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Kovács, E., P. Tóth, Cs Juhász e J. TamáS. "Biological agents in potable water". International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, n. 1 (1 giugno 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.1.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract There are numerous biological agents including bacteria such as Brucella suis, B. abortus, Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, Coxiella burnetii, Yersina pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Chlamydia psittaci, viruses such as Variola major and V. minor, Flavivirus and Hantavirus, and toxins such as Botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B and Trichothecene mycotoxin reported to have potential to cause illness via water consumption. In the recent years, biological threat prevention for urban water supply systems has been of special interest worldwide, thus, protection against biological agents requires adequate knowledge, available water treatment technologies and preparedness. In this review, the history of biological threat via public water supply, as well as selected early detection methods, prevention strategies and risk assessment models are detailed.
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Tsitsifli, Stavroula, e Vasilis Kanakoudis. "Determining Hazards’ Prevention Critical Control Points in Water Supply Systems". Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, n. 1 (5 settembre 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A drinking water supply system is an extraordinarily complex system—consisting of kilometers of pipes and various tanks, valves, pumps, and other equipment. This complexity makes it extremely vulnerable to physical, chemical, and/or biological hazards. Therefore, the vulnerability assessment of a drinking water supply system to identify the critical control points is absolutely necessary. This paper assesses the vulnerability of the drinking water supply systems. The assessment is elaborated in systems using water from surface water bodies and groundwater bodies. The critical control points are identified using a risk assessment methodology (identifying the probability of the hazard occurrence and its effect or severity) where the monitoring parameters, and the corrective actions are determined.
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Farhad Mahmoudi, Jalali, Gheibi Mohammad, Aghlmand Reza, Takhtravan Amir e Kian Zahra. "Assessment and sensitive analysis of biological water risks in water resources with application of classical mass transfer computations". Annals of Biomedical Science and Engineering 5, n. 1 (9 giugno 2021): 015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.abse.1001013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Due to the urgent need for water in all parts of industrial or developing societies, water supply, and transmission facilities are suitable targets for biological risks. Given that even a short interruption in water supply and water supply operations has a great impact on daily activities in the community, the deliberate contamination of urban water resources has irreparable consequences in the field of public health, and the economy of society will follow. Unfortunately, most officials in the public health control departments in our country have received limited training in detecting accidental or intentional contamination of water resources and dealing with the spread of waterborne diseases both naturally and intentionally. For this reason, there is low preparedness in the responsible agencies to deal with waterborne diseases during biological risks. In the first step of this research, a review study has been conducted on water biological risks and operational strategies to deal with them. In the following, it has studied how Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria spread in aqueous media. In this regard, the kinetic model of the studied microorganism was analyzed based on the implementation of (Fick Law) in polar coordinates and the combination of (Dirac Distribution) with (Legendre polynomial) distribution. Finally, after studying the factors affecting the microbial pollutant emission coefficient, the effects of all three factors of linear velocity, linear motion time period, and angle of motion on the pollutant emission flux and biofilm diffusion time in the water supply network environment were investigated. Studies have shown that the linear velocity parameter of Escherichia coli with a nonlinear relationship has the greatest effects on the release of microbial contaminants.
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Newman, Peter J., Stephen C. Nixon e Yvonne J. Rees. "Surface water quality monitoring, classification, biological assessment and standards". Water Science and Technology 30, n. 10 (1 novembre 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0505.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Poor surface water quality is still a significant problem in many parts of the world. It can often limit the use of this vital resource and in more extreme cases can harm human and other life. A basic need is to establish the nature, extent and magnitude of the problems. To gain a quantitative picture it is necessary to undertake detailed quality and status assessments. Such assessments establish the scope of environmental impacts and effects, and provide a quantitative baseline against which future quality can be compared and progress monitored. Quality assessments or status reviews would enable the key problems and issues to be defined, and their magnitude and importance quantified. Problems for priority action can then be identified. Once key problems have been identified there are mechanisms to enact improvements and changes. These include the setting of standards and targets for water and sediment quality, quite often for defined actual or potential uses of the waters, such as for example for potable water supply and for fisheries. Compliance with the standards and progression towards the targets has to be assessed generally through appropriate monitoring. Monitoring might include biological as well as chemical and physical measurements of quality, and these might also be expressed as some form of index of quality. Periodic assessments of general quality on a national or international basis are also used to monitor overall progress. Nationally this might entail the use of general classification schemes expressing quality as a combined index or score, or individually for different components of the aquatic system, e.g. chemical, biological, aesthetic, and sediment quality.
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Pinto Filho, Jorge Luís de Oliveira, Alana Ticiane Alves do Rêgo e Anderson Rodrigo da Silva Lunes. "Management of water resources in semi-arid: assessment of the drinking water supply in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi-RN". Sustentabilidade em Debate 10, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2019): 276–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24398.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water is a natural resource, present in metabolic processes of living beings, which has been used for various purposes, especially human consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the system of supply and the quality of water for human consumption in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi, RN. The methodology consisted of identifying and evaluating the supply system as well as the quality of the water from the environmental perception and physical-chemical and biological analyses in water. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and Total Residue showed standards required for human consumption according to values presented by current legislation. On the other hand, the results for pH parameters, total coliforms, and coliforms Escherichia coli type termotolerantes showed disagreement in accordance with the laws concerning the limits established for water bodies of water intended for human consumption. The infrastructural conditions of water supply systems, as well as the physical and chemical parameters of untreated water, were considered unsatisfactory.
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Vedeneeva, N. V., E. V. Skidanov e Yu A. Matveev. "Assessment of Bacterial Pollution of Closed Galvanic-Production Water-Supply Systems". Biology Bulletin 49, n. 10 (dicembre 2022): 1867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106235902210020x.
Testo completo
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Sládecková, Alena, e Ladislav Žácek. "Technological and hygienic consequences of reservoirs eutrophication in the Czech Republic". Water Science and Technology 37, n. 2 (1 gennaio 1998): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0138.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
More than one half of drinking water demand in the Czech Republic is covered by surface water resources. The most frequent problems of the water treatment and supply are caused by the eutrophication of reservoirs. Biological parameters of drinking water quality based upon the microscopic analysis are included in local standards and commonly used in water works laboratories. Several new methods and criteria have been elaborated: microscopic evaluation of the separation efficiency of water treatment, categorization of microorganisms according to their separability, a screening bioassay for the assessment of biological stability of the water in course of the treatment and distribution, biological indicators of the eutrophication degree of reservoirs and their tributaries. A set of supplementary biological methods and criteria for special cases was published. Algal toxins have been detected not only in cyanobacterial water blooms in reservoirs but also in periphyton layers growing in different units of water works treatment trains. Two examples of the integrated system approach to the water supply from eutrophicated reservoirs inclusive of proposed preventive and remedial measures are selected from a recently finished extensive research project. Improvement actions in the resources protection, water works design and operation, laboratory control system and legislation are recommended.
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Orji, Kalu Uka, Nasiman Sapari, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Asadpour Robabeh e Emmanuel Olisa. "Water Quality Assessment of Ex-Mining Lakes in Perak, Malaysia as Alternative Source of Water Supply". Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (giugno 2014): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.177.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated the water quality of some of the ex-mining lakes in Perak State of Malaysia for possible use as alternative to water supply and compared them to water quality of some of the rivers used for intake of water treatment. A total of twelve (12) water samples were collected for analyses from selected sampling sites. These samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties, heavy metals concentrations, and organic pollutants concentrations. The analyzed results indicated that average temperature varied from 28.1 oC to 34.1 oC, pH 6.2 to 9.0, EC 55 to 400 μs/cm ,turbidity 5.6 to 74.2 NTU, DO 3.21 to 9.56 mg/l, TDS 36.8 to 268 mg/l, F- 0.017 to 0.182 mg/l, Cl- 0.483 to 3.339 mg/l, Br- 0 to 0.392 mg/l, SO42- 0.051 to 15.307 mg/l, Mg 0.833 to 1.466 mg/l, Na 0.669 to 3.668 mg/l, and Ca 2.85 to 26.77 mg/l. Heavy metals concentrations (mg/l) were: Zn 0.04 to 0.057, Pb 0.019 to 0.075, Cd not detected, Ni 0.013 to 0.105, As not detected to 0.004, and Cu not detected while COD 4 to 51 mg/l. Analyses revealed that all the water samples were turbid and containing slightly high concentration of Pb. Generally, they had common water quality problem. Further work should carry out more tests on other water quality parameters particularly on heavy metals, chemical and biological pollutants at different seasons.
