Tesi sul tema "Blast furnace slag (BFS)"
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1
Pawlowicz, Jakub. "Evaluation of air entraining behaviour in concrete using computer aided methods on hardened samples". Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264752.
Abstract (sommario):
Increasing awareness of sustainability in the concrete industry forces structural design and executionto focus on avoiding costly and unpredictable maintenance action, instead paying higher attention todamage prevention by direct actions on early stages of production. One of such approaches, whichdeals with the problem of freezing and thawing deterioration, is intentional air bubble introductionto the concrete mix. However, the mechanism of air entrainment in concrete can be negativelyaffected on different stages of production by many factors including cement type, admixture dosage,casting conditions or mixing procedure. Therefore, reliable tools for the end-product evaluationought to be considered. The experimental study, presented in this work, focuses on understandingthe blast furnace slag (BFS) influence as well as admixtures’ dosage effect on pore structure ofhardened concrete. Three types of cement were evaluated, including ordinary portland cement(OPC) and two types of CEM III cements with different BFS percentage. The optimal amountsof air entraining agent (AEA) and super plasticizer (SP) were chosen and later reduced in orderto evaluate their impact on total air content, spacing factor and specific surface of the air voids.The main method chosen for this evaluation was the use of an office flat-bed scanner to acquireimages and application of BubbleCounter software for the analysis of the air void structure. Thisapproach is based on linear traverse method and requires special surface treatment for contrastenhancement. Specimens for the analysis were cut from hardened concrete cubes and polishedto achieve a flat surface. The samples were later treated with black ink and zinc oxide paste toachieve a clear contrast between white voids and black paste/aggregate area. In order to estimatethe accuracy of this method, more conventional tools such as pressurised gauge method and air voidanalyser were applied for comparison. Resulted mixtures showed significant differences in air voidproperties between OPC and BFS containing concrete, with the latter being less affected by AEAdosage reduction. Changes in spacing factor and specific surface were also registered; however,their deterioration did not follow the same pattern as that of total air content. No significantdeviation between the two cements containing BFS was observed. An interesting effect of the usedpolycarboxylate ether SP on the AEA reactivity was registered, showing deterioration of air voidproperties with the decrease of plasticizer amount. Comparison of the results from different air voidanalysis methods, suggested an overall agreement on the measured air void system changes due tochanging the AEA content. However, the BubbleCounter software tended to slightly overestimatethe material’s resistance to freeze and thaw phenomenon, giving the most optimistic values inspacing factor and specific surface of air voids.Betongindustrins ökande medvetenhet om hållbarhet leder till att man inom dimensionering ochutförande fokuserar mot att undvika kostnadskrävande och oförutsedda underhållsåtgärder ochistället lägga större vikt på att förebygga skador i produktionens tidiga skeden. En av dessaåtgärder, som hanterar problemet frostnedbrytning, är en medveten inblandning av luftbubblor ibetongen. Mekanismen för att skapa luftporssystemet kan emellertid bli negativt påverkad underolika skeden av produktionen av många faktorer såsom cementtyp, tillsatsmedelsdos, gjutvillkoroch blandningsordning. Därför behöver man reflektera över pålitliga verktyg för utvärderingenav slutprodukten. Den experimentella studien, som presenteras i detta arbete, fokuserar motförståelse hur slagg och tillsatsmedelsdos påverkar den hårdnade betongens luftporssystem. Tretyper av cement utvärderades, dels ett normalt portlandcement, dels två typer av CEM III-cementmed olika andelar av slagg. Optimala mängder av luftporbildare och flyttillsatsmedel valdesmen reducerades senare för att undersöka deras inverkan på totalt luftinnehåll samt luftporernasavståndsfaktor och specifika yta. Den huvudsakliga metoden som valdes för denna utvärderingvar en flatbäddsscanner (kontorsmodell) för att ta bilder och användningen av en programvaravid namn BubbleCounter för att analysera luftporssystemet. Detta tillvägagångssätt baseras påanalys av tvärgående linjer och kräver en speciell behandling av ytan för att åstadkomma kontraster.Provkroppar för analysen sågades ut ur hårdnade betongkuber och polerades för att erhålla en jämnyta. Provkropparna var senare behandlade med svart bläck och zinkoxidpasta för att åstadkomma entydlig kontrast mellan de vita porerna och den svarta ytan av cementpasta och ballast. För att studeranoggrannheten hos denna metod användes som jämförelse även mer konventionella metoder sommätningar med trycksatta givare och luftporsanalys. De framtagna blandningarna visade signifikantaskillnader i luftporernas egenskaper mellan betong med normalt portlandcement och betong medslaggcement, där den senare påverkades i mindre grad av reduktioner i dosen luftporbildare.Förändringar I avståndsfaktor och specifik yta noterades också men försämringen följde inte sammamönster som den för totala luftinnehållet. Ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två cementeninnehållande slagg kunde observeras. En intressant inverkan av det använda polykarboxylateterbaseradeflyttillsatsmedlet på luftporbildarens reaktivitet noterades. Den visade en försämringav luftporernas egenskaper vid en reduktion av mängden flyttillsatsmedel. En jämförelse avresultaten från de olika metoderna för luftporsanalys indikerade en övergripande överensstämmelsegällande de uppmätta luftporssystemens förändring p.g.a. förändringar i mängden luftporbildare.Programvaran BubbleCounter tenderade emellertid att något överskatta materialets motstånd motfrostnedbrytning med de mest optimistiska värdena för luftporernas avståndsfaktor och specifikayta.
2
Oberlink, Anne Elizabeth. "NON-PORTLAND CEMENT ACTIVATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/25.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this project was to produce a “greener” cement from granulated ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) using non-Portland cement activation. By eventually developing “greener” cement, the ultimate goal of this research project would be to reduce the amount of Portland cement used in concrete, therefore reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere during cement production.
This research studies the behavior of mineral binders that do not contain Portland cement but instead comprise GGBS activated by calcium compounds or fluidized bed combustion (FBC) bottom ash. The information described in this paper was collected from experiments including calorimetry, which is a measure of the release of heat from a particular reaction, the determination of activation energy of cement hydration, mechanical strength determination, and pH measurement and identification of crystalline phases using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
The results indicated that it is possible to produce alkali-activated binders with incorporated slag, and bottom ash, which have mechanical properties similar to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). It was determined that the binder systems can incorporate up to 40% bottom ash without any major influence on binder quality. These are positive results in the search for “greener cement”.
3
McQueen, Mark. "Heat recovery from molten blast furnace slag in a fluidized bed". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ55918.pdf.
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Boltz, Daniel Edward. "Early performance of concrete pavement containing ground granulated blast furnace slag". Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176839817.
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Schlesinger, Mark E. "LEAD OXIDE SOLUBILITY IN LEAD BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS (ACTIVITY, THERMODYNAMICS)". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291261.
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Ryösä, Elin. "Mineral Reactions and Slag Formation During Reduction of Olivine Blast Furnace Pellets". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9389.
Abstract (sommario):
The present work focuses on mineral reactions and slag formation of LKAB olivine iron ore pellets (MPBO) subjected to reducing conditions in the LKAB experimental blast furnace (EBF). The emphasis is on olivine reactions with surrounding iron oxides. Many factors influence the olivine behaviour. The study was performed by use of micro methods; optical microscopy, micro probe analysis, micro Raman and Mössbuer spectroscopy and thremodynamic modeling. During manufacturing, in oxidising atmosphere at high temperature (1350°C), olivine alterations occur through slag formation and rim reactions with iron oxides and other additives. To be able to describe olivine behaviour in the rather complex blast furnace reduction process one has to consider factors such as reactions kinetics, reduction degree of iron oxides, vertical and horizontal position in the furnace and reactions with alkali. Samples were collected from the EBF both from in shaft probing during operation and from excavation following quenching of the EBF. The initial slag forming olivine consist of primary forsterite – (Mg1.9Fe0.1)SiO4 – with inclusions of hematite and an amorphous silica rich phase, a first corona with lamellae of magnesioferrite, olivine and orthopyroxene, a second corona of amorphous silica and magnesioferrite. During reduction in the upper shaft in the EBF (700-900°C) Fe3+ reduces to Fe2+. The amorphous silica in the second corona absorbs alkali, Al, Fe2+, Mg, and Ca and form glasses of varying compositions. The lamellae in the first corona will merge into a single phase olivine rim. With further reduction the glasses in the second corona will merge with the olivine rim forming an iron rich olivine rim and leaving the elements that do not fit into the olivine crystal lattice as small silicate glass inclusions. Diffusion of magnesium and iron between olivines and iron oxides increase with increasing temperature in the lower shaft of the EBF (750-1100°C). In the cohesive zone of the EBF (1100-1200°C) Fe2+ is not stable any longer and Fe2+ will be expelled from the olivine as metallic iron blebs, and the olivine will form a complex melt with a typical composition of alkali-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2. Alkali plays an important role in this final olivine consumption. The quench time for samples collected with probes and excavation are minutes respectively hours. A study of the quench rate’s effect on the phases showed no differences in the upper shaft. However, in the lower shaft wüstite separates into wüstite and magnetite when wüstite grows out of its stability field during slow cooling of excavated samples. There is also a higher alkali and aluminium deposition in the glass phases surrounding olivines in excavated pellets as a result of alkali and aluminium gas condensing on the burden in the EBF during cooling. Coating applied to olivine pellets was studied in the EBF with the aim to investigate its behaviour, particularly its ability to capture alkali. The coating materials were kaolinite, bauxite, olivine and limestone. No significant reactions were observed in the upper shaft. In the lower shaft a majority of the phases were amorphous and reflecting the original coating compositions. Deposition from the EBF gas phase occurs and kalsilite (KAlSiO4) is found in all samples; coating used for binding alkali is redundant from a quality perspective.
