Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Blocage de contenu"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
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Baillargeon, Dany, Alexandre Coutant, Marie-Eve Carignan, Elyse Dionne e Mikaëlle Tourigny. "Confrontations et convergences éthiques entre marketing et information autour de la publicité native". Revue Communication & professionnalisation, n. 5 (5 dicembre 2017): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rcompro.vi5.863.
Abstract (sommario):
La perméabilité de la division information/publicité dans les salles de rédaction fait récursivement l’objet de débats au sein de l’industrie journalistique. Mus par des logiques différentes, univers marketing et journalistique sont supposés se prémunir de toute influence mutuelle. L’arrivée des plateformes socio numériques, l’éclatement du modèle économique des médias d’information et l’irritation face à l’intrusion publicitaire et les stratégies de blocage encouragent de nouveaux chevauchements, dont la publicité native (PN). Les différentes justifications ou critiques de cette technique controversée constituent une entrée pour analyser le rapport à l’éthique des deux professions, journalisme et marketing. Cette communication propose d’interroger ce phénomène par une double analyse. D’abord en repérant dans le discours des professionnels du marketing et de l’information les différentes rationalités entourant l’utilisation, ou non, de la PN. Ces rationalités sont ensuite adossées aux codes, chartes et guides déontiques. Au final, nous arguons que les guides actuels sont insuffisants pour encadrer le bouleversement professionnel qu’engendre la PN, entre autres sous la force de tensions séculaires, mais fortement bousculées par des rationalités convergentes. Ce paradoxe semble se solder par l’arrivée d’un nouveau type de professionnel, le producteur de contenu. Nous ouvrons quelques pistes pour explorer plus avant cette transformation professionnelle.
Mots Clés : publicité native, journalisme, analyse de discours, éthique
The porousness of the information/advertising division in newsrooms is a recursive topic of debate in the journalism industry. With their distinct logics, the worlds of marketing and journalism are supposed to guard against any mutual influence, as enshrined in ethical codes and charters. But the rise of social media platforms, the fragmentation of the economic model of the news media, the irritation of advertising intrusion, and the ad blocking software are encouraging new overlaps, one being native advertising (NA). The various justifications or criticisms of this controversial technique constitute for us the entry point to analyze the ethics of both journalism and marketing in regard of NA. First, we identify, within the discourse of both marketing and information professionals, the different rationalities surrounding the use or non use of NA. These rationalities are then compared to codes, charters and deontic guides in use. In the end, we argue that the current guides are insufficient to frame the professional upheaval that NA generates, under the force of deep-rooted tensions, now strongly shaken by convergent economical rationalities. This paradox seems to result in the arrival of a new type of professional, the content producer. We open up some avenues to explore this professional transformation further.
Keywords: Ethics, deontology, native advertising, marketing, journalism
2
Lu, Chen, Jinhua Xu, Long Wang, Hongjie Wang, Biao He, Chongming Tian e Wangping Qian. "Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Crystalline Blockages in Mountain Tunnel Drainage Systems Based on Decision Analysis Methods". Applied Sciences 13, n. 6 (15 marzo 2023): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063721.
Abstract (sommario):
Crystalline blockages in mountain tunnel drainage systems are becoming a common environmental problem. Considering the lack of research on the influence degree of the factors affecting crystalline blockages in mountain tunnel drainage systems, this paper classified and evaluated the importance of relevant factors through decision analysis methods. Our purpose is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the primary factors causing crystalline blockages in tunnels. The influence factors are selected and categorized through a literature review, and then the influence factors are screened twice by the expert scoring method and the gray-whitening weighted function clustering method to eliminate the less important influence factors. Finally, the influence factors are evaluated systematically according to the hierarchical analysis method. The results indicate that the factors affecting the crystalline blockage of the drainage system can be divided into five categories: hydrology, geology, shotcrete materials, drainage facilities, and the cave environment. Among these factors, shotcrete materials are the key factors affecting the problem of crystalline blockages. Specifically, the density of shotcrete and the content of calcium in cement have a significant impact on the crystalline blockages, which have the following comprehensive weights: 0.221 and 0.152, respectively. Since the shotcrete materials are human controllable factors, they can be taken as the key research objects to solve the problem of crystalline blockages.
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Kashcheev, I. D., A. B. Finkel’shteyn, A. E. Glyzina, A. A. Shefer, A. V. Shak e V. D. Silivanov. "Possibility of using unshaped thermal insulation of aluminum alloy castings". NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), n. 9 (25 novembre 2022): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2022-9-52-56.
Abstract (sommario):
The possibility of using diatomite from the Ilyinsky deposit as an unshaped thermal insulation for open risers of castings from aluminum alloys of different alloying systems: technical aluminum A5, AK7, AMg10, VAL10 has been studied. It was found that when the continuity of the oxide film on the surface of a diatomite particle is broken, an exchange reaction occurs with the formation of a silicon transition layer. Since silicon is wetted by aluminum, the diatomite particle sinks in the melt, forming a blockage. As a criterion for the continuity of the oxide film, it is proposed to use the Pilling‒Badworth factor of the alloy components. It has been shown that a high level of the Pilling‒Badworth factor, even at a low content of the component (~ 1 %), leads to the formation of blockages. Ill. 6. Ref. 12. Tab. 1.
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Fayolle, Jacky, e Françoise Milewski. "L'offre devance la demande". Revue de l'OFCE 55, n. 4 (1 novembre 1995): 5–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.p1995.55n1.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
Résumé Après l'accélération prononcée de l'activité et du commerce mondiaux en 1994, le ralentissement intervenu depuis le début 1995 est largement généralisé au sein des pays de l'OCDE. Le manque de dynamisme de la consommation et le déficit de confiance des ménages en est un facteur général, même si cette caractéristique commune participe de phases différentes du cycle conjoncturel, selon les pays. Les pays anglo-saxons, spécialement les États-Unis, sont en voie de connaître une fin de cycle sans drame, prolongée par le recours au crédit à la consommation. Au Japon, la faiblesse de la consommation est la contrepartie d'une préférence exacerbée pour la liquidité et alimente le risque de spirale déflationniste qui menace ce pays. À partir de points de départ évidemment différents, la zone anglo-saxonne et le Japon ne devraient pas enregistrer des taux de croissance supérieurs à 2% en 1996 et ne seront pas des locomotives de la croissance mondiale. En Europe, le retour de comportements de précaution parmi les consommateurs peut handicaper la réalisation des projets d'investissement aujourd'hui formulés par les entreprises et s'opposer ainsi à la confirmation d'une expansion régularisée. Les déséquilibres dans le partage des revenus et le sentiment d'insécurité économique expliquent cet attentisme. Les disparités européennes, entre pays aux monnaies surévaluées et pays aux monnaies sous-évaluées ou en voie de l'être, contribuent aussi à geler la capacité d'expansion européenne. Dans les premiers pays, l'activité est entravée par le handicap de compétitivité ; dans les seconds, les résurgences inflationnistes et les réactions de la politique monétaire qu'elles suscitent pénalisent la demande interne. La normalisation de la situation monétaire, sur le front des taux de change, est ainsi nécessaire au retour de l'expansion européenne. Elle corrigerait les distorsions actuelles de compétitivité. Cette chronique de conjoncture fait l'hypothèse d'une telle normalisation, en particulier par une certain redressement du dollar sur l'horizon de prévision. La conjoncture allemande devrait contribuer à un dénouement positif du blocage européen en 1996. En Allemagne, le surcroît de revenus, après la généralisation des hausses salariales, paraît suffisant pour vaincre les réticences à consommer. Les exportateurs allemands bénéficieraient des achats de biens d'équipement par les industriels européens et de la poursuite de la reconstitution de leurs parts de marché. La politique monétaire allemande accompagnerait ce mouvement. La croissance allemande, après 2,5% en 1995, pourrait se rapprocher ainsi de 3% en 1996, sans pour autant atteindre ce chiffre. En France, la reprise a marqué une pause au premier semestre 1995, après l'emballement de 1994. Un environnement européen moins porteur et un contexte monétaire français nettement plus restrictif qu'anticipé en début d'année, ont sensiblement pesé sur l'activité. Le palier actuel débouche-t-il sur un retournement à la baisse ou bien un redémarrage ? Le pessimisme des entreprises n'a pas, pour le moment, conduit à une inflexion sensible des comportements de dépense, dans un sens restrictif : les embauches se développent, fussent-elles parfois à temps partiel et souvent à durée déterminée. Les salaires individuels s'accélèrent. Les investissements prévus n'ont pas été mis en cause. Les stocks, en revanche, ont pâti du retournement des anticipations. La logique de la prévision dépend crucialement de la consommation future des ménages. Davantage de revenus salariaux et de prestations soutiendraient la hausse du revenu global, malgré les prélèvements supplémentaires. Une reprise de la demande extérieure, dès le début de 1996, conforterait les exportations. La croissance de l'investissement des entreprises pourrait alors s'amplifier, aucun obstacle financier ne venant obérer les dépenses. En revanche, le contexte serait restrictif pour l'investissement et la consommation publics ; l'investissement en logements reculerait. Malgré une reprise de la formation des stocks, interrompue en 1995, la croissance du PIB serait de 2,5% seulement l'an prochain après 2,9% cette année. La reprise envisagée dépend des hypothèses de politique économique. La normalisation financière anticipée peut buter sur des tensions intra-européennes et accroître l'incertitude des entreprises. Un comportement plus prudent en matière d'embauchés et de politique salariale briserait le cheminement de la reprise. Enfin, les particuliers eux-mêmes finissent par être sensibles à la dévalorisation de leurs actifs, qu'ils soient immobiliers ou financiers. La croissance du PIB, bien que faible, permettrait une nette baisse du chômage : un contenu plus intense en emplois, un accent mis sur le traitement social et une moindre croissance de la population active y concourraient. Peu supérieure à la croissance du potentiel productif, la croissance du PIB ne comblerait pas le creux acquis durant les années précédentes : le niveau du potentiel ne serait pas atteint à l'horizon de la prévision. L'économie française resterait donc en sous-utilisation des capacités de production, avec toutes les pressions désinflationnistes que cela implique.