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Rauen, William Bonino, Ana Camila Ferraresi, Leila Maranho, Edinalva Oliveira, Rudhy Costa, Jessica Alcantara e Mauricio Dziedzic. "Index-based and compliance assessment of water quality for a Brazilian subtropical reservoir". Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 23, n. 5 (ottobre 2018): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-4152201820180002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The Passaúna catchment is part of the Upper Iguaçu watershed and includes a water supply reservoir for over 500,000 inhabitants of Curitiba metropolitan region. The aim of this study was to establish the state of reservoir water quality, and whether it has undergone any recent medium- and long-term variations. A physical-chemical-biological assessment was undertaken using nine indicators and three indexes: Water Quality Index (WQI), Trophic State Index (TSI) and Shannon-Weaver Index (H’) for macroinvertebrate diversity. Compliance with the prescribed quality standards for the water body was verified using frequency curves. Two WQI calculation approaches were contrasted to test for conditions of partial data unavailability. Temporal trends in key parameters were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. WQI results from 1991-2014 indicated that the water quality may be classified as good and improved in the final decade of such period, while most TSI results were in the oligotrophic/mesotrophic range, but with no significant temporal trend. The biodiversity result of H’=1.6 obtained with data acquired in 2014 indicated a moderately degraded ecosystem that is typically associated with flow regulation and a degree of water quality impairment. Such a multi-indicator integrated physical-chemical-biological monitoring approach comprised a robust framework for assessments of medium-long term aquatic health.
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Cincio, Paige, Andrew Scott Medeiros, Sonia D. Wesche e Konrad Gajewski. "Quantifying the vulnerability of Arctic water supply lakes through paleolimnological assessment: The case of Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada". Holocene 31, n. 7 (24 marzo 2021): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211003234.
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Anthropogenic stressors to freshwater environments have perpetuated water quality and quantity challenges for communities across Arctic Canada, making drinking water resources a primary concern for northern peoples. To understand the ecological trajectory of lakes used as freshwater supply, we conducted a paleolimnological assessment on two supplemental sources in Igloolik, Nunavut, Arctic Canada. A stratigraphic examination of biological indicators (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) allowed for paleotemperature reconstructions with decadal and centennial resolution over the past 2000 years. Between 200 and 1900 CE, the sub-fossil chironomid community was comprised of cold-water taxa, such as Abiskomyia, Micropsectra radialis-type, and Paracladius. Reconstructed temperatures were consistent with known climate anomalies during this period. A rapid shift in the composition of the chironomid assemblages to those with higher temperature optima ( Chironomus anthracinus-type, Dicrotendipes, and Tanytarsus lugens-type) in the late 20th century was observed in both systems. Our results demonstrate that these ecosystems are undergoing marked transformations to warmer, more nutrient-rich environments, and suggest that water sustainability pressures will likely continue in tandem with ongoing climate change. To contextualize the influence of recent warming and elucidate the status of freshwater resources over the longer term, paleolimnological methods can be usefully applied as components of vulnerability assessments.
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Kalaida, M. L., e A. R. Saetov. "Water biological resources in the structure of environmental problems of energy facilities". Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, n. 2 (13 giugno 2022): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-2-175-185.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
THE PURPOSE. The study of a fish protection structure such as a water-air curtain as an example of an ecological solution to the problem of conservation of aquatic biological resources at an energy facility.METHODS. A comparative analysis of our own research and literature data on the use and evaluation of the effectiveness of fish protection structures (FPS) has been carried out. For the selection of ichthyological samples, mesh networks of 10, 18, 22, 30 and 70 mm were used, installed in front of the water supply channels to the shore pumping stations (SPS). When analyzing the efficiency of the FPS, the methods of fish accounting are considered: the method of catching fish and the procedure for conducting observations at the facility. The assessment of fish ingress to the SPS (after the FPS) was carried out by round-the-clock observations of fish penetrating into the water supply channel in comparison with their ingress to the water-retaining rotating nets of water treatment machines on the SPS. The efficiency coefficient was determined by the difference in the concentration of fish before the FPS (at the reservoir) and after the FPS (at the SPS).RESULTS. It is shown that the efficiency coefficient of the FPS by the type of water-air curtain averaged 86.9%, which exceeds the regulatory efficiency. It has been revealed that a fish protection structure (FPS) by the type of a water-air curtain is the most environmentally friendly technical solution for water intake at power facilities.CONCLUSION. The improvement of the ecological situation in the area of the location of the RSL by the type of water-air curtain in terms of the concentration of oxygen in the water and the reduction of trophies due to the oxidation of organic substances was noted.concentration in water and of decrease in trophy due to the oxidation of organic substances.
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Hindiyeh, Muna, Aiman Albatayneh, Rashed Tarawneh, Suzan Suleiman, Adel Juaidi, Ramez Abdallah, Salah Jellali e Mejdi Jeguirim. "Preparedness Plan for the Water Supply Infrastructure during Water Terrorism—A Case Study from Irbid, Jordan". Water 13, n. 20 (15 ottobre 2021): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202887.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Terrorism is a crucial danger to the world, especially the Middle East. As Jordan is amidst countries with armed conflicts, its natural resources (in particularly, water resources) are vulnerable to terrorist attacks. In this paper, possible biological and chemical weapons that can be used as intimidation, along with their threats, vulnerabilities, and inactivation methods, concerning water treatment processes in the municipality of Irbid, are studied. Irbid is the second largest city in terms of population in Jordan, after the capital city of Amman, and it is the nearest governorate to Syria borders that is considered a war zone. After conducting risk assessment that takes into consideration criticality, threats, and vulnerability, it appears that only one of the eight units, which is the Makhraba pumping station, along with the Bushra water tank, were identified as medium risk. The other units have treatment processes and proper precautions that are able to inactivate or prevent any possible contamination. A response plan should be set by developing a telemetry system with specific sensors that can detect any sudden and unacceptable threats to the water quality and that has the ability to shut down the concerned units automatically.
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Zeng, Jie, Kassim Chabi, Yue Hu, Shenghua Zhang e Xin Yu. "Ammonium removal of biological roughing filter for rural drinking water pretreatment". Water Supply 20, n. 7 (29 luglio 2020): 2768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Ammonium pollution of source water has become a challenge in rural water supply. Biological roughing filtration combining with low energy consumption and simple operation would be a potential solution to this issue. This study was conducted to investigate ammonium removal by biological up-flow roughing filter packed with ceramic media. Low flow rate did affect the ammonium removal and higher flow rate was suggested, while intense backwashing only showed a slight impact. At 4 m/h, an average reduction of about 51% was obtained, and NH4+-N effluent concentration could be below 0.5 mg/L within a NH4+-N loading rate of 0.1 kg/(m3·d). Biomass and biological activity assessment were performed as well as microbial community analysis. High abundance of nitrifying bacteria contributed to ammonium removal with Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas accounting for 6.59% and 1.12% of the bacteria community, respectively. In addition, the roughing filter showed high turbidity removal efficiency of about 70%. This study suggested that a biological roughing filter could be employed to help rural drinking water plants adapt to the seasonal change and moderate deterioration of source water quality in terms of ammonium pollution with low-cost and simple operation.
