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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Bird damage"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 5 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Bird damage"

Lindell, Catherine, Melissa Hannay e Benjamin Hawes. "Bird Management in Blueberries and Grapes". Agronomy 8, n. 12 (7 dicembre 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120295.

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Bird damage to fruit is a long-standing challenge for growers that imposes significant costs because of yield losses and grower efforts to manage birds. We measured bird damage in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry fields and Pinot noir vineyards in 2012–2014 in Michigan to investigate how year, grower, and forest cover influenced the proportions of bird damage. We tested whether inflatable tubemen (2013–2014) and a methyl anthranilate spray (2015) reduced bird damage in blueberries, and tested the deterrent effect of inflatable tubemen in grapes (2014). Years when crop yield was lower tended to have a higher damage percentage; for blueberries, bird damage was highest in 2012, and in grapes, damage was highest in 2012 and 2014. Neither blueberry fields nor vineyards with inflatable tubemen showed significantly reduced bird damage, although the blueberry fields showed a non-significant trend toward lower damage in the tubemen blocks. Blueberry field halves treated with the methyl anthranilate spray had equivalent bird damage to untreated halves. Our results correspond to previous work showing that percent bird damage varies by year, which was likely because bird consumption of fruit is relatively constant over time, while fruit yield varies. Fruit growers should expect a higher proportion of bird damage in low-fruit contexts, such as low-yield years, and prepare to invest more in bird management at those times. Investigating patterns of bird damage and testing deterrent strategies remain challenges. Bird activity is spatially and temporally variable, and birds’ mobility necessitates tests at large scales.

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Honda, Takeshi. "Exploiting Scanning Behavior for Predators Can Reduce Rice Damage Caused by Birds". International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/568494.

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Rice is often damaged by birds, especially sparrows, in Asia. Bird nets are sometimes used as countermeasures; however this approach is expensive and labor intensive. For this reason, farmers generally eschew bird nets, even though no alternative countermeasures are available. This study focused on exploiting the bird behavior of scanning for predators to reduce crop damage. When birds forage for seeds on the ground they often stop pecking and briefly raise their heads, apparently to scan for predators. Low visibility habitats increase scanning behavior and increased scanning behavior reduces habitat quality from the bird’s perspective; therefore, this study tested the relationship between rice damage rate and visibility at the periphery of rice fields, where tree sparrows rest after feeding. Overall, low visibility reduced damage to rice. Because visibility was mainly affected by weeds, weed management techniques contribute to crop damage management. To reduce damage, weeding can be decreased; therefore, this technique is cost- and labor-efficient.

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Coleman, J., e E. B. Spurr. "Farmer perceptions of bird damage and control in arable crops". New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (1 agosto 2001): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3719.

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One hundred arable farmers from across New Zealand were randomly selected and interviewed in summer 2000 to assess their perceptions of the nature and extent of bird damage to their crops the bird species involved the factors affecting the level of damage and the type and cost of any bird control undertaken Most farmers considered birds caused serious damage to their crops with wheat barley peas and some speciality seed crops such as brassicas borage and evening primrose most at risk Damage was rarely perceived to exceed 5 in cereals but was often higher in speciality crops It was most severe at seed maturation The birds responsible for most of the damage were house sparrows and greenfinches Most farmers undertook some form of bird control to protect their crops with shooting gas guns and avicides most commonly used The overall expenditure on bird control was far less than the value of the damage reported

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Jun, Liu. "Dynamic Damage of Aircraft Wing Leading Edge Impacted by Birds". Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (agosto 2013): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.292.

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In order to verify the preliminary design of Aircraft Wing Leading Edge structures to bird impacting loads. The tests of bird impacting on Wing Leading Edge structure configurations were carried out using the relevant experimental facility. The impacting velocity was measured by laser velocity finder. The structure configuration was impacted by bird on three points and the whole process of dynamic deformation and damage on bird and Wing Leading Edge structure were recorded using high speed camera system. The test results showed that the leading edge slat was weak in anti-bird impacting and can not satisfy the airworthiness certification requirements. At the meantime the test results provid abundant experimental validation datas for the numerical simulation model applied in birds impacting.

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Zafante, Matthew, e Steve Hampton. "LOST BIRD-YEARS: QUANTIFYING BIRD INJURIES IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS FOR OIL SPILLS1". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, n. 1 (1 maggio 2005): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1019.

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ABSTRACT Large oil spills routinely impact hundreds or even thousands of birds. In order to determine the compensation that responsible parties owe the public, trustee agencies typically examine the number of live and dead birds collected to estimate total bird mortality caused by the spill (Ford et al., 1987). In these natural resource damage assessments (NRDA), compensation is typically based upon the potential ecological benefits that flow from a restoration project. In the case of a bird kill, final compensation is based upon the cost of implementing a restoration project and not upon a dollar value per bird. The dominant paradigm for calculating compensatory restoration for bird injuries is Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA). This paper begins by providing a brief overview of REA when applied to birds. We then examine the REA implications of varying the level of mortality, baseline variability, and demographic variables in a simple population model that tracks both injured and baseline population levels. After finding no evidence that these factors necessarily produce short recovery times, we summarize two general approaches for calculating lost bird-years. We conclude that short recovery times (e.g., one-year) are unlikely for birds when using individual-based measures of injury. Further, we believe that recovery times may be much longer than currently calculated for situations where plausible “recovery mechanisms” cannot be defined.

