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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Bipolar disorder"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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1

McIntyre, Roger S., e Jakub Z. Konarski. "Bipolar Disorder: A National Health Concern". CNS Spectrums 9, S12 (novembre 2004): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900028844.

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AbstractBipolar disorders are prevalent, disabling, and costly diseases that often pursue an inexorable course. Underdetection, misdiagnosis, and diagnostic delay frequently and unnecessarily interfere with appropriate treatment of the disorder. Mortality studies in bipolar disorder underscore the relevance of both unnatural and natural causes of death, inviting the need for improved preventative and primary health care for bipolar patients. The treatment framework for bipolar disorder must recognize and anticipate the multidirnensionality and comorbidity of this illness. Pharmacotherapy is necessary, with multiple concomitant medications required for most patients, In addition, adjunctive psychosocial interventions offer enhanced compliance and may beneficially influence psychopathological and functional outcomes. This article emphasizes the public health concern of bipolr disorder, and provides tactics to enhance detection of cryptic bipolar states, underscore the clinical and pathophysiological relevance of comorbidity in bipolar disorder, and provide a framework for multimodality therapy for this condition.

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Adomaitiene, V., A. Kunigeliene, K. Dambrauskiene e V. Danileviciute. "Bipolar Affective Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Situation in Lithuania". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (gennaio 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70790-4.

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Introduction:Bipolar disorder is one of the most important psychiatric diseases. This is a lifelong illness which increases disability, bad social, employment, and functional outcomes. Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings - from overly “high” and irritable to sad and hopeless, often with periods of normal mood between. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by a history of at least one manic episode, with or without depressive symptoms. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of both depressive symptoms and a less severe form of mania.Objective:To review diagnostic and treatment situation of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania.Method:A review of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania: the prevalence of bipolar disorders, the differences between genders, the clinical features between genders.Results:Studies have suggested, that the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Lithuania is 1 % of population. The rates of bipolar disorder: in 2003 was 1131 cases, in 2004 - 1133 cases, in 2005 - 1147 cases, in 2006 - 1255 cases, in 2007 - 1257 cases. Distribution of bipolar disorders between males and females: males - 35,88 %, females - 64,12 %.Conclusion:The rates of Bipolar I disorder are equal between female and male population, but bipolar II disorder is more frequent in female population (bipolar depression, mixed manic disorder). Bipolar disorder with alcohol and drug abuse are very common among male population. Bipolar disorders are very common with somatic disease (thyroid disease, migraine, obesity of medication), anxiety disorders are more frequent in female population.

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Pavlova, B., R. H. Perlis, O. Mantere, C. M. Sellgren, E. Isometsä, P. B. Mitchell, M. Alda e R. Uher. "Prevalence of current anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder during euthymia: a meta-analysis". Psychological Medicine 47, n. 6 (20 dicembre 2016): 1107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716003135.

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BackgroundAnxiety disorders are highly prevalent in people with bipolar disorder, but it is not clear how many have anxiety disorders even at times when they are free of major mood episodes. We aimed to establish what proportion of euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder meet diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders.MethodWe performed a random-effects meta-analysis of prevalence rates of current DSM-III- and DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified) in euthymic adults with bipolar disorder in studies published by 31 December 2015.ResultsAcross 10 samples with 2120 individuals with bipolar disorder, 34.7% met diagnostic criteria for one or more anxiety disorders during euthymia [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.9–45.5%]. Direct comparison of 189 euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder and 17 109 population controls across three studies showed a 4.6-fold increase (risk ratio 4.60, 95% CI 2.37–8.92, p < 0.001) in prevalence of anxiety disorders in those with bipolar disorder.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that anxiety disorders are common in people with bipolar disorder even when their mood is adequately controlled. Euthymic people with bipolar disorder should be routinely assessed for anxiety disorders and anxiety-focused treatment should be initiated if indicated.

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Pålsson, Erik, Lydia Melchior, Kristina Lindwall Sundel, Alina Karanti, Erik Joas, Axel Nordenskjöld, Mattias Agestam, Bo Runeson e Mikael Landén. "Cohort profile: the Swedish National Quality Register for bipolar disorder(BipoläR)". BMJ Open 12, n. 12 (dicembre 2022): e064385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064385.