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Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Barbara, Dorota Papciak, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik e Andżelika Pietrzyk. "Approach to tap water safety analysis in terms of biostability". E3S Web of Conferences 59 (2018): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185900005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The subject of the work is the analysis and assessment of the risk of biological instability of water. The lack of water stability causes the increased susceptibility of the distribution system to secondary microbial contamination of water and constitutes a hazard for consumers’ health. The risk is expressed as the loss of water supply safety and distinguishes a failure of not meeting certain water quality parameters that can influence physico-chemical parameters and the bacteriological quality of the water supplied to the consumers. In the paper the method of analysing and evaluating the risk of loss of biostability of tap water is presented. The presented analysis was performed on the basis of the operating data from the water treatment plant.
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Barrett, PhD Candidate, Jason R., e P. Edward French, PhD. "An evaluation of security measures implemented to address physical threats to water infrastructure in the state of Mississippi". Journal of Emergency Management 11, n. 1 (16 febbraio 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0127.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The events of September 11, 2001, increased and intensified domestic preparedness efforts in the United States against terrorism and other threats. The heightened focus on protecting this nation’s critical infrastructure included legislation requiring implementation of extensive new security measures to better defend water supply systems against physical, chemical/ biological, and cyber attacks. In response, municipal officials have implemented numerous safeguards to reduce the vulnerability of these systems to purposeful intrusions including ongoing vulnerability assessments, extensive personnel training, and highly detailed emergency response and communication plans. This study evaluates fiscal year 2010 annual compliance assessments of public water systems with security measures that were implemented by Mississippi’s Department of Health as a response to federal requirements to address these potential terrorist threats to water distribution systems. The results show that 20 percent of the water systems in this state had at least one security violation on their 2010 Capacity Development Assessment, and continued perseverance from local governments is needed to enhance the resiliency and robustness of these systems against physical threats.
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Muyen, Z., M. Rashedujjaman e MS Rahman. "Assessment of water quality index: a case study in Old Brahmaputra river of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh". Progressive Agriculture 27, n. 3 (28 dicembre 2016): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30832.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was conducted to measure the water quality parameters of old Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh district near Bangladesh Agricultural University to determine the water quality index (WQI) of the River Brahmaputra. Water quality focuses on various aspects of the physico-chemical parameters by which the quality of the water body can easily be elucidated. Three different locations were selected within the study area. Water samples were collected in April 2015 from these three locations along the river and analyzed for these physico-chemical parameters: pH, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrate (AN), Suspended Solids (SS). The values of these parameters were used to calculate the WQI based on the equation derived by the Department of Environment (DoE) Malaysia. The WQI was found to be 57.58, which falls in the class IV category and means that the water is very polluted and as of April 2015, this water is not suitable for public water supply, not suitable for recreational purpose, has limited potential for aquaculture but is suitable for irrigation.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 355-361, 2016
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Islam, MA, IJ Ema, KF Usha e SML Kabir. "Physico-chemical and microbiological assessment of drinking water of the selected restaurants in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh". Progressive Agriculture 32, n. 2 (3 marzo 2022): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i2.58393.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water is essential for living organisms for their survival. Access of adequate and safe water is a basic need of human beings. In adequacy and unsafe water supply may cause various health problems. This study was designed with a view to assessing physicochemical properties of drinking water collected from different restaurants at Mymensingh sadar. In this case, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) were measured. Furthermore, Microbiological assessments of drinking water samples were carried out. For achieving the microbiological assessment, methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. The mean value of EC, TDS, pH, DO, BOD, As, Fe, Pb were 682.38 µS cm-1, 201ppm, 7.11, 4.98 mg/L, 1.72 mg/L, 0.005 ppm, 0.181 ppm and 0.000 ppm, respectively. According to the standard of drinking water the EC, TDS, pH, DO, BOD, As, Fe, Pb toxicity were not detected in all samples. All of above mentioned parameters were present in water within permissible limits. In most cases the concentrations of Pb and in some cases the concentrations of Fe were considered as toxicants due to the higher concentrations noted. The highest heterotrophic plate count was found in water of Ganginapar sample (1.2×107 CFU/ml) and the highest total coliform count was noted in C. K. Ghosh road sample (13 coliforms/100 ml). Therefore, the examined water quality parameters indicate that water quality of the restaurants at Mymensingh sadar is suitable for drinking. Although some of the samples identified as the presence of fecal coliforms that indicates contamination of feces with water. One sample among the studied drinking water samples was contaminated with fecal coliform which is very harmful for health and this water is not suitable for drinking. It may be concluded that hygienic and quality water need to supply for human drinking purposes.
Progressive Agriculture 32 (2): 84-95, 2021
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Boutebba, Khereddine, Ali Bouamrane, Nawel Ganaoui e Mohamed T. Bouziane. "Water supply performance evaluation of the public service of drinking water Case study: East of Algeria". Journal of Water and Land Development 40, n. 1 (1 marzo 2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0005.
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Abstract This article presents the results of a survey using a questionnaire conducted in Algeria, to evaluate the quality of public drinking water service, and at the same time the level of dissatisfaction / satisfaction of the subscribers. A statistical analysis of the data has been conducted on a representative sample of general population to identify weaknesses and strengths related to the current state of water management. The assessment of the quality of service, and the quality of water, as well as the price of water under the influence of the geographical distribution of the population was also studied. The results of the statistical analyses show a wide variability regarding the level of dissatisfaction/satisfaction of the subscribers. In order to simplify the interpretation, we gathered the results in the form of classes and groups in such way that the cities appear on GIS mapping software, with their inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction.
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Corrêa, Gustavo Fernandes, e Ângelo Ricardo Balduíno. "Water quality assessment of lake uhe lajeado in the municipality of Porto Nacional/TO". Nature and Conservation 13, n. 3 (25 maggio 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2318-2881.2020.003.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water, fundamental for the maintenance of life, is a resource that goes through a constant crisis, especially regarding scarcity, mainly due to the increase in consumption and the uncontrolled pollution of water bodies. In addition to obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on water resources, the monitoring has the purpose of obtaining biological, chemical, physical and ecological information, as well as class classification. The sources of pollution in hydrographic basins are numerous, in this study the main focus found is urban pollution, which generates pollution mainly through the release of sanitary sewage 'in natura' and various solids, becoming sources of contamination quite aggravating when in the absence of riparian forests. In the present study, an analysis was carried out in which water quality was monitored at a point on Lake UHE Lajeado in the municipality of Porto Nacional/TO, its importance is due to the fact that the site serves as a new point of water capture for urban supply, it soon hopes to define whether the water body complies with the water quality standards - IQA NSF. Water quality was assessed by permissible limits established by CONAMA Resolution nº 357/2005 and NSF - National Sanitation Fundation, which was evaluated on 9 parameters that made it possible to calculate the IQA - Water Quality Index.
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Slaykovskaya, Elizaveta Sergeevna, e Nadezhda Valeryevna German. "The assessment of the ecological state of the reservoir in the Spring Valley of Volgograd". Samara Journal of Science 11, n. 2 (1 giugno 2022): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022112117.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents a biological method for assessing the ecological state of a water body. The reservoir Gypsy Pond, located in the residential complex Spring Valley of the Sovetsky District in Volgograd, was chosen as the object of research. In the process of assessing the ecological state of the reservoir, a method of bioindication of water quality using algae according to T.Ya. Ashikhmina was used. This method is quite simple and accessible in its application. The definition is based on establishing a degree of organic pollution of a water body by identifying algae indicators for a specific state of the environment. According to the conducted biological studies, the following species were found: Reinhardts Chlamydomonas ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ), diatoms (Diatomeae), green euglena ( Egulena viridis ), Ulothrix ( Ulothrix ), navicula ( Navicula rhynchocephalia ), chlorella ( Chlorella vulgaris ). As a result, the analyzed reservoir can be attributed to a highly polluted one, since the dominant species indicate a strong contamination of the reservoir and belong to polysaprobic species. In addition, as a result of the mixotrophic feeding of green euglena ( Egulena viridis ) and Reinhardts chlamydomonas ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ), the water body is experiencing a lack of oxygen supply, the production of which occurs during photosynthesis, which causes the formation of unfavorable conditions for the existence of hydrobionts. It is also important to note that a project is currently being planned to fill up the studied water body, which can have a particularly negative impact in the current situation of shortage of fresh resources.
