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1
Lindell, Catherine, Melissa Hannay e Benjamin Hawes. "Bird Management in Blueberries and Grapes". Agronomy 8, n. 12 (7 dicembre 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120295.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bird damage to fruit is a long-standing challenge for growers that imposes significant costs because of yield losses and grower efforts to manage birds. We measured bird damage in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry fields and Pinot noir vineyards in 2012–2014 in Michigan to investigate how year, grower, and forest cover influenced the proportions of bird damage. We tested whether inflatable tubemen (2013–2014) and a methyl anthranilate spray (2015) reduced bird damage in blueberries, and tested the deterrent effect of inflatable tubemen in grapes (2014). Years when crop yield was lower tended to have a higher damage percentage; for blueberries, bird damage was highest in 2012, and in grapes, damage was highest in 2012 and 2014. Neither blueberry fields nor vineyards with inflatable tubemen showed significantly reduced bird damage, although the blueberry fields showed a non-significant trend toward lower damage in the tubemen blocks. Blueberry field halves treated with the methyl anthranilate spray had equivalent bird damage to untreated halves. Our results correspond to previous work showing that percent bird damage varies by year, which was likely because bird consumption of fruit is relatively constant over time, while fruit yield varies. Fruit growers should expect a higher proportion of bird damage in low-fruit contexts, such as low-yield years, and prepare to invest more in bird management at those times. Investigating patterns of bird damage and testing deterrent strategies remain challenges. Bird activity is spatially and temporally variable, and birds’ mobility necessitates tests at large scales.
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Curnutt, John L., John M. Marzluff e Rex Sallabanks. "Bird Management Revisited". BioScience 49, n. 1 (gennaio 1999): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313496.
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A. Tierney, D., e A. K. Morris. "A test of monitoring methodology for the conservation management of birds". Pacific Conservation Biology 8, n. 1 (2002): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We report on a programme to integrate monitoring for birds into conservation management and planning by local government. Bird surveys were used to develop a monitoring protocol for birds in woodlands/forests of north Wyong. Regional vegetation units have distinct bird assemblages when surveyed with adequate temporal and spatial replication. Multivariate analyses revealed a different bird assemblage structure in some locations, suggesting that assemblage decline could be monitored through time. Attributes necessary to successfully monitor bird conservation are discussed. We conclude that the success of a conservation management plan in conserving birds within the north Wyong area can be determined with appropriate monitoring.
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Pearson, Kathryn. "Bird & Bird: Our Approach to Knowledge Management". Legal Information Management 7, n. 3 (settembre 2007): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669607001545.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn her Conference presentation Kathryn Pearson discussed Bird & Bird's approach to Knowledge Management (KM). She considered the skills needed to become a legal knowledge manager and how these differ from those needed in Library and Information Services (LIS). She reviewed the merits of KM and the firm's approach to KM from three angles: people, process and technology, giving examples from recent KM projects.
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Francis, Charles M., Peter J. Blancher e R. Dean Phoenix. "Bird monitoring programs in Ontario: What have we got and what do we need?" Forestry Chronicle 85, n. 2 (1 marzo 2009): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85202-2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bird population monitoring should be designed to enhance conservation of birds through informing policy decisions and management actions. Many different bird surveys are undertaken in Ontario ranging from province-wide multi-species programs such as the Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas to single-species localized surveys for Species at Risk. Although most surveys provide some useful contributions towards understanding the status of bird populations, there remain significant gaps in both species and geographic coverages, especially in the northern half of the province, and few surveys are sufficient for evaluating the specific effects of current management practices on birds. Enhancing bird monitoring in the province should first involve clearly defining, quantitatively, the information required for management, conservation and decision-making, in the context of an adaptive management cycle, and then identifying the most cost-effective monitoring programs to obtain that information. This can most effectively be implemented through a cooperative effort involving all parties with an interest in bird monitoring data including federal and provincial government agencies, environmental non-government organizations, and industry. Key words: bird population monitoring, evaluation, adaptive management, decision-making
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Kutt, A. S., L. Hales, P. Hales, P. Young, C. Edwards, B. Warren, K. Shurcliff e G. Harington. "Bird monitoring in a tropical savanna conservation reserve suggests Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala and adaptive fire management should be a future management focus". Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38131136.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Long-term monitoring of bird communities over time can provide important data for management, and the adaptation of that management over time. We examined data from bird surveys across 37 sites sampled in five different years from 2009 to 2017 in a 56,000-ha tropical savanna conservation reserve, in northern Queensland. Because of the limitations of the survey method and the lack of environmental data for sites, we examined broad patterns in the abundance of small- and large-bodied birds, abundance of Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala, land type, survey year, and time since last fire. There was some variation in bird species richness and abundance across the land types, years sampled and Noisy Miner abundance; however, the clearest pattern was decreasing numbers of small-bodied birds and increasing Noisy Miner abundance, and an association between time since fire (i.e. <3 years, >5 years), Noisy Miner abundance and diversity in other birds. The apparent and potentially compounding interaction of Noisy Miners and fire could be an emerging problem. Future fire management needs to be embedded in a program of targeted question-driven monitoring and adaptive management, to provide more assured approaches to prescribed burning that enhances bird conservation.
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MacMillan, Douglas C., e Nigel Leader-Williams. "When successful conservation breeds conflict: an economic perspective on wild goose management". Bird Conservation International 18, S1 (7 agosto 2008): S200—S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000282.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWild bird conservation in the UK is a widely regarded as a success story. The populations of many endangered species have grown or at least stabilised, birds that were last seen in the UK over 100 years ago have been successfully re-introduced, and bird watching makes an increasingly important contribution to the rural economy in terms of employment and income. Nevertheless, some wild birds also generate costs and some deep rooted conflicts persist with other rural activities such as farming and game shooting. This paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding the costs and benefits of wild birds and, using wild goose conservation in the island of Islay as a case study, explores whether continued public investment in wild goose conservation is worthwhile from an economic perspective. The paper concludes with a discussion about future options for integrating wild bird conservation with sustainable rural development.
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Thompson, Ian D., James A. Baker, Susan J. Hannon, Robert S. Rempel e Kandyd J. Szuba. "Forest birds and forest management in Ontario: Status, management, and policy". Forestry Chronicle 85, n. 2 (1 marzo 2009): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85245-2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents a summary of presentations and discussions at a 3-day workshop on research and management of forest birds in Ontario forests. While many forest birds in Ontario do not appear to be negatively affected over the long term by forest management, some species were noted as declining using Breeding Bird Atlas data and more research is required to understand the causes, some of which may well be related to habitat change on the wintering grounds. For example, the aerial foragers as a group have declined significantly during the past 20 years. Recent research suggests landscape convergence between managed and fire-origin stands for bird species over time, but negative effects were suggested for boreal chickadee (Poecile hudsonsicus), brown creeper (Certhia familiaris), and some cavity-users, although there is no evidence of declines in these species from the current atlas data. This inconsistency needs to be evaluated. In Carolinian forests, even small-scale tree harvesting in this already highly fragmented landscape can have deleterious effects on breeding success for some species, such as wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). New modelling techniques and meta-analyses seem to hold considerable promise as tools to help managers understand key habitats, species that require special attention, and as predictive models of forest management effects. A large number of recommendations to improve the management of forest birds are provided and as is a suggested research agenda to improve our understanding of key factors affecting birds in managed forests. Key words: forest birds, forest management, boreal forest, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest, Carolinian forest, indicators, modelling, cavity nester, spruce budworm, forest policy, Ontario
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Filmer, D. "Nutritional management of meat poultry". BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041091.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe shortcomings of current feeding practices for meat poultry are illustrated and alternative systems discussed. These include automatic blending between high and low protein feeds at each poultry house, to deliver appropriate predetermined nutrient intakes daily. The benefits of using whole cereal as the low protein feed on gut pH, viscosity of gut contents, nutrient digestibility, litter quality and reductions in atmospheric pollution, and coccidial damage are discussed.Comparisons between current ad-lib feeding and various developmental stages of “Automated Controlled Feeding” are made. The alternative systems lead to proper function of birds' gizzards and crops and the benefits in terms of bird health, reduced mortality and variability, improved behaviour, and feed efficiency are illustrated.Currently available integrated management systems are described, and the principles behind a current MAFF LINK project discussed. This involves a real-time growth model that uses recorded liveweight, feed and nutrient intakes to date, to calculate the next day's nutrient intakes that will get birds back on target if they start to deviate from it.Future developments where the objective function could include minimising costs per kg liveweight or breast meat or maximising margin per bird placed or per square metre per year are discussed.
