Articoli di riviste: "Biotic reactions"

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Sheik, Cody S., H. James Cleaves, Kristin Johnson-Finn, Donato Giovannelli, Thomas L. Kieft, Dominic Papineau, Matthew O. Schrenk e Simone Tumiati. "Abiotic and biotic processes that drive carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions". American Mineralogist 105, n. 5 (1 maggio 2020): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7166ccbyncnd.

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Abstract Carboxylation and decarboxylation are two fundamental classes of reactions that impact the cycling of carbon in and on Earth’s crust. These reactions play important roles in both long-term (primarily abiotic) and short-term (primarily biotic) carbon cycling. Long-term cycling is important in the subsurface and at subduction zones where organic carbon is decomposed and outgassed or recycled back to the mantle. Short-term reactions are driven by biology and have the ability to rapidly convert CO2 to biomass and vice versa. For instance, carboxylation is a critical reaction in primary production and metabolic pathways like photosynthesis in which sunlight provides energy to drive carbon fixation, whereas decarboxylation is a critical reaction in metabolic pathways like respiration and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Early life and prebiotic chemistry on Earth likely relied heavily upon the abiotic synthesis of carboxylic acids. Over time, life has diversified (de)carboxylation reactions and incorporated them into many facets of cellular metabolism. Here we present a broad overview of the importance of carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions from both abiotic and biotic perspectives to highlight the importance of these reactions and compounds to planetary evolution.

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Miller, R. H., A. A. Berryman e C. A. Ryant. "Biotic elicitors of defense reactions in lodgepole pine". Phytochemistry 25, n. 3 (gennaio 1986): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)88008-6.

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Chauhan, Sambhavana, Sneha Yogindran e Manchikatla Venkat Rajam. "Role of miRNAs in biotic stress reactions in plants". Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 22, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40502-017-0347-3.

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Margalef-Marti, Rosanna, Raul Carrey, Albert Soler e Neus Otero. "Isotopic fractionation associated to nitrate attenuation by ferrous iron containing minerals". E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 12013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199812013.

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Biotic and abiotic laboratory experiments of nitrate and nitrite reduction by Fe-containing minerals were performed and the isotopic fractionation of the different reactions was calculated in order to determine whether it is possible to distinguish biotic and abiotic reactions involving N compounds. Results of biotic experiments showed nitrate reduction up to 96 % with transient NO2- accumulation and no significant N2O production. No significant nitrate attenuation was observed in abiotic nitrate reduction experiments. Abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction showed a rapid decrease in nitrite concentrations in those experiments with added Fe2+ coupled with a significant N2O production. Preliminary results of the N and O isotopic fractionation of the biotic experiments of nitrate reduction show differences in the ε15NNO3 and ε18ONO3 when different minerals were added. The abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction contrarily, showed similar ε15NNO2 in all the experiments.

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Büyüksönmez, Fatïh, Thomas F. Hess, Ronald L. Crawford e Richard J. Watts. "Toxic Effects of Modified Fenton Reactions on Xanthobacter flavus FB71". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1998): 3759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.3759-3764.1998.

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ABSTRACT The toxic effects of modified Fenton reactions onXanthobacter flavus FB71, measured as microbial survival rates, were determined as part of an investigation of simultaneous abiotic and biotic oxidations of xenobiotic chemicals. A central composite, rotatable experimental design was developed to study the survival rates of X. flavus under various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and iron(II) and at different initial cell populations. A model based on the experimental results, relating microorganism survival to the variables of peroxide, iron, and cellular concentrations was formulated and fit the data reasonably well, with a coefficient of determination of 0.76. The results of this study indicate that the use of simultaneous abiotic and biotic processes for the treatment of xenobiotic compounds may be possible.

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McGlynn, Shawn E., Jennifer B. Glass, Kristin Johnson-Finn, Frieder Klein, Sebastian A. Sanden, Matthew O. Schrenk, Yuichiro Ueno e Alberto Vitale-Brovarone. "Hydrogenation reactions of carbon on Earth: Linking methane, margarine, and life". American Mineralogist 105, n. 5 (1 maggio 2020): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6928ccbyncnd.

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Abstract Hydrogenation reactions are a major route of electron and proton flow on Earth. Interfacing geology and organic chemistry, hydrogenations occupy pivotal points in the Earth’s global geochemical cycles. Some examples of hydrogenation reactions on Earth today include the production and consumption of methane in both abiotic and biotic reactions, the reduction of protons in hydrothermal settings, and the biological synthesis and degradation of fatty acids. Hydrogenation reactions were likely important for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth, and today serve as one of the fundamental reaction classes that enable cellular life to construct biomolecules. An understanding and awareness of hydrogenation reactions is helpful for comprehending the larger web of molecular and material inter-conversions on our planet. In this brief review we detail some important hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions as they relate to geology, biology, industry, and atmospheric chemistry. Such reactions have implications ranging from the suite of reactions on early Earth to industrial applications like the production of hydrocarbon fuel.

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Wołos, Agnieszka, Rafał Roszak, Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska, Wiktor Beker, Barbara Mikulak-Klucznik, Grzegorz Spólnik, Mirosław Dygas, Sara Szymkuć e Bartosz A. Grzybowski. "Synthetic connectivity, emergence, and self-regeneration in the network of prebiotic chemistry". Science 369, n. 6511 (24 settembre 2020): eaaw1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1955.

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The challenge of prebiotic chemistry is to trace the syntheses of life’s key building blocks from a handful of primordial substrates. Here we report a forward-synthesis algorithm that generates a full network of prebiotic chemical reactions accessible from these substrates under generally accepted conditions. This network contains both reported and previously unidentified routes to biotic targets, as well as plausible syntheses of abiotic molecules. It also exhibits three forms of nontrivial chemical emergence, as the molecules within the network can act as catalysts of downstream reaction types; form functional chemical systems, including self-regenerating cycles; and produce surfactants relevant to primitive forms of biological compartmentalization. To support these claims, computer-predicted, prebiotic syntheses of several biotic molecules as well as a multistep, self-regenerative cycle of iminodiacetic acid were validated by experiment.

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Umar, Qasim, e Mei Luo. "A Brief Review: Advancement in the Synthesis of Amine through the Leuckart Reaction". Reactions 4, n. 1 (29 gennaio 2023): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions4010007.

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This review presents a summary of reactions that take place during the “Leuckart-type reaction”. The significance of, as well as recent advancements in, the synthesis of amines through simple and inexpensive methods using readily available raw materials is discussed. This review includes all catalytic and noncatalytic reactions that involve the Leuckart method. Recent studies have shown that at least a quarter of C–N bond-forming reactions in the pharmaceutical industry are occur with the support of reductive amination. Recently, experimental conditions have achieved excellent yields. The “Leuckart-type reaction” is technically associated with Eschweiler–Clarke methylation. Compounds are grouped in accordance with the precept of action. This includes drugs affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract; anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal drugs; drugs affecting anxiety; convulsant, biotic, and HIV drugs; and antidiabetic drugs. Therefore, this review supports the development of the Leuckart-type preparation of nitrogenous compounds, as well as their advancement in other areas of human development.