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Yang, Wei, Zhongyan Wang, Baosheng An, Yingying Chen, Chuanxi Zhao, Chenhui Li, Yongjie Wang et al. "Early warning system for ice collapses and river blockages in the Sedongpu Valley, southeastern Tibetan Plateau". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, n. 9 (8 settembre 2023): 3015–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3015-2023.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings have recently experienced several catastrophic glacier-related disasters. It is of great scientific and practical significance to establish ground-based early warning systems (EWSs) to understand the processes and mechanisms of glacial disasters and warn against potential threats to downstream settlements and infrastructure. However, there are few sophisticated EWSs on the Tibetan Plateau. With the support of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STPSER), an EWS was developed and implemented in the Sedongpu Valley, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, where repeated river blockages have occurred due to ice/rock collapse debris flow. The EWS collected datasets of optical/thermal videos/photos, geophone waveforms, water levels, and meteorological variables in this sparsely populated zone. It has successfully warned against three ice-rock collapse–debris flow–river blockage chain events, and seven small-scale ice-rock collapse–debris flow events. Meanwhile, it was found that the low-cost geophone can effectively indicate the occurrence and magnitude of ice/rock collapses by local thresholds, and water level observation is an efficient way to warn of river blockages. Our observations showed that there were no immediate meteorological triggers for the ice-rock collapses and associated debris flows. Several factors, such as the volume and location of the collapses and the percentage of ice content involved, influence the velocities of debris flows and the magnitude of river blockages. There are still two possible glaciers in the study area that are at risk of ice collapse. It is worth monitoring their dynamic changes using high-resolution satellite data and the ground-based EWS to safeguard the surrounding hydrological projects and infrastructure in this transboundary region.
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Dong, Wenting, Dong Zhang, Keliang Wang e Yue Qiu. "Investigation on degradation mechanism of polymer blockages in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs". e-Polymers 20, n. 1 (2 marzo 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0006.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractPolymer flooding technology has shown satisfactorily acceptable performance in improving oil recovery from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. The adsorption of the polymer in the pore leads to the increase of injection pressure and the decrease of suction index, which affects the effect of polymer flooding. In this article, the water and oil content of polymer blockages, which are taken from Bohai Oilfield, are measured by weighing method. In addition, the synchronous thermal analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to evaluate the composition and functional groups of the blockage, respectively. Then the core flooding experiments are also utilized to assess the effect of polymer plugs on reservoir properties and optimize the best degradant formulation. The results of this investigation show that the polymer adsorption in core after polymer flooding is 0.0068 g, which results in a permeability damage rate of 74.8%. The degradation ability of the agent consisting of 1% oxidizer SA-HB and 10% HCl is the best, the viscosity of the system decreases from 501.7 to 468.5 mPa‧s.
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Ruan, Zhuen, Yong Wang, Aixiang Wu, Shenghua Yin e Fei Jin. "A Theoretical Model for the Rake Blockage Mitigation in Deep Cone Thickener: A Case Study of Lead-Zinc Mine in China". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (22 gennaio 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2130617.
Abstract (sommario):
Deep cone thickener (DCT) is key equipment in cemented paste backfill (CPB) technology. However, rake blockage occurs frequently in DCT during the dewatering process of the unclassified tailings being thickened from dilute slurry to thickened tailings or paste. Rake blockage has disastrous effects on the CPB operation. In order to investigate the influencing factors of rake blockage in DCT, a mathematical model of rake power in DCT was developed. In addition, stacking mud bed (made of thickened tailings) from the DCT in Huize lead-zinc mine (HLZM) in different rake blockage accidents was sampled and tested to investigate the effect of tailings characters on rake blockage. Results indicated that the concentration of the mud bed and the friction between the mud bed and the cone wall contributed to the rake blockage. The concentration and friction were influenced by the high content of coarse particles in the mud bed. Moreover, activating devices for bed mud, as the corrective and preventive action, were developed to prevent the rake blockage, which was valid in HLZM.
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Yao, Lei, Fangfang Ma, Jie Peng, Jianbo Zhang, Yangjun Zhang e Jianpeng Shi. "Analysis of the Failure Modes in the Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cold-Start Process—Anode Dehydration or Cathode Pore Blockage". Energies 13, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010256.
Abstract (sommario):
In this study, the cold-start failure processes of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell have been investigated numerically for different initial membrane water content λ 0 and the startup current densities I 0 . The result shows that the failure of the cell cold-start process is mostly attributed to the anode dehydration when the cell operates with relatively large current density. However, the failure is dominated by the cathode pore blockage when the cell starts with relatively high initial membrane water content. Corresponding maps for the classification of startup failure modes are plotted on the λ 0 − I 0 plane with different startup temperatures. Three zones, including the anode dehydration, the cathode pore blockage, and the ambiguous region, can be observed. They can be distinguished with different startup failure mechanisms. The anode dehydration zone is expanded as the cell startup temperature drops due to the weakening of the membrane water back-diffusion ability. In the ambiguous region, the startup failure phenomena may be either anode dehydration or cathode pore blockage, which depends on the stochastic freezing process of the supercooled water.
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Jary, Marine, Christophe Borg, Olivier Bouché, Stéfano Kim, Thierry André e Jaafar Bennouna. "Traitements anti-angiogéniques dans le cancer colorectal métastatique : peut-on envisager un blocage continu de l’angiogenèse ?" Bulletin du Cancer 102, n. 9 (settembre 2015): 758–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.05.002.
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Johnston, R. N., J. Feder, A. B. Hill, S. W. Sherwood e R. T. Schimke. "Transient inhibition of DNA synthesis results in increased dihydrofolate reductase synthesis and subsequent increased DNA content per cell". Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, n. 10 (ottobre 1986): 3373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.10.3373-3381.1986.