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Kuznetsova, Irina N., Sergey A. Sergeev e Ildar R. Enaleev. "Economic aspects birds of prey usage as bird control operation". RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 27, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2019): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2019-27-4-275-281.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Birds attracted to citys waste landfills represent a significant hazard and additional inconvenience to people. It is necessary to understand not only the reasons for which birds enter the given territory, but also the economic components of the scaring process. The article analyzes the results of bird control management work at several waste management facilities. Based on these calculations, its possible to determine of costs level and select the optimal model for the work of specialists in bird scaring.
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Akter, S., SC Das, AS Apu, T. Ahmed, A. Lahiry, A. Afrin e NJ Nishat. "Early sex determination of Turkey by observation of differences in body weight between male and female". Progressive Agriculture 31, n. 3 (1 marzo 2021): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study was conducted to determine the early sex in turkeys by observation of the differences in body weight between male and female birds. A total of 30-day old black color unsexed poults having almost similar body weight at hatching were considered for the experimentation and housed at the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. All birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age under intensive management with supplementation of commercial broiler starter and grower feeds. Birds were reared under similar management conditions. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight was attained in male poults (104g/bird) than the female (90g/bird) at the end of 1st week of age. Similarly, at the end of 2nd week of age higher (p<0.01) body weight attained by male poults (198.31g/bird) than the female (162.13g/bird). At the end of 3rd weeks of age male poults attained higher (p<0.01) body weight (307.23g/bird) than the female (251.33g/bird). After 4 weeks of rearing, male turkeys attained significantly higher (p<0.01) live body weight (424.46g/bird) than the female turkeys (347.87g/bird). The weekly average body weight gains of male and female birds were 94.18g/bird and 76.5g/bird, respectively. Thus, the male and female birds were successfully identified on the basis of differences in their body weight. Weekly feed intake for both the male and female birds was also increased with their age. Up to 4 weeks of age, both the male and female poults consumed same amount of feed (753.46g/bird). The FCR of male and female poults differed non-significantly in 1st, 3rd and 4th week. On the contrary, in 2nd week of age the FCR of male poults (1.60) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than female (2.11). Survivability was 100% up to 4th week of age irrespective of sex of the poults. The birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age until to confirm their sex by observation of the phenotypic appearance. Results of the phenotypic observation of male and female birds correspondence hundred percent accuracy with the results obtained in body weight based differences between male and female birds. It is therefore concluded that farmers can identify male or female poults as early as first week of age on the basis of body weight differences.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 218-226, 2020
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Gruver, Bradley J., e Fred S. Guthery. "Effects of Brush Control and Game-Bird Management on Nongame Birds". Journal of Range Management 39, n. 3 (maggio 1986): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899061.
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Esmail, Hanif, e Emma Aarons. "Management of Suspected Avian (H5N1) Influenza in a Non-pandemic Setting". Acute Medicine Journal 6, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2007): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0146.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Avian (H5N1) influenza has been responsible for millions of wild bird and poultry deaths throughout the world. Sporadic human cases with a high mortality have occurred, almost exclusively in association with very close contact with sick, dying or dead birds. Appropriate management of suspected cases requires their prompt recognition via attention to travel and bird-exposure history. The early isolation, diagnosis and treatment of suspected cases as well as prompt involvement of the health protection unit should enable patients to be optimally managed with minimum risk to health care staff.
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Medolago, Cesar Augusto Bronzatto, Fernanda Delborgo Abra e Paula Ribeiro Prist. "Use of a portable thermograph as a potential tool to identify nocturnal airport bird risks / Uso de um termógrafo portátil como uma ferramenta potencial para identificar riscos noturnos de aves em aeroportos". Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 4, n. 2 (9 giugno 2021): 2360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv4n2-065.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Worldwide, wildlife-aircraft collisions constitute a major human health and safety concern. About 98% of wildlife-aircraft strikes involve bird species (i.e., bird strikes) resulting in an annual loss of $1.2 billion to the aviation industry and costing 194 human lives. Thus, airport managers desire better tools to identify wildlife aircraft risks and management option to mitigate them. A number of variables have been identified that can attract the birds and other animals to the airport area. These variables include increased food availability, clear views of predators, and open water. Regular bird surveys can help managers to identify bird strike risks and prioritize management actions to reduce avian hazards. However, bird species detection efficiency at the airports can vary according to the applied methodology. We compared the efficiency of a portable thermograph to detect bird risk in a Brazilian airport using the transection methodology at night. Linear transects adjacent to the airstrip were traveled, by foot, at an average speed of 1 km/h, with and without the device, looking for birds. With the device, transects were traveled with the thermograph in mode on and at each bird visualization a photo was taken. Without the device transects were traveled with a flashlight looking for birds. A portable thermograph allows warm-blooded animals to become easily visible against the environment, both day and night, once it can detect and produce radiation images in the long infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 9,000 to 14,000 nanometers or 9 to 14 µm). Our evaluations were conducted in the Regional Airport of Itanhaém, São Paulo, Brazil, in September and October 2015. Our results show that the thermography detected 13 locations with 25 specimens of birds, while the same method applied without the device recorded three locations with three specimens, resulting in nine times more bird specimens per hour. We believe that the thermographs may be considered as a new method in nocturnal airport bird risks and even common nocturnal bird surveys, with benefits exceeding its U$ 20.000,00 costs.
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Wiwanitkit, V. "Management of H7N9 Bird Flu Case". Respiratory Care 59, n. 5 (30 aprile 2014): e90-e90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02963.
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McNulty, Stacy, Michale Glennon e Carol Foss. "Boreal Bird Ecology, Management and Conservation". Diversity 13, n. 5 (13 maggio 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050206.