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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders e Gary W. Luck. "Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards". PeerJ 4 (30 giugno 2016): e2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2179.

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Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.

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Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro, Hoshiko Yoshida, Masayuki Saito e Midori Saeki. "Bird damage to sunflower harvest". Japanese Journal of Ornithology 61, n. 1 (2012): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.61.124.

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Daugovish, Oleg, e Michi Yamomoto. "(112) Bird Control in Production Strawberries with Falconry". HortScience 41, n. 4 (luglio 2006): 1047C—1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1047c.

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California leads national strawberry fruit production with annual value in Ventura County alone near $300 million. Bird damage to fruit routinely accounts for 3–5% losses and may exceed 50% in some fields. Conventional bird control tools have limited or no effect on fruit damage and may contribute to noise pollution. A four-site study at Oxnard, Calif., from Jan. to Apr. 2005 (highest value fresh market season) showed that release of Peregrine, Saker, or Barbary falcons in combination with helium balloon launching (site 4) in response to fruit damage reduced fruit damage from 80–90% to 15–20% after 1 week. When fruit damage increased again (>20%) a repeated 1-week daily program completely reduced fruit damage during the rest of the season. Falconry alone at site 2 (near man-made structures) for two consecutive days reduced fruit damage from 70–80% to 10–20%, however, at site 3, near giant reed, three weeks of daily releases did not eliminate the damage, but confined it to the strawberry beds adjacent to reed shelter (reducing overall damage from 100% to 25–50%). High frequency of release is likely unfeasible and destruction of shelter habitat may be justified. Falconry alone before damage occurrence (site 1) seemed to prevent fruit damage; however, lack of birds and fruit damage before, during, and after releases made it difficult to draw conclusions about the success of the preventive program. In April, no fruit damage occurred even during bird presence suggesting the change in their diet. The study showed that seed-eating birds were the main pests at Oxnard, Calif., and that trained falcons can disperse them, thus, reducing fruit damage. The success of falconry was site-specific and depended on proximity of suitable habitat and availability of food sources for pest birds.

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Wang, Jinfeng, e Edwin E. Herricks. "Risk Assessment of Bird–Aircraft Strikes at Commercial Airports". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2266, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2266-09.

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Bird strikes are a continuing problem in aviation. Despite the number and severity of reported bird strikes, quantification of the effect of contributory factors has been limited because of the absence of data, especially data on bird activity around airfields. The purpose of this study is to provide initial insight into this important problem by combining a number of databases and information resources available at the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington, including airplane operations, bird strike reports, and the avian radar data on bird movements. Logistic regression and multinomial regression models were used to analyze, respectively, bird strike occurrence and severity. The results indicate that bird track density and airplane movement frequency significantly correlate with bird strike occurrence. High altitude and cloudy weather increase the probability of serious damage. Airplanes weighing less than 27,000 kg and those with turbofan engines and struck positions including tail and light move the propensity toward minor damage compared with no damage. Factors such as single-engine airplanes, medium and large birds, and strikes occurring at engines and wings increase the chance of both serious and minor damage. The findings of this study could provide support for potential changes in airport bird hazard management, airplane operations, and engineering designs of engines and airframes. The study highlights the importance of managing accurate bird strike reports and applying new statistical approaches as more data become available.

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Curtis, Paul D., Ian A. Merwin, Marvin P. Pritts e David V. Peterson. "Chemical Repellents and Plastic Netting for Reducing Bird Damage to Sweet Cherries, Blueberries, and Grapes". HortScience 29, n. 10 (ottobre 1994): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.10.1151.

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We conducted 3 years of field tests comparing two chemicals [methyl anthranilate (MA, a natural compound used as a flavor additive) and Keyplex-350 (a proprietary micronutrient formulation)] that were reported to repel birds to exclusionary plastic netting and nontreated plots. Cumulative fruit damage from birds was monitored on sweet and tart cherry (Prunus avium L. and P. cerasus L.), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera × labrusca). Initial MA formulations caused injury to fruit and foliage. Two modified MA formulations with microencapsulation and photooxidation inhibitors provided significant reductions in bird damage and fruit splitting on sweet cherries in one of four experiments. A taste panel could not detect MA residues on sweet cherries at harvest. Bird damage was slightly reduced in MA-treated grapes, but damage to blueberries was similar in MA and control treatments. Keyplex did not deter birds from feeding on fruit and caused blemishes on and an unpleasant flavor in treated fruit. Many bird species were observed feeding on these fruit crops during successive years at the three experimental sites. Although these two chemicals have the potential to deter bird depredation, our work suggests that neither is consistently effective against all the frugivorous species in the northeastern United States. Chemical name used: 2-Aminobenzoic acid methyl ester [methyl anthranilate (MA)].

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Bird damage"

Watkins, Nigel G. "Ecological correlates of bird damage in a Canterbury vineyard". Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/508.