Abstract (sommario):
We examined the role that blockage of cells in the cell cycle may play in the stimulation of gene amplification and enhancement of drug resistance. We found that several different inhibitors of DNA synthesis, which were each able to block cells at the G1-S-phase boundary, induced an enhanced cycloheximide-sensitive synthesis of an early S-phase cell cycle-regulated enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, and of other proteins as well. This response was specific, in that blockage at the G2 phase did not result in overproduction of the enzyme. When the cells were released from drug inhibition, DNA synthesis resumed, resulting in a cycloheximide-sensitive elevation in DNA content per cell. We speculate that the excess DNA synthesis (which could contribute to events detectable later as gene amplification) is a consequence of the accumulation of S-phase-specific proteins in the affected cells, which may then secondarily influence the pattern of DNA replication.
Tesi sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
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Fouquet, Romain. "Improving Web User Privacy Through Content Blocking". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILB011.
Abstract (sommario):
Le Web a connu une croissance constante depuis sa création en 1990. En parallèle de cette production permanente de contenu, le pistage des utilisateurs est apparu rapidement et s'est développé de manière tout aussi soutenue. Les utilisateurs sont alors suivis aussi bien entre les sites Web que dans leur comportement sur chaque page. Pour combattre ce pistage, les développeurs de navigateurs et d'extensions ont proposé différentes stratégies, de l'isolation des sites les uns par rapport aux autres jusqu'à demander aux utilisateurs la permission d'utiliser certaines fonctionnalités sensibles. Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à une de ces stratégies de protection côté client : le blocage de contenu. Le blocage de contenu consiste à empêcher le chargement ou l'exécution de certaines parties des pages Web, protégeant ainsi les utilisateurs de celles-ci. Les outils de blocage de contenu existants reposent surtout sur des listes de filtrage qui spécifient les parties des pages à bloquer. Cependant, elles souffrent de nombreux inconvénients : elles peuvent notamment être incomplètes ou incapables de cibler certains types de ressources. On présente quatre contributions pour améliorer la vie privée des internautes en modifiant le contenu des pages :1. On mesure la dépendance au JavaScript d'éléments courants des pages Web et dans quelle mesure bloquer JavaScript permet d'améliorer la vie privée. On trouve que 43 % des pages Web de notre échantillon ne dépendent pas strictement de JavaScript et que 67 % des pages sont susceptibles d'être utilisables si l'on se préoccupe seulement du contenu principal de la page.2. En s'appuyant sur les connaissances acquises concernant la casse des pages quand JavaScript est bloqué, on conçoit un ensemble de réparations pour corriger les cas courants de casse. On introduit le concept de User Browsing Intent (UBI) (intention de navigation) et, en se concentrant sur la UBI « read-only », on mesure à quel point ces réparations sont utiles dans le cas de cette UBI.3. On propose un système côté serveur pour remplacer les composants d'interface dépendants généralement de JavaScript par des versions sans JavaScript, et on évalue les bénéfices de cette substitution, notamment d'un point de vue sécurité et de réduction de la consommation des terminaux.4. On conçoit un algorithme de signature pour produire des signatures robustes de fonctions JavaScript et détecter le bundling (empaquetage) de fonctions de pistage provenant de scripts de pistage connus avec du code bénin. On trouve que 22.7 % des domaines de notre échantillon comprennent de telles fonctions de pistage, qui contournent ainsi, de fait, les outils de blocage existants. On propose finalement une technique pour bloquer ces fonctions de pistage tout en préservant les fonctionnalités du code environnantThe web has seen steady growth since its inception in 1990. Along with this constant production of content, user tracking has appeared early and seen continuous development. Users are thus followed across websites and their behavior observed on individual web pages. To combat user tracking, browser vendors and extension developers have proposed different strategies, ranging from site isolation to asking the user before using sensitive features. In this thesis, we focus on one of this client-side privacy protection strategy: content blocking. Content blocking consists in preventing unwanted parts of web pages from being downloaded or executed, thus protecting the user from them. Existing content blocking tools mostly rely on filter lists which specify what parts of web pages to block. They however suffer from several issues, including incomplete coverage and being unable to target certain kinds of resources. We present four contributions for improving user privacy by modifying page content:1. We measure the dependency on common web page elements on JavaScript and how much blocking JavaScript can improve user privacy. We find that 43 % of web pages from our sample do not strictly depend on JavaScript and that 67 % of pages are likely to be usable when caring only about the main page section.2. Building on the acquired knowledge of page breakage when blocking JavaScript, we design a set of repairs to repair common page breakage types. We introduce the concept of User Browsing Intent (UBI) and, focusing on the ‘read-only' UBI, we measure how much these repairs are useful in the case of this UBI.3. We propose a server-side system to substitute interface page elements usually relying on JavaScript with noscript alternatives, and discuss the benefits of this replacement in particular in terms of device energy savings and security.4. We devise a signature scheme to generate robust signatures of JavaScript functions, and detect the bundling of tracking functions from known tracking libraries with functional code. We find that 22.7 % of domains in our sample bundle such tracking functions with functional code, effectively circumventing existing blocking tools. We propose a technique for blocking these tracking functions while preserving functional code
2
ERNST, CATHERINE. "Administration de bupivacaine par catheter interpleural pour bloc intercostal continu : place dans le traitement de la douleur". Amiens, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AMIEM043.
3
Magnan, Sindy. "Le blocage androgénique intermittent versus continu dans le traitement du cancer de la prostate". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26969.
Abstract (sommario):
L’administration du blocage androgénique de façon intermittente pourrait offrir plusieurs avantages dans le traitement du cancer de la prostate. Toutefois, ce mode d’administration demeure controversé. Nous avons donc effectué une revue systématique et méta-analyse d’essais cliniques randomisés afin de comparer l’efficacité et la tolérabilité du blocage androgénique intermittent versus continu. Une analyse de non-infériorité a été effectuée pour la survie avec un seuil préétabli de 1,15 pour la borne supérieure de l’intervalle de confiance (IC). Au total, 15 études étaient éligibles. Le blocage androgénique intermittent était non inférieur au blocage androgénique continu avec un hazard ratio de 1,02 (IC à 95%: 0,93-1,11). Il y avait peu de différence entre les deux groupes pour la qualité de vie globale. Toutefois, plusieurs études ont rapporté une meilleure fonction physique et sexuelle avec le traitement intermittent. Le blocage androgénique intermittent est une alternative thérapeutique acceptable dans le cancer de la prostate.Intermittent androgen deprivation may offer several advantages over continuous androgen deprivation in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, it remains controversial. We thus conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation. A non-inferiority analysis was performed for overall survival with a pre specified margin of 1.15 for the upper boundary of the confidence interval (CI). Overall, 15 studies were eligible. Intermittent androgen deprivation was non-inferior to continuous androgen deprivation with a hazard ratio of 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93-1.11). There were minimal differences in global quality of life between the two interventions. However, more of the included studies observed an improvement in physical and sexual functioning with intermittent therapy. Intermittent androgen deprivation can be considered as an alternative option in patients with prostate cancer.
4
Jones, Laura. "Die urheberrechtliche Haftung von Intermediären im Rechtsvergleich". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D023.
