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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Biogeography"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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1

Henderson, IM. "Biogeography without area?" Australian Systematic Botany 4, n. 1 (1991): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910059.

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Recent methodological developments in historical biogeography generally treat biogeographic distribution as synonymous with occupancy of 'areas'. The aim of biogeographic analysis has been to determine the historical relationships of these areas using information from the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of animals and plants. While this may be of interest to geologists, it is of little interest to most biologists since it offers no direct insight into the historical processes that generate biogeographic patterns. Attempts to use relationships of areas (obtained from biogeographic patterns) to understand biogeographic processes can involve circularity. Focusing on relationships of areas relegates biology to a minor consideration in biogeography. This has resulted in the unfortunate dichotomy between 'ecological' and 'historical' biogeography. A biogeography of areas also limits the information potentially available from biogeographic distributions. Choice of areas for biogeographic analysis can be problematical and analysis is sensitive to this choice. Problems in identifying and analysing biogeographic areas are illustrated with trans-oceanic and local examples of austral biogeography.

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2

Crisci, Jorge V., Osvaldo E. Sala, Liliana Katinas e Paula Posadas. "Bridging historical and ecological approaches in biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany 19, n. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb05006.

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The practice of biogeography is rooted in disciplines that traditionally have had little intellectual exchange and yielded two complementary biogeographic approaches: ecological and historical biogeography. The aim of this paper is to review alternative biogeographic approaches in the context of spatial analysis. Biogeography can be used to set priorities for conservation of biological diversity, but also to design strategies to control biological invasions and vectors of human diseases, to provide information about the former distribution of species, and to guide development of ecological restoration initiatives, among other applications. But no one of these applications could be fully carried out until an integrative framework on biogeography, which bridges biogeographical historical and ecological paths of thinking, has been developed. Although we do not propose a new biogeographic method, we highlight the causes and consequences of the lack of a conceptual framework integrating ecology and history in biogeography, and how this required framework would allow biogeography to be fully utilised in fields such as conservation.

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3

Chase, Alexander B., e Jennifer BH Martiny. "The importance of resolving biogeographic patterns of microbial microdiversity". Microbiology Australia 39, n. 1 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18003.

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For centuries, ecologists have used biogeographic patterns to test the processes governing the assembly and maintenance of plant and animal communities. Similarly, evolutionary biologists have used historical biogeography (e.g. phylogeography) to understand the importance of geological events as barriers to dispersal that shape species distributions. As the field of microbial biogeography initially developed, the utilisation of highly conserved marker genes, such as the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, stimulated investigations into the biogeographic patterns of the microbial community as a whole. Here, we propose that we should now consider the biogeographic patterns of microdiversity, the fine-scale genetic diversity observed within a traditional ribosomal-based operational taxonomic unit.

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4

Wiens, John J. "The niche, biogeography and species interactions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, n. 1576 (27 agosto 2011): 2336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0059.

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In this paper, I review the relevance of the niche to biogeography, and what biogeography may tell us about the niche. The niche is defined as the combination of abiotic and biotic conditions where a species can persist. I argue that most biogeographic patterns are created by niche differences over space, and that even ‘geographic barriers’ must have an ecological basis. However, we know little about specific ecological factors underlying most biogeographic patterns. Some evidence supports the importance of abiotic factors, whereas few examples exist of large-scale patterns created by biotic interactions. I also show how incorporating biogeography may offer new perspectives on resource-related niches and species interactions. Several examples demonstrate that even after a major evolutionary radiation within a region, the region can still be invaded by ecologically similar species from another clade, countering the long-standing idea that communities and regions are generally ‘saturated’ with species. I also describe the somewhat paradoxical situation where competition seems to limit trait evolution in a group, but does not prevent co-occurrence of species with similar values for that trait (called here the ‘competition–divergence–co-occurrence conundrum’). In general, the interface of biogeography and ecology could be a major area for research in both fields.

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5

Bowen, Brian W., Michelle R. Gaither, Joseph D. DiBattista, Matthew Iacchei, Kimberly R. Andrews, W. Stewart Grant, Robert J. Toonen e John C. Briggs. "Comparative phylogeography of the ocean planet". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n. 29 (18 luglio 2016): 7962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602404113.