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Birds are a major pest in vineyards both in New Zealand and overseas. There is a need for new behavioural research on birds' foraging habits and feeding preferences in vineyards, as much of the literature to date is anecdotal. Research on cues to birds' feeding will provide a basis on which new deterrent and control strategies can be devised. Spatial-and temporal bird damage in a small vineyard block was mapped to find if damage was correlated with grape maturity and environmental factors. Vineyard and field observations of bird behaviour using video technology combined with preference experiments aimed to establish the relative roles of grape sugar concentration and colour in avian selection. Proximity of vineyards to bird roosts affects damage levels, regardless of differing maturity between locations. The rate of damage tends to increase exponentially once grape maturity has passed a threshold of 13 °Brix. Bunches positioned closest to the ground receive more damage if blackbirds or song thrushes are the predominant pests. Both sugar concentration and grape colour were found to affect birds' feeding preference, but the importance of the two factors varied between years. Black and green grape varieties were differentially preferred by blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos) while silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) appeared to have no strong colour preference. It was apparent that there were other, not assessed, grape factors that also affect selection. In small unprotected vineyards that are adjacent to bird roosts the entire grape crop can be taken by bird pests. Besides removing the roosts, which can be beneficial shelterbelts in regions exposed to high winds, growers currently may have no alternative other than to use exclusion netting to keep crops intact. The differential preferences between bird species for variety characteristics suggest that any new deterrents and other strategies to deflect birds from grape crops may need to be species-specific.

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Hui, Wun-fung, e 許桓峰. "Bird damage to vegetable crops in Long Valley during winter". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194581.

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Long Valley is the largest agricultural wetland in Hong Kong and supports a high level of biodiversity. The implementation of Management Agreement project in Long Valley has successfully enhanced its conservation value through habitat management and various eco-agricultural practices. However, the conflict between profitable agricultural yield and bird conservation in the area has also been intensifying as reflected by the increasing number of complaints of bird-related crop damage from local farmers in winter. The study aimed to assess the extent and impact of crop damage caused by birds in Long Valley during winter. The first part of the study involved a transect survey in the area reported to be the most severely affected area of Long Valley to determine the bird diversity and abundance, also the environmental factors of individual farmland plots were collected for analysis of their relationship with bird distribution. The bird species responsible for crop damage (targeted species) were also identified. The second part of the study evaluated the impact of different targeted species by using the technique of focal animal sampling, which involved focused observation of individual bird’s behaviour in the field and to quantify its time budget spent on crop-damaging behaviour. In order to understand the perspectives from farmers, face-to-face interviews with farmers practicing in the area were also conducted. The study identified five species to have crop-damaging behaviour, which can be further divided into two groups: the crop-consuming species causing actual crop damage included Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus). The incidental crop-pecking species causing minimal crop damage included the White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)and Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla tschutschensis). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was the only type of crop suffering from bird damage. The intensity of crop-damaging behaviour of a species was estimated by the mean time allocated in crop consumption, and was found to be 66.7%±7.3% in Chinese Bulbul, 31.6%±29.1% in Eurasian Tree Sparrow and 8.9%±12.0% in Crested Myna. However, taking into account of the abundance, distribution and activity record of a species, Crested Myna showed the greatest overall impact to the vegetable crops. Chinese Bulbul showed a relatively focal but intensive damage to a few plots. It was found that having wires and a wet field nearby the plots were significant determinants of the presence of Eurasian Tree Sparrow. And the presence of Chinese Bulbul was significantly associated with the use of bird deterrents. Crested Myna was found in significantly higher numbers in late afternoon and was associated with plots having the seedling stage of lettuce growth. The study shows that birds do cause localized and patchy damage to vegetable crops in Long Valley. Individual farmlands may exhibit variations in severity of the damage due to the difference in species distribution and environmental factors. The management of bird damage must therefore be individualized from plot to plot. Also education and engagement with local farmers are indispensable to maintaining sustainable agricultural development while conserving avifauna in Long Valley.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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Kale, Manoj Ashokrao. "Bird Species in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes : Bird diversity patterns along an urbanisation gradient and crop damage caused by birds on the Deccan Plateau, India". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154421.

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The major human activities that have transformed the Earth include agriculture and urbanization. The present study was conducted to contribute to a description of the effect on birds of urbanization and agriculture in an Indian region. Terrestrial bird assemblages were censused along a five-stage urbanisation gradient between January and April 2010-2013 near the city of Amravati, on the Deccan Plateau, Central India. Altogether, 89 species of birds were recorded, with the highest species richness in the rural areas (67 species) and lowest in the urban stage (29 species). The assemblages were significantly nested in all the five stages. Maximum cumulative species abundance (12 399 individuals over four years) was found in the urban stage, and was due to the constant presence of large groups of Rose-ringed Parakeets (Psittacula krameri). The lowest bird abundance was found in the industrial zone (4837 in total), where there was also a nearly two-fold decrease from 2010 to 2013. Thirty-six species demonstrated significant variation in their densities at least in one stage and between at least two months (p<0.05). Densities of 13.9% (n=5) of those species varied significantly in two stages, that of Copsychus saularis in three stages, and of Phoenicurus ochruros, in all five stages. Urban, suburban, periurban and forest stages were characterised by relatively stable species densities (significant changes observed only for 17.2% (n=5), 17.1% (n=6), 12.9% (n=7), and 17.8% (n=16) species, respectively). The additive diversity partitioning indicated that of the overall diversity (gamma-diversity), alpha diversity (within transects located within one stage) contributed 50.1% to the total diversity, and the controbution of within-stage variability was small (2.7%). Additionally, censuses on cultivated fields were taken. In two areas under mixed cropping systems, 53 bird species were identified in the two years period between June and December, 2011 and 2012. Out of the 53 detected species, only 14 were common (recorded at ≥50% of visits). Twenty-one species were recorded at Zadgaon in crops of tur (Cajanus cajan), cotton (Gossypium arboreum) and soybean (Glycine max). Nineteen species were recorded at Bhankhed in jawar (Sorghum bicolor), cotton and mung bean (Phaseolus aureus). At Zadgaon, territorial activity was observed in four species: the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Jungle Babbler (Turdoides striata), Yellow-eyed Babbler (Chrysomma sinense) and Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus). The study indicated that four bird species were found under high risk, thirteen species at medium risk and eight species at low risk due to pesticide applications in croplands. The extent of crop damage in fields of groundnut, pearl millet, peas, sorghum, and sunflower was assessed by doing actual field censuses. The sustainable solution for reducing crop damage is a need for the farmers and such techniques will help to avoid direct or indirect effects of use of lethal bird control techniques on bird species diversity.