Abstract (sommario):
Les titulaires de droits se tournent de plus en plus vers les intermédiaires techniques pour obtenir la suppression d'un contenu illicite en ligne. voire des dommages et intérêts. La question qui se pose est donc de savoir sur quel fondement juridique les intermédiaires peuvent voir leur responsabilité engagée. Celle-ci se compose de trois piliers majeurs : la responsabilité directe pour communication au public. article 3 de la directive « Infosoc », la responsabilité indirecte pour violation d'une obligation de vigilance (régimes nationaux) et le régime des ordonnances (de blocage), article 8 § 3 de la directive « lnfosoc ». Le présent travail illumine tout d'abord les différentes bases légales au niveau international, européen et national, leur interprétation par la CJUE et leur transposition en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni. Il se tourne ensuite vers la nécessité d'adaptation des différentes notions telles que la communication au public et l'obligation de vigilance afin d'obtenir un régime cohérent et équilibré. La proposition faite est de suivre une approche économique qui prend en compte la proximité de l'intermédiaire de l'atteinte primaire. Les services qui visent la commission de contrefaçons de la part de leurs utilisateurs et qui en tirent un profit commettent une communication au public. Les plateformes restant en dessous de ce seuil ont à leur charge des obligations de vigilance qui se traduisent notamment en une participation à un régime de notification et de retrait, voire de notification et d'action. En dernier lieu, les intermédiaires qui fournissent seulement l'infrastructure de l'Internet ne sont tangibles que par les biais des injonctionsPrimary infringers of copyright often remain anonymous on the Internet. Hence, copyright holders have turned their focus towards intermediaries in order to obtain the blockage of infringing content or damages. There is, however, not one single legal basis for their claims. "Intermediaries' liability" rather consists of different provisions, some at international or European, some at national level. This thesis shows that the legal regime of intermediaries' liability consists of three main pillars: primary liability for communicating a work to the public (art. 3 of the lnfosoc-Directive), secondary liability for violating a duty of care (national law) and (blocking) injunctions (art. 8 § 3 of the Infosoc-Directive). Their interpretation by the CJEU and their national implementations are, however, not adapted to one another. After examining the legal regimes in the European Union, France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the present thesis thus suggests a restructured system following an economic approach. It focusses on the intermediary's proximity to the primary infringement. Platforms that build their operating principles upon illegal actions of their users and exploit these infringements are close enough to the illegal contents. Their actions are hence considered a communication to the public. Intermediaries that operate desirable business models can, on the other hand, only violate copyright on a secondary level by infringing duties of care. These duties typically arise within a "notice and take down" or "notice and action" procedure. Thirdly, intermediaries that merely provide the Internet infrastructure can only be held accountable by the means of injunctions
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Chrysochoos, André. "Dissipation et blocage d'énergie lors d'un écrouissage en traction simple". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20035.
Abstract (sommario):
Etude de l'evolution du bilan energetique dans trois materiaux metalliques : duralumin, acier du carbone, acier inoxydable soumis a des tractions elastoplastiques quasistatiques. Description des 2 dispositifs experimentaux bases sur des techniques microcalorimetriques et sur l'utilisation d'une camera infra-rouge combinee a un systeme de numerisation dy signal video. Determination d'une relation lineaire entre l'energie bloquee et la contrainte. Comparaison des resultats experimentaux avec des previsions theoriques
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Rusca, Antonio. "Selective adrenergic alpha-1 blockade in patients with essential hypertension /". [S.l : s.n.], 1985. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Lötscher, Stefan. "Single shot and continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade for shoulder surgery : efficacy and side effects in a teaching hospital /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Williams, Marie Claire. "A critical study of the challenge of inclusion for interfaith organisations in the future : identifying blockages to interfaith engagement and respecting the diversity of views within an intra faith context". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442623.
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Chouli, Souad. "Structures optiques dissipatives en cavité laser à fibre". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692049.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette thèse concerne l'étude de la dynamique des structures optiques dissipatives observées dans une cavité à gestion de dispersion utilisant l'évolution non linéaire de la polarisation comme technique de blocage de modes. Nous avons montré expérimentalement l'existence d'une transition graduelle entre le régime de fonctionnement continu et le régime de fonctionnement multi-impulsionnel. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'état intermédiaire où il nous a été possible d'obtenir divers régimes inédits et d'étudier ainsi le comportement collectif des solitons dissipatifs en présence d'un fond continu. La dynamique de "la pluie de solitons" est une manifestation complexe et fascinante constituée de trois composantes de champ : le fond continu, les solitons de dérive et la phase condensée. Elle s'accompagne d'une circulation d'énergie à travers ces trois composantes. Le mouvement relatif des solitons de dérive ainsi que l'asymétrie temporelle présentent les caractéristiques majeures qui distinguent cette dynamique des autres. D'autres types d'auto-organisation ont été observés et étudiés, comme "le relargage des solitons de la phase condensée" ou bien encore "la vobulation du train de solitons". Nous nous sommes intéressés aussi à la propagation d'une seule impulsion dans la cavité. Pour la première fois, une importante dynamique de respiration spectrale a été prédite dans une cavité à gestion de la dispersion. Nous avons montré qu'une compression temporelle de l'impulsion est accompagnée d'un élargissement spectral d'une grande ampleur dans la partie passive de la cavité et que la largeur de l'impulsion peut dépasser la largeur de la bande passante du milieu amplificateur. Nous avons étudié la dynamique de la respiration spectrale, l'extraction et l'optimisation du signal laser en fonction des paramètres de la cavité et nous avons présenté les caractéristiques d'une cavité qui permet la génération d'une impulsion dont sa largeur spectrale est supérieure à la largeur de la bande passante de l'amplificateur d'un facteur de 2.4. Les dynamiques présentées dans cette thèse témoignent de la complexité et de la richesse de la dynamique dissipative des lasers à fibre fonctionnant en régime de blocage de modes passif par évolution non linéaire de la polarisation.
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Svensson, Maria Helena. "Critères de figement : L’identification des expressions figées en français contemporain". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-335.
Abstract (sommario):
Although there are units larger than the word in language, linguists have not been able to agree on a definition of these units. This study examines a variety of notions, relevant in the study of ”fixed” or ”frozen” expressions in contemporary French. Criteria such as memorization, unique context, non-compositionality, marked syntax, lexical blocking and grammatical blocking are analyzed in detail. A closer look at them reveals that in fact only one of them, lexical blocking, is both necessary and sufficient in the description of a fixed expression. The other criteria are, however, also important to the notion of ”fixedness”. It may well be that the criteria that have often been proposed in linguistic literature would benefit from being organized in a family resemblance rather than being used as necessary and sufficient conditions.
Libri sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
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Drew, Phillip. The Law of Maritime Blockade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808435.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Although benign by appearance, Maritime Blockade can, in the right circumstances, be a devastating method of warfare, capable of bringing a country’s economy to its knees and causing mass suffering and starvation amongst its civilian population. In spite of its potentially deadly nature, maritime blockade remains one of the most unregulated and misunderstood forms of modern warfare. This holds particularly true in regards to the laws surrounding humanitarian requirements of civilian populations subjected to blockade operations. The Law of Maritime Blockade: Past, Present, and Future is an examination of the development and practice of the law of blockade over the past four centuries. Using examples from history, it describes the humanitarian impact of blockade, and provides analysis as to why this method of warfare has proven so difficult to regulate. Concluding that the current law of maritime blockade lacks a common framework or understanding, particularly in the context of non-international armed conflict, it suggests that the customary status of blockade law is dubious. In response, it offers model guidelines that provide the foundation for standardized rules designed to support the operational requirements of the belligerent parties whilst addressing the humanitarian requirements of affected civilian populations.
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Drew, Phillip. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808435.003.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
The introduction to the book introduces the reader to the method of naval warfare known as ‘maritime blockade’. Comparing and contrasting blockade to similar types of maritime interdiction operations, it outlines the particular characteristics that set blockades apart from sanctions, embargoes, and contraband operations. In particular, this part of the book provides insight into the author’s principal argument that there is a humanitarian gap in the law of maritime blockade that permits blockading powers to deliberately cause the starvation of the civilian population of a blockaded area. As a consequence, the introduction sets out the thesis that the contemporary law of maritime blockade is outdated and requires significant reform in order to remain valid in the context of twenty-first-century international humanitarian law (IHL)..
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Armstrong, Sarah L., Michelle Walters, Katherine Cheesman e Geraldine O’Sullivan. Neuraxial anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0020.