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Understanding how geography, oceanography, and climate have ultimately shaped marine biodiversity requires aligning the distributions of genetic diversity across multiple taxa. Here, we examine phylogeographic partitions in the sea against a backdrop of biogeographic provinces defined by taxonomy, endemism, and species composition. The taxonomic identities used to define biogeographic provinces are routinely accompanied by diagnostic genetic differences between sister species, indicating interspecific concordance between biogeography and phylogeography. In cases where individual species are distributed across two or more biogeographic provinces, shifts in genotype frequencies often align with biogeographic boundaries, providing intraspecific concordance between biogeography and phylogeography. Here, we provide examples of comparative phylogeography from (i) tropical seas that host the highest marine biodiversity, (ii) temperate seas with high productivity but volatile coastlines, (iii) migratory marine fauna, and (iv) plankton that are the most abundant eukaryotes on earth. Tropical and temperate zones both show impacts of glacial cycles, the former primarily through changing sea levels, and the latter through coastal habitat disruption. The general concordance between biogeography and phylogeography indicates that the population-level genetic divergences observed between provinces are a starting point for macroevolutionary divergences between species. However, isolation between provinces does not account for all marine biodiversity; the remainder arises through alternative pathways, such as ecological speciation and parapatric (semiisolated) divergences within provinces and biodiversity hotspots.

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6

Swenson, Ulf, e Robert S. Hill. "Most parsimonious areagrams versus fossils: the case of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 49, n. 3 (2001): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00027.

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Vicariance biogeography uses most parsimonious areagrams in order to explain biogeographic patterns. One notion is that areagrams convey biogeographic information to the extent that alternative palaeogeographic hypotheses are suggested. However, extinctions may distort biogeographic information, leading to areagrams showing area relationships not supported by geological data, and plausible dispersal events might also be overlooked. By the use of the software COMPONENT 2.0, Nothofagus phylogeny was reconciled with the most parsimonious areagrams. Well-preserved fossils, identified to subgenera, were optimised to the reconciled tree. Not all past distributions were predicted by the analysis, and Nothofagus has clearly been present in areas where it cannot have been if strict vicariance is followed. It can therefore be demonstrated that the biogeographic signal in Nothofagus areagrams is incomplete, and that most parsimonious areagrams can be flawed. Areagrams can be a useful tool in historical biogeography, but must be scrutinised within a known geological context and not accepted uncritically as alternative palaeogeographical hypotheses.

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7

Ghiold, Joe, e Antoni Hoffman. "Biogeography and Biogeographic History of Clypeasteroid Echinoids". Journal of Biogeography 13, n. 3 (maggio 1986): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2844920.

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8

Djurdjic, Snezana. "Conservation biogeography: The modern scientific contribution of biogeography to the improvement of nature conservation". Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 89, n. 4 (2009): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0904311d.

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In present times, there is a clear and growing need for applying theoretical biogeographic achievements in improving the state of biodiversity and conservation. Conceptual principles of conservation biogeography take the research into the relationship between fundamental biogeographic principles and the need for their appliance in nature conservation as the basic theory model, based upon biogeographic studies of isolated ranges. This paper is meant to point out the differences between spatial and functional isolation and the effects these have on the stability of populations and species. In light of this need to apply theories in biodiversity and nature conservation, it is important to research not only the processes that depend solely upon natural factors, but also those that are caused by a number of human-induced changes, e.g. habitat fragmentation, climate change or biotic homogenization.

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9

McClain, Craig R., e Sarah Mincks Hardy. "The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, n. 1700 (28 luglio 2010): 3533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1057.

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Anthropogenic disturbances such as fishing, mining, oil drilling, bioprospecting, warming, and acidification in the deep sea are increasing, yet generalities about deep-sea biogeography remain elusive. Owing to the lack of perceived environmental variability and geographical barriers, ranges of deep-sea species were traditionally assumed to be exceedingly large. In contrast, seamount and chemosynthetic habitats with reported high endemicity challenge the broad applicability of a single biogeographic paradigm for the deep sea. New research benefiting from higher resolution sampling, molecular methods and public databases can now more rigorously examine dispersal distances and species ranges on the vast ocean floor. Here, we explore the major outstanding questions in deep-sea biogeography. Based on current evidence, many taxa appear broadly distributed across the deep sea, a pattern replicated in both the abyssal plains and specialized environments such as hydrothermal vents. Cold waters may slow larval metabolism and development augmenting the great intrinsic ability for dispersal among many deep-sea species. Currents, environmental shifts, and topography can prove to be dispersal barriers but are often semipermeable. Evidence of historical events such as points of faunal origin and climatic fluctuations are also evident in contemporary biogeographic ranges. Continued synthetic analysis, database construction, theoretical advancement and field sampling will be required to further refine hypotheses regarding deep-sea biogeography.