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Moumen, Zineb, Ismail Elhassnaoui, Walid Khaddi, Mohamed A. S. Wahba e Abderrahim Lahrach. "Assessment of deficit irrigation efficiency. Case study: Middle Sebou and Innaouene downstream". Open Agriculture 6, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0223.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Future projection shows that the availability of freshwater per capita will decrease to 560 m3/year by 2030 in Morocco. In this realm of adopting efficient irrigation, alternatives become a priority to overcome water shortage. The presented study aims to investigate theoretically the likelihood of improving irrigation efficiency at the plot level of the Middle Sebou and Innaouene downstream perimeter using 75% of the total irrigation water requirement (IWR), based on the successful results obtained by the Moroccan National Institute for Agronomic Research. The methodology consists of the extraction of monthly evaporation data from MODIS16A2 and process it under Google Earth Engine (GEE); data that are used in the second part of the study, which aims to assess the efficiency of deficit irrigation on a plot of 2,500 olive tree, using three main indexes; olive three height (cm), Stomatal conductance (mmol H2O m−2 s−1), and olive tree growth (cm). The results show that 0.75 of full irrigation could save 17% of the total water used, reducing the water irrigation supply by an average of 5 Mm3, with a slight decreasing of the olive production, estimated as 0.5 t/ha. Furthermore, water use efficiency and water productivity have been enhanced under deficit irrigation by respectively 0.25 kg/m3 and 0.54 Dh/m3. In economic terms, the result shows that with deficit irrigation, the decision-maker, or the farmer, could save about 5 million m3 per year, which is a boost to the global economy if the method is transposed and applied to other Moroccan regions and also a support for the new agricultural strategy called Generation Green.
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Sujono, Bambang, e Sutrisno Anggoro. "Study of Carrying Capacity Assesment for Natural Fisheries in Jatibarang Reservoir In Semarang City". E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 08026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Jatibarang reservoir serves as water supply in dry season and controlling flood in Semarang City. This reservoir is stem Kreo River which cathment areas of 54 km2, pool of area 110 ha and volume is 20 billion m3. This reservoir is potential to develop as natural fisheries area. The goals of this research were to explore existing condition of physical, biological as well as chemical parameter; carrying capacity assessment for natural fisheries; determining appropriate fish species to be developed in Jatibarang reservoir. This research was done in descriptive explorative scheme. Field survey and laboratory analyses were conducted to identify physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water. Physical parameters measured were temperature and water brightness. Chemical parameters measured were pH, DO, phosphate, Ammonia, nitrites and nitrate, while biological parameter measured were chlorophyll-a concentration. Carrying capacity analyses was done referred to the Government Regulation Number 82, 2001 that regulate the management of water quality and water pollution control. Based on the research, it showed that the existing condition of physical, chemical and biological parameters were still good to be used for natural fisheries. Based on TSI index, it classified as eutrofic water. Furthermore, tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) tawes (Barbonymus gonionotus) and carper fish (Cyprinus carpio) were considered as best species for natural fisheries in Jatibarang Reservoir.
23
Bellanthudawa, B. K. A., D. Halwatura, N. M. S. K. Nawalage, H. M. A. K. Handapangoda, S. R. Y. S. S. B. Sundarapperuma, D. Kudagama, L. Wijesinghe et al. "Applicability of semi quantitative approach to assess the potential environmental risks for sustainable implementation of water supply schemes: a case study of Sri Lanka". Water Supply 21, n. 4 (28 gennaio 2021): 1735–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.029.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Identification and quantification of environmental and socio-economic impact risks and effective monitoring of water projects are crucial for sustainable water resource management. Hence, the present study was conducted with the objectives of identifying potential environmental risks of different stages of the development of a new water supply scheme located in the wet zone of Sri Lanka, and categorizing identified impacts based on their significance. A rapid environmental assessment (REA) was followed to identify the upstream point source pollution and downstream water uses in the immediate catchment. Subsequently, a semi quantitative approach was conducted to screen the environmental, social, and economic risks concerning likelihood and sensitivity of the impact. Besides, an analysis of physico-chemical and biological parameters of water quality was conducted in the intake location. The semi quantitative method highlighted that low and medium risk with ecological impacts (50%), low risks towards sustainability of water source (75%), medium level constructional impacts (60%), and very high-level impacts at the operational stage were available (50%). A water quality monitoring program revealed that Escherichia coli count, total coliform bacterial count, and colour of the water were above the standard limits in the nearby freshwater source. In conclusion, a similar approach can be implemented worldwide as a reference to determine the potential socio-environmental consequences in water supply projects to minimize the adverse impacts. Through this study, sustainable mitigation measures were proposed accordingly to prevent the impacts and to strengthen the long-term viability of the new Rural Water Supply Scheme.
24
Lepono, T., H. H. Du Preez e M. Thokoa. "Monitoring of water transfer from Katse Dam into the Upper Vaal river system: water utility’s perspective". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 10 (1 novembre 2003): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0548.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water quality is of prime importance to Rand Water’s core business of ensuring a reliable supply of good quality drinking water to more than 10 million people. Rand Water has, therefore, implemented a water quality monitoring programme of the source water as well as the drinking water produced. The establishment of the Lesotho Highlands Water Transfer scheme necessitated the expansion of the monitoring programme. In 1996, Rand Water and Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) signed an agreement to jointly develop an extensive water quality monitoring programme for the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). Prior to this agreement, monitoring was mainly undertaken by consultants on behalf of LHDA in the main feeder rivers within the Katse Dam catchment (donor system). On the recipient system (Ash/Liebenbergsvlei), extensive physical and chemical monitoring was undertaken by Rand Water and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). Biological monitoring was however only carried out superficially prior to the release of water. Information gained from carrying out biological and chemical assessments clearly indicates that the water from LHWP has negatively impacted on the biological communities in the recipient system. The importance of detailed before and after biological and physio-chemical monitoring of both donor and recipient systems is emphasised.
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Zimoch, Izabela, e Ewelina Bartkiewicz. "Risk analysis associated with secondary water pollution in selected agglomerations of the Silesian Voivodship". E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water quality is the most important parameter related to water intended for human consumption. The main task of water supply companies is to keep water quality at the possible highest level. Water, which consumers receive in their homes, is the final product of a multi-stage processing, which aims to obtain water with the required physico-chemical and biological composition. Nevertheless, during transport through the Water Supply System (WSS), water reacts with various factors, sometimes causing secondary pollution. An important threat associated with water quality reduction is disinfection by-products (DBP), formed during the oxidation of organic compounds and some inorganic compounds found in water. DBPs has carcinogenic properties, that’s why they are threats for human health.The article presents the results of water quality analysis and risk assessments. In research the real WSS, which supplies water to selected Silesian agglomeration, was analyzed. The work uses laboratory tests of selected water parameters. Statistical methods were used to determine the causes of water quality deterioration.
26
Rodriguez, D., V. O. Sadras, L. K. Christensen e R. Belford. "Spatial assessment of the physiological status of wheat crops as affected by water and nitrogen supply using infrared thermal imagery". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, n. 9 (2005): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05035.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This work addresses the need for meaningful spatial indices of the physiological condition of field crops for site-specific management and variable rate application in precision agriculture. Precision agriculture is designed to target crop inputs according to within-field requirements to increase profitability while protecting the environment. The objectives of this work were to (a) develop a canopy physiological stress index with spatial resolution commensurate with the needs of site-specific management, and (b) test the physiological meaning of this index by exploring its association with key processes and variables at leaf and crop levels. We report results from a single-year field experiment where different levels of irrigation, wheat crop density, and nitrogen supply were applied to increase the expression of within-season variability. We defined a canopy stress index (CSI) as the difference between canopy (Tc), and air temperature (Ta), normalised by vapour pressure deficit (VPD): CSI = (Tc – Ta)/VPD. A novel method to extract canopy temperatures (Tc) from complex digital thermal images was developed, thus allowing for the spatial characterisation of CSI. CSI is expected to be positive and high if the capacity of the canopy to dissipate heat is reduced as when stomata close. CSI accounted for 80% of the variation in growth rate and yield, compared with 46–49% explained by the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Most of the variation in crop response variables was related to water supply. The physiological meaning of this index was reinforced by its significant association with gas exchange variables measured at the leaf-level. The potential for the use of digital thermal imaging in precision agriculture is discussed.