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Monroe, Adrian P., David R. Edmunds, Cameron L. Aldridge, Matthew J. Holloran, Timothy J. Assal e Alison G. Holloran. "Prioritizing landscapes for grassland bird conservation with hierarchical community models". Landscape Ecology 36, n. 4 (6 marzo 2021): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01211-z.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Context Given widespread population declines of birds breeding in North American grasslands, management that sustains wildlife while supporting rancher livelihoods is needed. However, management effects vary across landscapes, and identifying areas with the greatest potential bird response to conservation is a pressing research need. Objectives We developed a hierarchical modeling approach to study grassland bird response to habitat factors at multiple scales and levels. We then identified areas to prioritize for implementing a bird-friendly ranching program. Methods Using bird survey data from grassland passerine species and 175 sites (2009–2018) across northeast Wyoming, USA, we fit hierarchical community distance sampling models and evaluated drivers of site-level density and regional-level distribution. We then created spatially-explicit predictions of bird density and distribution for the study area and predicted outcomes from pasture-scale management scenarios. Results Cumulative overlap of species distributions revealed areas with greater potential community response to management. Within each species’ potential regional-level distribution, the grassland bird community generally responded negatively to cropland cover and vegetation productivity at local scales (up to 10 km of survey sites). Multiple species declined with increasing bare ground and litter cover, shrub cover, and grass height measured within sites. Conclusions We demonstrated a novel approach to multi-scale and multi-level prioritization for grassland bird conservation based on hierarchical community models and extensive population monitoring. Pasture-scale management scenarios also suggested the examined community may benefit from less bare ground cover and shorter grass height. Our approach could be extended to other bird guilds in this region and beyond.
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Metz, Isabel, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Joost Ellerbroek, Dirk Kügler, Hans van Gasteren, Jan Kraemer e Jacco Hoekstra. "Simulation Model to Calculate Bird-Aircraft Collisions and Near Misses in the Airport Vicinity". Aerospace 5, n. 4 (25 ottobre 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040112.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Annually, thousands of birds collide with aircraft. The impact usually has lethal consequences for the bird, the involved aircraft can experience severe damage. The highest bird strike risk occurs at low altitudes. Therefore, aircraft within the airport area as well as the adjacent approach and departure corridors are especially vulnerable to collisions with birds. To analyse risk-reducing measures in these areas, a fast-time bird strike simulation environment was developed. An open-source Air Traffic Management simulator was enhanced with a model to represent bird movements and to recognize bird strikes. To confirm the reproducibility of the outcome, Monte Carlo simulations were performed. They included bird movement data from one year and air traffic flight plans for various air traffic volumes. The number of strikes and near misses showed an expected variance within the individual replications. The results indicate that the predictability of the number of strikes and near misses increases with rising number of birds, and rising air traffic intensity. Thus, by considering simulation scenarios including bird movement information from all seasons and a sufficient air traffic volume, the described set-up leads to stable results.
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Hannay, Melissa B., Jason R. Boulanger, Paul D. Curtis, Rachael A. Eaton, Benjamin C. Hawes, Deanna K. Leigh, Cody A. Rossetti, Karen M. M. Steensma e Catherine A. Lindell. "Bird species and abundances in fruit crops and implications for bird management". Crop Protection 120 (giugno 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.02.015.
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Naguib, Mark. "Emergency treatment of the dyspnoeic bird". Companion Animal 24, n. 10 (2 novembre 2019): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2019.0026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dyspnoea is a common emergency in birds presented to veterinary practitioners. There are a number of aetiologies and various anatomical structures that may be involved. A large proportion of these birds will be significantly compromised, thus appropriate and timely emergency management is essential. This article discusses the approach to diagnosis, decision making and emergency medical and surgical treatment in the dyspnoeic bird.
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Pyke, GH, e HF Recher. "Estimated Forest Bird Densities by Variable Distance Point Counts". Wildlife Research 12, n. 2 (1985): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850307.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During variable distance point counts a stationary observer records the species and distance for all birds detected during a fixed time interval. Such counts, repeated throughout the area of interest, can be used to estimate bird density so long as the following assumptions are made: (1) the distribution of birds is unaffected by the observer; (2) observers are certain of detecting near birds; (3) there is no error in measurement or estimation of distances; and (4) birds are stationary. Data collected during the present study indicated that at least two of these assumptions are not satisfied: estimates of distance based on sound are inaccurate and observers do not always detect near birds. No effect of observer presence on bird distribution was detected nor did there appear to be any significant movement of birds during counts. We recommend that bird counts be based only on sight detections and that, when bird movement is significant, instantaneous counts be used.
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Göransson, Lina, Jenny Yngvesson e Stefan Gunnarsson. "Bird Health, Housing and Management Routines on Swedish Organic Broiler Chicken Farms". Animals 10, n. 11 (11 novembre 2020): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Slower-growing broilers on organic farms have replaced fast-growing hybrids to increase bird welfare. Due to limited knowledge of broiler welfare and management on organic farms in Sweden, the study aim was to gather information regarding health, housing and management routines, in order to describe the current situation on these. Farm visits performed in 2018 included 8 out of 12 established organic farms, on which either Rowan Ranger or HubbardJA57/HubbardJA87 were reared. Chickens in the observed flocks were 55 ± 6 (44–62) days of age. Observations included farmer interviews, indoor environment assessments, clinical examinations and gait scoring. Clinical examinations revealed no severe remarks, however minor to moderate plumage dirtiness, food pad dermatitis and hock burns were found in 47%, 21% and 13% of the birds, respectively. Although no severe walking impairments were observed, minor to moderate gait abnormalities were seen in two-thirds of the birds. Gait in birds assessed outdoors was significantly better than in birds observed indoors. Body weight uniformity was low in all flocks. This study provides increased knowledge of certain chicken health and welfare aspects, housing and management on Swedish organic farms. Future research should further investigate important aspects related to bird welfare, such as the high mortality rates observed.
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Ruffino, Lise, Diane Zarzoso-Lacoste e Eric Vidal. "Assessment of invasive rodent impacts on island avifauna: methods, limitations and the way forward". Wildlife Research 42, n. 2 (2015): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15047.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bird conservation is nowadays a strong driving force for prioritising rodent eradications, but robust quantitative estimates of impacts are needed to ensure cost-effectiveness of management operations. Here, we review the published literature to investigate on what methodological basis rodent effects on island bird communities have been evaluated for the past six decades. We then discuss the advantages and limitations of each category of methods for the detection and quantification of impacts, and end with some recommendations on how to strengthen current approaches and extend our knowledge on the mechanisms of impacts. Impact studies (152 studies considered) emphasised seabirds (67%), black rats (63%) and the Pacific Ocean (57%). Among the most commonly used methods to study rodent impacts on birds were the observation of dead eggs or empty nests while monitoring bird breeding success, and the analyses of rodent diets, which can both lead to misleading conclusions if the data are not supported by direct field evidence of rodent predation. Direct observations of rodent–bird interactions (19% of studies) are still poorly considered despite their potential to reveal cryptic behaviours and shed light on the mechanisms of impacts. Rodent effects on birds were most often measured as a change or difference in bird breeding parameters (74% of studies), while estimates of bird population growth rates (4%) are lacking. Based on the outcomes of this literature review, we highlight the need for collecting unbiased population-level estimates of rodent impacts, which are essential prerequisites for predicting bird population growth scenarios and prioritising their conservation needs. This could be achieved by a more systematic integration of long-term monitoring of bird populations into rodent management operations and modelling bird population dynamics. We also strongly recommend including various complementary methods in impact assessment strategies to unravel complex interactions between rodents and birds and avoid faulty evidence. Finally, more research should be devoted to a better understanding of the cases of non-impacts (i.e. long-term coexistence) and those impacts mediated by mechanisms other than predation and ecosystem-level processes.