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10

Nijman, Vincent, e Ronald Vonk. "Blurring the picture: introductions, invasions, extinctions – biogeography in a global world". Contributions to Zoology 77, n. 2 (2008): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07702002.

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Global biogeography and phylogeography have gained importance as research topics in zoology, as attested by the steady increase in the number of journals devoted to this topic and the number of papers published. Yet, in a globalising world, with species reintroductions, invasions of alien species, and large-scale extinctions, unravelling the true biogeographic relationships between areas and species may become increasingly difficult. We present an introduction to the symposium ‘Biogeography: explaining and predicting species distributions in space and time’ held in Amsterdam in 2007, and the resulting papers as published in this special issue, including papers on crustaceans, birds and mammals.

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11

De Baets, Kenneth, Alexandre Antonelli e Philip C. J. Donoghue. "Tectonic blocks and molecular clocks". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n. 1699 (19 luglio 2016): 20160098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0098.

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Evolutionary timescales have mainly used fossils for calibrating molecular clocks, though fossils only really provide minimum clade age constraints. In their place, phylogenetic trees can be calibrated by precisely dated geological events that have shaped biogeography. However, tectonic episodes are protracted, their role in vicariance is rarely justified, the biogeography of living clades and their antecedents may differ, and the impact of such events is contingent on ecology. Biogeographic calibrations are no panacea for the shortcomings of fossil calibrations, but their associated uncertainties can be accommodated. We provide examples of how biogeographic calibrations based on geological data can be established for the fragmentation of the Pangaean supercontinent: (i) for the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, (ii) the separation of New Zealand from Gondwana, and (iii) for the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Biogeographic and fossil calibrations are complementary, not competing, approaches to constraining molecular clock analyses, providing alternative constraints on the age of clades that are vital to avoiding circularity in investigating the role of biogeographic mechanisms in shaping modern biodiversity. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’.

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12

Arfianti, Tri, e Mark John Costello. "The distribution of benthic amphipod crustaceans in Indonesian seas". PeerJ 9 (30 agosto 2021): e12054. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12054.

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Amphipod crustaceans are an essential component of tropical marine biodiversity. However, their distribution and biogeography have not been analysed in one of the world’s largest tropical countries nested in the Coral Triangle, Indonesia. We collected and identified amphipod crustaceans from eight sites in Indonesian waters and combined the results with data from 32 additional sites in the literature. We analysed the geographic distribution of 147 benthic amphipod crustaceans using cluster analysis and the ‘Bioregions Infomaps’ neural network method of biogeographic discrimination. We found five groups of benthic amphipod crustaceans which show relationships with sampling methods, depth, and substrata. Neural network biogeographic analysis indicated there was only one biogeographic region that matched with the global amphipod regions and marine biogeographic realms defined for all marine taxa. There was no support for Wallaces or other lines being marine biogeographic boundaries in the region. Species richness was lower than expected considering the region is within the Coral Triangle. We hypothesise that this low richness might be due to the intense fish predation which may have limited amphipod diversification. The results indicated that habitat rather than biogeography determines amphipod distribution in Indonesia. Therefore, future research needs to sample more habitats, and consider habitat in conservation planning.

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13

Jenkins, David G., e Robert E. Ricklefs. "Biogeography and ecology: two views of one world". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, n. 1576 (27 agosto 2011): 2331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0064.

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Both biogeography and ecology seek to understand the processes that determine patterns in nature, but do so at different spatial and temporal scales. The two disciplines were not always so different, and are recently converging again at regional spatial scales and broad temporal scales. In order to avoid confusion and to hasten progress at the converging margins of each discipline, the following papers were presented at a symposium in the International Biogeography Society's 2011 meeting, and are now published in this issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . In a novel approach, groups of authors were paired to represent biogeographic and ecological perspectives on each of four topics: niche, comparative ecology and macroecology, community assembly, and diversity. Collectively, this compilation identifies points of agreement and disagreement between the two views on these central topics, and points to future research directions that may build on agreements and reconcile differences. We conclude this compilation with an overview on the integration of biogeography and ecology.