27
Kolisnyk, A., V. Kuzmina e T. Lepikh. "Assessment of the current ecological condition of the Kakhovka reservoir". Balanced nature using, n. 1 (30 luglio 2021): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231885.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Quality assessment and analysis of a current state of natural waters, especially when it comes to reservoir waters, is a very important stage in the organization of safe drinking water supply for human life and health. The purpose of this study is to assess a current ecological state of the Kakhovka reservoir in the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2016–2018. The object of the study is the natural waters of the reservoir. The subject of the study is a current ecological state of the waters of the Kakhovka reservoirs within the Dnipropetrovsk region. Research methods are based on comparative-geographical, statistical, zoning and other research methods. In addition the work used: A graphic method for an integrated assessment of a surface water quality; A method for assessing the water quality in the water bodies by hydrochemical parameters. According to the results of the study of a current state of the Kakhovka reservoir waters within the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period 2016–2018, it was found that among the nine water quality indicators the priority indicators are: chemical oxygen consumption (COC) and biological complete oxygen consumption (BOcC). In most cases, these indicators were observed to exceed the limited permissible concentrations (LPC). High values of the COC indicator are a consequence of this water pollution with sewage; and high values of the BOcC index indicate a significant organic content that decomposes in the water. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the total indicators of the LPC multiplicity, a stable improvement in the water conditions of the Kakhovka reservoir occurs in section № 4, and for other observation points an improvement in the water condition is observed in 2017 compared to 2016, and in 2018 compared to 2017 there is a deterioration in the state of natural waters.
28
Farzin, Mohsen, Azar Asadi, Katarina Pukanska e Martina Zelenakova. "An Assessment on the Safety of Drinking Water Resources in Yasouj, Iran". Sustainability 14, n. 6 (19 marzo 2022): 3619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063619.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The health of drinking water is an important criterion for developed countries and around half of the world’s population is deprived of sanitary and safe drinking water. By identifying the time of pollution occurrence and the places that are most sensitive to pollution the management of the quality of drinking water can be planned. Since the landfill for Yasouj, a city in Iran, was located in a higher place than the drinking water wells, which were drilled in a karst aquifer, the safety of the drinking water resources (including eight wells) of Yasouj were investigated in the present study. For this purpose, different parameters, comprising the concentration of eight heavy metals and eight ions, alkalinity, total harness, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total coliform, were measured over 12 months and the obtained data were compared with the WHO’s and Iran’s drinking water standards. To assess the measured data statistically, SPSS software was applied. From the reported results, the water characterizations of the wells complied with the mentioned standards; however, four of the wells were more prone to supply higher quality water. It is noted that Hg, Cd, and the total coliform of wells were close to the permissible values reported by both the aforementioned standards. Therefore, the water obtained from wells should be disinfected before using and Hg and Cd concentrations need to be monitored regularly to prevent poisoning. Due to the rapid movement of pollutants in karst areas, it is very important to detect their presence in the water resources over time. Consequently, continuous monitoring and sampling is one of the most important protection dealings for karst aquifers.
29
Sugralieva, Altnay Serikovna, e Anna Sergeevna Dulina. "Quality assessment of young of the hybrids “Lensky sturgeon × Russian sturgeon” and “bester” grown in a circulated water supply unit". Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), n. 6 (11 giugno 2022): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2206-05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The actual direction of modern aquaculture is the optimization of fish breeding processes by monitoring and managing environmental parameters and feeding regimes, reducing the influence of seasonality on technological processes in order to increase the yield of marketable products per unit area. The most optimal option for such industrial aquaculture is the use of recirculating water supply systems, which have proven themselves especially well in the cultivation of sturgeon fish. In commercial aquaculture, aimed at year-round production of high-value delicacy products in the form of meat and caviar, hybrid forms of sturgeon are becoming more common. The article describes the experience of growing juvenile hybrids Lensky sturgeon × Russian sturgeon and Bester in the pools installed in the recirculating water installation of Caspian Bekiresy Limited (Atyrau, Kazakhstan) is described. The article presents the results of monitoring the hydrochemical parameters of water, as well as the characteristics of the types of feed used in the cultivation of sturgeon hybrids at different stages of ontogenesis. The indicators of the initial and final weight, as well as the values of the absolute, average daily and relative growth of the yearlings of sturgeon hybrids were determined. A comparative assessment of the survival of sturgeon hybrid fry when grown in a recirculating water installation pools using water from an artesian well was carried out. The experience of growing sturgeon interspecific hybrids, based on the obtained fish-biological indicators, allows us to recommend them as a full-fledged replacement for parental species, the cultivation of which under artificial conditions has a low efficiency. Moreover, bester, which had high rates of growth and survival, is a more promising object for large-scale commercial cultivation in conditions of recirculating water supply installations.
30
Senze, Magdalena, Monika Kowalska-Góralska e Katarzyna Czyż. "Cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in Bottom Sediment of the Lower Silesian Dam Reservoir". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, n. 4 (2020): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068040687.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study was conducted on the Słup reservoir and the Nysa Szalona river (Poland). The material was benthic water and sediments. The aim of the study was to evaluate accumulation of Ca, Mg, Na and K in the sediments. The assessment of studied elements accumulation was based on calculations of the cumulation factor in the sediment. On this basis, an attempt was made to assess the possible impact of the compounds deposited in the sediment on the organisms living in the reservoir and on the change in the composition of water which constitutes the basis for drinking water. It was found that the studied sediments are rich in Ca, Mg and K compounds but relatively poor in sodium compounds. The level of the studied elements in the sediment and water in the annual cycle does not show strong changes and in the relatively stable conditions existing in the reservoir it does not pose a threat to organisms living there. Moreover, it does not adversely affect the composition of water which is obtained for water supply purposes.
31
Al-Sudani, Ibrahem Mahdi. "Water Quality Assessment of Tigris River Using Overall Index of Pollution (OIP)". Baghdad Science Journal 18, n. 2(Suppl.) (20 giugno 2021): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(suppl.).1095.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was performed on the Tigris River (Baghdad city section) during the period between December 2016 and December 2018 to assess seasonal variation in water quality using the Overall Index of Pollution (OIP). The OIP is one of the reliable tools for the assessment of surface water quality. To calculate OIP-values, eight parameters were measured ( pH, Dissolved Oxygen "DO", Biological Oxygen Demand "BOD", Total Dissolved Solid "TDS", Total Hardness "TH", calcium "Ca", Sulphate "SO4" and Alkalinity). The results showed the anthropogenic activities impact of Baghdad population that directly discharge of "inadequate treated" waste water to the river. OIP values were acceptable (1˃OIP˃ 1.7) in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2018. However, in 2014 and 2017,the OIP recorded values that were acceptable and tend to be slightly polluted (1.7˃OIP˃2.5). The impairment of water quality during 2014 and 2017 might be caused by the decrease in the water share feeding Tigris River from Turkey due to the construction of many dams. Also, markedly reduced rain precipitation rates were recorded in these periods. The study suggests conducting continuous monitoring programs and establishing a reliable Iraqi classification system for water quality by a specialized scientific panel.