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BÜLBÜL, Sibel, Emine Burcu TURGAY, Merve Nur ERTAS OZ e Sinan AYDOĞAN. "Detection of some registered barley varieties reactions to barley leaf stripe disease". Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 36, n. 2 (3 luglio 2023): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1206871.

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Cereals are a significant agricultural product group with the highest cultivation area and production in Turkey. Among these cereals, barley is an important cereal used in human and animal nutrition, and the most widelycultivated plant after wheat. There are biotic and abiotic factors which affect the yield and quality parameters of barley. Of the biotic factors, barley leaf stripe (agent: Pyrenophora graminea (anamorph: Drechslera graminea) is an important fungal disease. Infections can occur in diseased seeds and in the presence of suitable environmental conditions. Hence, the use of disease-free seeds and resistant cultivars (cvs.) against this pathogen are crucial. With this in mind, this study was carried out with a highly virulent isolate of Pyrenophora graminea, obtained from the Disease and Pest Resistance Unit culture collection in 57 registered barley cultivars in the greenhouses of the Central Research Institute of Field Crops (TARM) in 2021. The experiments were conducted in 3 replications in a randomized block design. Of 57 registered barley cultivars 62%, 15% and 36% of these barley cultivars expressed resistance, moderate resistance, and susceptible reactions, respectively. As a result of the analysis of variance performed on the results obtained, it was concluded that the difference between the mean values of 57 varieties was statistically significant at 1% level (P

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Iksat, N. N., D. Tokasheva, М. К. Beissekova, U. I. Amanbayeva, Zh B. Tleukulova, A. Zh Akbassova, S. B. Zhangazin e R. T. Omarov. "Salicylic acid and its role in induced plant resistance to biotic stress". BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 131, n. 2 (2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2020-131-2-8-14.

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Salicylic acid is a natural signaling molecule that plays a key role in establishing and transmitting plant protection signals from phytopathogens. Salicylic acid, by modulating the expression of protective genes and changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, can regulate oxidative processes associated with plant protective reactions. This review article reviews studies that provide insight into the functioning of salicylic acid in plant immunity

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Coleman, Nick. "Beyond boxes and arrows: Putting the ?bio? into biogeochemistry". Microbiology Australia 28, n. 3 (2007): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07129.

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The Gaia hypothesis proposes that the earth can be viewed as a single living entity. While this idea remains controversial, there is no doubt that the biotic and abiotic components of the earth are intimately linked in complex webs of chemical reactions collectively described as biogeochemistry. Microbes are the catalysts of most such reactions, but despite their importance, there is a tendency to oversimplify microbial contributions using boxes (compounds) and arrows (reactions). In this brief review, I will highlight recent research that looks beyond the boxes and arrows to the microbes themselves, and describe some examples where the activities of biogeochemical microbes and enzymes have been harnessed for environmental benefits.

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Sucharzewska, Ewa, e Maria Dynowska. "Life strategies of Erysiphe palczewskii in the conditions of diversified anthropopressure". Acta Mycologica 40, n. 1 (20 agosto 2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2005.010.

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Diversified reactions of Erysiphe palczewskii in urban conditions, including the influence of biotic factors (Ampelomyces quisqulis, weakness parasites) and abiotic factors (transport pollution) on the morphology of the mycelium and chasmothecia, and the course of individual developmental stages, are analysed in the paper.

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Liebensteiner, Martin G., Martijn W. H. Pinkse, Peter J. Schaap, Alfons J. M. Stams e Bart P. Lomans. "Archaeal (Per)Chlorate Reduction at High Temperature: An Interplay of Biotic and Abiotic Reactions". Science 340, n. 6128 (4 aprile 2013): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1233957.

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Perchlorate and chlorate anions [(per)chlorate] exist in the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources, where they can serve as electron acceptors for bacteria. We performed growth experiments combined with genomic and proteomic analyses of the hyperthermophileArchaeoglobus fulgidusthat show (per)chlorate reduction also extends into the archaeal domain of life. The (per)chlorate reduction pathway inA. fulgidusrelies on molybdo-enzymes that have similarity with bacterial enzymes; however, chlorite is not enzymatically split into chloride and oxygen. Evidence suggests that it is eliminated by an interplay of abiotic and biotic redox reactions involving sulfur compounds. Biological (per)chlorate reduction by ancient archaea at high temperature may have prevented accumulation of perchlorate in early terrestrial environments and consequently given rise to oxidizing conditions on Earth before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis.

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THIELTGES, D. W. "Habitat and transmission – effect of tidal level and upstream host density on metacercarial load in an intertidal bivalve". Parasitology 134, n. 4 (1 novembre 2006): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200600165x.

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Transmission of parasites may be mediated by their habitat, consisting of abiotic and biotic components. I investigated the effect of 2 important habitat components in intertidal ecosystems, tidal level (abiotic) and density of upstream hosts (biotic), on the transmission of trematode cercariae to cockle (Cerastoderma edule) hosts. A field survey showed no general trend in metacercarial loads of cockles regarding tidal level but species-dependent reactions. Parasites originating from Littorina littorea (Himasthla elongata, Renicola roscovita) showed highest infection levels in the low intertidal while parasites originating from Hydrobia ulvae (H. continua, H. interrupta) showed highest infection levels in the mid-intertidal. This reflected the density of upstream hosts at both tidal levels and positive relationships between the density of upstream hosts and metacercarial load in cockles suggested the biotic habitat component to be the dominant factor in transmission. This was confirmed by a field experiment, manipulating tidal level and the density of infected upstream snail hosts. While tidal level had no significant effect on the number of metacercariae of H. elongata acquired by cockles, the effect of upstream host density was strong. In conclusion, although tidal level usually is a very important abiotic habitat component in intertidal ecosystems leading to conspicuous zonation patterns in free-living organisms, it seems of minor importance for trematode transmission. In contrast, the biotic component upstream host density is suggested to be the dominant predictor for trematode transmission to second intermediate hosts. Assessing the relative importance of abiotic and biotic habitat components in transmission is vital for the understanding of transmission processes in the field.

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Kotsiopoulos, Athanasios, e Susan T. L. Harrison. "Enhancing ARD Mitigation by Application of Benign Tailings to Reduce the Permeability of Waste Rock Dumps". Advanced Materials Research 1130 (novembre 2015): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.560.