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14

Harper, David A. T., e Michael R. Sandy. "Paleozoic Brachiopod Biogeography". Paleontological Society Papers 7 (novembre 2001): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000978.

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Over two hundred years ago the Swedish scientist Carl Linnæus (1781), in an analysis of the biogeographic patterns of living organisms, suggested that all species originated in Paradise. Although there has been considerable progress in the understanding of biogeographical patterns during the intervening two centuries, modern debate has focused on the general applicability of the concept of faunal realms together with the relevance of dispersal, panbiogeographic, and vicariance models (Nelson and Platnick, 1981). To date, studies of Paleozoic brachiopod biogeography have no strong theoretical base; rather the various numerical techniques available, including both cladistic and phenetic methodologies, have helped organize the growing amount of distributional data into recognizable and useful structures.

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15

Ricklefs, Robert E., e David G. Jenkins. "Biogeography and ecology: towards the integration of two disciplines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, n. 1576 (27 agosto 2011): 2438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0066.

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Although ecology and biogeography had common origins in the natural history of the nineteenth century, they diverged substantially during the early twentieth century as ecology became increasingly hypothesis-driven and experimental. This mechanistic focus narrowed ecology's purview to local scales of time and space, and mostly excluded large-scale phenomena and historical explanations. In parallel, biogeography became more analytical with the acceptance of plate tectonics and the development of phylogenetic systematics, and began to pay more attention to ecological factors that influence large-scale distributions. This trend towards unification exposed problems with terms such as ‘community’ and ‘niche,’ in part because ecologists began to view ecological communities as open systems within the contexts of history and geography. The papers in this issue represent biogeographic and ecological perspectives and address the general themes of (i) the niche, (ii) comparative ecology and macroecology, (iii) community assembly, and (iv) diversity. The integration of ecology and biogeography clearly is a natural undertaking that is based on evolutionary biology, has developed its own momentum, and which promises novel, synthetic approaches to investigating ecological systems and their variation over the surface of the Earth. We offer suggestions on future research directions at the intersection of biogeography and ecology.

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16

Temirbayeva, K. "Biogeography and phylogeography". Journal of Geography and Environmental Management 44, n. 1 (2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jgem.2017.1.349.

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17

Kociolek, John P., e Sarah A. Spaulding. "Freshwater diatom biogeography". Nova Hedwigia 71, n. 1-2 (3 settembre 2000): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova/71/2000/223.

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18

Grande, Lance. "The use of paleontology in systematics and biogeography, and a time control refinement for historical biogeography". Paleobiology 11, n. 2 (1985): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011544.

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Four main potential contributions of fossils to phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography are (1) to provide additional taxa which (when sufficiently well preserved) can give new morphological and ontogenetic data in addition to those provided by Recent species; (2) to provide additional taxa which can increase the known biogeographic range of a taxon; (3) to help establish a minimum age for a taxon; and (4) to present fossil biotas that can be examined for biogeographic patterns not recognizable in younger (including the Recent) or older biotas.The first three points have been expressed or at least implied by other workers and are only briefly reviewed. The fourth point is proposed as a method of using fossil biotas to provide time controls to cladistic studies of historical biogeography. Previously, cladistic vicariance biogeographers have used fossil plus Recent biotas, or the Recent biota alone, for the geographic areas of study. Such investigations that lack any time control in the data base cannot effectively deal with areas that have complex histories as, for example, an earlier area of endemism in which area relationships are later complicated through the addition of exotic taxa by dispersal. By using time controls provided by fossil biotas, we may learn more about the relationships of areas with complex histories and may reveal biogeographical information that is sometimes unavailable through examination of the Recent biota.

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19

Miller, Elizabeth Christina. "Historical biogeography supports Point Conception as the site of turnover between temperate East Pacific ichthyofaunas". PLOS ONE 18, n. 9 (19 settembre 2023): e0291776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291776.