QC 20141022

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Tedrow, Christine Atkins. "Bird Strike Risk Assessment for United States Air Force Airfields and Aircraft". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40926.

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Analysis of strike data is critical to determine the true economic costs of bird strikes, determine the magnitude of safety issues, and develop preventive measures. Analysis of USAF bird-strike data identified trends and indicated suggested relationships among factors contributing to damaging strikes. From FY 1988 through FY 1997, the annual mean was 2,668 bird strikes with peaks evident in fall and spring. Daylight and dusk were hazardous for bird strikes. More bird strikes occurred during airfield operations - aircraft are at low altitudes and soaring birds are more numerous. Aircraft speed, phase of flight, taxonomic group, bird mass and aircraft group were the strongest predictors of damaging bird strikes. Bird strike rates were calculated for USAF aircraft and selected USAF airfields. Bomber aircraft had the highest strike rate; these aircraft frequently fly long missions at low altitudes where they are likely to encounter birds. Logistic regression analyses estimated odds of occurrence for damaging bird strikes during airfield operations. General statistics, odds for a damaging airfield strike, and airfield strike rates, were used to identify USAF airfields with higher bird strike risks. Howard AFB, Panama, had a higher number and rate of bird strikes, and greater odds for a damaging bird strike than other airfields analyzed. This study allows recommendations for improving reporting of bird strikes and data management. Results will enable USAF to better estimate bird strike risks aircraft, better focus research on preventing bird strikes, and assess the effectiveness of bird management programs.
Master of Science

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Dignon, Niki. "Quantifying bird damage to wine grapes in the Western Cape of South Africa : a questionnaire-based approach". Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14121.

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Bird-wine grape damage is a globally acknowledged problem that has been the subject of considerable research in many wine growing regions. However, despite the Western Cape of South Africa being a major wine grape growing region, very little research has quantified bird damage in this region and very little is known about the extent of the problem. This research aimed to quantify bird damage to wine grapes in four grape growing regions of the Western Cape, through questionnaires. It also aimed to determine the factors that might explain the patterns of damage observed. 102 questionnaires were sent to the wine farms, and 52 were returned. Of the respondents, 71% reported bird grape damage. The amount of damage per wine farm ranged between 0% and 15% of the total rows of vines across a farm. When exploring the factors associated with whether a wine farm experienced bird damage, it was found that the border habitat of a farm was a significant factor. The composition of the border habitat greatly influenced the probability of bird damage. The PCA showed that tall trees, Fynbos and residential areas specifically increased the probability of bird damage. Within farms that experienced damage, it was found that in different vineyard blocks the areas closer to the edge of a vineyard and to trees were significantly more susceptible to bird damage. The most common reported damage-causing bird species were Red-Winged Starlings (Onycognathus morio) and White-Eyes (Zosterops lateralis). Damage was reported to occur mostly one month before harvest and at harvest time. This research provides a baseline for understanding the nature of bird damage in these regions and will aid future quantitative studies aimed at the management of the problem.

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Saxton, Valerie Patricia. "Influence of ripening grape compounds on behavioural responses of birds". Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2004. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20061207.121738/.

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Vineyards in New Zealand suffer bird damage caused by several avian species, including blackbirds and silvereyes. The introduced European Blackbird takes whole grapes which reduces yield. The self-introduced Australasian Silvereye pecks on grapes, leaving them on the vine to be further attacked by fungi and bacteria, and the subsequent off-odours can cause grapes to be refused by the winery or to suffer a price-reduction. Bird control methods remain primitive and largely ineffective during the long ripening period of wine grapes. An ecologically sound method to manage and reduce bird pressure requires deeper understanding of why some birds eat grapes, especially since grapes are not particularly nutritious. This work investigated the extent to which blackbirds and silvereyes are attracted by various compounds in ripening grapes. Since in natural grapes these compounds develop and change simultaneously, I developed an artificial grape in which a single parameter could be investigated. Artificial grapes (and sometimes nectar) were presented on a bird feeder table and the responses of birds to hexose sugars, the aromas 2-3-isobutylmethoxypyrazine and geraniol, tartaric and malic acids, grape tannins, and purple and green colour were recorded on timelapse video and analysed.

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Wohlfarth, Hasle Inger-Marie. "Tranors förekomst på fält kring Tåkern påverkas av vägar, vatten, byggnader, träd och buskage". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129776.