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ARD mitigation is considered by reducing the permeability of acid-generating coal interburden waste rock dumps. Fine desulfurised benign tailings were used to conceal exposed surface active sites from air, water and more aggressive sulfur-and iron-oxidizing microorganisms in acidic environments. Test columns containing interburden waste rock co-disposed with benign tailings were configured as either alternating layered covers or as a blended mixture of tailings and discards. Demonstration of the efficacy of the procedure was assessed by analyzing effluent solution concentrations of the concurrently operated simulated ore beds following inoculation with micro-organisms implicated in bioleaching (biotic mode) or in the absence of inoculation (abiotic mode). The presence of fine tailings both minimized the infiltration of oxidants to the porous ore and void space within the packed bed and provided neutralisation. In biotic mode, tests with layered covers of desulfurised tailings were less successful at limiting microbial activity and associated accelerated oxidation reactions. Blended columns resulted in reduced leaching reactions and an increase in the mean residence time of the solution phase. By increasing the solution residence time, an aqueous cover was concurrently formed, evolving into a bifunctional mitigating measure

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Manzhalesava, N. E., R. P. Litvinovskaya, S. N. Poljanskaja, L. A. Karytsko e A. P. Savachka. "Protective effect of brasinosteroid salicilates on spring barley plants exposed to biotic stress". Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 63, n. 3 (28 giugno 2019): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2019-63-3-304-311.

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In laboratory experiments, salicylates 24-epibrassinolide, 24-epicastasterone and the first synthesized 6-deoxo-24-epicastasterone salicylate act as inducers of plant immunity under biotic stress on the model phytopathosystem of barley-phytopathogenic fungus Helminthosporium teres Sacc. In small-scale field experiments, it was shown that the treatment of plants with brassinosteroid salicylates has a stimulating effect on the formation of protective physiological and biochemical reactions of plants. The most active protective effect exhibited salicylate 24-epibrassinolide.

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Amare Finsa, Kasahun. "A Review of Wrky Transcription Factors in The Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Cotton (Gossypium Spp.)". Transplantation Proceedings and Research 1, n. 1 (27 dicembre 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-8991/002.

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Cotton is an important economic crop that is grown in over 100 countries throughout the world. It provides the textile industry raw materials, cottonseed oil for cooking, and edible and protein-rich oil cake remnants for farm animals. Abiotic and biotic stressors limit its production, which is strongly reliant on climatic circumstances. Cotton plants have several built-in mechanisms for dealing with abiotic and biotic stress. These defense systems are controlled by changes in the expression of stress-responsive genes. Several stress response-related genes have been discovered, including WRKY transcription elements. WRKY proteins bind to the W box (TGACC (A/T)) in the promoter regions of genes to activate or reduce the expression of downstream genes, which regulates the stress response. It also works with other transcription factors to control the defense responses of the plant. The function of WRKY transcription factors in cotton was briefly discussed in this review in terms of drought, salinity, temperature, and oxidative and biotic stress reactions. In conclusion, WRKY genes are thought to be important components of gene regulatory networks involved in plant stress responses and developmental plasticity in response to seasonal variations in environmental conditions and pathogenic infections.

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Khawula, Sindiswa, Arun Gokul, Lee-Ann Niekerk, Gerhard Basson, Marshall Keyster, Mihlali Badiwe, Ashwil Klein e Mbukeni Nkomo. "Insights into the Effects of Hydroxycinnamic Acid and Its Secondary Metabolites as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress and Plant Growth under Environmental Stresses". Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2023): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010007.

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Plant immobility renders plants constantly susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic and biotic stresses are known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause comparable cellular secondary reactions (osmotic or oxidative stress), leading to agricultural productivity constraints worldwide. To mitigate the challenges caused by these stresses, plants have evolved a variety of adaptive strategies. Phenolic acids form a key component of these strategies, as they are predominantly known to be secreted by plants in response to abiotic or biotic stresses. Phenolic acids can be divided into different subclasses based on their chemical structures, such as hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This review analyzes hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives as they increase under stressful conditions, so to withstand environmental stresses they regulate physiological processes through acting as signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and biochemical pathways. The mechanism of action used by hydroxycinnamic acid involves minimization of oxidative damage to maintain cellular homeostasis and protect vital cellular components from harm. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of hydroxycinnamic acid metabolites/derivatives as potential antioxidants. We review the uses of different secondary metabolites associated with hydroxycinnamic acid and their contributions to plant growth and development.

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Klisz, Marcin, Radosław Puchałka, Sławomir Wilczyński, Władysław Kantorowicz, Tomasz Jabłoński e Jan Kowalczyk. "The Effect of Insect Defoliations and Seed Production on the Dynamics of Radial Growth Synchrony among Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris L. Provenances". Forests 10, n. 10 (22 ottobre 2019): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100934.

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The intraspecific variation of climate–growth relationships observed on provenance trials results from among–provenance differences in phenotypic plasticity. Temporal variation in radial growth synchrony among provenances may be modified by adverse climatic/biotic conditions such as drought or insect defoliation. However, these factors can potentially diminish provenance–specific growth reactions and, consequently, prevent the identification of provenances with the highest adaptive potential. Thus, understanding the influence of major biotic conditions on provenance–specific climate–growth relationships seems to be important to anticipate climate change. To determine provenance–specific growth patterns in relation to climate conditions (drought), seed production (reproductive effort), and insect defoliation in a common garden of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we applied dendroecological techniques to time–series of tree–ring widths and basal area increments. The long–term records of seed production and insect outbreaks from the local Scots pine stands were used to explain the potential effect of biotic factors on the temporal dynamics of radial growth synchrony. During a period of favorable growth conditions, Scots pine provenances showed a decline in inter–provenance synchronicity in growth patterns, while during years affected by severe soil water deficit and insect defoliation, they manifested high uniformity in growth dynamics. The long–term trend in growth synchrony among P. sylvestris provenances depend on both abiotic and biotic environmental factors. This gains significance following an introduction of the appropriate selection of tree provenances for climate–smart forestry.

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Wu, Gang, Jinju Geng, Shengnan Li, Juechun Li, Yingying Fu, Ke Xu, Hongqiang Ren e Xuxiang Zhang. "Abiotic and biotic processes of diclofenac in enriched nitrifying sludge: Kinetics, transformation products and reactions". Science of The Total Environment 683 (settembre 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.216.

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Shabalin, K. V., L. E. Foss, L. I. Musin, O. A. Nagornova, D. N. Borisov e M. R. Yakubov. "Abiotic Degradation of Oil Asphaltens". Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 627, n. 5 (2021): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-627-5-53-56.