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The cold temperate and subtropical marine faunas of the Northeastern Pacific meet within California as part of one of the few eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems in the world. Traditionally, it is believed that Point Conception is the precise site of turnover between these two faunas due to sharp changes in oceanographic conditions. However, evidence from intraspecific phylogeography and species range terminals do not support this view, finding stronger biogeographic breaks elsewhere along the coast. Here I develop a new application of historical biogeographic approaches to uncover sites of transition between faunas without needing an a priori hypothesis of where these occur. I used this approach to determine whether the point of transition between northern and southern temperate faunas occurs at Point Conception or elsewhere within California. I also examined expert-vetted latitudinal range data of California fish species from the 1970s and the 2020s to assess how biogeography could change with the backdrop of climate change. The site of turnover was found to occur near Point Conception, in concordance with the traditional view. I suggest that recent species- and population-level processes could be expected to give signals of different events from historical biogeography, possibly explaining the discrepancy across studies. Species richness of California has increased since the 1970s, mostly due to species’s ranges expanding northward from Baja California (Mexico). Range shifts under warming conditions seem to be increasing the disparity between northern and southern faunas of California, creating a more divergent biogeography.

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Woods, Kerry D. "Biogeography". Ecology 72, n. 3 (giugno 1991): 1174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940623.

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Schmid, Rudolf, P. Muller, J. R. Flenley, S. A. Burgess e D. Beeson. "Biogeography". Taxon 36, n. 3 (agosto 1987): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221882.

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KIRKPATRICK, J. B. "Biogeography". Australian Geographical Studies 26, n. 1 (aprile 1988): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1988.tb00562.x.

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ROUNDS, RICHARD C. "BIOGEOGRAPHY". Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 29, n. 4 (dicembre 1985): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1985.tb00384.x.

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Taylor, J. A. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 9, n. 1 (marzo 1985): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338500900109.

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Taylor, J. A. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 10, n. 2 (giugno 1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338601000206.

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Jones, R. L. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, n. 1 (marzo 1987): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100108.

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Jones, R. L. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 13, n. 1 (marzo 1989): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338901300110.

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Haines-Young, Roy. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, n. 1 (marzo 1990): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400104.

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Haines-Young, Roy. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 15, n. 1 (marzo 1991): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339101500109.

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Haines-Young, Roy. "Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600305.

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Meadows, M. E. "Biogeography". South African Geographical Journal 67, n. 1 (aprile 1985): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1985.10559705.

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Terauds, Aleks, e Jasmine R. Lee. "Antarctic biogeography revisited: updating the Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions". Diversity and Distributions 22, n. 8 (15 giugno 2016): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12453.

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Temirbayeva, K., D. Shokparova, Zh Mamutov, T. Bazarbayeva e O. Zubova. "BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NITRARIA L." Journal of Geography and Environmental Management 45, n. 2 (2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jgem.2017.2.377.

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Schoch, Rainer R. "Biogeography of stereospondyl amphibians". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 215, n. 2 (10 febbraio 2000): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/215/2000/201.

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Ghiold, Joe, e Antoni Hoffman. "Biogeography of Spatangoid Echinoids". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 178, n. 1 (29 settembre 1989): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/178/1989/59.

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Tinaut, Alberto, e Francisca Ruano. "Biogeography of Iberian Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Diversity 13, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020088.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ants are highly diverse in the Iberian Peninsula (IP), both in species richness (299 cited species) and in number of endemic species (72). The Iberian ant fauna is one of the richest in the broader Mediterranean region, it is similar to the Balkan Peninsula but lower than Greece or Israel, when species richness is controlled by the surface area. In this first general study on the biogeography of Iberian ants, we propose seven chorological categories for grouping thems. Moreover, we also propose eight biogeographic refugium areas, based on the criteria of “refugia-within-refugium” in the IP. We analysed species richness, occurrence and endemism in all these refugium areas, which we found to be significantly different as far as ant similarity was concerned. Finally, we collected published evidence of biological traits, molecular phylogenies, fossil deposits and geological processes to be able to infer the most probable centre of origin and dispersal routes followed for the most noteworthy ants in the IP. As a result, we have divided the Iberian myrmecofauna into four biogeographical groups: relict, Asian-IP disjunct, Baetic-Rifan and Alpine. To sum up, our results support biogeography as being a significant factor for determining the current structure of ant communities, especially in the very complex and heterogenous IP. Moreover, the taxonomic diversity and distribution patterns we describe in this study highlight the utility of Iberian ants for understanding the complex evolutionary history and biogeography of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Ouvernay, Daiane, Ildemar Ferreira e Juan Morrone. "Areas of endemism of hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in the Andean and Neotropical regions". Zoologia 35 (25 aprile 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.13673.