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PurposeThe Swedish National Quality Register for bipolar affective disorder, BipoläR, was established in 2004 to provide nationwide indicators for quality assessment and development in the clinical care of individuals with bipolar spectrum disorder. An ancillary aim was to provide data for bipolar disorder research.ParticipantsInclusion criteria for registration in BipoläR is a diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder (ICD codes: F25.0, F30.1–F30.2, F30.8–F31.9, F34.0) and treatment at an outpatient clinic in Sweden. BipoläR collects data from baseline and annual follow-up visits throughout Sweden. Data is collected using questionnaires administered by healthcare staff. The questions cover sociodemographic, diagnostic, treatment, outcomes and patient reported outcome variables. The register currently includes 39 583 individual patients with a total of 75 423 baseline and follow-up records.Findings to dateData from BipoläR has been used in several peer-reviewed publications. Studies have provided knowledge on effectiveness, side effects and use of pharmacological and psychological treatment in bipolar disorder. In addition, findings on the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, risk factors for attempted and completed suicide and health economics have been reported. The Swedish Bipolar Collection project has contributed to a large number of published studies and provides important information on the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder, the impact of genetic variation on disease characteristics and treatment outcome.Future plansData collection is ongoing with no fixed end date. Currently, approximately 5000 new registrations are added each year. Cohort data are available via a formalised request procedure from Centre of Registers Västra Götaland (e-mail: registercentrum@vgregion.se). Data requests for research purposes require an entity responsible for the research and an ethical approval.

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Casalini, F., N. Mosti, S. Belletti, V. Mastria, S. Rizzato, A. Del Carlo, M. Fornaro, L. Dell’Osso e G. Perugi. "Bipolar disorder and disreactive disorders". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (dicembre 2012): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000423296.62412.57.

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6

Gold, Alexandra K., Amy T. Peters, Michael W. Otto, Louisa G. Sylvia, Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhaes, Michael Berk, Darin D. Dougherty et al. "The impact of substance use disorders on recovery from bipolar depression: Results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder psychosocial treatment trial". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, n. 9 (26 luglio 2018): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418788172.

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Objective: Up to 60% of patients with bipolar disorder develop a substance use disorder during their lifetime. The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of substance use disorders on depression recovery among bipolar patients randomly assigned to different psychotropic medications and psychosocial interventions. We hypothesized that patients with a comorbid substance use disorder would benefit less from psychotherapy regardless of treatment intensity/length compared to patients without a comorbid substance use disorder. Method: We conducted post hoc analyses among bipolar disorder patients ( n = 270) with and without comorbid substance use disorders enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder randomized psychosocial intervention trial. All patients entered during or shortly after the onset of a bipolar depressive episode. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess whether current or past substance use disorders moderated the response of patients to intensive psychosocial intervention or brief psychoeducation with collaborative care, operationalized as full recovery from an episode of bipolar depression. Results: Current comorbid substance use disorders significantly predicted likelihood of recovery (odds ratio = 2.25, p = 0.025) and time to recovery (odds ratio = 1.71, p = 0.006) from bipolar depression. We found that 74.5% of patients with a current substance use disorder, compared to 56.5% without a current substance use disorder, recovered from bipolar depression. Past substance use disorders did not predict likelihood of recovery or time to recovery. Current substance use disorders did not significantly moderate response to intensive psychotherapy versus collaborative care. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypotheses, bipolar disorder participants with a current comorbid substance use disorder were more likely to recover from psychosocial treatment for bipolar depression than patients without a current comorbid substance use disorder. If this finding is replicated, it has implications for the ordering of treatment for patients with comorbid bipolar disorder and substance use disorders.

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Chen, Mu-Hong, Ju-Wei Hsu, Kei-Lin Huang, Tung-Ping Su, Cheng-Ta Li, Wei-Chen Lin, Shih-Jen Tsai et al. "Risk and coaggregation of major psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a nationwide population-based study". Psychological Medicine 49, n. 14 (12 novembre 2018): 2397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171800332x.