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This review is devoted to the generalization and systematization of the available literature data on the processes of abiotic degradation of asphaltenes, which can occur in natural conditions. In particular, it was shown that exposure to sunlight, and especially UV radiation, triggers photolysis and photooxidation reactions in asphaltenes, leading to an increase in the oxygen content in them, thereby shifting the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance towards hydrophilicity. At the same time the availability of reaction products for subsequent biotic degradation by microorganisms is increased. Exposure to ionizing radiation does not lead to a significant change in the molecular composition of asphaltenes, due to their high radiation resistance. As exception there is the irradiation of asphaltenes with intense electron beams, which leads to their significant degradation.

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Barna, Balázs. "Manipulation of Senescence of Plants to Improve Biotic Stress Resistance". Life 12, n. 10 (26 settembre 2022): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101496.

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The physiological state, i.e., senescence or juvenility, of plants and plant organs can have strong effect on their reactions to pathogen attacks. This effect is mainly expressed as changes in the severity of disease symptoms. Generally, necrotrophic pathogens cause more severe symptoms on senescent than on juvenile plants, while biotrophs prefer juvenile tissues. Several factors of senescence have opposite effect on the two pathogen groups, such as decreased photosynthesis, decreased antioxidant capacity, remobilization of nutrients, changes in plant hormonal network, and in fluidity of cell membranes. Furthermore, senescent tissues are less tolerant to toxins and to cell-wall-degrading enzymes. On the other hand, pathogen infection itself has significant effect on the physiology of plants depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen and on the compatibility or incompatibility of the interaction with the plant. There are several possibilities to manipulate the physiological state of plants in order to improve their biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, such as removal of the terminal bud or high doses of nitrogen, external application of cytokinins or of inhibitors of ethylene action, as well as by spontaneous or directed mutation, in vitro selection, or manipulation by various transgenic approach. Even application of mycorrhiza can inhibit the senescence process of plants and improve their tolerance to stresses.

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Vasilenko, Violetta, Irina Arkadeva, Vera Bogdanovskaya, George Sudarev, Sergei Kalenov, Marco Vocciante e Eleonora Koltsova. "Glucose-Oxygen Biofuel Cell with Biotic and Abiotic Catalysts: Experimental Research and Mathematical Modeling". Energies 13, n. 21 (28 ottobre 2020): 5630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215630.

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The demand for alternative sources of clean, sustainable, and renewable energy has been a focus of research around the world for the past few decades. Microbial/enzymatic biofuel cells are one of the popular technologies for generating electricity from organic substrates. Currently, one of the promising fuel options is based on glucose due to its multiple advantages: high energy intensity, environmental friendliness, low cost, etc. The effectiveness of biofuel cells is largely determined by the activity of biocatalytic systems applied to accelerate electrode reactions. For this work with aerobic granular sludge as a basis, a nitrogen-fixing community of microorganisms has been selected. The microorganisms were immobilized on a carbon material (graphite foam, carbon nanotubes). The bioanode was developed from a selected biological material. A membraneless biofuel cell glucose/oxygen, with abiotic metal catalysts and biocatalysts based on a microorganism community and enzymes, has been developed. Using methods of laboratory electrochemical studies and mathematical modeling, the physicochemical phenomena and processes occurring in the cell has been studied. The mathematical model includes equations for the kinetics of electrochemical reactions and the growth of microbiological population, the material balance of the components, and charge balance. The results of calculations of the distribution of component concentrations over the thickness of the active layer and over time are presented. The data obtained from the model calculations correspond to the experimental ones. Optimization for fuel concentration has been carried out.

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McCormick, Michael L., Edward J. Bouwer e Peter Adriaens. "Carbon Tetrachloride Transformation in a Model Iron-Reducing Culture: Relative Kinetics of Biotic and Abiotic Reactions". Environmental Science & Technology 36, n. 3 (febbraio 2002): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010923+.

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PAL, S., J. BOLLAG e P. HUANG. "Role of abiotic and biotic catalysts in the transformation of phenolic compounds through oxidative coupling reactions". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, n. 7 (luglio 1994): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90297-6.

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Schmidt, Henning T., Henrik A. B. Johansson, Richard D. Thomas, Wolf D. Geppert, Nicole Haag, Peter Reinhed, Stefan Rosén et al. "DESIREE as a new tool for interstellar ion chemistry". International Journal of Astrobiology 7, n. 3-4 (12 agosto 2008): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550408004229.

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AbstractA novel cryogenic electrostatic storage device consisting of two ion-beam storage rings with a common straight section for studies of interactions between oppositely charged ions at low and well-defined relative velocities is under construction at Stockholm University. Here we consider the prospect of using this new tool to measure cross-sections and rate coefficients for mutual neutralization reactions of importance in interstellar ion chemistry in general and specifically in cosmic pre-biotic ion chemistry.

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Javed, Muhammad Azhar, Yasir Mahmood, Amjad Shahzad Gondal, Muhammad Sajid, Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi, Sobia Chohan e Muhammad Abeer. "Disease Surveillence and Pathogenic Variability of Ascochyta Rabiei causing Blight of Chickpea in Punjab Pakistan". Plant Health 2, n. 2 (28 dicembre 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/planthealth.02.02.5076.

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Chickpea is an important legume crop and plays a significant role in global food security. Production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. The most significant biotic factor, Ascochyta rabiei is a fungal pathogen that causes Ascochyta blight in chickpeas, leading to substantial yield losses globally and is the primary cause in Pakistan. This pathogen causes heavy yield losses annually in the chickpea industry. The knowledge of the pathogenic variability of A. rabiei isolates can significantly impact the effectiveness of blight disease management strategies. A survey was conducted to collect blight samples to assess the pathogenic variability of A. rabiei isolates from different chickpea-growing regions of Punjab. The disease incidence and severity data were recorded using the quadrat square method in the fields. After isolation and purification, the pathogenicity test was conducted for conformation of the isolates. The virulence of ten isolates of A. rabiei was analyzed on six differential chickpea genotypes under artificial inoculation conditions in the glasshouse. The differential genotypes showed different levels of resistance and susceptibility to the isolates. Based on the reactions, the population of A. rabiei was grouped into different groups using a 1-9 rating scale. Only two isolates, BKR-01 and LAY-01, produced a high virulent effect against six germplasm. These isolates were collected from the Bhakkar and Layyah. The isolate MTN-1 were categorised as the least virulent. At the same time, the remaining isolates showed a moderate level of reaction.

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Smith, Christy A., Kirk T. O'Reilly e Michael R. Hyman. "Characterization of the Initial Reactions during the Cometabolic Oxidation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by Propane-Grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 2 (febbraio 2003): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.2.796-804.2003.