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Abstract (sommario):

Using track analysis and cladistic biogeography, we identified areas of endemism of hummingbirds in the Andean and Neotropical regions. Our results point out that the current areas of endemism of hummingbirds occur in the Andes, Guiana Shield, the Lesser Antilles, western Central and North America and the Chiapas Highlands. The cladistic biogeographic analysis suggests a hummingbird distribution shaped mainly by dispersal events.

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38

Ouvernay, Daiane, Ildemar Ferreira e Juan J. Morrone. "Areas of endemism of hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in the Andean and Neotropical regions". Zoologia 35 (25 aprile 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13673.

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Abstract (sommario):

Using track analysis and cladistic biogeography, we identified areas of endemism of hummingbirds in the Andean and Neotropical regions. Our results point out that the current areas of endemism of hummingbirds occur in the Andes, Guiana Shield, the Lesser Antilles, western Central and North America and the Chiapas Highlands. The cladistic biogeographic analysis suggests a hummingbird distribution shaped mainly by dispersal events.

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39

Silvestro, Daniele, Alexander Zizka, Christine D. Bacon, Borja Cascales-Miñana, Nicolas Salamin e Alexandre Antonelli. "Fossil biogeography: a new model to infer dispersal, extinction and sampling from palaeontological data". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n. 1691 (5 aprile 2016): 20150225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0225.

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Abstract (sommario):

Methods in historical biogeography have revolutionized our ability to infer the evolution of ancestral geographical ranges from phylogenies of extant taxa, the rates of dispersals, and biotic connectivity among areas. However, extant taxa are likely to provide limited and potentially biased information about past biogeographic processes, due to extinction, asymmetrical dispersals and variable connectivity among areas. Fossil data hold considerable information about past distribution of lineages, but suffer from largely incomplete sampling. Here we present a new dispersal–extinction–sampling (DES) model, which estimates biogeographic parameters using fossil occurrences instead of phylogenetic trees. The model estimates dispersal and extinction rates while explicitly accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Rates can vary between areas and through time, thus providing the opportunity to assess complex scenarios of biogeographic evolution. We implement the DES model in a Bayesian framework and demonstrate through simulations that it can accurately infer all the relevant parameters. We demonstrate the use of our model by analysing the Cenozoic fossil record of land plants and inferring dispersal and extinction rates across Eurasia and North America. Our results show that biogeographic range evolution is not a time-homogeneous process, as assumed in most phylogenetic analyses, but varies through time and between areas. In our empirical assessment, this is shown by the striking predominance of plant dispersals from Eurasia into North America during the Eocene climatic cooling, followed by a shift in the opposite direction, and finally, a balance in biotic interchange since the middle Miocene. We conclude by discussing the potential of fossil-based analyses to test biogeographic hypotheses and improve phylogenetic methods in historical biogeography.

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40

Pérez-Miranda, Fabian, Omar Mejia, Benjamín López e Oldřich Říčan. "Molecular clocks, biogeography and species diversity in Herichthys with evaluation of the role of Punta del Morro as a vicariant brake along the Mexican Transition Zone in the context of local and global time frame of cichlid diversification". PeerJ 8 (29 aprile 2020): e8818. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8818.

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Abstract (sommario):

Using molecular dated phylogenies and biogeographic reconstructions, the species diversity, biogeography and time frame of evolution of the genus Herichthys were evaluated. In particular, we test the role of Punta del Morro (PdM) as a vicariant brake along the Mexican Transition Zone in the context of local and global time frame of cichlid diversification using several sets of calibrations. Species diversity in Herichthys is complex and the here employed dating methods suggest young age and rapid divergence for many species while species delimitation methods did not resolve these young species including both sympatric species pairs. Based on our molecular clock dating analyses, Herichthys has colonized its present distribution area significantly prior to the suggested vicariance by PdM (10–17.1 Ma vs. 5 to 7.5 Ma). The PdM constraint is in conflict with all other paleogeographic and fossil constraints including novel ones introduced in this study that are, however, congruent among each other. Our study demonstrates that any cichlid datings significantly older or younger than the bounds presented by our analyses and discussion have to be taken as highly questionable from the point of view of Middle American paleogeography and cichlid biogeography unless we allow the option that cichlid biogeography is completely independent from ecological and geological constraints.