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AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder is a highly heritable mental illness that transmits intergeneratively. Previous studies supported that first-degree relatives (FDRs), such as parents, offspring, and siblings, of patients with bipolar disorder, had a higher risk of bipolar disorder. However, whether FDRs of bipolar patients have an increased risk of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains unclear.MethodsAmong the entire population in Taiwan, 87 639 patients with bipolar disorder and 188 290 FDRs of patients with bipolar disorder were identified in our study. The relative risks (RRs) of major psychiatric disorders were assessed among FDRs of patients with bipolar disorder.ResultsFDRs of patients with bipolar disorder were more likely to have a higher risk of major psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (RR 6.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.95–6.30), MDD (RR 2.89, 95% CI 2.82–2.96), schizophrenia (RR 2.64, 95% CI 2.55–2.73), ADHD (RR 2.21, 95% CI 2.13–2.30), and ASD (RR 2.10, 95% CI 1.92–2.29), than the total population did. These increased risks for major psychiatric disorders were consistent across different familial kinships, such as parents, offspring, siblings, and twins. A dose-dependent relationship was also found between risk of each major psychiatric disorder and numbers of bipolar patients.ConclusionsOur study was the first study to support the familial coaggregation of bipolar disorder with other major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, MDD, ADHD, and ASD, in a Taiwanese (non-Caucasian) population. Given the elevated risks of major psychiatric disorders, the public health government should pay more attention to the mental health of FDRs of patients with bipolar disorder.

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Carmiol, N., J. M. Peralta, L. Almasy, J. Contreras, A. Pacheco, M. A. Escamilla, E. E. M. Knowles, H. Raventós e D. C. Glahn. "Shared genetic factors influence risk for bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders". European Psychiatry 29, n. 5 (giugno 2014): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.001.

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AbstractBipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have a high rate of comorbidity, more than 50% of individuals with bipolar disorder also receive a diagnosis of AUD in their lifetimes. Although both disorders are heritable, it is unclear if the same genetic factors mediate risk for bipolar disorder and AUD. We examined 733 Costa Rican individuals from 61 bipolar pedigrees. Based on a best estimate process, 32% of the sample met criteria for bipolar disorder, 17% had a lifetime AUD diagnosis, 32% met criteria for lifetime nicotine dependence, and 21% had an anxiety disorder. AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders were relatively more common among individuals with bipolar disorder than in their non-bipolar relatives. All illnesses were shown to be heritable and bipolar disorder was genetically correlated with AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders. The genetic correlation between bipolar and AUD remained when controlling for anxiety, suggesting that unique genetic factors influence the risk for comorbid bipolar and AUD independent of anxiety. Our findings provide evidence for shared genetic effects on bipolar disorder and AUD risk. Demonstrating that common genetic factors influence these independent diagnostic constructs could help to refine our diagnostic nosology.

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Silva, Rafael de Assis da, Daniel C. Mograbi, Evelyn V. M. Camelo, Luiza Nogueira Amadeo, Cristina M. T. Santana, Jesus Landeira-Fernandez e Elie Cheniaux. "The relationship between insight and affective temperament in bipolar disorder: an exploratory study". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, n. 3 (settembre 2018): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0073.

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Abstract Introduction In recent years, the association between temperament and clinical characteristics of mood disorders has been studied. Most bipolar patients show deficits in their awareness of signs and symptoms. The relationship between affective temperament and insight in bipolar patients has not been carried out in the literature so far. Objective To evaluate the relationship between affective temperament and insight in bipolar disorder. Method A group of 65 bipolar patients were followed during a year. Patients underwent a clinical assessment and were diagnosed using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD), and affective temperament, through the TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. The relationship between affective temperament and insight was explored with Spearman rho correlations between scores on each item of the ISAD and on the TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro subscales. Results In euthymic phases, bipolars with depressive temperament were associated with a higher level of insight about the consequences of the disorder; when in mania, patients showed better insight about having an affective disorder, presenting psychomotor alterations, and suffering from guilt or grandiosity. Similarly, bipolar patients with higher scores of anxious temperament, when in mania, had better insight on alterations in attention. Bipolar patients with higher scores of hyperthymic temperament, when in mania, showed the worst insight about thought disorder. Conclusion In addition to being determined by the phase of the disease and several varying symptoms, the level of insight in bipolar patients is also influenced by affective temperament.