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ABSTRACT The initial reactions in the cometabolic oxidation of the gasoline oxygenate, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), by Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 have been characterized. Two products, tert-butyl formate (TBF) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), rapidly accumulated extracellularly when propane-grown cells were incubated with MTBE. Lower rates of TBF and TBA production from MTBE were also observed with cells grown on 1- or 2-propanol, while neither product was generated from MTBE by cells grown on casein-yeast extract-dextrose broth. Kinetic studies with propane-grown cells demonstrated that TBF is the dominant (≥80%) initial product of MTBE oxidation and that TBA accumulates from further biotic and abiotic hydrolysis of TBF. Our results suggest that the biotic hydrolysis of TBF is catalyzed by a heat-stable esterase with activity toward several other tert-butyl esters. Propane-grown cells also oxidized TBA, but no further oxidation products were detected. Like the oxidation of MTBE, TBA oxidation was fully inhibited by acetylene, an inactivator of short-chain alkane monooxygenase in M. vaccae JOB5. Oxidation of both MTBE and TBA was also inhibited by propane (Ki = 3.3 to 4.4 μM). Values for Ks of 1.36 and 1.18 mM and for V max of 24.4 and 10.4 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1 were derived for MTBE and TBA, respectively. We conclude that the initial steps in the pathway of MTBE oxidation by M. vaccae JOB5 involve two reactions catalyzed by the same monooxygenase (MTBE and TBA oxidation) that are temporally separated by an esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of TBF to TBA. These results that suggest the initial reactions in MTBE oxidation by M. vaccae JOB5 are the same as those that we have previously characterized in gaseous alkane-utilizing fungi.

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Carlson, H. K., I. C. Clark, S. J. Blazewicz, A. T. Iavarone e J. D. Coates. "Fe(II) Oxidation Is an Innate Capability of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria That Involves Abiotic and Biotic Reactions". Journal of Bacteriology 195, n. 14 (17 maggio 2013): 3260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00058-13.

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García-Montelongo, Ana María, Amelia C. Montoya-Martínez, Pamela Helue Morales-Sandoval, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota e Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Beneficial Microorganisms as a Sustainable Alternative for Mitigating Biotic Stresses in Crops". Stresses 3, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2023): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses3010016.

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Nowadays, population growth, the global temperature increase, and the appearance of emerging diseases in important crops generate uncertainty regarding world food security. The use of agrochemicals has been the “go-to” solution for the control of phytopathogenic microorganisms, such as Magnaporte oryzae, causing blast disease in rice and other cereals; Botrytis cinerea, causing gray mold in over 500 plant species; and Puccinia spp., causing rust in cereals. However, their excessive use has harmed human health, as well as ecosystems (contaminating water, and contributing to soil degradation); besides, phytopathogens can develop resistance to them. The inoculation of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) to crops is a sustainable strategy for increasing the yield and quality of crops and mitigating biotic stresses. Likewise, PGPMs, such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Trichoderma, can trigger a series of signals and reactions in the plant that lead to the induction of systemic resistance, a mechanism by which plants react to microorganism stimulation by activating their defense system, resulting in protection against future pathogen attack. These plant defense mechanisms help to mitigate biotic stresses that threaten global food security. Thus, the study of these mechanisms at molecular, transcriptomic, and metabolomic levels is indispensable to elucidate how stresses affect globally important crops.

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Timkin, P. D., e A. A. Penzin. "Bioinformatic method for determining single nucleotide polymorphisms on the example of gene WIN in Glycine max". Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 12, n. 4 (2 gennaio 2023): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-4-599-604.

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In this paper, a hypothetical method for locating SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) on the example of the ribonuclease gene WIN was proposed. Ribonuclease comprises an enzyme that participates in defence reactions against fungal infections in soybeans, as well as other protective responses to biotic stress. Its belonging to the RNA-ases group determines the specific properties, namely the ability to degrade foreign nucleic acids. This ability provides for a general nonspecific immune response of the plant to the invasion of antigenic structures. Modern biotechnology calls for the development of molecular methods and approaches that will increase the resistance of a culture or accelerate the processes of its adaptation in the field. This problem can be solved by using technologies of SNP artificial induction in those parts of the genome that encode proteins capable of acting in protective reactions against biotic stress. In the study, 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were proposed using bioinformatic analysis. Since the localisation and detection of SNPs comprise a challenging task due to the presence of a single nucleotide change, in the biotechnological practice, predictive analysis is carried out in order to localise the potential sequence of occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism. Following the identification of the hypothetical SNP location, they can be further detected using complex molecular methods, such as real-time PCR or local sequencing. This technology can become a powerful tool for breeding soybean varieties having predetermined properties. Such theoretical and predictive models will allow for a quicker response to the dynamic environment under manmade load on plants.

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Steele, A., L. G. Benning, R. Wirth, A. Schreiber, T. Araki, F. M. McCubbin, M. D. Fries et al. "Organic synthesis associated with serpentinization and carbonation on early Mars". Science 375, n. 6577 (14 gennaio 2022): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg7905.

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Abiotic formation of organic molecules Mars rovers have found complex organic molecules in the ancient rocks exposed on the planet’s surface and methane in the modern atmosphere. It is unclear what processes produced these organics, with proposals including both biotic and abiotic sources. Steele et al . analyzed the nanoscale mineralogy of the Mars meteorite ALH 84001 and found evidence of organic synthesis driven by serpentinization and carbonation reactions that occurred during the aqueous alteration of basalt rock by hydrothermal fluids. The results demonstrate that abiotic production of organic molecules operated on Mars 4 billion years ago. —KTS

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Stupin, A. S., V. I. Levin e L. A. Antipkina. "Response of stressed seeds of grain crops to changing conditions and duration of their storage". BIO Web of Conferences 71 (2023): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237101055.

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The article investigates the dynamics of the formation of an adaptive response in stressed seeds of spring wheat and barley, depending on the duration and storage conditions. Species differences in seeds on the impact of stress factors of abiotic and biotic nature were studied according to the criteria - morphological characteristics of seedlings, speed, germination energy and laboratory germination of seeds. The leading role of air exchange in blocking the development of stress reactions in seeds has been established. The effect of volatile secretions of saprophytic mold fungi and hyperthermia on the morphometric parameters of initial growth processes in seedlings is shown.

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Génin, J. M. R. "Fe(II–III) Hydroxysalt Green Rusts; from Corrosion to Mineralogy and Abiotic to Biotic Reactions by Mössbauer Spectroscopy". Hyperfine Interactions 156/157, n. 1-4 (2004): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hype.0000043268.31697.44.

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Pandian, Balaji Aravindhan, Rajendran Sathishraj, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman, P. V. Vara Prasad e Mithila Jugulam. "Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Plant Stress Response". Antioxidants 9, n. 5 (25 maggio 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050454.