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Talefirouz, Davood. "Use Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Steel Slag And Fly Ash In Cement-bentonite Slurry Wall Construction". Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615432/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Slurry walls have been widely used for more than 25 years to control the migration of contaminants in the subsurface. In the USA, vertical barriers are mostly constructed of soil-bentonite using the slurry trench method of construction. In this method, sodium bentonite is mixed with water to form a viscous slurry that is pumped into a trench during excavation to maintain the trench stability. The stable trench is then backfilled with a mixture of soil and slurry having a consistency of high slump concrete. These barriers have been designed primarily for low permeability, generally less than 10&minus9 m/s. Some investigations have pointed toward improved performance using admixtures that would provide low permeability. In this study, Soma thermal power plant fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, lime, and steel slag are used as admixture to improve the performance of slurry walls. Permeability, compressive strength, slump, compressibility properties of the mixtures were found and checked for the minimum requirements. According to the findings of this study, granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash and steel slag can be used at certain percentages and curing periods as additive in cement-bentonite barrier wall construction. Permeability of specimens having fly ash decreases by increasing fly ash content. Mixtures having 50 % of GGBS type I with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave acceptable results in 28 days of curing time. Specimens including 50 % of GGBS type II with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave the higher permeability value in 28 days of curing time with respect to GGBS type I. In addition, most of the mixtures prepared by steel slag gave the acceptable permeability values in 28 days of curing period. Unconfined compressive strength of all mixtures increase by increasing curing time. Cc, Cr, Cv, kcon values were found from consolidation test results. Permeability values found from consolidation tests are 10 times to 100 times higher than flexible wall k results for the same effective stress of 150 kPa. Generally, mv values are decreasing with increasing curing time. As mv decreases, D increases.
8
Ökvist, Lena Sundqvist. "Optimisation of the slag formation in a blast furnace charged with 100% pellets". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18685.
Abstract (sommario):
This work is based on experiences from industrial blast furnaces. Process irregularities when testing self-fluxed pellets Process disturbances when charging increased proportions of coarse pellets Laboratory tests to evaluate the effect of basic fluxes on the slag formation in the bosh and in the raceway have been carried out. Pilot scale tests have been performed to verify the effect of coarse pellets. The effect of reduction degree and the reduction behaviour on the slag formation and blast furnace performance have been evaluated It was found that decreased degree of reduction of pellets or lowly reduced core of coarse pellets decrease the melting temperature and increase the softening and melting temperature interval. Basic fluxes have a negative effect on the melting properties of the self-fluxed pellets and a positive effect on the melting properties of the olivine pellets. Basic fluxes have a positive effect on the melting properties of tuyere slags.Godkänd; 2001; 20070313 (ysko)
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Andersson, Annika. "A Study on Selected Hot-Metal and Slag Components for Improved Blast Furnace Control". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1674.
Abstract (sommario):
The main objective of this work was to gain an increasedunderstanding of selected blast furnace phenomena which couldbe utilized for an improved blast furnace process control. Thisthesis contributes with both a model study and an experimentalstudy on blast furnace tapping, and results from these findingscan be used to enhance the control of the blast furnace.
The work was divided in two parts. The first part dealt witha model study for optimisation of the blast furnace burdencalculation. During the second part the frequency of thehot-metal and slag sampling was increased compared to routinesampling throughout the taps of a commercial blast furnace.Thereafter, composition variation and correlation betweendistribution coefficients were examined.
With an optimisation of the burden calculation the firststep towards controlled hot-metal production is taken, sincethe optimal material mixture for a desired hot-metalcomposition could easily be found. Due to the fact that theoptimisation model uses yield factors, which are easy tocalculate from material and hot-metal compositions, thesevalues have to be accurate for a controlled process control ofthe furnace. The study of hot-metal and slag compositionsduring tapping concluded that variations exist. The largevariations for C, Si, S, Mn and V in hot metal during tappinglead to the conclusion, that one single sampling ofhot metalwas not enough to get a representative value for thecomposition. The solution was to use a double-samplingpractise, were the hot metal was sampled first after tap startand secondly short after slag start, and subsequently anaverage composition value was calculated. The following studywas on the elemental distribution between hot metal and slagfrom a thermodynamic point of view. The major conclusion fromthis study was that the distribution coefficients behaved asexpected when looking at the equilibrium reactions. The studiedslag-metal distributions were also showing strong, trend-likerelationships, which was not affected by the operational statusof the blast furnace during the studied sampling period.
The overall conclusion is that with a more reliablecomposition of hot metal and slag from the taps, thedistribution coefficients could be calculated with betterprecision and hence, the yield factors for the optimisationmodel would be more accurate. This procedure would probablylead to a more reliable burden optimisation and a thereforebetter and more stable blast furnace control.
10
Topbas, Selim. "Effect Of Trass, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag And Fly Ash On Delayed Ettringite Formation". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612494/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Properly proportioned, placed and cured concrete can be durable under most conditions. However, deterioration of concrete does occur under certain environments. One of the problems that affect the durability of hardened concrete is delayed ettringite formation (DEF) which is an important problem encountered in precast concrete industry where high temperature curing is applied. Although there had been many researches on DEF, there are still many uncertainties about its chemistry and mechanism.
In this study, the effects of partial cement replacement by different mineral admixtures (trass, blast furnace slag and fly ash), SO3/Al2O3 molar ratio and specific surface area of cement on DEF were investigated. For this purpose, 9 groups of control cements were prepared with 3 different specific surface areas and 3 different SO3/Al2O3 molar ratios. Different amounts of mineral admixtures were blended with the control cements. High temperature curing was applied to the cement pastes and the expansions of these pastes were measured periodically for 240 days.
v
The experimental results obtained were interpreted for a comparative analysis of the effects of the afore-mentioned parameters.
11
Carette, Jerome. "Towards Early Age Characterisation of Eco-Concrete Containing Blast-Furnace Slag and Limestone Filler". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/223447.
Abstract (sommario):
It is estimated that concrete represents 5% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mainly originating from the production of cement, the most essential component of concrete. The recent awareness to the environmental challenges facing our civilization has led the cement industry to consider substituting cement by mineral additions, by-products of existing industries. In this work, a combination of limestone filler and blast furnace slag is used to design an “eco-concrete”, defined as a concrete combining a massive decrease of the cement content as well as mechanical properties and potential durability equivalent to a normal strength concrete. This research reviews the main concrete mix design parameters and their importance when designing an eco-concrete, resulting in five compositions containing various amounts of water, limestone filler and slag. The independent and combined effects of these parameters are observed on the development of the main concrete properties through the use of specific experimental equipment. Continuous non-destructive methodologies to assess efficiently and accurately the properties of any cement-based materials are developed by combining adapted traditional measurements and ultrasonic testing. The question of the early age cracking risk of these concretes is introduced by studying the effect of temperature on the main concrete properties, and a unified model is proposed for taking its effect of the early age autogenous deformation. Finally, new experimental observations are made regarding the behaviour of concrete under fully restrained deformations. The proposed eco-concrete meets many of the requirements of a sustainable construction material.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
12
Kalcioglu, Ali Ferdi 1960. "Distribution of antimony between carbon-saturated iron and blast furnace slags". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277129.