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Ewuola, E. O., e A. T. Olujimi. "Bovine testicular fluid enhanced growth performance of broiler chickens". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2020): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1287.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Testosterone has been reported to have anabolic influence on various organs of animals. Thus, an experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of crude testosterone in bovine testicular fluid (BTF) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty-five broiler chicks (Abore Acre) were used. They were raised for one week and randomly allotted into five treatments consisted of five replicates (five chicks per replicate) under the intensive management system. Four different levels; 25mL, 50mL, 75mL, and 100mL of bovine testicular fluid per litre of water were administered to the birds, while the control birds were offered ordinary water. Feeds (broiler starter and finisher diets) were provided ad libitum on daily basis at weeks 2-4 and 5-8, respectively and clean water was given at free choice throughout the period of the study. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily water intake (ADWI), average daily weight gain (ADWG) per bird, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds were determined. At week seven blood was sampled to assay for level of the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. The results indicated that ALW and the ADWG of the T5 birds (1850.00g/bird and 43.79g/bird, respectively) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than birds in T1, T2, T3, and T4, while the ADFI of T1, T3 and T4 birds (90.33g/bird, 94.09g/bird, 90.39g/bird respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than T2 (84.60g/bird) and T5 (84.60g/bird). ADWI of the T5 and T4 birds (101.01mL/bird, and 98.68mL/bird, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than TI (82.13mL/bird), T2 (86.50mL/bird) and T3 (93.01mL/bird) birds. Birds administered 100mL of BTF/litre (T5) had the best percentage carcass yield and feed conversion ratio of 76.60% and 2.11 respectively, among the treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 birds. The result of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the serum concentration of the sex hormones showed that the expression of the serum testosterone increased as the inclusion levels of the Bovine testicular fluid increased with birds on T5 having significantly (P < 0.05) higher values (3.64 nmol/L) than those on the control (2.60 nmol/L). However, testosterone levels in T2 (3.18 nmol/L), T3 (3.24 nmol/L) and T4 (3.40 nmol/L) was not significantly different from T5. This study suggests that 100ml of bovine testicular fluid per liter of the drinking water can be used as a growth promoter for broiler chickens.
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Mendonca, Flavio, Julius Keller e Yu Wang. "Managing the risks: An analysis of bird strike reporting at Part 139 Airports in Indiana 2001-2014". Journal of Airline and Airport Management 7, n. 1 (24 aprile 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jairm.82.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: The purpose of the current study was fourfold: to identify bird strike reporting trends at Part 139 airports in Indiana (2001-2014) for comparison to national data; to determine which quarter of the year yields the most bird strike data; to gain a clearer understanding of the relationship between altitude and bird strikes, and to develop information based upon the data analyzed that can be used for the safety management of birds including comparisons to national data. Design/methodology: The researchers in this study answered the research questions by reviewing, sorting, and analyzing existing data. The data collection took place from March 01 to May 02, 2016. Two data sets were utilized for data collection. The National Wildlife Strike Database (NWSD) and the FAA Air Traffic Activity System (ATADS).Findings: When compared to national data, Indiana Part 139 airports have seen a faster increase in bird strike reporting during 2012 and 2014. Aggregate data indicated June through September (Quarter 3) had a significantly higher frequency of bird strikes reported. When examining bird strikes and altitude of occurrences, the exponential equation explained 95 % of the variation in number of strikes by 1,000-foot intervals from 1000 to 10,000 feet. Not surprisingly, the risk of bird strikes appears to decrease as altitude increases.Originality/value: This study adds to the body of knowledge by addressing the lack of published bird strike report analyses at a regional level. It also connects data analyses to safety management system (SMS) concepts and Wildlife Hazards Management Programs (WHMP). The aviation community can use regional bird strike data and information to develop or enhance existing wildlife hazard management programs, increase pilot awareness, and offers airport managerial implications.
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Buckingham, D. L., e W. J. Peach. "The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds". Animal Science 81, n. 2 (ottobre 2005): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc50700199.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAbstract This review covers research linking foraging habitat quality for birds to livestock management in lowland farmland. Based on this research we propose a framework for predicting the value of grazing systems to birds. This predictive framework is needed to guide the development of agri-environment measures to address farmland bird declines in pastoral areas. We show that the exacting requirements of declining granivorous birds pose the greatest challenges, while the needs of soil invertebrate feeding species are more easily met.
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Srinidhi, S., e P. Pramod. "Bird Strike to Aircrafts An Assessment of Changing Bird Populations at Select Indian Airfields". Defence Life Science Journal 6, n. 2 (3 giugno 2021): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.6.16517.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bird Strikes (BS) are a significant threat to flight safety and a serious economic concern in the aviation industry. Variation of population and activity of different birds over an airfield leads to variation in their vulnerability for Bird Strike as well. In this study, an attempt was made to document the monthly variation of bird activity over three Indian airfields situated in different bio-geographical provinces in the year 2019-20. A significant activity of Black Kites (including the sub-species Black-eared Kite namely Milvus migrans govinda and Milvus migrans lineatus) and Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) were studied to understand their annual cycle as well as long term changes in their activity over airfields (over 30 years). Agra recorded an increase of 10.3 times in the activity of Black Kites in forty years. Black Kite data in correlation with the past information on Vultures indicate that the Black Kites are taking over the ecological niche of Vultures. Sirsa recorded an increase of 15 times in the activity of Red-wattled Lapwings in ten years and started dwindling again. The numbers of both species were stable over the Jodhpur airfield. The probable causes for long-term changes in Black Kite activity were identified as the type of waste management of the cities nearby, presence of other birds and migration. Similarly, changes in the activity of Red-wattled Lapwing could be partly attributed to the type of vegetation cover, long-term ecological changes, and intensive harassment of the bird. These findings will help airfield safety managers to initiate Solid Waste Management projects in the nearby city and monitor the bird population to control the major variations.
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Sonntag, Nicole, Henriette Schwemmer, Heino Ove Fock, Jochen Bellebaum e Stefan Garthe. "Seabirds, set-nets, and conservation management: assessment of conflict potential and vulnerability of birds to bycatch in gillnets". ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, n. 4 (1 marzo 2012): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractSonntag, N., Schwemmer, H., Fock, H.O., Bellebaum, J., and Garthe, S. 2012. Seabirds, set-nets, and conservation management: assessment of conflict potential and vulnerability of birds to bycatch in gillnets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 578–589. We addressed the issue of bird bycatch in set-nets in the southern Baltic Sea by (i) assessing the vulnerability of diving birds to drowning by developing a vulnerability index based on weighted bird abundance, (ii) providing information on set-net fishing activities, and (iii) using a spatial overlap approach to indicate the potential conflicts between diving birds and fishing activities. Birds and fisheries concentrated in the same areas. Vulnerability and potential conflict were highest during winter and spring in coastal waters and around shallow offshore grounds. Local bycatch studies validated the usefulness of our approach, which can provide a valuable tool for conservation purposes. Although the conflict analysis outlined the current extent of overlap between birds and fisheries, the vulnerability index indicated important areas and periods in terms of diving bird abundance, irrespective of fisheries, and enabled the development of appropriate conservation and management options. A suite of measures including temporal or spatial restrictions can be derived, despite a scarcity of real data for bycatch rates. This approach is particularly useful for assessing impacts that are difficult to monitor and where mortality cannot be properly addressed, as in artisanal gillnet fisheries. It is also generally applicable to any marine area or species worldwide.