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Every year the Eurasian crane travel from northern Africa to northern Europe and Asia. On their migration route they need to rest and often choose places around shallow lakes in agriculture landscapes. During their time in these resting sites the cranes forage in agriculture fields surrounding the lakes, which often cause crop-damage and thereof also financial loses. The last 30 years the population has increased radically, resulting in more extensive crop-damage. This study was set out to gain a better understanding how these migrating cranes choose sites to forage, based on four environment factors: roads, water, buildings, trees and shrub. A study-area in north of Lake Tåkern was selected and during six days in the spring all the cranes in the area were counted and marked on a map. The results showed that the factors affected the occurrence of cranes in the fields. They wanted to be close to shallow water and keep a distance to buildings, roads, trees and shrub. The cranes often spend the night in shallow water and search for food in the area close by to not lose too much energy, which probably was the main reason for the birds to stay close to the water. The distance to buildings and roads suggests that the cranes want to avoid interference from humans and the distance to trees and shrub that they want to have a good awareness of their surroundings. Through this understanding, areas with higher risk to attract groups of cranes can more easily be identified.

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Song, Yangkun. "Development of Comprehensive Dynamic Damage Assessment Methodology for High-Bypass Air Breathing Propulsion Subject to Foreign Object Ingestion". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93960.

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Foreign object ingestion (FOI) into jet engines is a recurring scenario during the operation life of aircraft. Objects can range from as small as a pebble on the tarmac to the size of a large bird. Among the potential ingestion scenarios, damage caused by smaller objects may be considered to be negligible. Alternatively, larger objects can initiate progressive damage, potentially leading to catastrophic failure, compromising the integrity of the structure, and endangering the safety of passengers. Considering the dramatic increase in air traffic, FOI represents a crucial safety hazard, and must be better understood to minimize possible damage and structural failure. The main purpose of this study is to develop a unique methodology to assess the response and dynamic damage progression of an advanced, high-bypass propulsion system in the event of an FOI during operation. Using a finite element framework, a unique modeling methodology has been proposed in order to characterize the FOI response of the system. In order to demonstrate versatility of the computational analysis, the impact characteristics of two most common foreign object materials, bird and ice, were investigated. These materials were then defined in finite element domain, verified computationally, and then validated against the existing physical experiments. In addition to the mechanics of the two FOI materials, other material definitions, used to characterize the structures of the high-bypass propulsion system, were also explored. Both composite materials and rate dependent definitions for metal alloys were investigated to represent the damage mechanics in the event of an FOI. Subsequently, damage sequence of high-bypass propulsion systems subject to FOI was developed and assessed, using a uniquely devised Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) technique. Using advanced finite element formulation, this approach enabled the accurate simulation of the comprehensive damage progression of the propulsion systems by including aerodynamic interaction. Through this strategy, fluid mechanics was combined with structural mechanics in order to simulate the mutual interaction between both continua, allowing the interpretation of both the additional damage caused by the fluid flow and disrupted aerodynamics induced by the dynamic deformation of the fan blade. Subsequently, this multidisciplinary-multiphysics computational approach, in the framework of the comprehensive analysis methodology introduced, enabled the effective determination of details on the overall progressive impact damage, not traditionally available to propulsion designers.
PHD

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Saxton, V. P. "Influence of ripening grape compounds on behavioural responses of birds". Diss., Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/28.

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Bílek, Tomáš. "Vliv doby znečistění karoserie vozidla ptačím trusem na míru poškození laku". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318548.

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This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the degree of damage done to the vehicle‘s body paint varnish by bird droppings; with respect to the influence of the pollution time on the thickness of the layer of lacquer. The first chapter deals with the importance of varnish and other layers of body protection, types of body varnish damage, painting technology, lacquer defects, bird droppings and its effects on the varnish of the vehicle‘s body. The second chapter is dedicated exclusively to the description, planning and measurement of the coated layers on the vehicle’s body contaminated with bird feces.

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Libri sul tema "Bird damage"

Blackbird and cowbird: Publications of the Section of Bird Damage Control. Denver, Colo: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, 1985.

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Besser, Jerome F. A growers guide to reducing bird damage to U.S. agricutural [sic.] crops. Denver, Colo: Denver Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985.

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Boyce, Laurie. An economic analysis of bird damage in vineyards of the Marlborough Region. Palmerston North, N.Z: Centre for Applied Economics and Policy Studies, Dept. of Applied and International Economics, Massey University, 1999.

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), Wildlife Services (U S. Environmental assessment: Piscivorous bird damage management for the protection of juvenile salmonids on the Mid-Columbia River. Washington, D.C.]: Wildlife Services, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, [2003, 2003.

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Hothem, Roger L. Bird damage to sunflower in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, 1979-1981. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988.

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Glahn, James F. A science-based initiative to manage double-crested cormorant damage to southern aquaculture. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 2000.

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Besser, Jerome F. Bird damage to ripening field corn increases in the United States from 1971 to 1981. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Bird damage"

Li, H., J. K. Liu e Z. R. Lu. "Bird Mating Optimizer in Structural Damage Identification". In Advances in Swarm and Computational Intelligence, 49–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20466-6_5.

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Feare, Christopher J. "Bird Damage: a Constant Threat in an Ever Changing Scene". In Biodeterioration 7, 274–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1363-9_36.