Abstract (sommario):
Understanding the effects of the process parameters on the distribution behaviour of antimony between metal and slag in the iron blast furnace is critical to develop a universal method of controlling temper embrittlement in commercially pure low alloy steels.
13
Khan, Saadat Ali. "Pore pressure and moisture migration in concrete at high and non uniform temperatures". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1990. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pore-pressure-and-moisture-migration-in-concrete-at-high-and-non-uniform-temperatures(9016d00a-3f08-4eb8-a9b3-a78d405d6686).html.
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Mäkikyrö, M. (Marko). "Converting raw materials into the products–Road base material stabilized with slag-based binders". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514272528.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract
A procedure is defined for commercializing slags arising as by-products of steelmaking, and this is used to develop certain products. The outcome of the present work comprised three products or groups of products: 1) slag-based binding agents, 2) a road structure improved by means of stabilization with such binding agents, and 3) a procedure for designing stabilized structures. The commercialization procedure was drawn up by examining the technical properties of the initial materials, excluding environmental acceptability and the mechanisms of their chemical reactions.
The research proceeded in stages, of which the first was a reconsideration of the results presented in the author's licentiate thesis concerning factors affecting the stabilization of road construction aggregates with blast-furnace slag-based binding agents and their significance. This was followed by a series of experiments designed to test the validity of these results. At the third stage the selection of slag-based binding agents was extended to include LD steel slag products, while the final stage consisted of the implementation of a set of test structures and associated preliminary experiments and monitoring measurements.
The binding properties of three blast-furnace slag products and three LD steel slag products, used separately or in various combinations, were examined in the course of this work, taking cement as a reference material. Materials were then eliminated as the research proceeded, either on account of their poor binding properties or on economic grounds. The final construction experiments were performed with three combinations: cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and a mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement.
The actual novel product among the slag-based binding agents to be introduced here is LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, which was found to be similar in its technical properties to cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag. Structural layers stabilized with these two binding agents showed very similar bearing capacities, although the former did not reach the same compression strengths at an age of 91 days. The reasons for these similarities lay in a larger amount of binding agent used when activated with LD steel slag and the greater thickness of the stabilized layer, factors which both tended to compensate for the poorer compression strength.
The new information gained on the properties of cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and the mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement opens up fresh opportunities for selecting binding agents and designing road structures. Formulae were developed here for predicting the uniaxial compression strength at 91 days, used as a stabilization criterion, from the value for a sample taken at 28 days, a technique which will speed up the assessment of stabilization results, especially when using slowly reacting slag-based binding agents.
15
Reeb, Charles. "Synthèse et caractérisation de composites à base de matériaux alcali-activés incorporant des huiles minérales pour la gestion des huiles tritiées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CLIL0020.
Abstract (sommario):
Ce travail a pour but le conditionnement des huiles tritiées et s’inscrit dans la problématique des déchets nucléaires sans filière de gestion. La stratégie consiste à directement conditionner des huiles minérales modèles dans des matrices alcali-activés (MAA), également fonctionnalisées avec un piégeur à hydrogène/tritium γ-MnO2/Ag2O. Géopolymères (GEO) et laitiers de hauts fourneaux (LHF) sont considérés comme MAA. En présence de tensioactifs, l’huile est émulsionnée avec succès (gouttelettes fines et homogènes) dans les deux types de MAA. Deux modes d’actions des tensioactifs sont observés agissant par: 1) réduction de la tension interfaciale ou 2) promotion d’interactions huile-particules. Le mécanisme 1 doit être favorisé si l’ouvrabilité des coulis est requise alors que le mécanisme 2 doit être ciblé afin de permettre un meilleur confinement de l’huile grâce aux interactions huile-particules. Après durcissement, des composites MAA-Huile sont obtenus. Il n’y a pas d’influence de l’huile et des tensioactifs sur la prise et le développement des propriétés mécaniques des MAA. Les principaux produits de réaction (C-A-S-H pour LHF et N-A-S-H pour GEO) ne sont pas impactés. Néanmoins, l’addition de tensioactifs entraîne une porosité plus importante à cause de la stabilisation de bulles d’air. Les composites MAA-Huile contenant 20%vol. d’huile ont tous des résistances en compression supérieures à 20 MPa, ce qui est plus que les 8 MPa requis par l’ANDRA. Globalement, en accord avec les observations aux états frais et durci, les GEO possèdent de meilleures performances pour l’immobilisation d’huile que les LHF. L’efficacité du piégeur γ-MnO2/Ag2O a été caractérisée dans les MAA par production d’hydrogène in-situ par irradiations gamma et corrosion du magnésium. Les deux types d’expérience s’accordent sur la meilleure performance de piégeage dans le GEO que dans le LHF. Cela s’explique par la présence d’espèces soufrés réductrices dans le LHF qui réagissent avec les oxydants constituant le piégeur. Finalement, des mesures de mouillabilité ont démontré que les huiles industrielles ont une excellente affinité pour le GEO, démontrant qu’une exposition longue durée à de l’infiltration d’eau ne délogera pas l’huile des composites MAA-Huile. Dans le contexte du traitement des déchets nucléaires, les GEO fonctionnalisés avec un piégeur γ-MnO2/Ag2O semblent être une option intéressante pour le stockage des huiles tritiées. Néanmoins, des études complémentaires doivent être menées au sujet du confinement de l’HTO, ce qui pourrait faire renaitre l’intérêt d’utiliser le LHFThis work deals with the conditioning of tritiated industrial oils in the context of nuclear wastes that are still deprived of an appropriate treatment solution. The strategy consists in directly conditioning model mineral oils in alkali-activated materials (AAM), additionally functionalized with a γ-MnO2/Ag2O hydrogen/tritium getter. Geopolymer (GEO) and alkali-activated blast furnace slag (AABFS) are considered as AAM. In the presence of surfactants, the oil was successfully emulsified (small and homogeneous droplets) in both types of AAM. Two surfactant mechanisms are distinguished acting by: 1) decreasing the interfacial tension or 2) promoting oil-particles interactions. Mechanism 1 should be favored if workability of fresh mixtures is required, while mechanism 2 should be targeted to provide a better confinement of oil owing to strong oil-particles interactions. After curing, AAM-OIL composites are obtained. There is no influence of the oil and surfactants on the setting time and strength development of AAM. The main reaction products (C-A-S-H in AABFS and N-A-S-H in GEO) are not impacted. However, the addition of surfactants leads to increased porosity of AAM due to air bubbles stabilization. AAM-OIL composites immobilizing 20%vol. of oil all have compressive strengths higher than 20 MPa, which is a more than the 8 MPa required from ANDRA. Overall, according to both fresh and hardened states observations, GEO exhibit higher performances for the immobilization of oil than AABFS. The efficiency of the γ-MnO2/Ag2O getter was assessed in AAM via in-situ hydrogen production by gamma irradiations or magnesium corrosion. Both types of experiments agree to the higher performances of the getter in GEO than in AABFS. This is explained by reducing sulfur species present in AABFS, which react with the oxidizing getter components. Finally, wetting measurements demonstrated that industrial oils have an excellent affinity for GEO, testifying that long-term water seepage is not likely to dislodge them from GEO-OIL composites. In the context of nuclear waste management, GEO functionalized with γ-MnO2/Ag2O getter appears as a promising option for disposal of tritiated oils. However, additional investigations of HTO confinement need to be performed that could renew the interest of using AABFS
16
Yazici, Veysel. "Stabilization Of Expansive Clays Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (gbfs), Gbfs-lime Combinations And Gbfs Cement". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604946/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Expansive clays undergo a large swell when they are subjected
to water. Thus, expansive clay is one of the most abundant problems faced in geotechnical engineering applications. It causes heavy damages in structures, especially in water conveyance canals, lined reservoirs, highways, airport runways etc., unless appropriate measures are taken. In this thesis, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), GBFS - Lime combinations and GBFS Cement (GBFSC) were utilized to overcome or to limit the expansion of an artificially prepared
expansive soil sample (Sample A). GBFS and GBFSC were added to Sample A in proportions of 5 to 25 percent. Different GBFS-Lime combinations were added to Sample A by keeping the total addition at 15 percent. Effect of stabilizers on grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were determined. Effect of curing on swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were also determined. Leachate analysis of GBFS, GBFSC and samples stabilized by 25 percent GBFS and GBFSC was
performed. Use of stabilizers successfully decreased the amount of swell while increasing the rate of swell. Curing samples for 7 and 28 days resulted in less swell percentages and higher rate of swell.