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Vasilieva, S. N., G. G. Simutkin, E. D. Schastnyy, E. V. Lebedeva e N. A. Bokhan. "Bipolar Disorder: Comorbidity with Other Mental Disorders". Psikhiatriya 19, n. 3 (14 ottobre 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-3-15-21.

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Failure to diagnose bipolar disorder (BD) in time leads to an increase in suicide risk, worse prognosis of the disease, and an increase in the socioeconomic burden. Aim: to assess the incidence of comorbidity of bipolar disorder (BD) and other mental and behavioral disorders, as well as the sequence of formation of this multimorbidity. Patients and methods: in the Affective States Department of the Mental Health Research Institute TNRMC, 121 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were selected for the study group according to the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The predominance of women in the study group was revealed (n = 83; 68.6%; p < 0.01). Median age of male patients was 36 [30; 54] years, for females — 47 [34; 55] years. Results: data were obtained on a high level of comorbidity in the study group: in 46.3% of patients, BD was combined with another mental disorder. It was found that personality disorders as a comorbid disorder in type I bipolar disorder are less common than in type II bipolar disorder. Gender differences were found in the incidence of anxiety-phobic spectrum and substance use disorders in bipolar disorder. The features of the chronology of the development of bipolar disorder and associated mental disorders have been revealed. Conclusion: in the case of bipolar disorder, there is a high likelihood of comorbidity with other mental disorders. Certain patterns in the chronology of the formation of comorbid relationships between BD and concomitant mental and behavioral disorders were revealed.

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Kornetov, N., e E. Larionova. "Bipolar disorders diagnostics in ambulatory medico-psychological service". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (aprile 2017): S424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.391.

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IntroductionThe difficulties of diagnosis and clinical differentiation of bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder have been repeatedly noted both foreign and Russian authors.ObjectivesFull medico-psychological service clinical documentation research, including bipolar disorder patient records.AimsDetermination of bipolar disorders in accordance with the DSM-5 criteria among psychiatric outpatients.MethodsA group of 142 patients with established according to ICD-10 diagnoses: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder 137 (96.5%); the average patient's age 50 ± 13 and bipolar disorder and mania episode 5 (3.5%) – 55.4 ± 14.4 has been investigated.ResultsIt was found that 18 (12.7%) of all patients meet the DSM-5 bipolar disorder criteria compared with the primary diagnosis (3.5%). Structure of the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was represented as follows: bipolar disorder type I – 11 (61.2%), bipolar disorder type II – 7 (38.8%). Consequently, due to formal application DSM-5 bipolar disorder criteria BD determination 3.5 times more.ConclusionTraditionally, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is preferred over bipolar disorder. Manic episode in bipolar disorder can be evidently regarded as an acute schizophrenia manifestation. The diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 are convenient in diagnostics of manic and depressive episodes in case of their combination in I type bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Meier, Sandra M., Barbara Pavlova, Søren Dalsgaard, Merete Nordentoft, Ole Mors, Preben B. Mortensen e Rudolf Uher. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders as precursors of bipolar disorder onset in adulthood". British Journal of Psychiatry 213, n. 3 (21 giugno 2018): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.111.

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BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders have been proposed as precursors of bipolar disorder, but their joint and relative roles in the development of bipolar disorder are unknown.AimsTo test the prospective relationship of ADHD and anxiety with onset of bipolar disorder.MethodWe examined the relationship between ADHD, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder in a birth cohort of 2 409 236 individuals born in Denmark between 1955 and 1991. Individuals were followed from their sixteenth birthday or from January 1995 to their first clinical contact for bipolar disorder or until December 2012. We calculated incidence rates per 10 000 person-years and tested the effects of prior diagnoses on the risk of bipolar disorder in survival models.ResultsOver 37 394 865 person-years follow-up, 9250 onsets of bipolar disorder occurred. The incidence rate of bipolar disorder was 2.17 (95% CI 2.12–2.19) in individuals with no prior diagnosis of ADHD or anxiety, 23.86 (95% CI 19.98–27.75) in individuals with a prior diagnosis of ADHD only, 26.05 (95% CI 24.47–27.62) in individuals with a prior diagnosis of anxiety only and 66.16 (95% CI 44.83–87.47) in those with prior diagnoses of both ADHD and anxiety. The combination of ADHD and anxiety increased the risk of bipolar disorder 30-fold (95% CI 21.66–41.40) compared with those with no prior ADHD or anxiety.ConclusionsEarly manifestations of both internalising and externalising psychopathology indicate liability to bipolar disorder. The combination of ADHD and anxiety is associated with a very high risk of bipolar disorder.Declaration of interestNone.