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Garcia, Humberto, Alberto Ochoa-Zezzatti, Abraham Martínez-Retamoza, Gilberto Ochoa, Lina Aguilar, Diego Oliva e José Mejía. "Use of Deep Learning for Bird Detection to Reduction of Collateral Damage in Fruit Fields". In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 381–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44289-7_36.

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Ivchenko, Dmitry, e Natalia Smetankina. "The Validation of the Bird-Impactor Model for Mathematical Modelling of Damage Processes in Turbofan Engine Parts". In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 403–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66717-7_34.

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Johnson, Matthew D., Natalee J. Levy, Jherime L. Kellermann e Dwight E. Robinson. "Effects of shade and bird exclusion on arthropods and leaf damage on coffee farms in Jamaica’s Blue Mountains". In Advances in Agroforestry, 139–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3323-9_11.

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Gough, John. "The increasing need for netting fruit orchards against bat and bird damage and the increasing problems in affording netting". In Managing the Grey-headed Flying-fox, 56–57. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2002.035.

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Saeed, Muhammad Hassam, e Noaman Muhammad. "Investigate the Damage of Kinetic Energy High-Velocity Bird Impact on Three Different Model Spar by Using the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) Approach". In Proceedings of MEACM 2020, 215–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67958-3_24.

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Hurley, Laurence H., e Donald R. Needham-VanDevanter. "Sequence Specificity and Biological Consequences of Drugs that Bind Covalently in the Minor Groove of DNA". In Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair, 203–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9462-8_21.

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Zenteno-Savín, Tania, José Pablo Vázquez-medina, Nadiezhda Cantú-Medellín, Paul J. Ponganis e Robert Elsner. "Ischemia/Reperfusion in Diving Birds and Mammals: How they Avoid Oxidative Damage". In Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, 178–89. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345988.ch13.

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van Noordwijk, Arie J. "The Effects of Forest Damage on Caterpillars and their Effect on the Breeding Biology of the Great Tit, an Overview". In Population Biology of Passerine Birds, 215–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75110-3_18.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Bird damage"

Li, Guanzvuan, Ling Gao, Xiaowei Fan, Junfa Chen, Guoliang Zhang e Qiang Wang. "The Design of Fixed Bird-Repellent Fitting for Eliminating Bird Damage in Substations". In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8582423.

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Moffat, T. J., e W. L. Cleghorn. "Prediction of Bird Impact Pressures and Damage Using MSC/DYTRAN". In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0280.

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Finite element modeling of bird impacts has been developed and calibrated using the 3-D impact analysis code MSC/DYTRAN. These modeling efforts have shown that the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (ALE) formulation within MSC/DYTRAN is capable of capturing the physics of the bird impact problem, producing impact pressures and damage similar to that of a real bird. This work is divided into two areas. First, a review of the literature was carried out to identify the physical processes, pressures and damage associated with real bird impacts. Second, finite element modeling of two simple bird impacts cases were carried out using MSC/DYTRAN. A comparison of the finite element predictions with the experimental data showed excellent agreement, and demonstrated the robustness of the ALE formulation.

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Lin, Lihua, Juanli Shi e Dongmei Wu. "Bird Damage Detection System Based on High Voltage Line". In 2018 International Conference on Sensor Networks and Signal Processing (SNSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snsp.2018.00061.

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Shimamura, Kazuo, Tadashi Shibue e Donald J. Grosch. "Numerical Simulation of Bird Strike Damage on Jet Engine Fan Blade". In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2867.

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Aircraft jet engine should be designed to keep the required performance against for the event of foreign object ingestion, such as bird-strike. For the purpose to realize highly efficient and more advanced design of fan blade of jet engine, a numerical simulation technique for bird-strike problem has developed. Good agreement was obtained between simulation results and the soft body impact tests described in this paper. It was also shown that bird-strike problem has to be recognized as a fluid-structure interaction problem, because the impacted bird behaves like fluid and the impact force is highly influenced by the deformation of fan blade.

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Channegowda, Hithesh, Raghu V. Prakash e Anandavel Kaliyaperumal. "A Study on the Effect of Bird Hit Damage on the Dynamic Response of Aero-Engine Fan Blade". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65494.

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Fan blades of an aero-engine assembly are the critical components that are subjected to Foreign Object Damage (FOD) such as bird impact. Bird impact resulting in deformation damage onto set of blades, which in turn alters the blade mass and stiffness distribution compared to undamaged blades. This paper presents the numerical evaluation of dynamic characteristics of bird impact damaged blades. The dynamic characteristics evaluated are the natural frequencies and mode shapes of post impact damaged set of blades and the results are compared with undamaged set of blades. The frequencies and mode shapes are evaluated for the damaged blades, with varying angles of bird impact and three blade rotational speeds. Study reveals that first bending and torsional frequencies of deformed blades are significantly affected compared to undamaged set of blades. Study emphasize the need to evaluate the natural frequencies deformed blades, that has direct bearing on High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) life of the blade, to ensure post damaged blades operate safely for certain time to reduce inflight accidents and safe landing.

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Song, Yangkun, e Javid Bayandor. "Comprehensive Soft Impact Damage Methodology for Advanced High Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engines". In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-22110.