Abstract (sommario):
Neuraxial anaesthesia is the safest and preferred method of anaesthesia for both elective and emergency caesarean delivery. It has significant advantages over general anaesthesia including the avoidance of failed intubation and ventilation, awareness, and aspiration of pulmonary contents. It also allows the partner to be present at delivery and facilitates maternal–newborn bonding. This chapter examines the indications and contraindications to neuraxial blockade for caesarean delivery and discusses preoperative assessment and consent for these patients. Neuraxial techniques for caesarean delivery include single-shot spinal, combined spinal–epidural, epidural anaesthesia, and continuous spinal anaesthesia. These techniques are described and critically evaluated. The choice of local anaesthetic drugs and adjuvants is also discussed along with a troubleshooting section for dealing with unexpected complications of neuraxial blockade for caesarean delivery.
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Colenutt, Bob. The Property Lobby. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340492.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Book Abstract: Despite countless reports and Government policy announcements on the housing crisis over decades, the scale and depth of the crisis continues. Homelessness, shortages of social housing, rents and house prices continue rise year on year. The word affordability has become meaningless. Land landowners and housebuilders and property investors have made huge profits out of this crisis. This book focusing in examples from London and Northamptonshire examines the power of the ‘finance-housebuilding ’ complex arguing that this property lobby is the main blockage for change and reform. It explains why the housing and planning system has become increasingly dysfunctional over the last 40 years accelerating with the impact of the 2008 Crash. The book gives examples of how the property lobby has been highly effective in manipulating Government housing and planning policy for its own benefit, to the detriment of those in housing need. It shows how the housebuilders business model, backed by Government grants and subsidies, has played a central role in perpetuating the crisis. The property lobby has succeeded in diverting attention from themselves onto the town planning system which has been scapegoated for holding back new house building. The result is that the housing crisis and the power behind it is hard baked into the UK economy. It must be addressed by radical reform of the property, planning and finance system. Without these reforms homelessness, poor housing, and lack of affordability will continue indefinitely.
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Andrew, Clapham. War. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810469.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
How relevant is the concept of war today? This book examines how notions about war continue to influence how we conceive legal rights and obligations. It considers situations that recognize the significance of a Declaration of War or a State of War, both domestically and internationally. It outlines how the institution of War was abolished in the 20th century and replaced with a ban on the use of force. At the same time, international criminal law was developed to prosecute wars of aggression and war crimes. The book highlights how states nevertheless continue to claim that they can resort to the use of force, engage in lawful killings in war, imprison law of war detainees and attack objects that are said to be part of a war-sustaining economy. The book provides an overall account of the laws of war and a detailed inquiry into whether states should be able to continue to claim Belligerent Rights over the enemy and neutrals, including those rights connected to booty and blockade. The book claims that while there is general agreement that War has been abolished as a legal institution for settling disputes, the time has come to admit that the Belligerent Rights that states claim flow from being at war are no longer available. Therefore, claiming to be in a war or an armed conflict does not grant anyone a licence to kill people, destroy things, and acquire other people’s property or territory.
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Backman Rogers, Anna. Still Life: Notes on Barbara Loden's "Wanda" (1970). punctum books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0326.1.00.
Abstract (sommario):
There is indeed a "miracle" in the 1970 film Wanda. This film has survived, despite decades of neglect, to emerge into the fuliginous light of an era that may just be ready to strain at grasping its harsh and brutal truths -- truths that reveal the imbrication of the psychic in the social and the experiential in political structures. Barbara Loden's film dares to suggest that the social and ethical functions of art should not necessarily be redemptive – that salvation is a cheap and spurious form of consolation that few can afford in this world. This film, made by a woman who knew all too well what it means to be defined through and by her material circumstances (and her relationships to men), and that is so relentlessly ferocious in its refusal to assuage and comfort the viewer, has always been a form of future feminism. Wanda does not brook the comforts of positivity, of aspiration, or even the luxury of selfhood. This film, Still Life contends, is so radical in its feminist-anti-capitalist politics of refusal that we are still struggling to keep up with it. It delineates precisely how the personal is political and why this matters now more than ever. Wanda, a film about a woman who refuses to be saved or to save herself, who lacks the means and energy to alter anything in her life, who lives in a permanent state of blockage, impasse and failure is, as this publication suggests, the film of our contemporary moment.
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Levy, David M., e Ieva Saule. General anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0022.
Abstract (sommario):
General anaesthesia (GA) is most often indicated for category 1 (immediate threat to life of mother or baby) caesarean delivery (CD) or when neuraxial anaesthesia has failed or is contraindicated. Secure intravenous access is essential. Jugular venous cannulation (with ultrasound guidance) is required if peripheral access is inadequate. A World Health Organization surgical safety checklist must be used. The shoulders and upper back should be ramped. Left lateral table tilt or other means of uterine displacement are essential to minimize aortocaval compression, and a head-up position is recommended to improve the efficiency of preoxygenation and reduce the likelihood of gastric contents reaching the oropharynx. Cricoid pressure is controversial. In the United Kingdom, thiopental remains the induction agent of choice, although there is scant evidence upon which to avoid propofol. In pre-eclampsia, it is essential to obtund the pressor response to laryngoscopy with remifentanil or alfentanil. Rocuronium is an acceptable alternative to succinylcholine for neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex offers the possibility of swifter reversal of rocuronium than spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Management of difficult tracheal intubation is focused on ‘oxygenation without aspiration’ and prevention of airway trauma. The Classic™ laryngeal mask airway is the most commonly used rescue airway in the United Kingdom. There is a large set of data from fasted women of low body mass index who have undergone elective CD safely with a Proseal™ or Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway. Sevoflurane is the most popular volatile agent for maintenance of GA. The role of electroencephalography-based depth of anaesthesia monitors at CD remains to be established. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide tension should be maintained below 4.0 kPa.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
1
Al-Tamimi, Nawaf, Azzam Amin e Nourollah Zarrinabadi. "Introduction". In Qatar’s Nation Branding and Soft Power, 1–6. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24651-7_1.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThis chapter presents the introductory remarks about the book and its content. In so doing, the chapter describes the blockade of Qatar and the ways in which Qatari government reacted to it. The authors describe different analytical perspectives and arguments put forward to understand Qatari policies in order to respond to the blockade. The chapter ends with an overview of the content of different chapters and the organization of the study.
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Rath, Andrew C. "Kola, Blockade, and Advances in Naval Medicine". In The Crimean War in Imperial Context, 1854–1856, 93–109. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137544537_6.
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Golding, Brian. "Introduction". In Towards the “Perfect” Weather Warning, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98989-7_1.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractWe outline the objectives of the book, setting them in the context of disaster risk management in a changing world and introducing the role of warnings in mitigating weather-related disasters. We describe the warning value chain, linking the needs of the decision-maker with forecasting capability; identify the blockages where information is lost, which we call the “valleys of death”; and introduce partnership as the core theme of the book. We then summarise the structure of the book and of each chapter, concluding by emphasising the importance of having a governance framework to monitor performance, inform troubleshooting and determine investment.
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Duan, Lunbo, e Lin Li. "Oxygen Carrier Aided Gasification (OCAG)". In Oxygen-Carrier-Aided Combustion Technology for Solid-Fuel Conversion in Fluidized Bed, 79–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9127-1_5.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractGasification is regarded as an effective clean utilization technology of solid fuel, which can convert the chemical energy of solid fuel into gaseous fuel. However, the primary gas products contain not only the essential gas products, but also an unacceptable amount of tars, which will cause operational problems such as blockage of downstream equipment during gasification. Catalysts are often used after the gasifier to catalyze tar in the pyrolysis product gas. However, the activity ofcatalysts generally declines over time, as they will be poisoned by prolonged exposure to an atmosphere containing elements such as sulfur, chlorine and alkali metals. In addition, under the condition of high tar content, carbon deposition may form on the surface of catalyst, which leads to the deactivation of catalyst. The oxygen carrier particles of natural ores not only can transport oxygen, but also contain various metal elements that can be used as catalysts for tar cracking. Introduce the OCs to replace inert bed materials may not only provide a cheap catalyst for the technology, but also complete the transfer of oxygen between the two reactors, this process is oxygen carrier aided gasification (OCAG).