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Jones, Lisa, Jan Scott, Sayeed Haque, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Jessica Heron, Sian Caesar, Caroline Cooper et al. "Cognitive style in bipolar disorder". British Journal of Psychiatry 187, n. 5 (novembre 2005): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.5.431.

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BackgroundAbnormalities of cognitive style in bipolar disorder are of both clinical and theoretical importance.AimsTo compare cognitive style in people with affective disorders and in healthy controls.MethodSelf-rated questionnaires were administered to 118 individuals with bipolar I disorder, 265 with unipolar major recurrent depression and 268 healthy controls. Those with affective disorder were also interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and case notes were reviewed.ResultsThose with bipolar disorder and those with unipolar depression demonstrated different patterns of cognitive style from controls; negative self-esteem best discriminated between those with affective disorders and controls; measures of cognitive style were substantially affected by current levels of depressive symptomatology; patterns of cognitive style were similar in bipolar and unipolar disorder when current mental state was taken into account.ConclusionsThose with affective disorder significantly differed from controls on measures of cognitive style but there were no differences between unipolar and bipolar disorders when current mental state was taken into account.

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Benabarre, A., E. Vieta, F. Colom, A. Martínez-Arán, M. Reinares e C. Gastó. "Bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia: epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic differences". European Psychiatry 16, n. 3 (aprile 2001): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00559-4.

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SummaryThe validity and nosologic status of schizoaffective disorder is still a controversial issue. This study was conducted to analyze the demographic, clinical and prognostic variables that determine the validity of the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder bipolar type. We analyzed and compared 138 outpatients: 67 with type I bipolar disorder, 34 with schizoaffective disorder bipolar type and 37 with schizophrenia. They were all diagnosed following research diagnostic criteria and assessed according to the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Schizoaffective unipolar patients were excluded. The results reaffirmed that, from the standpoints of demographics, clinical features and prognosis, schizoaffective disorders bipolar type can be classified as a phenotypic form at an intermediate point between bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. These results emphasize the importance of longitudinal follow-up in the diagnosis and assessment of psychotic syndromes. Although cross-sectional symptoms were closer to the schizophrenia spectrum, the course of the illness resembled more that of bipolar patients, resulting in an intermediate outcome.

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Dell'Aglio Jr., José Caetano, Lissia Ana Basso, Irani Iracema de Lima Argimon e Adriane Arteche. "Systematic review of the prevalence of bipolar disorder and bipolar spectrum disorders in population-based studies". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 35, n. 2 (2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892013000200002.

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This paper describes the findings of a systematic literature review aimed at providing an overview of the lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder and bipolar spectrum disorders in population-based studies. Databases MEDLINE, ProQuest, Psychnet, and Web of Science were browsed for papers published in English between 1999 and May 2012 using the following search string: bipolar disorders OR bipolar spectrum disorders AND prevalence OR cross-sectional OR epidemiology AND population-based OR non-clinical OR community based. The search yielded a total of 434 papers, but only those published in peer-reviewed journals and with samples aged ≥ 18 years were included, resulting in a final sample of 18 papers. Results revealed rather heterogeneous findings concerning the prevalence of bipolar disorders and bipolar spectrum disorders. Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder ranged from 0.1 to 7.5%, whereas lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders ranged from 2.4 to 15.1%. Differences in the rates of bipolar disorder and bipolar spectrum disorders may be related to the consideration of subthreshold criteria upon diagnosis. Differences in the prevalence of different subtypes of the disorder are discussed in light of diagnostic criteria and instruments applied.

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Byrne, Sharyn, e Anne Jeffers. "The borderlines of bipolar affective disorder". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 26, n. 4 (dicembre 2009): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700000720.