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Foreign object strikes are one of the major aviation incidents that cause tremendous risk to both the aircraft and passengers, the adverse implications of which can ripple through the aviation industry. The demand for air transportation has been on the rise, leading to foreign object ingestion into the engines becoming one of the most threatening scenarios. In January 2009, Flight 1549 took off from LaGuardia Airport in New York City and struck a flock of Canadian Geese during takeoff. Both engines ingested birds, resulting in mid-air catastrophic engine failure. Fortunately, none of the damaged engine components penetrated into the cabin and the aircraft successfully completed an emergency landing on the Hudson River without incurring any casualties. In this work, explicit finite element strategies have been adopted to model the Fluid-Solid Interactions (FSI) present in a bird ingestion scenario. Taking into account the fluidic composition of bird bodies, a proper methodology to model the Fluid-Solid Interaction was implemented. The investigations were aimed to understand the significance of impact force histograms in an accurately represented model, analyze shockwave propagations and reflections during the impact window, and perform parametric studies to highlight a superior representation for the Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI). The paper presents a modern explicit finite element methodology adopted to accurately model bird ingestion into a complex turbomachinery forward section and analyze subsequent failure sequencing of the relevant structural components within the system.

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Huang, Zhiming, Qingdong Zhou, Zhiwen Liao, Quanzhong Zhao, Penghui Zhu e Jiang Li. "Probability Prediction of Bird Damage Based on Multiple Linear Regression". In 2020 7th International Conference on Information, Cybernetics, and Computational Social Systems (ICCSS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccss52145.2020.9336766.

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Teichman, H. C., e R. N. Tadros. "Analytical and Experimental Simulation of Fan Blade Behaviour and Damage Under Bird Impact". In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-126.

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An extensive analytical and experimental program has been undertaken to investigate the Foreign Object Damage resistance capabilities of external components for small gas turbofan engines. A transient nonlinear impact analysis has been used to predict the structural response of fan blades under bird ingestion conditions. This analysis is based on finite elements, a 3-D bird load model and an interactive structure-to-bird contact algorithm. Experiments were designed and carried out to record large blade deformations during bird impact, and were used to validate and calibrate the analytical models. The analytical models and testing program are described, and dominant fan blade response and failure modes are presented. Predicted results demonstrate good correlation with test. Analysis application to fan blade design and other engine components is recommended.

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Huang Ruiying, Huang Ruiying, Huang Daochun Huang Daochun, Zhou Jun Zhou Jun, Ding Yujian Ding Yujian, Dong Zhiyong Dong Zhiyong e Ruan Jiangjun Ruan Jiangjun. "Study on bird damage risk region of ±400kV DC transmission line". In 12th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2016). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0410.

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Siddens, Aaron, e Javid Bayandor. "A Discrete Meshless Lagrangian Based Approach for Soft Impact Damage Modeling in Advanced Propulsion Systems". In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39625.

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Soft impact on aircraft occurs in several forms, such as bird and hail strike. A discrete meshless Lagrangian based approach has been developed for modeling the fluidic behavior of soft objects during impact. This approach shows promise for developing an overall predictive methodology for accurately capturing and assessing dynamic damage in jet engines. This paper focuses on a part of this study aiming to develop a methodology capable of predicting full details of soft impact damage in turbofan engine forward sections. The initial scenario being simulated was a bird strike. Through modeling of the bird in a Lagrangian domain, the method’s suitability for simulating soft impact damage in fan section structures was evaluated. Three-dimensional explicit finite element analysis models were employed to simulate the highly nonlinear and transient response of the interactions between the non-Newtonian bird and the forward engine section resulting from impact and to capture the associated turbofan blade damage, fan assembly vibrations, and subsequent engine casing destruction. Critical features under investigation were the degradation and fracture of the turbofan blades and the engine casing. Results indicated that a meshless soft impactor model was able to produce the fluid-solid interactive behavior expected from a bird. The methodology further succeeded in effectively predicting the intricate subsequent fluid-fan assembly violent interactions. Several important considerations for crashworthiness analysis of forward sections were highlighted.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Bird damage"

Krzysik, Anthony J. Birds in Human Modified Environments and Bird Damage Control: Social, Economic, and Health Implications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada218043.

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Seamans, Thomas, e Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.

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Cummings, John. Geese, Ducks and Coots. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208739.ws.

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Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots all have been implicated in agricultural crop and turf damage. Generally, goose, duck, and American coot damage to crops, vegetation and aircraft can be difficult to identify. Usually the damage to crops or vegetation shows signs of being clipped, torn, or stripped. Tracks, feces, or feathers found neat the damage can be used to help identify the species. Damage to aircraft is obvious if the bird is recovered, but if not, and only bird parts are recovered, a scientific analysis is required. Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots are federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which stipulates that, unless permitted by regulation, it is unlawful to “pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, barter, purchase, ship, export, or import any migratory birds alive or dead, or any part, nests, eggs, or products thereof.” Generally, geese, ducks, and coots can be hazed without a federal permit in order to prevent damage to agriculture crops and property with a variety of scare techniques. In most cases, live ammunition cannot be used.

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Hoy, Michael D. Herons and Egrets. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7208742.ws.

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Herons and egrets commonly cause damage at aquaculture facilities and recreational fishing waters where fish are held at high densities. Fish-eating birds also can have an impact on intensively managed sport fisheries. Damage occurs when herons and egrets feed on fish purchased and released for recreational sport fishing activities. Values of these fish can be quite high given the intensity of management activities and the direct relationship of fishery quality to property value. Herons and egrets are freshwater or coastal birds of the family Ardeidae. Herons and egrets discussed in this section are all piscivorous. They are opportunistic feeders, however, and will consume small amphibians, insects, and reptiles. Due to these food preferences, herons and egrets are attracted to shallow lakes and human-made impoundments. Native bird species are covered under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and given federal protection. Depredation permits can be obtained through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition, individual states may require their own permits for legal take of these bird species.