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41

Katinas, Liliana, e Jorge V. Crisci. "Agriculture Biogeography". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, n. 4 (22 maggio 2018): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318776493.

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Abstract (sommario):

The challenge of increasing food production to keep pace with demand, while retaining the essential ecological integrity of production systems, requires coordinated action among science disciplines. Thus, 21st-century Agriculture should incorporate disciplines related to natural resources, environmental science, and life sciences. Biogeography, as one of those disciplines, provides a unique contribution because it can generate research ideas and methods that can be used to ameliorate this challenge, with the concept of relative space providing the conceptual and analytical framework within which data can be integrated, related, and structured into a whole. A new branch of Biogeography, Agriculture Biogeography, is proposed here and defined as the application of the principles, theories, and analyses of Biogeography to agricultural systems, including all human activities related to breeding or cultivation, mostly to provide goods and services. It not only encompasses the problem that land use seems scarcely to be compatible with biodiversity conservation, but also a substantial body of theory and analysis involving subjects not strictly related to conservation. Our aim is to define the field and scope of Agriculture Biogeography, set the foundations of a conceptual framework of the discipline, and present some subjects related to Agriculture Biogeography. We present, in summary form, a concept map which summarizes the relationship between agriculture systems and Biogeography, and delineates the current engagement between Agriculture and Biogeography through the discussion of some perspectives from Biogeography and from the agriculture research.

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42

Pamungkas, J., CJ Glasby e MJ Costello. "Biogeography of polychaete worms (Annelida) of the world". Marine Ecology Progress Series 657 (7 gennaio 2021): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13531.

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Abstract (sommario):

The global biogeography of polychaete worms has never been assessed previously. In the present study, we studied the world distribution patterns of polychaetes based on datasets obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System and our recently published checklist of Indonesian polychaete species. Polychaete biogeographic regions were visualized using ‘Infomap Bioregions’, and the latitudinal species richness gradient of the animals was examined using 3 metrics, i.e. alpha, gamma and estimated species richness (the last metric was adjusted for sampling bias). We identified 11 major polychaete biogeographic regions. The North Atlantic, Australia and Indonesia were the top 3 species-rich biogeographic regions in the world. The total number of polychaete species was higher in the southern hemisphere (~2100 species, 67 families) than in the northern hemisphere (~1800 species, 75 families) despite significantly more data in the latter (>500000 records compared to >26000 records). Contrary to the classical idea of a unimodal distribution pattern, the latitudinal gradient of polychaetes was generally bimodal with a pronounced dip north of the Equator (15°N). We suggest that the slightly higher peak of species richness in the southern (30°S) than in the northern (60°N) hemisphere reflects higher southern endemicities. These patterns are unlikely to be due to sampling bias but rather represent a natural phenomenon, and we found them most significantly correlated with sea temperature.

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43

Simberloff, Daniel, e Joe M. Cornelius. "Cladistic Biogeography". Ecology 68, n. 2 (aprile 1987): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939278.

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44

Taylor, L. R., A. A. Myers e P. S. Giller. "Analytical Biogeography". Journal of Animal Ecology 58, n. 3 (ottobre 1989): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5151.

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45

Brothers, Timothy S., e R. Hengeveld. "Dynamic Biogeography". Geographical Review 82, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215422.

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46

Matthews, Thomas J., e Kostas Triantis. "Island biogeography". Current Biology 31, n. 19 (ottobre 2021): R1201—R1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.033.

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47

Ouellet, Henri. "Evolutionary Biogeography". Ecology 69, n. 1 (febbraio 1988): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1943193.

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48

Berry, Pam, e R. Hengeveld. "Dynamic Biogeography". Geographical Journal 157, n. 1 (marzo 1991): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635164.

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49

Tivy, J., e N. Pears. "Basic Biogeography." Journal of Ecology 74, n. 2 (giugno 1986): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260291.

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50

Matthews, J. A., e R. Hengeveld. "Dynamic Biogeography." Journal of Ecology 78, n. 4 (dicembre 1990): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260964.

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