32
Kiku, Pavel F., L. V. Kislitsyna, V. D. Bogdanova e K. M. Sabirova. "HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND RISKS FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE PRIMORYE TERRITORY". Hygiene and sanitation 98, n. 1 (27 marzo 2019): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-1-94-101.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.
33
Stratton, Helen, e Ben Matthews. "Pathogens in recycled water: are they measurable?" Microbiology Australia 30, n. 1 (2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In developed countries water managers are constantly under pressure to provide the clean and safe water. Traditionally, and for at least the past 100 years, the management of biological water quality has relied on the use of microbial indicator organisms to assess the potential risk of water-borne disease. However, over the past few years, there have been a number of critical reviews of guidelines and standards for managing risk in water storage, treatment and supply. International, national and state agencies have initiated these reviews and have all generally agreed that technology for alternative methods, in place of the use of indicator organisms for risk assessment of microbial water quality, has not advanced to point where there is an obvious replacement. However, even in the last 3 years, improvements in genetic techniques, such as real-time quantitative PCR and DNA microarrays are making advances that may allow us to consider alternatives to using indicator organisms in the foreseeable future. Here we present the issues and pros and cons associated with the use of indicator organisms compared to the use of molecular biology approaches for microbial risk management in recycled water. The current state of the legislation and guidelines is also discussed.
34
Jurica, Karlo, Josip Vrdoljak e Irena Brčić Karačonji. "Food defence systems as an answer to food terrorism". Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 70, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2019): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3357.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractTerrorist attacks on critical infrastructures can cause problems to a national stability and functioning. Food and water supply chains are some of the most important infrastructures, and it is the country’s (government’s) obligation to provide sufficient quantities of food and water to its population. Intentional food contamination can, among other motives, originate from an act of terrorism (with political or ideological motives) with the aim of causing fear (terror) among people. Food defence systems can help assess vulnerabilities, determine mitigation strategies for terrorist attack, estimate risks, and prevent a terrorist attack. Risk assessment and prevention also include control over the production and distribution of potential chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) agents or their related materials. When a terrorist attack occurs, rapid and organised response is essential in terms of determining the type of agent used, managing the diseased, ensuring the functioning of the food and water supply, and the recovery of the infrastructure system under attack. Food defence planning as part of a food counterterrorism strategy should include considerations regarding the global food market and the fact that ingredients are supplied from all over the world (vendor certificates). Preventing terrorist attacks on sources of food and water is a far better option than crisis management once an attack had already been committed, but governments should have a response to any scenario.
35
van Jaarsveld, A. S., R. Biggs, R. J. Scholes, E. Bohensky, B. Reyers, T. Lynam, C. Musvoto e C. Fabricius. "Measuring conditions and trends in ecosystem services at multiple scales: the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SA f MA) experience". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, n. 1454 (28 febbraio 2005): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1594.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SA f MA) evaluated the relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being at multiple scales, ranging from local through to sub-continental. Trends in ecosystem services (fresh water, food, fuel-wood, cultural and biodiversity) over the period 1990–2000 were mixed across scales. Freshwater resources appear strained across the continent with large numbers of people not securing adequate supplies, especially of good quality water. This translates to high infant mortality patterns across the region. In some areas, the use of water resources for irrigated agriculture and urban–industrial expansion is taking place at considerable cost to the quality and quantity of freshwater available to ecosystems and for domestic use. Staple cereal production across the region has increased but was outstripped by population growth while protein malnutrition is on the rise. The much-anticipated wood-fuel crisis on the subcontinent has not materialized but some areas are experiencing shortages while numerous others remain vulnerable. Cultural benefits of biodiversity are considerable, though hard to quantify or track over time. Biodiversity resources remain at reasonable levels, but are declining faster than reflected in species extinction rates and appear highly sensitive to land-use decisions. The SA f MA sub-global assessment provided an opportunity to experiment with innovative ways to assess ecosystem services including the use of supply–demand surfaces, service sources and sink areas, priority areas for service provision, service ‘hotspots’ and trade-off assessments.
36
Seelro, Majid Ali, Muhammad Usman Ansari, Sanjrani Manzoor A, A. M. Abodif e Sadaf A. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) IN MODEL COLONY MALIR, KARACHI, PAKISTAN". Environmental Contaminants Reviews 3, n. 1 (17 gennaio 2020): 04–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water supply system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%.
37
Whittaker, Margaret H., Ann Marie Gebhart, Thea Clipson Miller e Frank Hammer. "Human health risk assessment of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in drinking water". Toxicology and Industrial Health 20, n. 6-10 (luglio 2004): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233704th199oa.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is used as a vulcanization accelerator in rubber products that come into contact with potable drinking water. When such products are evaluated for contact with potable water and submitted for ANSI/NSF Standard 61 certification, any chemical extracting from these products must be below an appropriate action level of exposure. As defined by Standard 61, a total allowable concentration (TAC) is the maximum concentration of a nonregulated contaminant allowed in a public drinking water supply, and the single product allowable concentration (SPAC) is 10% of the TAC. Currently, MBT has a TAC of 40 mg/L and a SPAC of 4 mg/L. A comprehensive health effects evaluation of MBT was performed to determine whether these action levels should be revised. Epidemiological investigations indicate that workers occupationally exposed to MBT have an increased risk of death from bladder cancer. Genotoxicity investigations in bacterial and mammalian test systems provide some evidence indicating that MBT has the potential to induce mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Toxicity studies in rats and mice chronically exposed to MBT identified increases in various tumours, such as adrenal gland tumours, pituitary gland tumours, liver tumours and renal pelvis tumours. The biological significance of most of these tumours is questionable due to a variety of factors, such as a lack of dose-response between tumour incidence and dose, and the effect of test article vehicle (corn oil) upon tumour rates. Potential human health effects of exposure to MBT can be predicted from an NTP 2-year cancer study in rats, as well as epidemiological investigations in occupationally exposed workers. A comprehensive review of the epidemiological and toxicological dataset for MBT indicates that the induction of renal pelvis transitional cell tumours is the most sensitive and relevant health effects endpoint upon which to base a revised TAC and SPAC. A multistage model was used to extrapolate to low-dose MBT exposures due to the genotoxicity and clastogenicity of MBT. A TAC of 600 mg/L was derived for MBT, and was based upon an LED10 of 157.681 mg/kg per day. A SPAC of 60 mg/L was derived by multiplying the revised TAC by 0.10, and rounding to one significant figure. These revised action levels are based upon the most sensitive health effects endpoint, as well as current cancer risk assessment methodology.
38
Thakur, Maitri, Emily Cowan, Kristina Norne Widell, Revilija Mozuraityte e Rasa Slizyte. "A Multidisciplinary Approach for Improving Resource Efficiency in the Indian Surimi Supply Chain". Applied Sciences 11, n. 22 (19 novembre 2021): 10984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the world population set to approach an estimated 9 billion by 2050, against a background of finite natural resources, we need renewable biological resources for securing healthy food and animal feed to meet the nutritional requirements of the growing population. In this paper, key findings from ReValue Eranet project financed by Norway, India, and Spain are presented. The project aims to contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target on food losses reduction, by developing innovative technologies for the surimi industry, namely reducing losses by improved cold chain management and efficient conversion of rest raw materials (RRM) and wash water into value-added protein and oil ingredients for food and feed applications. A multidisciplinary research approach was applied with expertise from supply chain management, life cycle assessment, biotechnology, energy, and process engineering to propose several solutions for improving the overall resource efficiency of the surimi supply chains in India. This paper presents a synthesis of proposed solutions from ReValue project and potential contribution towards SDGs as well as market exploitation strategies.