17
Delibas, Tughan. "Effects Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Trass And Limestone Fineness On The Properties Of Blended Cements". Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614072/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of the fineness of different mineral additives on loss on ignition, heat of hydration, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of blended cements. For that purpose, portland cement clinker was replaced with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), natural pozzolan (NP) and limestone (L) at 6%, 20% and 35% replacement levels. Blended cements containing GBFS and NP were ground to a fineness of 3000, 5000 and 6000 cm2/g. Cements containing L were ground to 3000 cm2/g, 4000 cm2/g and 4500 cm2/g. All of the blended cement types mentioned above were both interground and separately ground to the specified fineness levels. Therefore, a total of 57 different cements were produced. Loss on ignition, heat of hydration, chemical, mechanical and physical analyses were performed on the produced cements. Moreover, the chemical analyses of the cements were obtained for cement particles finer (-45&mum) and coarser (+45&mu
m) than 45 &mu
m in order to determine the ingredients of -45 &mu
m, which is known to be more reactive. As a result it was shown that the grindability differences of the cement ingredients affect the properties of blended cements. An increase in the specific surface area increases both the compressive strength and heat of hydration values and adversely affects the loss on ignition values. The results also showed that if the cement particles were ground finer, it was more prone to moisture which resulted in higher loss on ignition values after longer periods.
18
Hamden, Rafidah Binti. "Aerated blast furnace slag filters for enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal form small wastewater treatment plants". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535097.
19
Veith, Gabriele Helene. "Engineering properties of sulphate-bearing clay soils stabilised with lime-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/engineering-properties-of-sulphatebearing-clay-soils-stabilised-with-limeactivated-ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-gcbs(65f3da02-94cc-4db6-887c-8d94bead65b4).html.
Abstract (sommario):
This research studied the effects of the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs), activated by 2% calcium hydroxide (Ca(OHh, on the strength, permeability and porosity development of a laboratory prepared clay mix (kaolinite with and without 6% gypsum) and a natural sulphide-bearing clay soil, Lower Oxford Clay. Based on shear, compressive and indirect tensile strength testing, it was found that an increase in the stabiliser slag/lime ratio results in substantial strength increase even after short curing periods (up to 12 weeks). This increase in strength is more pronounced if curing is at elevated temperatures (30 °C). The presence of sulphates (6% gypsum=2.73% SO3) resulted in an accelerated increase in the strength development for stabilised kaolinite, which was comparable to that of stabilised Lower Oxford Clay. In the absence of sulphates, large ggbs additions were only activated effectively at higher curing temperatures (20 and 30 °C) after curing periods of 24 weeks and beyond, although it is suggested that 2% lime creates a sufficiently alkaline environment for activation. The degree of slag activation and thus the subsequent cementation process was reflected by an increase in the percentage of the pore volume occupied by pores with a radius ::s;0.0Sμm, which is usually associated with the pore fraction characteristic of cementitious gels. The increase in slag addition, for kaolinite mixes, was accompanied by a reduction in total porosity. Specimens made from Lower Oxford Clay exhibited a significant increase in pore volume at higher slag additions. This is interpreted as being due to the creation of pore space resulting from restrained shrinkage of gels by inert particles during drying in this coarser, natural clay. No significant trend in the effect of curing temperature on the pore size distribution could be identified from the data. The development of permeability, however, showed some sensitivity to curing temperature. Results from specimens cured at 20 and 30 °C showed an accelerated reduction in their k-values in comparison to samples which had been cured at 10 °C. However, little correlation between measured permeability and exhibited pore size distribution could be established which is believed to be due to the strong influence of shrinkage during drying prior to mercury intrusion porosimetry in the dimensionally semi-stable soil system. The volume stability of stabilised specimens during frost action was assessed in a series of 12 freeze-thaw cycles, which were carried out in accordance to the German proposal for a European Pre-Standard. Generally an increase in the curing period prior to frost action and higher overall sample porosity resulted in relatively better performance during frost action. The influence of the slag/lime and slag/gypsum ratio on the swelling potential upon soaking was assessed in long-term soaking tests and the underlying causes were identified by findings from microstructural investigations including SEM and TG analysis. These results contributed to a better understanding of the slag activation process. In an alkaline environment slag hydration appears to be triggered earlier by sulphate, due to the more intensive disturbance of a thin protective layer of cementitious products on the slag grains. Disruption of this layer, for example by ettringite formation, exposes more unreacted slag grain surface, which will subsequently start to hydrate. Findings were complemented by two case studies, one which investigated the cause of substantial heave on a German highway on a microscale and the other which assessed the technical performance and the economic implications of a full-scale trial utilising the stabilisation technique with lime and ggbs for a temporary diversion. The overall findings from the projects indicate that soil stabilisation with lime and ggbs is, particularly for soils with significant sulphate/sulphide content, a feasible and environmentally friendly alternative to the classic soil stabilisation methods.
20
Johnson, William J. "The Effect of Chemical Composition of Blast-Furnace Slag on Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Mortar Specimens". Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7410.
Abstract (sommario):
In an effort to make structures more sustainable and durable, supplementary cementitious materials are often used to replace cement. Ground granulated blast furnace slag, for instance, is an industrial by-product of iron refinement and is frequently used in concrete mixture design to not only reduce cost, but also increase later-age strength as well as durability. However, published literature indicates that slags with a high alumina content may have a detrimental effect when concrete is exposed to a sulfate environment. ASTM standard C989 does not suggest any information or guidelines regarding using slags with an alumina content between 11-18%. Therefore, the objective of this study was to fill in the gap of this standard by studying slags of variable alumina content as high as 16 percent.
This study presents data collected for compressive strengths of mortar cubes exposed to lime and 5 percent sodium sulfate solution at ages of 7, 28, 91, and 182 days from the date of mixing as well as expansion data for mortar bar specimens exposed to 5 percent sodium sulfate solution up to 120 days. Slag replacement levels used here were 0, 30, 50, and 70%. Mortar bar specimens showing deterioration were analyzed using x-ray diffraction coupled with Rietveld refinement to assess the mechanism of deterioration. Cubes were stored in lime and sulfate solutions abiding by ASTM C1012 in order to analyze the resistance to sulfate attack. Sulfate resistance was measured in terms of decalcification of the CSH gel as well as expansion.
The results suggest using high alumina slags at a low percentage adversely affects sulfate resistance since the acquired strength at 182 days fell below that of 28 day strength, which is often used in the industry as the parameter which constitutes whether a mixture is adequate. It was also seen that increasing alumina content of the slag resulted in increased expansion. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the mechanism of deterioration, of the control as well as the blended mortar, is due to secondary gypsum and secondary ettringite formation. Therefore, it is recommended that slags having a high alumina content should be further analyzed in laboratory tests to examine their performance especially if concrete will be subjected to a sulfate environment during its service life.
21
John, Vanderley Moacyr. "Cimentos de escória ativada com silicatos de sódio". Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-20102014-114027/.
Abstract (sommario):
Os cimentos de escória apresentam boas possibilidades de mercado, especialmente em aplicações em que o cimento Portland não possa ser utilizado ou onde o seu uso provoque uma elevação dos custos. A confecção de matrizes para fibras sensíveis aos álcalis e a produção de cimentos com baixo calor de hidratação são exemplos. Neste trabalho, a escória foi ativada com silicato de sódio e cal hidratada. O ativador foi formulado de maneira a proporcionar teores de Na2O de 2,5% e 5%, SiO2 de 0% a 14,8% e Ca(OH)2 de 0%, 2,5% e 5%. O aumento dos teores de Na2O e de SiO2, dentro de determinados limites, propicia um notável crescimento da resistência à compressão. Este crescimento da resistência está associado a uma diminuição da porosidade, para um mesmo fator/água aglomerante. Certamente a diminuição da porosidade é devida a um menor grau de organização cristalina dos produtos hidratados, decorrente do aumento da velocidade de precipitação de hidratados e de gel de N-C-S-H. A adição de Ca(OH)2 diminui a velocidade de perda da trabalhabilidade. Os cimentos de escória ativada com silicatos de sódio podem apresentar resistência à compressão de até 100 MPa, superior à dos cimentos Portland, com calor de hidratação da mesma ordem de grandeza. A velocidade de carbonatação destes cimentos é equivalente a dos cimentos Portland de mesma resistência. No entanto, estes cimentos apresentam maior retração hidráulica.Binders based on ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) are suitable for the building industry, mainly if the use of Portland cement is expensive or may cause problems, such as: alkali sensitive fibre-reinforced cement and concretes and low heat-hydration concretes. BFS is activated by sodium silicates and hydrated lime. The compound\'s proportions are: Na2O - 2.5 and 5.0%; SiO2 from 0 to 14.8%; CaOH2 - 0, 2.5 and 5%. The increase of Na2O and SiO2 amounts allows a considerable improvement of binder strength, with values up to 100 MPa. This increase of the strength is related to the decrease of the porosity for a constant water-binder ratio. The porosity is affected certainly by the reduction of the degree of cristalynity of the hydrated compounds, due to the increase of the speed of precipitation of the hydrates or the N-C-S-H gel. It is possible to obtain BFS binders stronger than the Portland cement, with similar hydration heat. The carbonation rate of these new binders is equivalent to those of Portland cement specimens with similar strength. However these BFS binders have higher drying shrinkage.