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Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the largest enzyme family involved in NADPH- and/or O2-dependent hydroxylation reactions across all the domains of life. In plants and animals, CYPs play a central role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. In addition to this function, CYPs act as versatile catalysts and play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and phytohormones in higher plants. The molecular and biochemical processes catalyzed by CYPs have been well characterized, however, the relationship between the biochemical process catalyzed by CYPs and its effect on several plant functions was not well established. The advent of next-generation sequencing opened new avenues to unravel the involvement of CYPs in several plant functions such as plant stress response. The expression of several CYP genes are regulated in response to environmental stresses, and they also play a prominent role in the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. CYPs have an enormous potential to be used as a candidate for engineering crop species resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest research on the role of CYPs in plant stress response.

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Shabir, Muzamil, Zunaira Amjad, Ahmer Jalal, Zulekha Zulekha, Iqra Fatima, Khizra Yousaf, Muhammad Mutie Un Nabi e Arij Khalil. "New Insights for Plant Genome Optimization, Biotic and Abiotic Stresses and Agricultural Applications". Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences 8, n. 08 (22 settembre 2023): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjls.2023.v08i08.002.

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Plant genomics experienced a revolution as a result of the cheap cost and simplicity of sequencing, which produced numerous assemblies of inferior quality but also a sharp rise in the number of revolutionary genome-enabled discoveries concerning the basic plant biology. Crops physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses to several abiotic challenges appear to be very different from their reactions to single stresses. One of the most crucial fields of plant research is the investigation of the processes underlying plant adaptation to environmental stresses. As biological messengers that control gene expression, ROS and NO work synergistically to activate defense mechanisms in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is known that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), which is thought to be a key regulator of plant stress tolerance due to its effect on protein S-nitrosylation, contributes to Solanum lycopersicum's thermotolerance. Vitamin K3, often known as pro-vitamin K, has an addition component called menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB). In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9 can speed up the plant breeding by quickly, precisely, and predictably altering genomes. CRISPR/Cas9 has recently gained popularity as a technique for genome editing and has been extensively utilized in crop resistance breeding because to its effectiveness, simplicity, and adaptability.

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Ben M’Barek, Sarrah, Marwa Laribi, Hajer Kouki, Dalma Castillo, Chayma Araar, Meriem Nefzaoui, Karim Ammar, Carolina Saint-Pierre e Amor Hassine Yahyaoui. "Phenotyping Mediterranean Durum Wheat Landraces for Resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici in Tunisia". Genes 13, n. 2 (16 febbraio 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020355.

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Durum wheat landraces have huge potential for the identification of genetic factors valuable for improving resistance to biotic stresses. Tunisia is known as a hot spot for Septoria tritici blotch disease (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (Z. tritici). In this context, a collection of 3166 Mediterranean durum wheat landraces were evaluated at the seedling and adult stages for STB resistance in the 2016–2017 cropping season under field conditions in Kodia (Tunisia). Unadapted/susceptible accessions were eliminated to reach the final set of 1059 accessions; this was termed the Med-collection, which comprised accessions from 13 countries and was also screened in the 2018–2019 cropping season. The Med-collection showed high frequency of resistance reactions, among which over 50% showed an immune reaction (HR) at both seedling and adult growth stages. Interestingly, 92% of HR and R accessions maintained their resistance levels across the two years, confirming the highly significant correlation found between seedling- and adult-stage reactions. Plant Height was found to have a negative significant effect on adult-stage resistance, suggesting that either this trait can influence disease severity, or that it can be due to environmental/epidemiological factors. Accessions from Italy showed the highest variability, while those from Portugal, Spain and Tunisia showed the highest levels of resistance at both growth stages, suggesting that the latter accessions may harbor novel QTLs effective for STB resistance.

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Badurina, Luka, Branimir Šegvić, Oleg Mandic e Giovanni Zanoni. "Smectitization as a Trigger of Bacterially Mediated Mn-Fe Micronodule Generation in Felsic Glass (Livno-Tomislavgrad Paleolake, Bosnia and Herzegovina)". Minerals 10, n. 10 (10 ottobre 2020): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100899.

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Miocene tuffs preserved in argillaceous sediment interbedded with lacustrine successions are commonly encountered throughout the Dinarides Lake System (DLS) in south-eastern Europe. In this contribution the volcanic glass degradation and co-genetic Mn-Fe precipitation were studied in a 14.68 Ma felsic tuff from DLS Livno-Tomislavgrad Basin. Microbial activity has been involved in both reactions thus adding the interest of revealing effects of biotic and abiotic processes taking place during tuff eogenesis. X-ray diffraction and electron microbeam analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the pitting or granular structures developed at glass rims along with smectite flakes protruding from a degrading glass. Mn-Fe mineralization emerges in the form of Mn-Fe coatings, an initial step to micronodule formation, where traces of biogenetic influence included a high content of phases rich in structural Mn (IV) (i.e., ranciéite and jacobsite) and presence of microbial microfossils. Co-genetic ties between glass degradation and Mn-Fe precipitation were established through the report of dioctahedral smectite formed out of altered glass; which then served as nuclei of the ongoing biotic and abiotic Mn-Fe mineralization. These processes manifest on a continuous involvement of microbial life in the course of eogenesis of pyroclastic material in lacustrine environments.

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LIU, Xinliang, Fuliang CAO, Jinfeng CAI e Huanli WANG. "The Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of a CYP71 Gene in Ginkgo biloba L." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, n. 1 (14 giugno 2016): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110214.

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Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are a group of redox proteins that catalyze various oxidative reactions in plant secondary metabolism. To explore the function of the CYP71 gene in Ginkgo biloba under biotic and abiotic stresses, a full-length CYP gene, designated GbCYP71, was first isolated and characterized from leaves of G. biloba. It contained a 1512-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 503 amino-acid-deduced polypeptide whose theoretical molecular weight was 56.9 kDa. The genomic DNA sequence of GbCYP71 contained two exons and one intron. The cDNA of GbCYP71 was subcloned in a pET-32a vector and then transformed into E. coli strain BL21 (DE3). A protein with a molecular weight of 76.4 kDa was subsequently identified and found to be consistent with the above theoretical value. Transient expression analysis revealed that the GbCYP71 protein may be located in the G. biloba cell cytoplasm. GbCYP71 was expressed in almost all ginkgo tissues, including leaves, stamens, gynoecia, stems and, preferentially, roots. Expression-profiling analyses revealed that GbCYP71 can be induced by salinity stress and phytohormone signals, including salicylic acid, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate and ethephon, but is repressed by heat and cold stresses. These results indicate that GbCYP71 mainly functions in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Preiner, Martina, Joana C. Xavier, Andrey do Nascimento Vieira, Karl Kleinermanns, John F. Allen e William F. Martin. "Catalysts, autocatalysis and the origin of metabolism". Interface Focus 9, n. 6 (18 ottobre 2019): 20190072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0072.