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Cardoso, José Luís. "Lifting the Continental Blockade: Britain, Portugal and Brazilian Trade in the Global Context of the Napoleonic Wars". In A Global History of Trade and Conflict since 1500, 87–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137326836_5.
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Miah, Md Farid. "Disrupted Mobilities: British-Bangladeshis Visiting Their Friends and Relatives During the Global Pandemic". In IMISCOE Research Series, 113–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23996-0_7.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted the cross-border mobilities of people and materials. The ramifications of such a sudden large-scale disruption of mobilities were hugely significant for migrants’ and diasporic citizens’ transnational way of life. Being ‘here’ and ‘there’ and maintaining intimate personal, familial and social ties between people and places transnationally suddenly became virtually impossible, and some of these blockages and brakes to mobility continue. National lockdowns by many countries across the globe and the virtual halting of international travel severely limited people’s capacity to physically travel. Visiting geographically distant relatives and friends, meeting them face-to-face and fulfilling cultural obligations and duties, such as providing care or attending a funeral, became very challenging. In this chapter, I examine the disruptions of human spatial-temporal mobilities of visiting friends and relatives (VFR) between members of the British-Bangladeshi diaspora in London and their home country, Bangladesh. Drawing from interviews both in-person and online via Zoom and WhatsApp, I analyse and interpret the complex experiences of their visits and the consequences of enforced immobilities for individuals and families during the pandemic.
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Gerson, Aleksander. "Stranding of the Mega-Ship Ever Given in the Suez Canal: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons to Be Learned". In Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security, 231–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15670-0_12.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractIn March 2021, the mega container ship Ever Given, a 400-m-long vessel weighing 200,000 tons, with a maximum capacity of 20,000 containers, grounded in the southernmost stretch of the Suez Canal. Ship convoys in the southern part of the Suez Canal can only travel in a single lane, therefore the grounding of the Ever Given effectively blocked all traffic through the Canal. The six-day blockage exacted a heavy financial price and loss of revenues for Egypt and for consumers worldwide. When the Ever Given was finally freed, she was arrested by Egyptian authorities and detained for over three months, while all her cargo worth hundreds of millions of dollars could not reach its various destinations, causing further financial losses and claims. This incident demonstrates the vital importance that Suez Canal holds for global maritime trade by considerably shortening the route between the Far East and Europe and the Americas (as an alternative to journeying around Africa). However, it highlights the consequences of failure to adapt to the pace of growth of container ships in the last two decades, and the lack of preparedness of the Suez Authorities to deal with an event of such magnitude. The race to increase profitability by economies of scale has a profound global impact on shipping and ports. The article discusses the regulatory regime of this vital waterway in the context of responsibilities, liability, and cooperation between Suez Canal authorities and ships’ commands. The lack of clarity regarding legal relationships between national authorities, ship operators, and masters is discussed with emphasis on straits, narrow passages, rivers, and channels.
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Barbon, Christine M., Kenneth J. Janec, Rowan H. Kelner, James E. Norton e Eva C. Guinan. "Alloanergization Method for Inducing Allospecific Hyporesponsiveness in PBMC Exposed to Allostimulation In Vitro in the Context of Costimulatory Molecule Blockade". In Methods in Molecular Biology, 103–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8938-6_8.
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"Table of Contents". In Breaking the Blockade, ix—x. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv249sfxq.2.
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"Contents". In The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944, vii—viii. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300183306-toc.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
1
Di Piazza, I., M. Tarantino, F. Magugliani e A. Alemberti. "A CFD Analysis of Flow Blockage Phenomena in ALFRED LFR DEMO Fuel Assembly". In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30777.
Abstract (sommario):
A CFD study has been carried out on fluid flow and heat transfer in the HLM-cooled Fuel Pin Bundle of the ALFRED LFR DEMO. In the context of GEN-IV Heavy Liquid Metal-cooled reactors safety studies, the flow blockage in a Fuel sub-assembly is considered one of the main issues to be addressed and the most important and realistic accident for LFR Fuel Assembly. The present paper is a first step towards a detailed analysis of such phenomena, and a CFD model and approach is presented to have a detailed thermo-fluid dynamic picture in the case of blockage. The closed hexagonal, grid-spaced fuel assembly of the LFR ALFRED has been modeled and computed. At this stage, the details of the spacer grids have not been included, but a conservative analysis has been carried out based on the current main geometrical and physical features. Reactivity feedback, as well as axial power profile, have not been included in this analysis. Results indicate that critical conditions, with clad temperatures around ∼900°C, are reached with blockage larger than 30% in terms of area fraction. Two main effects can be distinguished: a local effect in the wake/recirculation region downstream the blockage and a global effect due to the lower mass flow rate in the blocked subchannels; the former effect gives rise to a temperature peak behind the blockage and it is dominant for large blockages (>20%), while the latter effect determines a temperature peak at the end of the active region and it is dominant for small blockages (<10%). The blockage area has been placed at the beginning of the active region, so that both over-mentioned phenomena can fully take place. The mass flow rate at the different degree of blockage has been imposed from preliminary system code simulations. Transient analyses with fully resolved SST-ω turbulence model have been carried out and results indicate that a blockage of ∼15% (in terms of blocked area) leads to a maximum clad temperature around 800 °C, and this condition is reached in a characteristic time of 3–4 s without overshoot. Local clad temperatures around 1000 °C can be reached for blockages of 30% or more. CFD simulations indicate that Blockages >15% could be detected by putting some thermocouples in the plenum region of the FA.
2
Cao, Ranran, Jia Yang e Wei Bai. "A Systematic Research on Prevention and Control Measures to Blockages of Cooling Water Intake System in Coastal Nuclear Power Plant". In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92209.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The cooling water intake system of coastal nuclear power plant involves multiple parts from the sea to the land. Moreover, the interception facilities of cooling water intake system are technically complex and face variable blocking risks. In order to improve the safety, stability and economy of nuclear power, for the first time, a systematic study on prevention and control measures to blockages of cooling water intake system in coastal nuclear power plant is carried out from the systematic perspective. The principle of active defense, depth setting, stepped filtration and permanent or temporary combination are adopted in this study. The research contents concern system design, equipment selection and technology layout, etc. Some key technologies, such as cold source blockages investigation, flow field active guidance and avoidance, cascade filtering system, pump station design, monitoring and early warning system, emergency response, etc., have been emphatically studied and optimized. As a result, a reasonable and systematic scheme of prevention and control measures to blockages of cooling water intake system is proposed. The application of this systematic scheme will enable nuclear power plant to form a strong-matrix prevention and control model containing all parts of the cooling water intake system. It can improve the active defense capability of cooling water intake system against blockages and reduce the occurrence of cooling water intake blockage incidents in nuclear power plant.
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Marinari, R., I. Di Piazza, M. Tarantino, F. Magugliani, A. Alemberti, W. Borreani e P. B. Ghionzoli. "CFD Pre-Test Analysis and Design of the NACIE-UP BFPS Fuel Pin Bundle Simulator". In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60914.