22
Kietliñska, Agnieszka. "Engineered Wetlands and Reactive Bed Filters for Treatment of Landfill Leachate". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1693.
Abstract (sommario):
The main objectives of this study were to investigate (i) anovel wetland treatment technology and (ii) selected bed filtermedia for the removal of contaminants from landfill leachate. Areview of the literature concerning experiences of the use ofconstructed wetlands (CW) for the removal of nitrogen fromlandfill leachate, showed that at least three groups oftreatment systems are in practice: sub-surface flow wetlands,hybrid systems (a combination of vertical and horizontal flowwetlands) and, compact constructed wetland (CCW). Most of thesetypeswere generally effective in reducing nitrogen (N,e.g.NH4-N, dominant N species in leachate) down toeffluent concentrations of about 10 mg L-1. Unfortunately, very little evidence ofresponsible mechanisms for the removal of N was presented,although some data indicated denitrification. The treatmentperformance of a compact constructed wetland (CCW) applied atthe Tveta Landfill, Södertälje, Sweden, wasevaluated. Chemically purified leachate and untreated leachatewere applied in periods of 7 day submergence and 7 day drainageto different sections of the CCW. The removal efficiency variedbetween 40 and 82%, and a mass removal rate of up to 5.1 g m2d-1was achieved. The chemical pre-treatment had adecisive role for the highest removal efficiencies obtained andit was unclear whether that treatment enhanced the efficiencybecause of lower toxicity and/or content of fewer competingcations. The possible combination of bed filter media and CCWas an ecotechnological treatment method for landfill leachatewas investigated by bench-scale laboratory column experiments.Reactive filter media (sorbents) was selected from their knownor suggested capacities for removal of heavy metals, nitrogenand phosphorus. Quartz sand or natural sand from an esker wasused as reference medium. Peat was used as an additionalcomponent in mixtures with the reactive media Polonite®(product from the bedrock opoka) and blastfurnace slag (BFS). A small column study also involved zeolite.Phosphorus was efficiently removed by Polonite®and NH4-N to some extent. Concerning metal removal, thebest performance was found as well for Polonite®, especially for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. The BFSshowed good removal efficiency for Cu, Ni and Mo. The removalof different elements was suggested to be a combination ofseveral factors,e.g.precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption. Priorto full-scale application of reactive filters at a landfillsite, matrix selection, filter design and operationalprocedures must be developed.
Keywords:Blast furnace slag; Compact constructedwetland; Metals; Nitrogen; Polonite; Sorbents
23
Alekseev, Kirill. "Hazardous bauxite residue, blast furnace slag, and foundry sand application as the main components for environmentally friendly red ceramics production". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2868.
Abstract (sommario):
Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados resíduos da produção de alumínio e ferro. Resíduo de bauxita, que também é chamado de rejeitos de bauxita ou lama vermelha, e escória siderúrgica são os principais resíduos da indústria metalúrgica. Também foi utilizada areia de fundição, que é um resíduo do processo de fundição. Estes três componentes foram utilizados em conjunto para desenvolver material cerâmico de construção. A idéia principal era usar apenas resíduos industriais, sem materiais naturais tradicionais. Os residuos de vidro e as cinzas de madeira foram adicionados às composições para deminuir o ponto de fusão das amostras. Na pesquisa, 24 composições foram queimadas a 800-1225°C e suas propriedades foram estudadas. As características mecânicas das amostras foram analisadas através do teste de resistência à flexão, medindo-se a absorção de água, densidade e retração linear. As propriedades físico-quimicas foram estudadas por XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapeamento, DTA e TGA. O principal motivo para os resultados elevados de resistência à flexão (19,78 MPa) das amostras foi identificado como o desenvolvimento de novas formações amorfas. Como resultado da pesquisa, algumas composições foram sugeridas para a produção específica de materiais de construção. Composições contendo lama vermelha (40- 100%), escória siderúrgica (0-50%), areia de fundição (0-50%), resíduo de vidro (0-20%) e cinzas de madeira (0-20%), atenderam normas e regulamentos brasileiros para materiais de construção, podem substituir materiais cerâmicos tradicionais, que envolvem a enorme exploração de recursos naturais.In the presented research were used residues of aluminum and iron production. Bauxite residue, which is also called bauxite tailings or red mud, and blast furnace slag are the key wastes of metallurgical industry. There was also used foundry sand, which is a residue of casting process. These three components were used together to develop ceramic construction material. The main idea was to use industrial wastes only, no traditional natural materials. The waste glass and wood ash were added to the compositions in order to decrease melting point of the samples. In the research 24 compositions were sintered at 800-1225°C and their properties were studied. Their mechanical characteristics were analyzed using flexural strength test, measuring water absorption, density, and linear shrinkage. Physicochemical properties were studied by XRF, XRD, AAS, SEM, EDS, LAMMA, mapping, DTA, and TGA. The main reason for high results of flexural strength (19.78 MPa) of the samples was identified as a development of new amorphous formations. As a result of research, some compositions were suggested for specific construction materials production. Compositions containing red mud (40-100%), blast furnace slag (0-50%), foundry sand (0-50%), waste glass (0-20%), and wood ash (0-20%), according to Brazilian Norms and regulations for construction materials, may substitute traditional ceramic materials, which involve enormous exploration of natural resources.
24
Komosná, Kateřina. "Studium mechanismu působení přísad redukující smrštění v alkalicky aktivovaných materiálech". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295703.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis is focused on the principles of behavior of shrinkage reducing agents (SRA) in alkali-activated materials based on blast furnace slag. The main focus of this work is selecting the most suitable admixture based on experiments, by which will be achieved through minimal shrinkage and will have negative effect on the properties of alkali-activated blast furnace slag at the same time. In experimental section of this work, the surface tension as individual additives as their mixtures with pore solution were measured primarily. Then the testing samples composed of blast furnace slag, water glass and addition of SRA were prepared. Of these samples was measured shrinkage and weight loss. Moreover, their mechanical properties such as flexural and compressive strength were monitored. Next, the beginning and the end of solidification was studied using the Vicat device and last but not least workability. The hydration process of alkali-activated materials with SRA was measured calorimetrically. Finally the microstructure in prepared samples was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and the total porosity was determined by mercury porosimeter.
25
Tiwari, Jai Narain. "Characterization of Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/6756/1/Characterization_JNTiwari_2015.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Viscosity & flow characteristics of the Blast Furnace slag constitute twovery Important parameters for ensuring the smooth operation of the Blast Furnace
producing pig iron. Ideally, the Blast Furnace slag should neither be very viscous nor very fluid. A Viscous slag interferes with efficient slag- metal separation; while a slag with very low viscosity is more likely to interfere with the thermal balance of the Furnace & affect the retention time of the metal droplets in the slag affecting the slagmetal reactions/ exchanges. Flow characteristics in the Blast Furnace slag can provide a fair knowledge about the location & extent of the cohesive zone in the Furnace. The cohesive zone in the Furnace acts as a gas distributor & its place lower down the Furnace would create less probability for the softened slag for choking the Furnace. Also a cohesive zone lower down the Furnace would result in less Si pick up in the hot metal. The present work aims at characterizing the Blast Furnace slag on the basis of its viscosity and flow characteristics. Empirical equations are developed to predict the flow characteristics of Blast Furnace slag and the same was validated through further experimentation. The viscosity of the Blast Furnace slag (synthetic one prepared in laboratory in line with the compositional details as encountered in the industry) is determined for C/S (CaO/SiO2) variation, MgO content variation and TiO2 variation and along with that to the simultaneous variation of C/S ratio & MgO content. The compositional dependence of the slag viscosity is discussed at length.