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Li, Wang, Li, Yi, Yan, Lu e Chen. "Effects of Bird Traits on Seed Dispersal of Endangered Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. with Ex-Situ and In-Situ Conservation". Forests 10, n. 9 (11 settembre 2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090790.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Biodiversity is rapidly decreasing worldwide. Its great importance has been attached to conservation through in-situ and ex-situ management. Animal-mediated seed dispersal is an important ecological process, linking the threatened plants and animal partners in ex-situ habitats, and in turn affecting tree conservation. However, how bird traits affect seed dispersal within in-situ and ex-situ conservation still remains unclear. Here, we aim to answer this question. We tested whether bird traits affect seed deposition and seedling recruitment. Our results showed that 19 bird species foraged and removed Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. seeds across botanical gardens (ex-situ) and natural reserves (in-situ). The seed dispersal pattern of T. chinensis varied in the stages of seed removal and seed deposition, but showed no significant difference in the seedling recruitment stage. This showed that bird morphological and behavioral traits affected seed dispersal through the different contributions of varying bird species. Large birds and their high visitation frequency played a central role in seed removal patterns. The frequency of post-foraging habitat use was the most important factor determining the role of birds in seed deposition and the following seedling recruitment. Urocissa erythrorhyncha and Chloropsis hardwickii played the role of keystone species in seed deposition and seedling recruitment, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of bird traits in facilitating the seed dispersal of trees within in-situ and ex-situ conservation, which should be considered in future forest conservation and management.
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AERTS, RAF, SARAH SPRANGHERS e ÇAĞAN H. ŞEKERCIOĞLU. "Conservation of ecosystem services does not secure the conservation of birds in a Peruvian shade coffee landscape". Bird Conservation International 27, n. 1 (12 agosto 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000149.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryAgricultural intensification in shade coffee farms has strong impacts on the structure and diversity of the agroforest, with negative consequences for forest specialist birds, understorey insectivores and their associated ecosystem services. Utilising variable distance transect counts, we sampled the bird community in a multiple-certified yet changing shade coffee landscape in the Peruvian East Andean foothills, to evaluate bird functional diversity and to assess potential impacts of coffee production on avian ecosystem services. To account for incomplete detection, we also calculated expected species richness per functional group, and to evaluate the effect of future species losses, we derived reduced bird communities by subsampling our data using a Monte Carlo procedure. We compared the relative abundances of functional groups based on preferred diets in the observed, expected and reduced bird communities to global functional signatures of tropical bird assemblages of forest, agroforests and agriculture. The birds in the shade coffee landscape were predominantly birds of secondary and disturbed forest habitats, indicating, as expected, strong human impact on the forest structure. Yet, the diet signatures of the observed, expected and simulated bird communities were not significantly different from global diet signatures of forest and agroforest bird communities of mixed tropical landscapes. Our results suggest that avian ecological function can be conserved at bird community level despite intensive human ecosystem use and associated losses of forest specialist and other less resilient bird species. These results underscore that forest management strategies or certification audits focused solely at ecosystem services may be insufficient to support conservation of rare or threatened bird species and that shade coffee systems can in no way replace the role of protected natural forests.
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Calvo, Lorena, e John Blake. "Bird diversity and abundance on two different shade coffee plantations in Guatemala". Bird Conservation International 8, n. 3 (settembre 1998): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001945.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryMany studies have examined differences in bird communities between shade and sun coffee plantations but less is known about how different management practices within shade coffee plantations affect bird populations. This study compares diversity and abundance of resident and migrant birds in two shade coffee plantations located in Palajunoj, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, that differ in their farming practices (e.g. pruning schedules and fertilizer regimes) and, consequently, in vegetation structure. One plantation represents a traditional, polyculture shade system whereas the second represents a more modernized, monoculture shade system. Both plantations supported many resident and migrant birds. Bird abundance and diversity were significantly greater during both wet and dry seasons on the traditional farm, due largely to the vegetation structure resulting from the different management practices. All plantations typically classified as ‘shade coffee’ are not equivalent, much of their conservation value coming from the more diverse and structurally complex traditional polycultures rather than from the newer, monocultural systems. Coffee production techniques that affect the structural and floristic diversity of the vegetation (e.g. pruning, application of chemicals) have important consequences for birds.
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Honda, Takeshi. "Exploiting Scanning Behavior for Predators Can Reduce Rice Damage Caused by Birds". International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/568494.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rice is often damaged by birds, especially sparrows, in Asia. Bird nets are sometimes used as countermeasures; however this approach is expensive and labor intensive. For this reason, farmers generally eschew bird nets, even though no alternative countermeasures are available. This study focused on exploiting the bird behavior of scanning for predators to reduce crop damage. When birds forage for seeds on the ground they often stop pecking and briefly raise their heads, apparently to scan for predators. Low visibility habitats increase scanning behavior and increased scanning behavior reduces habitat quality from the bird’s perspective; therefore, this study tested the relationship between rice damage rate and visibility at the periphery of rice fields, where tree sparrows rest after feeding. Overall, low visibility reduced damage to rice. Because visibility was mainly affected by weeds, weed management techniques contribute to crop damage management. To reduce damage, weeding can be decreased; therefore, this technique is cost- and labor-efficient.
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Crisol-Martínez, Eduardo, Laura T. Moreno-Moyano e Finbarr G. Horgan. "Bioacoustics Reveal Species-Rich Avian Communities Exposed to Organophosphate Insecticides in Macadamia Orchards". Birds 1, n. 1 (14 dicembre 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds1010005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Organophosphates are the most widely used insecticide class in agriculture. The effects of organophosphates on insectivorous birds can potentially reduce the capacity of these birds to regulate insect pest populations as well as jeopardizing the survival of vulnerable bird species in matrix habitats. In this study, we investigated the diversity of birds inhabiting commercial macadamia orchards in Australia and assessed community-wide exposure of birds to an organophosphate insecticide (trichlorfon). We also studied the impact of trichlorfon on arthropods, and how this affected bird activity. We used a novel approach, combining bird acoustic surveys, and three different arthropod trapping devices. Birds and arthropods were surveyed immediately before and after a trichlorfon application, in sprayed and unsprayed orchards, at six different sites. Surveys showed that trichlorfon applications produced no changes in bird activity, either at the species or community level. Only one species (Lichmera indistincta) showed a significant increase in acoustic activity after treatment. These results indicate that several (62) bird species, some of which have been noted as undergoing regional decline, are exposed to trichlorfon applications. Additionally, trichlorfon applications also produced rapid, negative impacts on certain arthropod groups, particularly spiders. Because almost (80%) of the bird species recorded in the study include arthropods in their diets, then arthropod contaminated by trichlorfon are likely consumed by these orchard-dwelling birds. We recommend that pest management should incorporate strategies to reduce wildlife exposure to toxic chemicals to meet the joint goals of crop production and wildlife conservation in structurally complex agricultural habitats.