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If life on Earth started out in geochemical environments like hydrothermal vents, then it started out from gasses like CO 2 , N 2 and H 2 . Anaerobic autotrophs still live from these gasses today, and they still inhabit the Earth's crust. In the search for connections between abiotic processes in ancient geological systems and biotic processes in biological systems, it becomes evident that chemical activation (catalysis) of these gasses and a constant source of energy are key. The H 2 –CO 2 redox reaction provides a constant source of energy and anabolic inputs, because the equilibrium lies on the side of reduced carbon compounds. Identifying geochemical catalysts that activate these gasses en route to nitrogenous organic compounds and small autocatalytic networks will be an important step towards understanding prebiotic chemistry that operates only on the basis of chemical energy, without input from solar radiation. So, if life arose in the dark depths of hydrothermal vents, then understanding reactions and catalysts that operate under such conditions is crucial for understanding origins.

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Máthé, Csaba, Csongor Freytag, Adrienn Kelemen, Márta M-Hamvas e Tamás Garda. "“B” Regulatory Subunits of PP2A: Their Roles in Plant Development and Stress Reactions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 6 (7 marzo 2023): 5147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065147.

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Protein phosphatase PP2A is an enzyme complex consisting of C (catalytic), A (scaffold) and B (regulatory) subunits. B subunits are a large family of proteins that regulate activity, substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the holoenzyme. Knowledge on the molecular functions of PP2A in plants is less than for protein kinases, but it is rapidly increasing. B subunits are responsible for the large diversity of PP2A functioning. This paper intends to give a survey on their multiple regulatory mechanisms. Firstly, we give a short description on our current knowledge in terms of “B”-mediated regulation of metabolic pathways. Next, we present their subcellular localizations, which extend from the nucleus to the cytosol and membrane compartments. The next sections show how B subunits regulate cellular processes from mitotic division to signal transduction pathways, including hormone signaling, and then the emerging evidence for their regulatory (mostly modulatory) roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Knowledge on these issues should be increased in the near future, since it contributes to a better understanding of how plant cells work, it may have agricultural applications, and it may have new insights into how vascular plants including crops face diverse environmental challenges.

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Salamon, Sylwia, Julia Żok, Karolina Gromadzka e Lidia Błaszczyk. "Expression Patterns of miR398, miR167, and miR159 in the Interaction between Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Pathogenic Fusarium culmorum and Beneficial Trichoderma Fungi". Pathogens 10, n. 11 (11 novembre 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111461.

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Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an agronomically significant cereal cultivated worldwide. Wheat breeding is limited by numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. One of the most deleterious factors is biotic stress provoked by the Fusarium culmorum fungus. This pathogen is a causative agent of Fusarium root rot and Fusarium head blight. Beneficial fungi Trichoderma atroviride and T. cremeum are strong antagonists of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. These fungi promote plant growth and enhance their tolerance of negative environmental conditions. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the spatial (in above- and underground organs) and temporal (early: 6 and 22 hpi; and late: 5 and 7 dpi reactions) expression profiles of three mature miRNAs (miR398, miR167, and miR159) in wheat plants inoculated with two strains of F. culmorum (KF846 and EW49). Moreover, the spatial expression patterns in wheat response between plants inoculated with beneficial T. atroviride (AN35) and T. cremeum (AN392) were assessed. Understanding the sophisticated role of miRNAs in wheat–fungal interactions may initiate a discussion concerning the use of this knowledge to protect wheat plants from the harmful effects of fungal pathogens. With the use of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), the absolute quantification of the selected miRNAs in the tested material was carried out. The differential accumulation of miR398, miR167, and miR159 in the studied groups was observed. The abundance of all analyzed miRNAs in the roots demonstrated an increase in the early and reduction in late wheat response to F. culmorum inoculation, suggesting the role of these particles in the initial wheat reaction to the studied fungal pathogen. The diverse expression patterns of the studied miRNAs between Trichoderma–inoculated or F. culmorum–inoculated plants and control wheat, as well as between Trichoderma–inoculated and F. culmorum–inoculated plants, were noticed, indicating the need for further analysis.

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Yurchenko, Eugeniya, e Alexander Artamonov. "Technological Effectiveness of Chelated Micronutrient Fertilizers in Leaf Treatments Inducing Grapes Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses". BIO Web of Conferences 21 (2020): 00033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202100033.

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Fertilizers based on complexes of chelated trace elements are the most common and effective agricultural products for the induction of protective-compensatory and other adaptive reactions of plants. The influence of various leaf treatments technologies with chelated micronutrient fertilizers application on the stability of grapes is studied under increasing abiotic and biotic environment factors within the Taman Peninsula (Russia) considering the content of proline, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), total water in the leaves, as well as the development of infectious drying of clusters and leaf spotting reduction due to the treatment. The new optimized scheme application on the chelated micronutrient fertilizers showed a predominantly positive effect on the grape plants adaptation to high-temperature drought and fungal diseases susceptibility, as well as essential increase of the average cluster weight and yield per hectare.

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Piasecka, Anna, Piotr Kachlicki e Maciej Stobiecki. "Analytical Methods for Detection of Plant Metabolomes Changes in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 2 (17 gennaio 2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020379.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses are the main reasons of substantial crop yield losses worldwide. Research devoted to reveal mechanisms of plant reactions during their interactions with the environment are conducted on the level of genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Data obtained during these studies would permit to define biochemical and physiological mechanisms of plant resistance or susceptibility to affecting factors/stresses. Metabolomics based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of research conducted in the direction of breeding new varieties of crop plants tolerant to the affecting stresses and possessing good agronomical features. Studies of this kind are carried out on model, crop and resurrection plants. Metabolites profiling yields large sets of data and due to this fact numerous advanced statistical and bioinformatic methods permitting to obtain qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the results have been developed. Moreover, advanced integration of metabolomics data with these obtained on other omics levels: genome, transcriptome and proteome should be carried out. Such a holistic approach would bring us closer to understanding biochemical and physiological processes of the cell and whole plant interacting with the environment and further apply these observations in successful breeding of stress tolerant or resistant crop plants.

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Otulak-Kozieł, Katarzyna, Edmund Kozieł, Krzysztof Treder e Piotr Rusin. "Homogalacturonan Pectins Tuned as an Effect of Susceptible rbohD, Col-0-Reactions, and Resistance rbohF-, rbohD/F-Reactions to TuMV". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 10 (11 maggio 2024): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105256.