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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the major studies of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), and assesses whether the disorders might be better understood as variants of the same basic disorder. There is a shortage of research that delineates the features of both disorders within their representative samples. As a consequence the symptomatic overlap of the disorders, detected by categorical assessment instruments, is often misconstrued as an indication of the disorders' high rates of comorbidity (up to 81%).In paying particular attention to features of both disorders, eg. affective instability and impulsivity, the paper provides evidence that BPD attenuates bipolar disorder along the spectrum of affective disorders, from non-classical bipolar presentation through to severe BAD with borderline features. The paper cites clinical, research and pharmacologic support of the contention that BPD, rather than representing a distinct disorder, is merely an attenuation of Axis I disorders, most especially bipolar affective disorder. Borderline personality is evident across the bipolar spectrum and exacerbates symptomatology and leads to poorer recovery prognosis.

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ROCHA, MARLOS FERNANDO VASCONCELOS, AMANDA GALVÃO-DE ALMEIDA, FABIANA NERY-FERNANDES e ÂNGELA MIRANDA-SCIPPA. "NEUROIMAGING IN BIPOLAR DISORDER". Revista Debates em Psiquiatria Ano 5 (1 aprile 2015): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2236-918x-5-2-2.

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Nas últimas décadas, pesquisas de neuroimagem no transtorno bipolar (TB) têm demonstrado anormalidades nos circuitos neuronais supostamente envolvidos no processamento e na regulação da emoção, bem como no processamento de recompensas. Entretanto, os resultados relativos a diversas estruturas do sistema nervoso central são escassos e difíceis de serem comparados, devido à grande heterogeneidade do TB e às diferentes metodologias empregadas para a coleta das imagens. Esta revisão teve como objetivo sintetizar os principais achados em neuroimagem estrutural e funcional no TB, descrevendo as estruturas corticais e subcorticais do encéfalo mais relevantes e que embasam a provável fisiopatologia desse transtorno.

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Colin, F. "Bipolar disorder". South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, n. 3 (30 agosto 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i3.948.

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<div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.926661);" data-canvas-width="417.8085000000001">Bipolar disorder (BD) presents in different phases over time and is often</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97861);" data-canvas-width="419.74200000000013">complicated by comorbid conditions such as substance-use disorders</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996746);" data-canvas-width="421.0005000000002">and anxiety disorders. Treatment usually involves pharmacotherapy</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 384.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01509);" data-canvas-width="421.55699999999996">with combinations of different classes of medications and frequent</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 404.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963262);" data-canvas-width="130.9635">medication revisions.</div>

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Salomon, Ronald M. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59, n. 8 (15 agosto 1998): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v59n0807a.

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Weinstein, David. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2000): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v61n1011b.

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Kwak, Kyung-Phil. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, n. 4 (2007): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.4.348.

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Bauer, Michael, e Bernd Ahrens. "Bipolar Disorder". CNS Drugs 6, n. 1 (luglio 1996): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199606010-00004.

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Belmaker, R. H. "Bipolar Disorder". New England Journal of Medicine 351, n. 5 (29 luglio 2004): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra035354.

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Carvalho, Andre F., Joseph Firth e Eduard Vieta. "Bipolar Disorder". New England Journal of Medicine 383, n. 1 (2 luglio 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1906193.

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QUITKIN, FREDERIC M., JUDITH G. RABKIN e ROBERT F. PRIEN. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 6, n. 3 (giugno 1986): 167???171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198606000-00009.

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26

Leboyer, Marion, e David J. Kupfer. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71, n. 12 (15 dicembre 2010): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.10m06347yel.

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27

Dunner, David L. "Bipolar Disorder". Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 09, n. 05 (15 ottobre 2007): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v09n0512a.

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28

Abell, Sue, e John L. Ey. "Bipolar Disorder". Clinical Pediatrics 48, n. 6 (4 giugno 2009): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922808316663.

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Anderson, I. M., P. M. Haddad e J. Scott. "Bipolar disorder". BMJ 345, dec27 3 (5 aprile 2012): e8508-e8508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e8508.

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30

Leboyer, M. "Bipolar disorder". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (dicembre 2012): e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000423232.58359.b5.

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Tehranchi, Azita, Hossein Behnia e Farnaz Younessian. "Bipolar Disorder". Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 26, n. 4 (giugno 2015): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000001689.