Abstract (sommario):
In the context of GEN-IV heavy liquid metal-cooled reactors safety studies, the flow blockage in a fuel sub-assembly is considered one of the main issues to be addressed and one of the most important and realistic accident for Lead Fast Reactors (LFR) fuel assembly. The blockage in a fast reactor Fuel Assembly (FA) may have serious effects on the safety of the plant leading to the FA damaging or melting. The temperature of the coolant leaving the FA is considered an important indicator of the health of the FA (i.e. the effective heat removal) and is usually monitored via a dedicated, safety-related system (e.g. thermocouple). The external or internal blockage of the FA may impair the correct cooling of the fuel pins, be the root cause of anomalous heating of the cladding and of the wrapper and potentially impact also fuel pins not directly located above or around the blocked area. In order to model the temperature and velocity field inside a wrapped FA under unblocked and blocked conditions, detailed experimental campaign as well as 3D thermal hydraulic analyses of the FA is required. The present paper is focused on the CFD pre-test analysis and design of the new experimental facility ‘Blocked’ Fuel Pin bundle Simulator (BFPS) that will be installed into the NACIE-UP (NAtural CIrculation Experiment-UPgrade) facility located at the ENEA Brasimone Research Center (Italy). The BFPS test section will be installed into the NACIE-UP loop facility aiming to carry out suitable experiments to fully investigate different flow blockage regimes in a 19 fuel pin bundle providing experimental data in support of the development of the ALFRED (Advanced Lead-cooled Fast Reactor European Demonstrator) LFR DEMO. In particular, the ‘Blocked’ Fuel Pin bundle Simulator (BFPS) cooled by lead bismuth eutectic (LBE), was conceived with a thermal power of about 250 kW and a uniform wall heat flux up to 0.7 MW/m2, relevant values for a LFR. It consists of 19 electrical pins placed on a hexagonal lattice with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.4 and a diameter of 10 mm. The geometrical domain of the fuel pin bundle simulator was designed to reproduce the geometrical features of ALFRED, e.g. the external wrapper in the active region and the spacer grids. Pre-tests calculations were carried out by applying accurate boundary conditions; the conjugate heat transfer in the clad is also considered. The numerical simulation test matrix covered the envisioned experimental range in terms of mass flow rate; the wall heat flux was imposed in order to have a fixed temperature difference across the BFPS in unblocked conditions. The blockages investigated are internal blockages of different extensions and in different locations (central subchannel blockage, corner sub-channel blockage, edge subchannel blockage, one sector blockage, two sector blockage). High resolution RANS simulations were carried out adopting the ANSYS CFX V15 commercial code with the laminar sublayer resolved by the mesh resolution. The loci of the peak temperatures and their width as predicted by the CFD simulations are used for determining the location of the pin bundle instrumentation. The CFD pre-test analysis allowed also investigating the temperature distribution in the clad to operate the test section safely.
4
Da Silva, Alberto Vianna Dias, e Vaninha Vieira. "BBAware - A Context-Aware Mobile and Wearable Architecture for Monitoring Beta-Blocked Cardiac Patients". In VIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Ubíqua e Pervasiva. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcup.2016.9444.
Abstract (sommario):
Beta-blockade drugs are still in use as treatment option to lower heart rate, to improve cardiac function, and to reduce cardiovascular events. Patients who use beta-blockers usually surpass a therapeutic test full of collateral effects to adapt their organisms. Furthermore, these patients with a baseline heart rate above 70 beats per minute have a significantly higher risk of all cardiovascular events. Context-aware healthcare field arises as an alternative to monitor patients constantly. This paper introduces the Beta-Blocked Aware (BBAware) project, a pervasive solution, that uses the concepts of ubiquitous healthcare in order to help patients under beta-blockade treatments.
5
Clark, Catherine, e David Orchard. "Liquid Water Content Instrumentation Study at the NRC AIWT". In International Conference on Icing of Aircraft, Engines, and Structures. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1424.
Abstract (sommario):
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The National Research Council Altitude Icing Wind Tunnel liquid water content calibrations have historically relied on a 2.4 mm diameter rotating cylinder for drop sizes up to 50 μm and a 6.2 mm diameter rotating cylinder for drop sizes from 50 μm to 200 μm. This study compares the facility calibration, derived from rotating cylinder measurements, to water content measurements from the Science Engineering Associates Multi-Element Probe and the National Research Council Compact Iso-Kinetic Probe over a range of airspeeds and drop sizes. The data show where the rotating cylinder measurements may start to underestimate the liquid water content (LWC), possibly due to splashing at higher airspeeds and drop sizes. The data also show that the LWC read by the Multi-Element Probe is higher than that provided by the rotating cylinders, and the Compact Iso-Kinetic Probe (CIKP) reads higher than both other methods. These trends are consistent with instrumentation comparison data from other icing wind tunnels. The study examines the effects of aerodynamic blockage on the probe measurements and the effects of placing the CIKP reference humidity sensor at different positions relative to the icing cloud. Overall, the data do not support changing the AIWT LWC calibration method from the rotating cylinder at this time.</div></div>
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Alhadi, Almostafa, e Musaab Magzoub. "Treatment of Prodigious Reactive Shale in the Permian Basin Using High-Performance Drilling Fluid: A Successful Case Study". In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204341-ms.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract In the Permian basin, Spraberry Trend is one of the formations that markedly contribute to the unconventional shale production in the U.S. lately. Unusual shale reactivity was encountered while drilling several horizontal wells, leading to wellbore instability issues. Consequently, shakers’ screens blockage increased the mud losses and drilling time, leading to an increased non-productive time (NPT). This paper addresses the challenges and causes of the formation instability issues resulted from shale interaction with the used drilling fluid and presents the timely actions taken to mitigate such problems. During the drilling operation, several rock samples were collected at different depth intervals from the shale shaker. Rock samples were analyzed to identify the clay and minerals contents in the formations. The collected samples were first cleaned to remove the mud, dried, ground, and then characterized by an X-ray diffraction test (XRD) and microscopic imaging. After identifying the possible reasons for the wellbore instability, several timely actions were taken to mitigate this issue. These actions include: 1) increasing the emulsion stability, 2) increasing the water phase salinity (WPS), 3) decreasing the water phase volume, 4) adding wetting agent, 5) using wider screens for the shaker, and 6) controlling drilling parameters such as weight on bit and rotational speed. Afterward, wellbore stability, well control problem indicators, and drilling fluid properties, especially rheology, were closely monitored to identify any subsequent or unusual events. The geological and mineralogy studies show that the drilled formation contains high smectite and illite clay content, up to 49%, which was believed to be the main reason for the unusual shale reactivity. Replacing the existing screens (200 API) with wider screens (160 and 140 API) showed an insignificant effect in mitigating the screens blockage. The adopted method of reducing the rate of penetration (ROP) and increasing the circulation time helped significantly alleviate the screens blockage by reducing the cuttings production and giving more time for hole cleaning. Furthermore, the optimal hole cleaning successfully increased the formation's stability. Adding a wetting agent to the drilling mud did not impact the cuttings aggregations; however, it led to a decrease in the rheological properties; thus, adding more concentration of the viscosifier was required to maintain the fluid rheology. Increasing the water phase salinity (WPS) to over 230k ppm and the emulsion stability to over 700 mV was considered the backbone of the treatment plan that significantly resolved the issue by inhibiting the clay. Eventually, the critical considerations were pointed out.
7
Sundaram, N., e K. A. Thole. "Effects of Surface Deposition, Hole Blockage, and TBC Spallation on Vane Endwall Film-Cooling". In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90379.
Abstract (sommario):
With the increase in usage of gas turbines for power generation and given that natural gas resources continue to be depleted, it has become increasingly important to search for alternate fuels. One source of alternate fuels is coal derived synthetic fuels. Coal derived fuels, however, contain traces of ash and other contaminants that can deposit on vane and turbine surfaces affecting their heat transfer through reduced film-cooling. The endwall of a first stage vane is one such region that can be susceptible to depositions from these contaminants. This study uses a large-scale turbine vane cascade in which the following effects on film-cooling adiabatic effectiveness were investigated in the endwall region: the effect of near-hole deposition, the effect of partial film-cooling hole blockage, and the effect of spallation of a thermal barrier coating. The results indicated that deposits near the hole exit can sometimes improve the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge, but with increased deposition heights the cooling deteriorates. Partial hole blockage studies revealed that the cooling effectiveness deteriorates with increases in the number of blocked holes. Spallation studies showed that for a spalled endwall surface downstream of the leading edge cooling row, cooling effectiveness worsened with an increase in blowing ratio.