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The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens. Homogalacturonans (HGs), a main component of pectins, have been postulated as defensive molecules in plant–pathogen interactions and linked to resistance responses. This research focused on examining the regulation of selected pectin metabolism components in susceptible (rbohD-, Col-0-TuMV) and resistance (rbohF-, rbohD/F–TuMV) reactions. Regardless of the interaction type, ultrastructural results indicated dynamic cell wall rebuilding. In the susceptible reaction promoted by RbohF, there was upregulation of AtPME3 (pectin methylesterase) but not AtPME17, confirmed by induction of PME3 protein deposition. Moreover, the highest PME activity along with a decrease in cell wall methylesters compared to resistance interactions in rbohD–TuMV were noticed. Consequently, the susceptible reaction of rbohD and Col-0 to TuMV was characterized by a significant domination of low/non-methylesterificated HGs. In contrast, cell wall changes during the resistance response of rbohF and rbohD/F to TuMV were associated with dynamic induction of AtPMEI2, AtPMEI3, AtGAUT1, and AtGAUT7 genes, confirmed by significant induction of PMEI2, PMEI3, and GAUT1 protein deposition. In both resistance reactions, a dynamic decrease in PME activity was documented, which was most intense in rbohD/F–TuMV. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in cell wall methylesters, indicating that the domination of highly methylesterificated HGs was associated with cell wall rebuilding in rbohF and rbohD/F defense responses to TuMV. These findings suggest that selected PME with PMEI enzymes have a diverse impact on the demethylesterification of HGs and metabolism as a result of rboh–TuMV interactions, and are important factors in regulating cell wall changes depending on the type of interaction, especially in resistance responses. Therefore, PMEI2 and PMEI3 could potentially be important signaling resistance factors in the rboh–TuMV pathosystem.

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Stratilová, Barbora, Stanislav Kozmon, Eva Stratilová e Maria Hrmova. "Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant". Molecules 25, n. 23 (29 novembre 2020): 5619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235619.

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Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.

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Briard, L., C. Goujarde, C. Bousquet e A. Dussutour. "Stress signalling in acellular slime moulds and its detection by conspecifics". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n. 1802 (18 maggio 2020): 20190470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0470.

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Unicellular organisms live in unpredictable environments. Therefore, they need to continuously assess environmental conditions and respond appropriately to survive and thrive. When subjected to rapid changes in their environment or to cellular damages, unicellular organisms such as bacteria exhibit strong physiological reactions called stress responses that can be sensed by conspecifics. The ability to detect and use stress-related cues released by conspecifics to acquire information about the environment constitutes an adaptive survival response by prompting the organism to avoid potential dangers. Here, we investigate stress signalling and its detection by conspecifics in a unicellular organism, Physarum polycephalum . Slime moulds were subjected to either biotic (i.e. nutritional) or abiotic (i.e. chemical and light) stressors or left undisturbed while they were exploring a homogeneous environment. Then, we observed the responses of slime moulds facing a choice between cues released by stressed clone mates and cues released by undisturbed ones. We found that slime moulds actively avoided environments previously explored by stressed clone mates. These results suggest that slime moulds, like bacteria or social amoeba, exhibit physiological responses to biotic and abiotic stresses that can be sensed by conspecifics. Our results establish slime moulds as a promising new model to investigate the use of social information in unicellular organisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.

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Comba, Peter, Marion Kerscher, Torsten Krause e Heinz Friedrich Schöler. "Iron-catalysed oxidation and halogenation of organic matter in nature". Environmental Chemistry 12, n. 4 (2015): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14240.

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Environmental context Natural organohalogens produced in and released from soils are of utmost importance for ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Formation mechanisms of natural organohalogens are reviewed with particular attention to recent advances in biomimetic chemistry as well as in radical-based Fenton chemistry. Iron-catalysed oxidation in biotic and abiotic systems converts organic matter in nature to organohalogens. Abstract Natural and anthropogenic organic matter is continuously transformed by abiotic and biotic processes in the biosphere. These reactions include partial and complete oxidation (mineralisation) or reduction of organic matter, depending on the redox milieu. Products of these transformations are, among others, volatile substances with atmospheric relevance, e.g. CO2, alkanes and organohalogens. Natural organohalogens, produced in and released from soils and salt surfaces, are of utmost importance for stratospheric (e.g. CH3Cl, CH3Br for ozone depletion) and tropospheric (e.g. Br2, BrCl, Cl2, HOCl, HOBr, ClNO2, BrNO2 and BrONO2 for the bromine explosion in polar, marine and continental boundary layers, and I2, CH3I, CH2I2 for reactive iodine chemistry, leading to new particle formation) chemistry, and pose a hazard to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. halogenated carbonic acids such as trichloroacetic acid). Mechanisms for the formation of volatile hydrocarbons and oxygenated as well as halogenated derivatives are reviewed with particular attention paid to recent advances in the field of mechanistic studies of relevant enzymes and biomimetic chemistry as well as radical-based processes.

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Schall, Patrick, Lucas Marutschke e Bernhard Grimm. "The Flavoproteome of the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 15 (28 luglio 2020): 5371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155371.

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Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential cofactors for enzymes, which catalyze a broad spectrum of vital reactions. This paper intends to compile all potential FAD/FMN-binding proteins encoded by the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Several computational approaches were applied to group the entire flavoproteome according to (i) different catalytic reactions in enzyme classes, (ii) the localization in subcellular compartments, (iii) different protein families and subclasses, and (iv) their classification to structural properties. Subsequently, the physiological significance of several of the larger flavoprotein families was highlighted. It is conclusive that plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, use many flavoenzymes for plant-specific and pivotal metabolic activities during development and for signal transduction pathways in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Thereby, often two up to several homologous genes are found encoding proteins with high protein similarity. It is proposed that these gene families for flavoproteins reflect presumably their need for differential transcriptional control or the expression of similar proteins with modified flavin-binding properties or catalytic activities.

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Souza, André C., Mateus X. Silva e Breno R. L. Galvão. "Interconversion mechanisms of PN and PO in the interstellar medium through simple atom–diatom collisions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, n. 2 (5 agosto 2021): 1899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2255.

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ABSTRACT Models for the abundances of phosphorus-bearing molecules, such as PO and PN, rely on rate coefficients guessed from similar reactions of NO. Given the importance of these molecules in pre-biotic chemistry, in this work we carry out accurate multireference configuration interaction calculations on the N+PO and O+PN reactions, unravelling their underlying mechanisms and potential energy barriers. The collisions may occur in two triplet electronic states and involve six potential wells lying under the N+PO limit. The interaction between atomic nitrogen and PO is shown to occur barrierlessly only when dynamical correlation is included in the calculations. The theoretical results confirm the assumptions used in the astrochemical models that depletion of PO by nitrogen atoms occurs fast, with a branching ratio largely favouring O+PN over the more exothermic P+NO. Among other results, we predict that PN should be stable with respect to collisions with oxygen atoms under low-temperature environments, but will be depleted to P + NO in shocks and other conditions with higher translational energies.

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