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32

Keck, Paul E., Susan L. McElroy e John M. Hawkins. "Bipolar Disorder". Psychopharm Review 46, n. 4 (aprile 2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idt.0000395192.77327.9e.

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&NA;. "Bipolar Disorder". Psychopharm Review 46, n. 4 (aprile 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idt.0000395193.84950.8b.

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34

Goodwin, Guy M. "Bipolar disorder". Medicine 40, n. 11 (novembre 2012): 596–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011.

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Goodwin, Guy M. "Bipolar disorder". Medicine 44, n. 11 (novembre 2016): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.08.007.

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Goodwin, Guy M. "Bipolar disorder". Medicine 48, n. 11 (novembre 2020): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2020.08.008.

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Miller, Thomas H. "Bipolar Disorder". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 43, n. 2 (giugno 2016): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2016.02.003.

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Müller-Oerlinghausen, Bruno, Anne Berghöfer e Michael Bauer. "Bipolar disorder". Lancet 359, n. 9302 (gennaio 2002): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07450-0.

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Shiwach, Raj. "Bipolar disorder". Lancet 359, n. 9318 (maggio 2002): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08586-0.

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Keck, Paul E., Susan L. McElroy e Lesley M. Arnold. "BIPOLAR DISORDER". Medical Clinics of North America 85, n. 3 (maggio 2001): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70334-5.

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Grande, Iria, Michael Berk, Boris Birmaher e Eduard Vieta. "Bipolar disorder". Lancet 387, n. 10027 (aprile 2016): 1561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00241-x.

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42

Emilien, Gérard, Lucia Septien, Claudine Brisard, Emmanuelle Corruble e Michel Bourin. "Bipolar disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 31, n. 5 (giugno 2007): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.03.005.

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Barnett, Richard. "Bipolar disorder". Lancet 392, n. 10157 (ottobre 2018): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32548-0.

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Mechcatie, Elizabeth, e Lora McGlade. "Bipolar Disorder". Internal Medicine News 39, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(05)72628-7.

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Engström, Christer, Sven Brändström, Sören Sigvardsson, Robert Cloninger e Per-Olof Nylander. "Bipolar disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders 82, n. 1 (ottobre 2004): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.09.004.

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Mechcatie, Elizabeth, e Lora McGlade. "Bipolar Disorder". Skin & Allergy News 37, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(05)70979-7.

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47

Mechcatie, Elizabeth, e Lora McGlade. "Bipolar Disorder". Family Practice News 36, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(05)72463-4.

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48

Ruiz, P. "Bipolar disorder". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 357 (ottobre 2015): e497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.291.

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49

Brown, E. Sherwood. "Bipolar Disorder". Psychiatric Clinics of North America 28, n. 2 (giugno 2005): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.03.001.

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50

Goodwin, G. "Bipolar disorder". European Psychiatry 26, S2 (marzo 2011): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73887-1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bipolar disorder is rapidly becoming the primary diagnosis in adult psychiatry. It represents a wide spectrum of disorder all sharing common features of elated and depressed mood. The early descriptions of symptom-free euthymia have long been dismissed and the chronic and enduring deficits associated with the disorder are beginning to be better understood. The course of the disorder remains uncertain especially in light of the recently observed increases in children receiving the diagnosis. There is growing interest in the elated states seen as a common adolescent phenotype.There is a simplified view of the illness as an episodic course interspersed with euthymia, short-term treatments being used in acute episodes and long-term treatments being indefinite and intended to prevent new episodes. However, subsyndromes, co-morbidities and a variety of chronic symptoms are common in bipolar disorder. In practice, they often drive treatment decisions. Chronic symptoms are usually related to anxiety, depression or cognition and are a disabling aspect of the long-term outcome. Unfortunately, there is little to guide the selection of treatment to reduce the impact of these symptoms since they have almost never been the subject of clinical trials.The use of medication in combinations is the usual practice in bipolar disorder. The argument to favour this in guidelines is highly pragmatic, but there is a growing evidence base to support it. Lithium remains a key benchmark treatment for comparing alternatives in long term efficacy. Its effects against suicide are particularly important.

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