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Dewi, Nilasari, e Agung Sih Kurnianto. "Buffer Zone Management Impact on Birds Assemblage in the High Nature Value Farmland (HNVf) : a study case on Meru Betiri National Park". Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology 9, n. 1 (16 aprile 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.biotropika.2021.009.01.04.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to analyze the distribution of bird communities and the impact of vegetation on bird habitat preferences in the buffer zone. Research is carried out in agricultural areas in the Buffer zone, Rehabilitation Zone, and on the edge of the plantation. The research location was determined at 37 points: Rajekwesi (4), Sukamade (12), Bandealit (8), Wonoasri (5), Andongrejo (3), Sanenrejo (5). We applied the point count method (r = 17.5 m) in this study, where each point is at least 100-150 meters apart. In the study, 74.6% of records were birds with agricultural specialities and 71.30% of individuals on tree habitats. Birds with specialization in agriculture were found in large numbers related to the protection provided by the TNMB conservation area to bird habitat. Sukamade is the area with the highest number of records. As many as 40.10% were found in tree habitats followed by seedling (16.28%), poles (15.93%), flying over (15.76%), and sapling (11.90%)
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TORRE, Rocío de, María Dolores JIMÉNEZ, Álvaro RAMÍREZ, Ignacio MOLA, Miguel A. CASADO e Luis BALAGUER. "USE OF RESTORATION PLANTINGS TO ENHANCE BIRD SEED DISPERSAL AT THE ROADSIDE: FAILURES AND PROSPECTS". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, n. 4 (29 ottobre 2015): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1079529.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Plantings are commonly used in roadside reclamation for ornamental purposes and for increasing slope stability and road safety. However, the role of these plantings in restoring ecological processes, such as seed dispersal, has received little attention. We carried out a study to assess the potential role of plantings on roadside embankments to attract frugivorous birds and to enhance seed dispersal mediated by birds from the surrounding landscape. We examined: (1) bird species richness and abundance; (2) patterns of avian spatial distribution within embankments and (3) seed dispersal mediated by birds. Bird richness and abundance did not differ between embankments with and without plantings. However, birds were not distributed randomly within embankments, with levels of species richness and abundance for facultative frugivorous between 4.8–8 times higher in areas closer to plantings. An analysis of bird droppings showed that birds only dispersed seeds of the planted species since no seeds of woody plants from matrices were detected. These results suggest that plantings acted as selective bird attractors, providing food and perches for frugivorous species. Nevertheless, the scarcity of seed-dispersing birds in the surrounding agricultural landscape prevented plantings from enhancing seed dispersal and connectivity to adjacent habitat.
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Thurmond, Dagmar P., Karl V. Miller e Thomas G. Harris. "Effect of Streamside Management Zone Width on Avifauna Communities". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, n. 4 (1 novembre 1995): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/19.4.166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract We analyzed 2 yr of bird population data in streamside management zones (SMZs) of three widths (50 ft, 100 ft, and 164 ft), adjoining ≤5 yr old pine plantations, and mature riparian areas in the Georgia Upper Coastal Plain. We evaluated relationships between SMZ width and bird abundance and density. Breeding and wintering avifaunal abundance were greater in SMZs than in the surrounding pine plantation. Breeding forest interior birds and forest interior neotropical migrant species were abundant in the mature forest control, but were essentially absent in SMZs and pine plantations. However, SMZs did provide habitat for an abundant avifauna community including several interior-edge and edge species not found in the pine plantations. Avian abundance was similar among SMZ widths, although densities were highest in the narrow SMZs. Forest managers should regard SMZs as important for maintaining avifauna abundance and diversity across pine dominated landscapes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):166-169.
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Smith, Peter, e Judy Smith. "Influence of fire regime and other habitat factors on a eucalypt forest bird community in south-eastern Australia in the 1980s". Australian Journal of Zoology 64, n. 5 (2016): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We investigated bird habitat relationships in extensive eucalypt forest in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, in 1986–87, assessing the importance of fire regime variables compared with other habitat variables. Our study sites encompassed a wide range of postfire ages, fire frequencies and fire severity, but we found no major bird community differences corresponding to differences in fire regime. The more common forest bird species appeared well adapted to fire regime variation in the 1980s. Tree canopy height was a far greater influence, with more species and more birds in taller forests (interpreted as a result of higher soil fertility leading to higher productivity of bird foods and greater structural complexity in taller forests). Other trends were fewer birds where there was a rainforest understorey under the eucalypts (reflecting the general scarcity of rainforest birds in the Blue Mountains), and more birds where nectar-rich flowers were more abundant (reflecting the abundance of nectarivorous birds in the Blue Mountains, especially over winter). The climate has changed since the 1980s and fires threaten to become much more severe, extensive and frequent. How these changes will impact on forest birds, and what management responses are required, is a critical area for further study.
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Kaplan, Rachel H., Kristen M. Rosamond, Sandra Goded, Alaaeldin Soultan, Alex Glass, Daniel H. Kim e Nico Arcilla. "Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) Declines Follow Bison (Bison bison) Reintroduction on Private Conservation Grasslands". Animals 11, n. 9 (10 settembre 2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092661.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Among the most rapidly declining birds in continental North America, grassland birds evolved with American bison (Bison bison) until bison nearly became extinct due to overhunting. Bison populations have subsequently rebounded due to reintroductions on conservation lands, but the impacts of bison on grassland nesting birds remain largely unknown. We investigated how bison reintroduction, together with other land management and climate factors, affected breeding populations of a grassland bird species of conservation concern, the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). We quantified population changes in Bobolinks over an 18-year period in conservation grasslands where bison were reintroduced, compared with adjacent grasslands grazed by cattle and where hay was harvested after the bird breeding season. Four years after bison reintroduction, the bison population in the study area had doubled, while Bobolink abundance declined 62% and productivity declined 84%. Our findings suggest that bison reintroduction as a conservation strategy may be counterproductive in grassland fragments where overgrazing, trampling, and other negative impacts drive declines in grassland breeding birds. Where bird conservation is an objective, small grassland reserves may therefore be inappropriate sites for bison reintroduction. To maximize conservation benefits to birds, land managers should prioritize protecting grassland birds from disturbance during the bird breeding season.
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Simon, N. PP, F. E. Schwab e R. D. Otto. "Songbird abundance in clear-cut and burned stands: a comparison of natural disturbance and forest management". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, n. 8 (1 agosto 2002): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-057.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To evaluate the efficacy of forest management to emulate natural disturbance, we compared bird abundances among burned and clear-cut, former black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) sites, after 5, 14, and 27 years of succession. Total bird density was lower in clear-cut sites resulting from fewer hermit thrushes, yellow warblers, Swainson's thrushes, and fox sparrows. Hermit thrushes were positively correlated with snag density while yellow warblers and Swainson's thrushes were positively associated with deciduous tree cover and negatively correlated with conifer cover. Only yellow-rumped warblers had higher densities on clear-cut sites, likely due to greater conifer cover. Bird densities and species richness peaked in the 14-year-old burns and exceeded that of mature forests reported for Labrador. This demonstrates the importance of natural early successional forests for birds. Although logged areas support several species found in natural young burns, logging does not precisely mimic fire. This suggests that forest managers should allow some forests to burn naturally.
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Spennemann, Dirk H. R., Melissa Pike e Maggie J. Watson. "Bird impacts on heritage buildings". Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 8, n. 1 (6 febbraio 2018): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-07-2016-0042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose There is much anecdotal evidence that birds and their droppings are a major problem for the heritage profession. The purpose of this paper is to examine how serious heritage practitioners consider the bird impact to be. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted of 59 Australian heritage professionals of between one and >20 year’s experience in the field. Findings Bird impacts were not considered of major concern to buildings. The longer experience a practitioner had, the less likely the impacts were considered an issue. Feral pigeons were deemed the most problematic, followed by cockatoos, starlings, swallows, seagulls, mynas, sparrows, cormorants, ibis, ducks and birds of prey. The professionals ranked common deterrent methods. The highest-ranking deterrents were bird netting and bird spikes, but they were only considered moderately effective. The costs of installation and maintenance, as well the ease of installation, were all deemed significantly less important than the physical impact, the aesthetic sympathy and the effectiveness of a deterrent method. Practical implications This study indicates that the impact of birds on buildings in Australia may be of less concern than previously thought, and may be driven by other factors (i.e. aesthetics, commercial companies) rather than actual effects. Originality/value This is first study of its kind that surveyed the experiences of a wide range of heritage practitioners.