8
Stuart, Charles, Stephen Spence, Dietmar Filsinger, Andre Starke, Sung In Kim e Peter Harley. "An Evaluation of Vaneless Diffuser Modelling Methods as a Means of Improving the Off-Design Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Compressors". In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42657.
Abstract (sommario):
An evaluation of existing 1-D vaneless diffuser design tools in the context of improving the off-design performance prediction of automotive turbocharger centrifugal compressors is described. A combination of extensive gas stand test data and single passage CFD simulations have been employed in order to permit evaluation of the different methods, allowing conclusions about the relative benefits and deficiencies of each of the different approaches to be determined. The vaneless diffuser itself has been isolated from the incumbent limitations in the accuracy of 1-D impeller modelling tools through development of a method to fully specify impeller exit conditions (in terms of mean quantities) using only standard test stand data with additional interstage static pressure measurements at the entrance to the diffuser. This method allowed a direct comparison between the test data and 1-D methods through sharing common inputs, thus achieving the aim of diffuser isolation. Crucial to the accuracy of determining the performance of each of the vaneless diffuser configurations was the ability to quantify the presence and extent of the spanwise aerodynamic blockage present at the diffuser inlet section. A method to evaluate this critical parameter using CFD data is described herein, along with a correlation for blockage related to a new diffuser inlet flow parameter ⚡, equal to the quotient of the local flow coefficient and impeller tip speed Mach number. The resulting correlation permitted the variation of blockage with operating condition to be captured.
9
Umeh, Ebuka, Maurice Ephraim e Nitonye Samson. "Understanding the Impacts of Backpressure & Risk Analysis of Different Gas Hydrate Blockage Scenarios on the Integrity of Subsea Flowlines". In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207141-ms.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Offshore oil and gas pipelines are subjected to high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) from the inner hydrocarbon content during operation. Both the rise in temperature and internal pressure may cause longitudinal expansion of the pipeline. This expansion is restrained or semi-restrained by the pipe end devices and the soil which results in build-up of compression stresses in the pipe wall. These pipelines are also exposed to so many familiar and unfamiliar forces related to static, dynamic and environmental forces. This study presents a thorough review of various sources from literature on the integrity challenges of subsea flowlines and pipelines amid challenging operating conditions especially with regards to flow assurance. This paper evaluates the impact of hydrate deposition and agitation on the overall integrity of the subsea flowlines, riser-base and fitting e.g. elbows, valves e.t.c. A bow tie model was developed to determine the threats, causes, consequences, the top event and the impending hydrates that are to be designed and cause blockage and failure. Stress analysis were done with finite element tools which are ANSYS and Autodesk INVENTOR with only the hoop, Von Mises stress and the corresponding back pressure that occurred with the scenario of 0, 10,30,50,70,90 and 100% blockage of flowlines being analyzed and taking the 0% or null blockage as the pilot case with no hydrate formation. The result gotten from both results were validated with hand calculation with excel and the initial design values for the stress values before the initial operation of the wells after the first commissioning. In addition, HAZOP was done to understand the inherent risk involved in all the cases under study and results gotten would serve as a tool of precautions to operators and stakeholders in period of adversity when facing similar scenario.
10
Alborzi, G. "Should Deep Water Well Tubing be Dosed with Hydrate Inhibitor Post Shutdown?" In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214895-ms.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Preservation of the subsea system and well tubing following a shutdown where the system is expected to cooldown to hydrate formation conditions is one of the activities that the Operations team carry out along with other troubleshooting activities when it comes to deep and medium-depth water developments. Such preservation usually includes injecting a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THI) (e.g. methanol) to the areas where gas and water are both present together and the system has less heat content to stay outside hydrate zone until the next restart. Whilst preservation of the subsea production system such as jumpers and manifolds has been better defined the project development team in terms of No Touch Time (NTT) and Cooldown Time (CDT) definitions, preservation of the production and injection trees and tubings have been less defined in project phases, and hence the requirements such as inhibitor injection volume and timing are more often conservatively defined to avoid hydrate blockages. The well operating conditions, particularly GOR and WC, which may vary from design phase to operation and also over the life of the field is another reason for the design phase engineers not being able to fully specify the requirement for well tubing preservation post shutdown. Hence, in majority of developments, it is the Operations Support Team who will need to re-define the preservations requirement for each production and injection wellbore. This work has investigated the necessity of well tubing preservation for a large number of wells in a few deep water oil-producing assets which had been recommended by the design phase to be preserved with methanol within 48h of shutdown. The initial trigger for this study was the analytics of the KPI records which led to an investigation of the historical success rates of methanol injection into the well tubing within 48h of shutdown and lack of any field evidence for hydrate formation. The records were analyzed for the past 5 years of operation, and they showed that despite a poor success rate, none of the wells had any hydrate blockage issues upon restart. A commercial software with numerical engine was then used to model several wells under shutdown condition, the outcome of which showed that the 48h time limit for wellbore preservation was significantly conservative. The modelling work also revealed that not all production wellbores require preservation following a shutdown as phase segregation occurs inside the tubing causing free water phase to drain down into a warm section of the production tubing, which in majority of cases, is outside hydrate formation region (HFR). The phase segregation and location of the water-hydrocarbon interface was proven to be a strong function of GOR and WC. The well models were then run for a wide range of GORs and WCs to further determine this relationship. A GOR vs. WC graph was later devised for the Operations team to work out which well tubing would require treatment with methanol for a long-term shutdown. The strategy used for generating such graph and guidelines for Operations can be adopted for similar deep water production assets to avoid unnecessary methanol injections to production wells in the event of a shutdown. The water injection wells were also studied to identify the reasons and mechanism for hydrate blockage so that a new strategy could be developed for preservation of injection well tubing. The mechanism for potential hydrate in water injection wells was concluded to be due to gas (or hydrocarbon) migration into injection zone and then up the tubing when the well was shut in long enough for the water injection bottom-hole pressure to dissipate into the reservoir and hence allow the hydrocarbon migration to occur. It is noted that only injection wells that were completed in the reservoir formation were at the risk of hydrocarbon migration and needed preservation against hydrate blockage. Migration of hydrocarbon into a water injection tubing also depends on how close the water injection well is to a gas injector (if any) as gas can migrate and create a cross-communication channel to the water injection tubing if the water injector is left shut-in long-term compared to the nearby gas injector. Surely, such cross communication depends on the reservoir structure and the driving force for gas migration. Nonetheless, in the absence of a 4D seismic which can determine whether the nearby water and gas injectors are at the risk of hydrate blockage during a long-term shutdown, it is recommended to treat the water injection well tubing with hydrate inhibitors within a period specified based on BHP decay trends over time.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Blocage de contenu":
1
Sridhar, Song e Nored. L52227 Guidelines-Quality Standards for Transportation of Gas Containing Mixed Corrosive Constituents. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010901.
Abstract (sommario):
Gas quality specifications are set for commercial considerations and are influenced by several engineering factors including preventing corrosion, preventing blockages from freezing and hydrates, and the heating value of the gas. The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) Enforcement Manual for internal corrosion control states that the operator should have a procedure to determine if the gas is corrosive. Violation exists if (1) the corrosive potential of the gas is not determined by appropriate tests, and (2) suitable monitoring methods are not used to determine the effectiveness of steps taken to minimize internal corrosion. The enforcement manual specifically calls for testing of the gas stream for oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water content. Gas quality requirements differ between companies and sometimes business units, and no industry standard exists to address the issue. The results of this project were the development and approval of a guideline document, including a decision flow diagram, for accepting/rejecting gas for use by company materials/corrosion personnel. The gas quality acceptance guidance is a component of the overall approach to internal corrosion management. The three major components of internal corrosion management are gas quality data and acceptance that sets the basic parameters for internal corrosion, corrosion mitigation and monitoring that alleviates problems engendered by accepting gas of less than ideal quality, and risk assessment (including ICDA) that identifies and prioritizes monitoring and inspection of internal corrosion.