26
邱俊萍. "Geopolymer Produced Using Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73726583962801188322.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺北科技大學
材料及資源工程系碩士班
90
Blast furnace slag is formed in the process of pig iron manufacture from iron ore, combustion residue of coke, fluxes and other materials. Generally, the way to utilize granulated blast furnace slag is to partially replace Portland cement. There are at least 4 million tons/year granulated blast furnace slag used in Taiwan. Granulated blast furnace slag is a non-toxic material, and can be a good raw material to making high-value geopolymer for fire resistance utilization. Geopolymers, a kind of inorganic polymers, have been gradually got attention of the world as potentially revolutionary materials. Similar to natural zeolite minerals, geopolymer is a class of three-dimensionally networked alumino-silicate materials. The aim of this research work is trying to fabricate a granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer for fire-resistance purpose and hope to understand the mechanism of geopolymerisation. Granulated blast furnace slag has been used for the active filler to make geopolymer in this research work. It was found that using metakaolinte as the inactive filler, the geopolymer have obtained the best physical and mechanical properties. For fire resistant tests, a 10 mm thick geopolymer panel exposed to a 1100℃ flame, the measured back-side temperatures only reach 240℃ after 35 minutes. The products can be fabricated for construction purposes and have great application potential.
27
Saheb, Vikas. "Studies on Blast Furnace Slag Flow Characteristics". Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3868/2/output.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The project aim set measurement of flow characteristics of blast furnace slag. The industrial slag (actual slag from different blast furnace), synthetic slag prepared in the laboratory for pure oxides as obtained from market and iron bearing materials with various extents of reduction
resembling that expected to be in the cohesive zone as per literature are chosen for measurement while the final slag obtained from the industry reveals shortness of the slag. At c/s ratio of 1.04 to 1.09 and 10.4 to 11.01 MgO % the synthetic slag doesn’t shown a clear trained, the iron
bearing materials reveals variation of the characteristics temperature with variation in the extend of the reduction, SEM micrograph and XRD plots of the iron bearing material with different extended of reduction reveal compositional changes associated with structural changes.
28
Aman, Sumit Kumar. "Development Glass Ceramics from Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2014. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/6078/1/110CR0539-1.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Glass ceramics have a wide range of applications in today’s world. The production of glass ceramics from industrial waste such as fly ash, red mud, blast furnace slag gaining more importance now a days because of their availability and low cost. In the present work an attempt has been made to produce glass ceramic with high alumina content using blast furnace slag. Generally alumina is very difficult to melt. To produce base glass for glass ceramic from blast furnace slag, an additional low melting phase which aid in dissolving the alumina can be provided by blast furnace slag. Blast furnace slag is generally produced at the temperature range 1300oC to 1400oC. High alumina content glass with alumina percentage as high as 30% (more alumina content in E-glass) requires melting temperature as high as 1600oC. Therefore using blast furnace slag as one of the main constituents can help in reducing the melting temperature of the precursor glass prior to glass ceramic production. More over high alumina content in the glass as well as in glass ceramic can enhance different physical properties, like high mechanical strength, high durability, low thermal expansion co efficient which are very suitable for cooktop application. In the present work an attempt has been made glass ceramics from blast furnace with alumina content 32% . Glasses are melted at 1400oC. For glass ceramic production glasses are heat treated at 750oC, 850oC and 950oC. Glass ceramic products are characterize by Vickers Hardness, Bulk density measurement, Flexural strength , Compressive strength , Dilatometer test and FESEM.
29
Singhal, Ankit. "Flow Characteristics of Indian Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7758/1/2015_Flow_Characteristics_Singhal.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
A study of the flow characteristics of Indian Blast furnace slag is necessary to study the softening and melting phenomenon in the blast furnace which highly affects the size and position of the cohesive zone. It also affects the operation in the blast furnace, hot metal quality and the consumption of the reductant. In the current work, the flow characteristics of high alumina synthetic slag (Al2O3 25%) are determined by Leitz-Wetzlar high temperature microscope resembling different Indian blast furnace slag. The C/S ratio was varied from 0.9-1.2 and MgO was varied from 4-10 %. It was observed that the softening, hemispherical and flow temperature increases with an increase in the C/S ratio. Increase in the MgO content increases both softening and flow temperature. In addition, an effective statistical model is developed through constructing empirical equations by regression analysis method to predict softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT) based on CaO/SiO2 ratio, MgO and Al2O3 content. Calculated values of ST, HT and FT using this empirical relation based model correspond well with results obtained experimentally from hot-stage microscope. This well validated statistical model based on empirical equations will be useful in predicting the flow characteristics temperature for blast furnace slag.
30
Verma, Indradev. "Modeling of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7828/1/2015_MT_Modeling_VERMA.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Indian blast furnaces are running of high alumina slag due to high alumina to silica ratio in ores. slag mainly contains lime(CaO), silica (SiO2),alumina(Al2O3) and magnesia(MgO) along with smalleramount of FeO, MnO, TiO2, K2O and S. The flow characteristics of the slag determine size, shape and area of the cohesive zone in the furnace. The cohesive zone in the furnace acts as a gas distributor and its area let down the furnace diminishes the high temperature zone in the furnace, which moves the lime dissemination circle to lower levels.In the present work, softening and melting test were conducted for CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 quaternary slag system, to determine theflow characterstics of synthetic slag using a Leitz high temperature microscope as per German standard 51730. Empirical equations are developed to predict softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT).Slag viscosity was also determinedusing Iida modelwrt C/S ratio, MgO and temperature ranging from 1623K and 1823K which covers the liquidus temperature.viscosity decreases with increase of MgO content, an increase of temperature having a diminishing effect on decreasing of viscosity at higher MgO content. Increase in C/S ratio decreases viscosity because CaO acts as network modifier
31
Dash, Supratik, e Nachiketa Mohanty. "Optimization of Flow Characteristics of Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3194/1/Full_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
A study of the flow characteristics of blast furnace slag is important to record the softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace which greatly influence the extent and location of the cohesive zone having a direct say on the blast furnace operation, quality of hot metal and the coke consumption. In the present work, a noble technique (heating microscope) is adopted to determine the flow characteristics of blast furnace slags obtained from different blast furnaces. It is seen that the results so obtained agree very closely with the values obtained from adopting conventional methods of determining the same using the slag atlas. It is also seen that the characteristics temperature are altered with the alteration of C/S ratio and also the MgO content of the blast furnace slag.
32
Rajalaxmi, Bagasingi. "Stabilization of Red Soil Using Blast Furnace slag". Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7109/1/Stabilization_Rajalaxmi_2015.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Now a days, a large acres of land is occupied by industrial waste. It not only creates land problem but also creates environmental problems. In order to utilise the industrial waste, an attempt is made to stabilise the red soil by adding blast furnace slag. This project work aims to evaluate the effect of addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% blast furnace slag in order to stabilize the red soil and to verify its suitability to be used as a construction material for road, embankment and structural fills. The blast furnace slag is collected from Rourkela Steel Plant and the red soil is collected from the campus of National Institute of Technology Rourkela for evaluating its suitability as a construction material for various geotechnical works. Its consistency properties, compaction properties, and strength parameter are tested. In this project the effects of addition of blast furnace slag is investigated and is compared with that of the virgin red soil. The overall testing program was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the physical, and chemical engineering properties of the red soil samples were studied by conducting Hydrometer analysis, Light compaction test and UCS test. In the second phase of the test program, red soil was mixed with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of blast furnace slag as percentage of dry weight of red soil. The particular UCS samples were cured for 3, 7, 15 days with varying ambient temperature. Based on the analyses of experimental results the Plasticity Index is decreasing up to a value of 27.6% with addition of 20% of blast furnace slag with red soil. The UCS value is maximum with addition of 10% of blast furnace slag afterwards the UCS value decreases with further addition in blast furnace slag.
33
Tsai, Chia-Jung, e 蔡嘉榮. "Properities of Ground-Granulated Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag and Blast-Furnace Slag Mixture as Cementitious Materials". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29637929769253692500.