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Gardner, S. M., G. M. Buchanan, J. W. Pearce-Higgins e M. C. Grant. "Predicting the effects of grazing management on moorland bird abundance". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Field studies of grazing management have frequently concluded that the magnitude and direction of vegetation response is dependent on initial vegetation condition. On upland heath, this dependence reflects the importance of small-scale ecological processes (e.g. plant competition), and local neighbourhood effects (e.g. spatial distribution of plant species), in driving the vegetation dynamics. These small-scale effects, together with variation in grazing patterns, increase the difficulty of deriving general rules about the effect of grazing on vegetation change from field studies. However, we need to determine the impacts of such grazing-related vegetation change upon biodiversity, (e.g. birds). For many bird species it is impractical to use experimental approaches due to low breeding densities, and the influence of other site and management effects (e.g. predator control). To predict the effect of management changes on them requires an accurate assessment of the large-scale effects of grazing management on the ecological landscape using data from small-scale field studies. This paper sets out an approach that integrates field studies with theoretical models to investigate the large-scale effects of grazing management on plant and bird communities on upland heath.
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Lamichhane, Saneer, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Kapil Pokharel, Pramod Raj Regmi, Tulasi Prasad Dahal, Santosh Bhattarai, Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral et al. "Birds of Barandabhar Corridor Forest, Chitwan, Nepal". Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, n. 11 (26 settembre 2021): 19509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6614.13.11.19509-19526.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Long term monitoring of bird species was conducted in Barandabhar Corridor Forest, one of the important bird areas of Nepal (IBA). Bird species were identified by the point count method in transect surveys in two-time frames from 2002–2012 and 2015–2016 to obtain the bird species list. We compared our bird list with previously published (after 2000) checklists and compiled the updated checklist of birds of Barandabhar Corridor Forest. We documented 372 bird species belonging to 80 families in Barandabhar, including five Critically Endangered, three Endangered, eight Vulnerable, and 15 Near Threatened species. The Accipitridae family included the highest number of species (n= 32), followed by Muscicapidae (n= 30) and Anatidae (n= 18). Approximately, half of the total confirmed bird species were insectivorous. The list included 63% resident, 27% winter migratory, 7.5% summer migratory, and 2.9% passage migrant species. According to the habitat type, there were 181 species of forest, 74 species of wetland, 24 species of grassland, 70 species of open field, and 23 species of partially wetland birds. This updated checklist of bird species will serve as a reference guide for bird watchers, biodiversity researchers, and support managers for conservation effort; and can be used to track any changes in the composition of bird species in the future.
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Hasan, Akib, Miguel Montoro Girona, Guillaume Grosbois, Narayan Saha e Md Abdul Halim. "Land Sparing Can Maintain Bird Diversity in Northeastern Bangladesh". Sustainability 12, n. 16 (11 agosto 2020): 6472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166472.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of humanity’s most significant challenges in the process of attaining the established sustainability goals is balancing the growing human demand for food and the need to conserve biodiversity. This challenge requires appropriate land uses that are able to conserve biodiversity while ensuring ample food supply. This study compares bird species diversity and abundance in areas undergoing land sharing and land sparing in northeastern Bangladesh (West Bhanugach Reserved Forest). Birds serve as useful biologic indicators because of their presence within different trophic levels and their well-studied ecology. To survey birds, we selected a total of 66 sampling sites within land-sharing (33) and land-sparing (33) land-use areas. Between May and June 2017, we observed and recorded bird calls within a 50-m radius around each sampling site. We counted 541 individuals from 46 species of birds. The Shannon bird diversity was higher in the land-sparing sites (1.52) than in the land-sharing sites (1.23). We found approximately 30% more bird species (39 vs. 30) and 40% more individuals (318 vs. 223) in the land-sparing areas than land-sharing areas. Three bird species, Arachnothera longirostra, Micropternus brachyurus and Copsychus malabaricus, were significantly associated with the land-sparing sites. This study shows that land sharing negatively affects bird diversity, richness and abundance compared to land-sparing. The use of chemical fertilizers and the lack of food, such as insects, for birds can explain the lower diversity, richness and abundance of birds in the land-sharing areas. Although land sharing is an effective means of producing food, land sparing is the most effective land-use practice for preserving bird diversity in northeastern Bangladesh.
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Iffiong, S. A., I. J. Fulani e J. M. Olomu. "THE EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (19 gennaio 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2652.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
THREE trials were conducted to determine the optimum stocking density for broiler chickens raised in a tropical environment In Trial 1, 100,67, 50,40, 34 and 29 birds were placed in duplicates in each pen with an area of 3.72 M2 to give stocking densities of 0.037, 0.056, 0.074, 0.093, 0.10 and 0 128 M2 per bird respectively. In Trial 2, stocking densities of 0.046, 0056, 0.064, 0.074, 0.083 and 0.093 M2 per bird were compared. Trial 3 involved studying the effects of providing equal feeder space (5cm/bird) or equal number of similar sized feeders (2 feeders per pen) when birds were stocked at floor spaces of 0.056, 0.064, 0.74, 0.083 and 0.093 sq meter per bird. Results showed that weight gain and feed consumption decreased, while total meat yield and net income per unit area increased, with increase in stocking rates. Feed efficiency, mortality and carcass dressing percentages were not significantly affected by the stocking rates. The effects of stocking densities on the performance of the birds were not altered by equalizing the feeder space per bird or by providing equal number of feeders per unit space. Management problems in terms of wetness of litter, feeding and watering were encountered with stocking densities of 0.037, 0.046 and 0.056 M2/ bird. Stocking rates of 0.083, 0.093, 0.10 and 0.128 M2 were uneconomic and did not produce superior performances to stocking densities of 0.064 or 0.074 M2/bird. On the basis of the results, floor spaces of 0.064 or 0.074 M2 per bird may be recommended as the optimum for broiler chickens raised in the tropics. The feeder space at these optimum stocking rates need not be more than 5cm per bird.
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Loe, Leif Egil, Atle Mysterud, Audun Stien, Harald Steen, Darren M. Evans e Gunnar Austrheim. "Positive short-term effects of sheep grazing on the alpine avifauna". Biology Letters 3, n. 1 (21 novembre 2006): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0571.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Grazing by large herbivores may negatively affect bird populations. This is of great conservation concern in areas with intensive sheep grazing. Sheep management varies substantially between regions, but no study has been performed in less intensively grazed systems. In a fully replicated, landscape scale experiment with three levels of sheep grazing, we tested whether the abundance and diversity of an assemblage of mountain birds were negatively affected by grazing or if grazing facilitated the bird assemblage. Density of birds was higher at high sheep density compared with low sheep density or no sheep by the fourth grazing season, while there was no clear effect on bird diversity. Thus, agricultural traditions and land use politics determining sheep density may change the density of avifauna in either positive or negative directions.