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Avery, Michael L., e Martin Lowney. Vultures. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, ottobre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7008749.ws.

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Black and turkey vultures cause problems in several ways. The most common problems associated with vultures are structural damage, loss of aesthetic value and property use related to offensive odors and appearance, depredation to livestock and pets, and air traffic safety. Management of these diverse problems often can be addressed by targeting the source of the birds causing the problem, namely the roost where the birds spend the night. Often the roost itself is the problem, such as when birds roost on a communication tower and foul the equipment with their feces or when they roost in a residential area. Several methods are available for roost dispersal. Vultures are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and are managed by the federal government. Vultures may be harassed without federal permits, but can be killed only after obtaining a Migratory Bird Depredation Permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. State wildlife agencies may require state permits prior to killing migratory birds.

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Miller, James E. Wild Turkeys. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, gennaio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208751.ws.

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Like other bird and mammal species whose populations have been restored through conservation efforts, wild turkeys are treasured by many recreationists and outdoor enthusiasts. Wild turkeys have responded positively to wildlife habitat and population management. In some areas, however, their increased populations have led to increased damage to property and agricultural crops, and threats to human health and safety. Turkeys frequent agricultural fields, pastures, vineyards and orchards, as well as some urban and suburban neighborhoods. Because of this, they may cause damage or mistakenly be blamed for damage. Research has found that despite increases in turkey numbers and complaints, damage is often caused by other mammalian or bird species, not turkeys. In the instances where turkeys did cause damage, it was to specialty crops, vineyards, orchards, hay bales or silage pits during the winter. In cultured crops or gardens where wood chips, pine straw or other bedding materials (mulch) are placed around plants, wild turkeys sometimes scratch or dig up the material and damage plants when searching for food. Wild turkeys are a valuable game species, treasured by recreational hunters and wildlife enthusiasts.

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Dolbeer, Richard A., e George M. Llnz. Blackbirds. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207732.ws.

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The term blackbird loosely refers to a diverse group of about 10 species of North American birds that belong to the avian family Icteridae. The most common species include: Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus, Common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), Yellow-headed blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), Brewer’s blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus), and Rusty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus). They can cause damage to crops and fruits. Some of them may cause damage to livestock feed in feedlots and some of them may be a cause for concern in the future, due to the potential for disease transmission, with their expanding range. There is potential to amplify and spread disease to humans such as avian influenza although there is no evidence that this happened. Blackbirds are native migratory birds, and thus come under the jurisdiction of the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), a formal treaty with Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Russia. Blackbirds have federal protection in the U.S.

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Homan, H. Jeffrey, Ron J. Johnson, James R. Thiele e George M. Linz. European Starlings. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, settembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207737.ws.

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European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, Figure 1)are an invasive species in the United States. The first recorded release of the birds was in 1890 in New York City’s Central Park. Because starlings easily adapt to a variety of habitats, nest sites and food sources, the birds spread quickly across the country. Today, there are about 150 million starlings in North America. Conflicts between people and starlings occur mostly in agricultural settings. Starlings damage apples, blueberries, cherries, figs, grapes, peaches, and strawberries. Starlings gather at concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) during late fall and winter. Starlings also cause human health problem, airplane hazards, and nuisance problems. European starlings are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA).

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Lowney, Martin S., Scott F. Beckerman, Scott C. Barras e Thomas W. Seamans. Gulls. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, maggio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208740.ws.

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Abundant gull populations in North America have led to a variety of conflicts with people. Gulls cause damage at aquaculture facilities and other properties, and often collide with aircraft. Their use of structures on and near water results in excessive amounts of bird droppings on boats and docks. Their presence near outdoor dining establishments, swimming beaches, and recreational sites can lead to negative interactions with people. Large amounts of gull fecal material pollutes water and beaches resulting in drinking water contamination and swim bans. A combination of dispersal techniques, exclusion and limited lethal control may reduce damage to an acceptable level. Gulls are classified as a migratory bird species and are protected by federal and, in most cases, state laws. In the United States, gulls may be taken only with a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Occasionally, an additional permit is required from the state wildlife management agency.

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Washbum, Brian E. Hawks and Owls. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, dicembre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208741.ws.

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Hawks and owls can negatively impact a variety of human interests, including important natural resources, livestock and game bird production, human health and safety, and companion animals. Conflicts between raptors and people generally are localized and often site-specific. However, the economic and social impacts to the individuals involved can be severe. Despite the problems they may cause, hawks and owls provide important benefits and environmental services. Raptors are popular with birdwatchers and much of the general public. They also hunt and kill large numbers of rodents, reducing crop damage and other problems. Hawks and owls are classified into four main groups, namely accipiters, buteos, falcons, and owls. All hawks and owls in the United States are federally pro-tected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC, 703−711). Hawks and owls typically are protected under state wildlife laws or local ordinances, as well. These laws strictly prohibit the capture, killing, or possession of hawks or owls (or their parts) without a special permit (e.g., Feder-al Depredation Permit), issued by the USFWS. State-issued wildlife damage or depredation permits also may be required.

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