Abstract (sommario):
博士國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
103
This study analyzed the feasibility of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and ground-granulated basic oxygen furnace slag (GGBOS) blended cements according to the standard specifications of ASTM C821 and ASTM C595. Through tests, this study verified that GGBOS could be used as alkali activators for GGBS and that the mixture proportions of S4I6 and S5I5 correspond with the physical and chemical requirements specified in ASTM C595/C595M - 13. Among S3I7, S4I6, and S5I5, the mixture proportion of S4I6 exhibited the highest performance by reaching 90% of the compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement mortar. The durability in this study is defined as ASTM D4404 mercury test method, ASTM C1202 rapid rate of ion penetration test, CNS 3763 permeability test and ASTM C418 abrasion test. RCPT test shows cumulative electricity in GGBS and GGBOS blended cement are significantly lower than in the OPC, while the best three performance in S4I6 are 920 C,1623 C and 2199 C, only about 22 ~ 34 % comparing to the OPC. Abrasion test results that blended cement concrete abrasion coefficients are about 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than OPC. Mercury test results represents that the total cumulative pore volums is about 1.1 to 1.8 times higher than OPC. The best total cumulative pore volume are 7.23 ml/g, 8.7 ml/g and 10.38 ml/g in S4I6 , which only about 10 to 16 percent age higher than OPC. The permeability of blended concrete are significantly higher than the permeability of OPC about 48 to 80 times in code CNS 3763 permeability test, of which the best-performing in S4I61 are 3.9 %, 5.98 % and 6.27 %, 48 to 66 times comparing to OPC. These results represent that the blended cement concrete have good resistance to chloride ion penetration, but obviously the resistance to abrasion are below OPC.
34
LU, WEN-RU, e 呂文儒. "Engineering characteristics of granulated blast furnace slag-cement concrete". Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77334059348081469037.
35
Ho-TsoChiang e 江禾左. "Effect of Blast Furnace Slag on Porous Asphalt Concrete". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32115477221380681893.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
100
Blast furnace slag, the by-product of the ironmaking process, have been used as an alternative material widely; Mineral powder and cement ,used for asphalt concrete filler,both are from the exploitation of the natural environment.The uniformity and composition of blast furnace slag are similar to cement, the cost is also more economical. In this study,mineral powder ,blast furnace slag and cement were used in porous asphalt concrete for assessment. The results showed that it had a better performance in the Marshall flow value, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and resistance to abrasion of Cantabro when the blast furnace slag was used as the filler,It significantly improved the stiffness of the Marshall specimens,cement and mineral powder had better performance in anti-stripping, and the blast furnace slag also performed well. The results of the research showed that the slag can be used as a filler in the porous asphalt concrete.
36
Dinkar, V. C. "Viscous properties of synthetic high alumina blast furnace slag". Thesis, 2014. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5716/1/e-82.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The viscosity of the blast furnace slag, which is greatly influenced by its composition, has to be low at the operating temperature in order to make the slag easy flowing. Such a slag encourages an acceleration of the rate of slag metal reactions/exchanges, thus influencing the efficiency of the blast furnace process. The present project aims at measuring the viscosity of synthetic high alumina Indian blast furnace slags in agreement with the slag compositions encountered in the industries using inner-cylinder-rotating type viscometer (VIS 403). It is observed that the viscosity is greatly influenced by the CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio, MgO and TiO2 contents. The measured and the calculated values of viscosity using different models show that the Iida model yields values most close to the measured value. An attempt is made to comment on the structure of the slag based on estimated values of Activation Energy of viscous flow.
37
Panigrahi, S., e B. K. Sahoo. "Study on flow characteristics of primary blast furnace slag". Thesis, 2014. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5887/1/E-77.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The primary slag generated in the cohesive zone of the blast furnace determines the fuel rate as well as the quality of the hot metal in terms of its silicon content. This is because in the cohesive zone the softened slag chokes the path of gas flow, interfering with the permeability of the bed. Therefore, the cohesive zone which starts with the softening of the primary slag and ends with its flow should be formed lower down the furnace and should be a narrow one with a minimum difference between the flow temperature and the softening temperature. In the present work pellets with C/S ratio ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 with a fixed MgO content of 10% are reduced in the laboratory at different temperature ranging from 1200 C – 1400 C. Synthetic slags prepared in the laboratory in line with the comparison of reduced pellets are analyzed for its flow characteristics using the heating microscope (German Standard 51730). It is observed that under the composition examined, the pellet with C/S ratio 2.0 rendered the best result with the highest softening temperature and lowest flow temperature.
38
GAO, YI-SYUAN, e 高一瑄. "Evaluations of Geopolymeric-Based Pervious Concrete containing Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q5c398.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
104
In recent years, the gradual rise of domestic environmental awareness, we actively looking for alternative natural resources and promote the recycling of waste, in order to achieve sustainable development of resources, and Basic Oxygen Furnace slag steelmaking process as a byproduct produced in the. In urban areas, concrete and asphalt surface is extensive use of concrete and asphalt lack of permeability, resulting in urban heat island effect and can reduce the temperature of porous concrete. In this study, using basic oxygen furnace slag resourced on pervious concrete, ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer in replacing cement, exploring the properties to reuse resources. Two kinds of aggregate particle size basic oxygen furnace slag respectively 4.75-9.5mm and 9.5-19mm; liquid to solid ratio of 0.5, 0.6, and three kinds pore filling pulp percentage is 40%, 50%, 60%. Respectively, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength and other mechanical testing and communicating porosity, permeability coefficient test, British Pendulum Number, discussion basic oxygen furnace slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer pervious concrete on engineering properties. The results showed that the ratio of permeability coefficient are between 4.45-8.04 cm/sec, in accordance with Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the interior for permeability coefficient (permeable paving is greater than 10-2 cm/sec). Unit weight are between 2206-2326 kg/m3, the compressive strength are between 3.24-9.24 MPa, the flexural strength are between 0.39-1.75 MPa, the splitting strength are between 0.47-2.83 MPa and BPN are between75.31-94.11. From the experimental results, the ground granulated blast furnace slag based and basic oxygen furnace slag geopolymer pervious concrete along of pore filling pulp percentage is higher, compressive, flexural, splitting strength is also higher and the lower the water permeability coefficient. Engineering properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag based and basic oxygen furnace slag geopolymer pervious concrete will as liquid-solid ratio, particle size, pore filling pulp percentage affected.
39
Patnaik, Pallabi, e Shivani Dumpawar. "An attempt at optimizing the flow characteristics of blast furnace slag by Investigation with slag obtained from blast furnace of Rourkela steel plant, SAIL". Thesis, 2010. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1933/1/pallu_final_thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Due to the softening-melting of the burden in the cohesive zone of the blast furnace, the ore layer becomes compacted and the gas passes predominantly through the sandwiched coke layer known as coke slits. For improved productivity and reduced coke rate, it is required to minimize the size
and lower the position of the cohesive zone in the blast furnace. This work is designed by arriving at a slag composition through actual experimentations which will ensure the lowering of the cohesive zone of the blast furnace with simultaneous decrease in the difference between the softening temperature (ST) and flow temperature (FT) of the slag. Slag samples from SAIL, Rourkela were collected and their flow characteristics were measured using the heating microscope. With the same composition as obtained from the steel plant, a synthetic slag was
prepared in the laboratory using pure oxides, by another group. It was melted to 1600 °C and then water quenched to form the glassy state. Flow characteristics for the same were also determined. The flow characteristics data of Blast Furnace slag were compared with that obtained from synthetic slag. All the slag samples were sent to DISIR, Rajgangpur for slag analysis as well as to determine the mineralogical phases present in them, for which the slag
samples were heated to 1500 °C followed by slow cooling to convert them to crystalline form. Then, XRD analysis was done to determine the mineralogical phases. Finally, with relevant phase diagram study, we arrived at a composition which will ensure the lowering of cohesive zone.
40
Chen, Li-Hsiung, e 陳立雄. "Study of Grounding Resistance Reduction Using Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86299596908480309139.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立成功大學
電機工程學系
89
The granulated blast furnace slag is waste of the by-products of steel-making plant. It mostly applies in civil engineering、build engineering and build road now, it will be the major task of the environmentalism from now on that the granulated blast furnace slag is reclaimed in other domain. The characters of low resistivity and glue about the granulated blast furnace slag, can product glue under cement-hydrate catalyst, and it should be material of the grounding resistance reduction. This paper discuss the granulated blast furnace slag of main material of the grounding resistance reduction. According to the additives of the differnet proportion of water、cement and salt, its resistivity and clot strength are considered, the optimum combination is sought out. The finished product can be used in the grounding resistance reduction. And the grounding bar is buried in it, The proposed method is testified that achieve the purpose of reducing the grounding resistance effectively by measurement result.