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Dhindsa, Manjit S., Jaswinder S. Sandhu, P. S. Sandhu e H. S. Toor. "Roadside Birds in Punjab (India): Relation to Mortality from Vehicles". Environmental Conservation 15, n. 4 (1988): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029799.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Roadside bird mortality is a new environmental dimension in developing countries. With the recent increase in the number of high-speed cars and the simultaneous improvement of roads in India, bird-car strikes and the resultant bird mortality are becoming important. To know how many species frequent roads in Punjab and thus may be prone to be killed by fast vehicles, we censused birds along 420 km of roads of different widths and traffic volumes from a vehicle moving at 50–60 km per hour. We also counted birds along transects c. 1 km away from roads, for comparison.In all, 35 species of birds were recorded on the road proper or within 3 m of either edge. Common Myna (Acridotheres trisitis) was the most abundant species (34.8% of all birds), followed by House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) (29.5%), Ring Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) (13.1%), and House Crow (Corvus splendens) (9.7%). These four species together accounted for c. 87% of the total of all bird species. The off-road community consisted of 68 species. The species-richness of granivorous, insectivorous, omnivorous, and some other birds, was less on or near roads than in the off-road transects, but within each community, species having different feeding habits were in similar proportions. About 93% of the total birds on or near roads (as against 66% off-road) were either granivorous or omnivorous.Our results suggested that granivorous birds are attracted, but insectivorous and other birds are repelled, by roads. Omnivores were equally abundant on and off roads. Food (such as spilled grain) seemed to be the main factor attracting birds to roads. Species diversity and equitability of the bird community on roads (1.82 and 0.51, respectively) were less than those off-roads (3.11 and 0.74, respectively). Wider roads had lower species-diversity and equitability, probably because of the greater volume of traffic on them compared with narrower roads. Species richness and bird abundance seemed not to be affected by roadwidth. Bird mortality on roads is discussed, along with the possibility of roads acting as “ecological traps” for foraging birds.
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Woinarski, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, M. Armstrong, K. Brennan, A. D. Griffiths, B. Hill, J. Low Choy et al. "Monitoring indicates greater resilience for birds than for mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia". Wildlife Research 39, n. 5 (2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11213.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Context A previous study reported major declines for native mammal species from Kakadu National Park, over the period 2001–09. The extent to which this result may be symptomatic of more pervasive biodiversity decline was unknown. Aims Our primary aim was to describe trends in the abundance of birds in Kakadu over the period 2001–09. We assessed whether any change in bird abundance was related to the arrival of invading cane toads (Rhinella marina), and to fire regimes. Methods Birds were monitored at 136 1-ha plots in Kakadu, during the period 2001–04 and again in 2007–09. This program complemented sampling of the same plots over the same period for native mammals. Key results In contrast to the decline reported for native mammals, the richness and total abundance of birds increased over this period, and far more individual bird species increased than decreased. Fire history in the between-sampling period had little influence on trends for individual species. Interpretation of the overall positive trends for bird species in Kakadu over this period should be tempered by recognition that most of the threatened bird species present in Kakadu were unrecorded in this monitoring program, and the two threatened species for which there were sufficient records to assess trends – partridge pigeon (Geophaps smithii) and white-throated grass-wren (Amytornis woodwardi) – both declined significantly. Conclusions The current decline of the mammal fauna in this region is not reflected in trends for the region’s bird fauna. Some of the observed changes (mostly increases) in the abundance of bird species may be due to the arrival of cane toads, and some may be due to local or regional-scale climatic variation or variation in the amount of flowering. The present study provides no assurance about threatened bird species, given that most were inadequately recorded in the study (perhaps because their decline pre-dated the present study). Implications These contrasting trends between mammals and birds demonstrate the need for biodiversity monitoring programs to be broadly based. The declines of two threatened bird species over this period indicate the need for more management focus for these species.
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Machar, Ivo, Martin Schlossarek, Vilem Pechanec, Lubos Uradnicek, Ludek Praus e Ahmet Sıvacıoğlu. "Retention Forestry Supports Bird Diversity in Managed, Temperate Hardwood Floodplain Forests". Forests 10, n. 4 (1 aprile 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040300.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The retention forestry approach is considered as one of the potentially effective tools for sustainable forest management for conservation of biodiversity in managed temperate and boreal forests. Retention of old-growth forest structures (e.g., very large old living trees) in forest stands during clear-cutting provides maintenance of key habitats for many old-growth forest interior-species. Most of ecological studies on green tree retention (GTR) consequences for biodiversity have been focused on birds. However, the long-term studies of GTR impacts on forest birds are very poor. In this paper, we focused on assessment of the long-term consequences of leaving legacy oak trees on the cut areas for bird diversity 18–22 years after clear-cutting in managed temperate European hardwood floodplain forests. Results based on bird counting using mapping of bird nesting territories revealed a key importance of legacy oak trees for maintaining bird diversity in the study area. These results are widely applicable for managed temperate hardwood forests with serious dominance of oak (Quercus sp.) in forest stands. Legacy oak trees in this habitat type are keystone structures for bird diversity. Retention approach focused on these trees is potentially an important conservation tool for preserving forest bird diversity and other associated species in temperate hardwood forests managed by clear-cutting.
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Forcey, G. M., G. M. Linz, W. E. Thogmartin e W. J. Bleier. "Influence of land use and climate on wetland breeding birds in the Prairie Pothole region of Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, n. 3 (febbraio 2007): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bird populations are influenced by a variety of factors at both small and large scales that range from the presence of suitable nesting habitat, predators, and food supplies to climate conditions and land-use patterns. We evaluated the influences of regional climate and land-use variables on wetland breeding birds in the Canada section of Bird Conservation Region 11 (CA-BCR11), the Prairie Potholes. We used bird abundance data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, land-use data from the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, and weather data from the National Climatic Data and Information Archive to model effects of regional environmental variables on bird abundance. Models were constructed a priori using information from published habitat associations in the literature, and fitting was performed with WinBUGS using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Both land-use and climate variables contributed to predicting bird abundance in CA-BCR11, although climate predictors contributed the most to improving model fit. Examination of regional effects of climate and land use on wetland birds in CA-BCR11 revealed relationships with environmental covariates that are often overlooked by small-scale habitat studies. Results from these studies can be used to improve conservation and management planning for regional populations of avifauna.
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Shome, Ashikur Rahman, M. Firoj Jaman, Md Fazle Rabbe e Md Mahabub Alam. "Bird diversity, composition and response during COVID-19 in an urban landscape, Jamalpur, Bangladesh". Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30, n. 2 (9 luglio 2021): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54651.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The world has been encountering a COVID-19 pandemic since late 2019. The world’s people have also witnessed the free movement of wildlife, even in many urban areas in some countries during the imposed lockdown. We conducted research on the birds in the urban landscape of Jamalpur Sadar upazila from March 2020 to October 2020 during this pandemic situation. A total of 134 species of birds with 4338 individuals were recorded during the study period. The number of resident bird species was the maximum (115 species, 85.82%) compared to migrants. The highest number of birds was observed (120 species, 89.55%) and counted 2278 individual birds 52.51%) in the summer season. It was observed that the highest diversity of birds (89 species, 65.92%) was in March. The tree was the most (94 species, n = 2502) used microhabitat by birds in the study area. Among all birds, Pycnonotus cafer was the most abundant bird species with the highest relative abundance (6.11%). Some bird species (e.g. Metopidius indicus, Anastomus oscitans, Amaurornis phoenicurus, Streptopelia tranquebarica, Lonchura malacca) were frequently observed in the urban landscape of the study area during the pandemic. Proper management and awareness creation are essential for the conservation of the bird species in this area.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 261-274, 2021 (July)