrations within the bed according to the operating conditions (reactor geometry, wood mass flowrate, wall temperature) and biomass properties (moisture, particle type). Within the framework of this tool development, a staged experimental device made up of a fixed bed and external heating pyrolysis reactor, and of a batch gasification reactor was developed. The obtained transient temperatures profiles on the pyrolysis reactor allowed the validation of a batch pyrolysis model and the determination of a key parameter of the model: the effective thermal conductivity. At the conclusion of this validation, the model was extrapolated for the modeling of continuous pyrolysis, and a parametric study made it possible the limiting parameters identification during pyrolysis with external heating. Lastly, experimental results obtained on the gasification reactor of the experimental device are presented, and recommendations for the improvement of partial oxidation and char reduction stages are given