41
Chen, Tsung-Rurng, e 陳聰榮. "Slag Resistance of AlO-SiC-C Blast Furnace Trough Castables". Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77700651985180221872.
42
Chang, Ming-Fung, e 張明峰. "A Study of the Mechanical Behaviors of Blast Furnace Slag and De-Sulphurized Slag". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09744532746748695688.
43
Chung, Hsin-Lun, e 鍾欣倫. "Properties of High Strength Concrete with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56244543396507808828.
44
Chen, Jhin-Hong, e 陳志宏. "Hydraulic Structures made by Reactive Powder Concrete Containing Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90018948707557045061.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
103
Compressive stress of concrete used in hydraulic structures is 21 MPa usually in Taiwan. This kind of flood control structures is hard to resist the abrasion by water with sand and gravel. Meanwhile, hydraulic structure is easy to induce cracks in concrete due to earthquake. In this research, reactive powder concrete (RPC) with 150MPa is applied to hydraulic structure. The properties of RPC were investigated by using slag to replace partial silica fume and adding 1% and 2% steel fibers. Those properties include compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture toughness and shear strength with and without water contents. Dynamic compressive strength, impact resistance, volume abrasion, freezing and thawing resistance were also conducted. Results show that the compressive strength and shear strength of RPC containing water are always lower than those of without water, nevertheless, elastic Young modulus has less effective to water content. In addition, flexural strength of RPC containing water is higher that without water. Fracture toughness of RPC is at least three times higher than that of normal concrete. While steel fibers were added to RPC, fracture toughness increases two times more. Hence, to increase impact resistance of hydraulic structure, RPC had better add proper steel fibers. To design hydraulic structure made by RPC, the shear strength is suggested to deduct 20% at least. RPC has a higher resistance of volume abrasion, only 30% volume abrasion of normal concrete. RPC with partial slag replacements also owns high freezing and thawing resistance.
45
Huang, Chi-Fong, e 黃基峰. "Study on Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag Used for Pervious Concrete". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75562026721968897095.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
102
This study used China Steel Corporation (CSC) byproduced air-cooled blast furnace slag as aggregate material in the making of pervious concrete. The pervious concrete specimens were built according to respective water-cement ratios W/C ranged from 0.37 to 0.49, whilst aggregate particle size was between 4.8~19.1 mm. Tamping tools were two steel rods, one with 5 cm diameter round bottom, 2 cm thickness and the other with 5×5 cm square bottom, 2 cm thickness, were used to impact cylindrical and beam specimens respectively. The specimens were made by the same degree of impacting, and were performed the compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability coefficient, and porosity tests. Hopefully, the W/C of maximum strength concrete was found, and the requirements of permeability and water retention were satisfied as well. Test results showed that, both the 28 day maximum compressive strength fc and maximum modulus of rupture R occurred at W/C=0.48. The values were fc=171.4kgf/cm2 and R=41.1kgf/cm2. The mix for this specific W/C was 350 kg cement, 160 kg water, 3.5 kg curing agent and 1375 kg slag aggregate. The ratio of the 28 day compressive strength to modulus of rupture R/fc were between 0.18~0.27, averaged at 0.22, higher than that of normal concrete about 0.15. The permeability coefficient k values ranged between 0.66~2.41 cm/sec, larger than the criteria value 0.01 cm/sec proposed by Architecture and Building Research. The n values ranged between 18.5%~32.5%, also larger than the criteria value 15%.
46
Mason, Nicholas Robert. "Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag in Portland cement concrete". 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/54106741.html.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2003.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-75).
47
Dhurandhar, Vikas. "Statistical Model for Estimating the Flow Characteristics of Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9335/1/2016_MT_VDhurandhar.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
A study of the flow characteristics of blast furnace slag is important to observe the softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace which greatly influence the extent and location of the cohesive zone having a direct impact on the blast furnace operation, quality of hot metal and the coke consumption. Ideally, the Blast Furnace slag should neither be very viscous nor very fluid.
Viscous slag interferes with efficient slag- metal separation; while a slag with very low viscosity is more likely to interfere with the thermal balance of the Furnace & affect the retention time of the metal droplets in the slag affecting the slag metal reactions/ exchanges. Flow characteristics in the Blast Furnace slag can provide a fair knowledge about the location & extent of the cohesive zone in the Furnace.
The present work aims at characterizing the Blast Furnace slag on the basis of its flow characteristics. Empirical equations are developed to predict the flow characteristics of Blast Furnace slag and the same was validated through further experimentation. The flow characteristics of the Blast Furnace slag (synthetic slag prepared in laboratory in line with the compositional details as encountered in the industry) is determined for C/S (CaO/SiO2) variation, MgO content variation and Al2O3 variation. Also, the effect of the MgO content on microstructural and chemical behaviour of synthetic slag is studied using noble technique of heating microscope, XRD and SEM.
48
CHUANG, YA-LI, e 莊雅琍. "Engineering Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag - Bagasse ash Composite Geopolymer". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vxe57h.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
105
Research bagasse ash with Alkaline Solution as the main material to make Inorganic polymers. The modulus of sodium silicate 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2, various dosages of activator 6%, 8% and 10% and fixed water-solid ratios 0.35 and 0.4, to assess on the engineering properties. The research results show that: First, when bagasse ash replacement higher, its flowability gets worse. Second, when modulus of sodium silicate increases then the slump and slump flow decrease. Third, 10% of bagasse ash replacement which compressive strength and sulfate resistance’s effect is optimal. Forth, 20% bagasse ash replacement, its drying shrinkage phenomenon is the smallest. Fifth, curing into saturated limewater of compressive strength is less than curing at atmospheric conditions, then curing into saturated limewater of drying shrinkage phenomenon is lower than curing at atmospheric conditions. Finally, when bagasse ash replacement form 0% to 20%, its water resistance of softening coefficiency is greater than 0.85, therefore bagasse ash replacement form 0% to 20% is suitable for waterproof material.
49
Chiu, Chia-Wei, e 邱嘉威. "Flexural Behavior of Engineered Cementitious CompositesDesigned with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15917445597916465518.
50
Tseng, Jyh-Chih, e 曾志企. "Recycle White Carbon Sludge and Blast Furnace Slag as Resources in Concrete". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80747509269847393287.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立聯合大學
土木與防災工程學系碩士班
103
The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of using white carbon sludge (WCS), a by-product from the manufacturing rubber of the chemical industry, to replace partial cement in cement-concrete. The emphases are on its material strength and engineering properties. WCS sludge is rich in hazardous nano-particles of SiO2, these hazardous ingredients may be harmful to the ecological environment, and the WCS could be a Pozzlan material and be suitable for recycling in cement concrete. Following our experimental test results, the WCS-blended cement mortar may use in practical engineering potentially, but the lower fluidity need improvement. The proposal program will added the blast furnace slag and superplasticizer to enhance the workability of concrete, so that we use the Taguchi method to determine the optimal setting of cement mortar. Five control factors with four levels each in L16(4)5 orthogonal array are considered to design in this experiment. The compressive strength of each cement mortar sample is measured and the corresponding S/N ratios will be calculated to investigate the optimal settings. The suitable ratio of the WCS sludge and blast furnace slag (BFS) to cement is to be adopted for producing compound for the WCS-BFS blended cement mortar (SBCM), and then the compressive strengths of the SBCM will be compared with those of the OPCM (control group, ordinary Portland cement mortar). Therefore, the optimal ratio for the WCS sludge and BFS to cement and the water to cementitious will be adopted to mold the WBS-BFS blended cement concrete (SBCC). Also, the cylindrical SBCC specimens are to be experimented by group, and the reference specimens of ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC) with the same water to cememtitious ratio are also to be made for comparisons, including compressive strength test, mass growth measurment, setting time test, and UPV measurment. These experimental tests will be conducted to evaluate the possibilities for using the recycled WCS sludge and blast furnace slag for the practical engineering applications. The goal of this study is to transform the waste materials of WCS sludge into a valuable resource so as to eliminate its disposal problems and to maintain the sustainable development of earth.