39
Kim, Min-Hee, Seung-Min Lee, Ki-Wan An, Min-Jae Lee e Dae-Hun Park. "Usage of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds as Biological Modulators of Disease". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 17 (30 agosto 2021): 9421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179421.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Plants produce a wide variety of natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs), many of which are unique to each species. These compounds serve many purposes, such as fending off herbivores and adapting to changes in temperature and water supply. Interestingly, although NVOCs are synthesized to deter herbivores, many of these compounds have been found to possess several therapeutic qualities, such as promoting nerve stability, enhancing sleep, and suppressing hyperresponsiveness, in addition to acting as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, many NVOCs are promising drug candidates for disease treatment and prevention. Given their volatile nature, these compounds can be administered to patients through inhalation, which is often more comfortable and convenient than other administration routes. However, the development of NVOC-based drug candidates requires a careful evaluation of the molecular mechanisms that drive their therapeutic properties to avoid potential adverse effects. Furthermore, even compounds that appear generally safe might have toxic effects depending on their dose, and therefore their toxicological assessment is also critical. In order to enhance the usage of NVOCs this short review focuses not only on the biological activities and therapeutic mode of action of representative NVOCs but also their toxic effects.
40
Soleymani, A., e M. H. Shahrajabian. "Assessment of ET-HS Model for Estimating Crop Water Demand and Its Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Barley and Wheat in Semi-Arid Region of Iran". Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In order to estimate the water requirement of barley and wheat by using of ET-HS model, a research was conducted at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Iran. ET-HS model is used to determine irrigation water quantity and irrigation schedule for different crop. The study was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatments. The irrigation treatments included irrigation to supply 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of crop water demand on the basis of ET-HS model during growing season and control treatment (conventional irrigation), which was irrigation on the basis of 70 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan during growing season. In barley experiment, the highest values for number of fertile tiller, maximum LAI, total dry matter in maximum LAI stage, number of grain per spike, a thousand seed weight (35.56 g), grain yield (7877.9 kg/ha), biological yield (17689.7 kg/ha) and harvest index (44.45%) was obtained for irrigation according to 100% of crop water demand on the basis of ET-HS model. In wheat experiment, the highest number of fertile spike, number of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield was obtained for irrigation treatment on the basis of 100% ET-HS model; moreover, the maximum harvest index was related to control treatment, followed by irrigation on the basis of 100% of ET-HS model. Conclusively, the appropriate irrigation treatment was 100% of crop water demand on the basis of ET-HS model during the growth season for both crops.
41
Peteffi, G. P., J. D. Fleck, I. M. Kael, D. C. Rosa, M. V. Antunes e R. Linden. "Ecotoxicological risk assessment due to the presence of bisphenol A and caffeine in surface waters in the Sinos River Basin - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, n. 4 (novembre 2019): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.189752.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging contaminant, regularly detected in aquatic ecosystems, considered as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Caffeine is another chemical related to human activity, often found in surface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk due to BPA and caffeine in water samples from the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Water samples were collected at three sites monthly from May 9 th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). BPA concentrations in water samples collected were in the range of not detected to 517 ng L-1 and caffeine concentrations in the range of 41.7 to 28,439.6 ng L-1. The concentration of BPA in the analyzed samples had a moderate correlation with caffeine (rs = 0.402). High ecotoxicological risk for BPA was characterized in 77.77% of samples, with 11.11% presenting medium and 11.1% presenting low risk. For caffeine 13.9%, 50% and 36.11% of the samples presented high, medium and low risk, respectively. Caffeine concentrations in water can be used as predictors of BPA concentrations above 10 ng L-1, the lower concentration of ecotoxicological risk, with specificity of 66.7% and sensitivity of 70.4%. The assessment of aquatic risks has shown that both investigated compounds pose risks to organisms in the studied surface waters, mouth of the Pampa stream, mouth of the Luiz Rau stream and catchment point for public supply in Lomba Grande.
42
Ryavkina, K. S., O. S. Korotkevich e T. V. Konovalova. "Ratio of linear and weight growth of Sander lucioperca in the Novosibirsk water-storage basin". Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), n. 3 (1 marzo 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2103-05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research is devoted to the variability of linear and weight growth of Sander lucioperca (Stizostedion lucioperca) in the Novosibirsk water-storage basin. The presented work is part of a comprehensive research of Sander lucioperca phenotypic pool of the Novosibirsk water-storage basin. 43 individuals have been selected for the analysis aged 3,0–4,5 years in the period October-November 2019. Measurements of Sander lucioperca have been carried out according to the “Manual for the study of fi sh”, the fi sh has been weighed on a technical scale VLKT-500 with an accuracy of 1 g. The fi rst time the linear and some aspects of the weight growth of Sander lucioperca in the Novosibirsk water-storage basin have been described in the paper, since the growth directly depends on the development and is one of its components. The biological characteristics and features of Sander lucioperca have been analyzed. For the development of the population of Sander lucioperca as well as other fi sh species one of the main biotic factors is the feed supply. The availability of feed for hydrobionts is determined by the quantity, quality and availability of feed in the reservoir, since the feed supply has a signifi cant impact on the biological parameters of fi sh. The ecological situation of the Novosibirsk water-storage basin has been studied. The obtained data on Sander lucioperca measurements can be used as average population values. Increasing the parameters of the assessment of living organisms makes it possible to more accurately assess the conformation of animals. A high level of correlation (r=0,878) between the linear and weight growth of Sander lucioperca has been established, and a regression equation describing the change in length as a function of live weight (y = 9,5853 x + 39,1164) has been calculated. There is a tendency to decrease the number of Sander lucioperca in the Novosibirsk water-storage basin.
43
Salih, Faisal A., Nasih Othman, Faridon Muhidin e Attallah Kasem. "Assessment of the Quality of Water in Sulaimaniyah City, Kurdistan Region– Iraq". Current World Environment 10, n. 3 (25 dicembre 2015): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Good drinking water quality is essential for the well being of all population. The object of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water in the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan. A total of 2342 water samples from various sources providing water to the city collected during 2014 were analyzed for physiochemical and biological parameters using standard methods. Fifty percent of the samples were from, Dukan project after treatment, 26% from Dukan project before treatment, 8% from Sarchinar, 6% from city storage tanks and networks and 10% were brought by citizens from various sources.The total hardness of the city water at source after treatment was 186.3 (95% CI 179.6, 192.8), TDS was 150.6 (95% CI 149.5, 151.7), and PH was 7.74(95% CI 7.36, 8.12). The total hardness, TDS, turbidity and Calcium were considerably higher in Sarchinar than Dukan (231 vs. 161, 242 vs. 147, 2.7 vs. 1.8 and 72.9 vs. 44.5 mg/l respectively), while Sodium and Potassium were higher in Dukan than Sarchinar (3.4 vs. 1.4 and 1.4 vs. 0.08 mg/l respectively). Samples from the two supply lines from filtrated Dukan water project were compared in relation to physic-chemical characteristics and there were no significant differences in any of the parameters except PH, TDS and turbidity which were different. TDS of Dukan 1 project was slightly higher than Dukan 2 (148.9 vs. 145.9 respectively). Similarly turbidity of Dukan 1 was twice that of Dukan 2 (2.4 vs. 1.2). Overall, the parameter values were within standard ranges except Cl1- which was 19.8 (Iraqi standard 10 ppm) and dissolved oxygen which was 9 ppm (Iraqi standard 7-8 ppm). Microbiological results showed that 973 of the samples (91%) had an MPN of zero, 61 (5.7%) had an MPN of 2.2 and 35 (3.3%) had a higher MPN. The mean chlorination level for all samples was 1.12 (SD 0.44) .We can conclude that both Sarchinar and Dukan waters are acceptable for drinking purposes according to the parameters evaluated. We recommend to include monitoring heavy metals like Hg, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Ag in the future; to consolidate the existing reporting system and to included samples from household tap water for analysis.
44
Fu, Bin, Pei Xu, Yukuan Wang e Yingman Guo. "Integrating Ecosystem Services and Human Demand for a New Ecosystem Management Approach: A Case Study from the Giant Panda World Heritage Site". Sustainability 12, n. 1 (30 dicembre 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010295.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecological management based on the ecosystem approach promotes ecological protection and the sustainable use of natural resources. We developed a quantitative approach to identify the ecological function zones at the country-scale, through integrating supply and demand of ecosystem services. We selected the biologically diverse hotspot of Baoxing County, which forms a part of the Sichuan Giant Panda World Heritage Site, to explore the integration of ecosystem services supply and demand for ecosystem management. Specifically, we assessed the various support, provision, regulating, and cultural services as classified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. We applied the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model to spatially map habitat quality, water retention, and carbon sinks, and used statistical data to evaluate food products, animal husbandry, and product supply services. We then quantified the demands for these services in terms of population, protected species, hydropower, water, and land use. The relationship between areas of supply and areas of demand was discussed for each township, and the spatial variability in the supply–demand relationship was also considered. As a result, we spatially divided the county into six ecological functional areas, and the linkages between each region were comprehensively discussed. This study thus provides a detailed methodology for the successful implementation of an ecosystem management framework on a county-scale based on the spatial partitioning of supply and demand.
45
Mehla, Mukesh Kumar, Mahesh Kothari, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Sita Ram Bhakar e Kamal Kishore Yadav. "Assessment of water footprint for a few major crops in Banas River Basin of Rajasthan". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, n. 4 (19 dicembre 2022): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i4.3896.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water security is essential for socio-economic development, ecosystem management, and environmental sustainability. An improved understanding of the relationships between water demand and supply is needed to mitigate the impacts of diminishing water resources. The present study aimed to assess the crop water footprint of sixteen major crops in the basin namely, bajra/ pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.), gram/chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), guar/cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), jowar/ sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), lentil/ masoor (Lens culinaris L.), maize (Zea mays L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), rapeseed & mustard (Brassica napus L.), rice/paddy (Oryza sativa L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), urad/ black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was estimated during 2008-2020 in the Banas river basin of Rajasthan. The average annual water footprint of crop production varied from 11365.8-23131.5 MCM/yr (Mean 19254.5 MCM/yr) during the study period. Wheat, bajra, maize, rapeseed & mustard make up 67.4 % of the total average annual water footprint of crop production. The blue water footprint of crop production was 3942.1 MCM/yr, with wheat, rapeseed & mustard accounting for almost 87.0 % of the average annual blue water footprint. Blue, green and grey water footprints comprised 20.8, 69.7 and 9.5 % of the total WF of crop production in the basin, respectively. This assessment can play a significant role in developing better policies for properly managing water footprints for sustainable crop production in the basin.
46
Ogawa, Akihisa, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo, Daiki Yoshidome e Hiroshi Onoda. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of a Mechanical Biological Treatment System for a Small and Medium-Sized Waste Treatment Facility Considering the Karatsu Smart Disaster-Resilience Base Construction Project". International Journal of Automation Technology 14, n. 6 (5 novembre 2020): 984–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We evaluated the feasibility of waste-generated heat using a 100-kW digestion gas engine at the Karatsu City Water Purification Center by evaluating its disaster resilience through four indicators. We achieved the best outcome, i.e., a power generation rate of 1,122 kW and a power self-sufficiency rate of 22% when two or more digestion gas engines were installed to supply waste-generated heat to the absorption chiller/heater of a water-pool. Additionally, we evaluated the environmental and economic aspects of a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) system installed in Karatsu City. The results suggested that by installing an MBT system, the annual cost could be reduced by ∼100 million Yen and the power generation capacity could be increased to 4,310 kW; this could also help reduce 19,000 tons of annual CO2 emissions with increased power generation. The environmental and economic feasibility assessment tool developed here is configurable; hence, applicable to other regions.
47
Afidah, Shofiyatul, Sutrisno Anggoro e Sudarno. "Monitoring of water quality in Ciujung river using remote sensing and GIS". E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ciujung River is one of the important rivers in Banten Province and it is the main water supply for agriculture, industry and bathing. Due to extensive agricultural, urban, and industrial activities in the watershed of this ecosystem, some studies have assumed that the river is contaminated. But, there is no research related Ciujung River water quality with biological indicator and maping pollutant sources. The aim of this study is analyze : water quality of Ciujung River and influence of activities in Ciujung watershed to the water pollution in Ciujung River. Calculation Pollution Index (PI) and calculation chlorophyll-a abundance are adopted for water quality assessments. Water quality were analysed based on secondary data from BBWS C3 in January-May 2020. Chlorophyll-a abundance measured by Sentinel-2 imagery, water quality assessments result of each section presented in spasial data with GIS. Water quality map overlayed with land use map to indentify the influence of activities in Ciujung watershed to water pollution in Ciujung River. PI calculation results show that Ciujung River is moderately polluted, PI calculation result of each section is >5. Meanwhile, the abundance of chlorophyll-a can describe level of pollution in Ciujung River from biological parameters, the highest chlorophyll-a abundance is in Pamarayan (38,6) and the lowest chlorophyll-a abundance is in Jembatan Keong (18,6).
48
Salcedo Sánchez, Edith Rosalba, Juan Manuel Esquivel Martínez, Manuel Martínez Morales, Oscar Talavera Mendoza e María Vicenta Esteller Alberich. "Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Potential Toxic Elements from a Mining Area (Water and Sediments): The San Juan-Taxco River System, Guerrero, Mexico". Water 14, n. 4 (9 febbraio 2022): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040518.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The San Juan-Taxco River system is situated in the Taxco mining district, which is a well-known international producer of silver, jewelry and precious metal handicrafts. The population and biota in the area have been affected by inappropriate disposal of anthropogenic activities that pollute the hydric resources and threaten their health and sustainability, since the inhabitants use the groundwater and river water for human consumption, domestic water supply and irrigation. This study was conducted to assess the pollution in the river system, human health implications and ecological risk in the aquatic environment (groundwater, surface water and superficial sediment). This evaluation was done on the base of hydrochemical, textural, mineralogical and geochemical analysis supported by calculation of human health risk using chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) with environmental and geochemical indices for ecological risk evaluation. The health risk assessment indicated increasing non-health carcinogenic risk to the exposed population to the river water and dug wells (HI > 1), and thus, these resources are not recommended for human consumption, domestic activities and prolonged ingestion. The results demonstrated a high degree of pollution due to toxic elements and geochemical indices. The Pollution Load Index indicated potential risk that will cause harmful biological effects in the riverine environment.
49
Ahamer, Gilbert, e Johannes Mayer. "Institutional reorganisation can be inspired by forward-looking information systems". Campus-Wide Information Systems 31, n. 2/3 (23 giugno 2014): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cwis-09-2013-0046.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – This paper is the continuation of an earlier paper in this journal on global megatrends provoking institutional changes. It contains sectoral analyses with relevance to environmental protection. Conclusions for suitable institutional reorganisation of (environmental or other) institutions are presented. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A planet-wide information system might optimally also include areas such as human development indicators, water supply and demand and deforestation issues. Findings – While administrations are increasingly oriented towards servicing a society, environmental institutions should specifically take care of global megatrends in the following areas: genetic engineering and biological safety, integrated plant technology in industry, climate protection, agriculture, noise, emissions and air pollution, sustainability, spatial planning and regional planning, radiation protection and nuclear power, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Information Act, traffic, forest, water. Originality/value – The approach of this paper is the long-term matching of (national) administrative structures with (global) megatrends.
50
Kayukova, E. P., e E. A. Filimonova. "Quality of fresh groundwater of the Crimean Mountains (the Bodrak River Basin)". Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2022-1-79-88.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The quality of fresh groundwater in the foothills of the Crimea, including that used for the water supply of the Crimean base of St. Petersburg State University and the Crimean educational and scientific center of Lomonosov Moscow State University, is considered. The results of longterm monitoring of the chemical composition of fresh water used for drinking purposes are presented and priority pollutants are identified. Hydrochemical modeling was carried out to calculate transport forms of chemical elements and subsequent assessment of their toxicity. The study area is located in the area of active water exchange, so in the groundwater most of the chemical elements are contained in concentrations below the level of biologically significant.