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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 14 settembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Jiang, Hongchen, e Hailiang Dong. "Biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology in extreme environments: Preface". Geoscience Frontiers 3, n. 3 (maggio 2012): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2012.03.001.

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Joye, Samantha B. "The Geology and Biogeochemistry of Hydrocarbon Seeps". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, n. 1 (30 maggio 2020): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020052.

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Hydrocarbon seeps, deep sea extreme environments where deeply sourced fluids discharge at the seabed, occur along continental margins across the globe. Energy-rich reduced substrates, namely hydrocarbons, support accelerated biogeochemical dynamics, creating unique geobiological habitats. Subseafloor geology dictates the surficial expression of seeps, generating hydrocarbon (gas and/or oil) seeps, brine seeps, and mud volcanoes. Biogeochemical processes across the redox spectrum are amplified at hydrocarbon seeps due to the abundance and diversity of reductant; anaerobic metabolism dominates within the sediment column since oxygen is consumed rapidly near the sediment surface. Microbial activity is constrained by electron acceptor availability, with rapid recycling required to support observed rates of hydrocarbon consumption. Geobiologic structures, from gas hydrate to solid asphalt to authigenic minerals, form as a result of hydrocarbon and associated fluid discharge. Animal-microbial associations and symbioses thrive at hydrocarbon seeps, generating diverse and dense deep sea oases that provide nutrition to mobile predators. ▪ Hydrocarbon seeps are abundant deep sea oases that support immense biodiversity and where specialization and adaptation create extraordinary lifestyles. ▪ Subseafloor geology shapes and defines the geochemical nature of fluid seepage and regulates the flux regime, which dictate the surface expression. ▪ High rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane require coupling to multiple processes and promote diversity in the anaerobic methanotroph microbial community. ▪ The recent discovery of novel phyla possessing hydrocarbon oxidation potential signals that aspects of seep biogeochemistry and geobiology remain to be discovered.

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Koukina, S., A. Vetrov e N. Belyaev. "Biogeochemistry of sediments from restricted exchange environments of Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russian Arctic". Biogeosciences Discussions 8, n. 1 (10 febbraio 2011): 1309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1309-2011.

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Abstract. The White Sea of Russian Arctic is characterized by extreme diversity of enclosed estuarine systems that are often sites of unique biota. The present study focuses on surface sediments from representative restricted exchange environments of the inner part of Kandalaksha Bay, adjacent to the Karelian shore of the White Sea. The TOC and n-alkanes distribution study revealed the major input of terrestrial organic matter into the sediments from higher plants and minor presence of autochthonous microbial sources. Metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb) forms study showed that metals in sediments occur mainly in a biogeochemically stable mineral-incorporated form, which comprises up to 98% of total metal content, while labile (acid soluble) and organically bound (alkali soluble) forms make up to 3–11% and 2–12% of total metal content, respectively. Presumably, the major part of both acid soluble and alkali soluble forms is comprised of metals associated with easily soluble amorphous Fe-oxides and bound to sediment organic matter. According to sediment quality guidelines, all trace-metal contents were below the threshold levels. Among sites studied, the heightened contents of bioavailable metal forms are related to sediments enriched in organic matter and/or located within the sea-fresh water barrier zones. The elements studied may be arranged in the following decreasing sequence according to their potential bioavailability: Cu > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cr > Pb. The present study can serve as a basis for comprehensive environmental assessment of the region and objective anoxia prognosis in Arctic ecosystems, while the role of microbial community in element speciation in sediments needs special attention.

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Copetti, Diego, e Franco Salerno. "Climate–Water–Ecosystem–Interactions: Insights from Four Continent’s Case Studies". Water 12, n. 5 (19 maggio 2020): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051445.

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The interaction of climate with aquatic ecosystems is a multidisciplinary field of research involving water quantity and quality issues and having strong socio-economic implications. This special issue hosts 10 studies undertaken in 7 countries of 4 continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. The issue provides a wide spectrum of natural and artificial case-studies and covers a broad range of climatic conditions. Most of the studies adopted a modelling (50%) or a field (40%) approach and focused on water-quantity (60%), while the remaining were equally subdivided between water-quality and biogeochemistry. Forty percent of the papers directly face climate change. The diversity of approaches and case studies is the main aspect characterizing this special issue. Despite this high diversification, in relation to water-quantity related issues, we can identify the following messages: high attention to extreme meteorological events, drought in particular, even in regions once considered rich in water (e.g., northern Italy); fragility of agricultural and water supply systems in the face of extreme weather events, in particular in low-income countries (e.g., Madagascar); more attention to climate change compared to land cover/use change but importance of natural land cover to efficiently face the incoming climate change, in particular, in agriculture ecosystems. From a water quality biogeochemistry point of view, we can point out: sensitivity of lakes to climate change with the risk of biodiversity loss; need to reduce nutrient loads to mitigate eutrophication related problems, exacerbated by climate change; in particular, reduction of nitrogen loads from agriculture run-off, to reduce N2O emissions in large-shallow Chinese environments.

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Glock, Nicolaas. "Benthic foraminifera and gromiids from oxygen-depleted environments – survival strategies, biogeochemistry and trophic interactions". Biogeosciences 20, n. 16 (17 agosto 2023): 3423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3423-2023.

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Abstract. The oceans are losing oxygen (O2), and oxygen minimum zones are expanding due to climate warming (lower O2 solubility) and eutrophication related to agriculture. This trend is challenging for most marine taxa that are not well adapted to O2 depletion. For other taxa this trend might be advantageous because they can withstand low O2 concentrations or thrive under O2-depleted or even anoxic conditions. Benthic foraminifera are a group of protists that include taxa with adaptations to partly extreme environmental conditions. Several species possess adaptations to O2 depletion that are rare amongst eukaryotes, and these species might benefit from ongoing ocean deoxygenation. In addition, since some foraminifera can calcify even under anoxic conditions, they are important archives for paleoceanographic reconstruction in O2-depleted environments. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about foraminifera from low-O2 environments. Recent advances in our understanding of specific survival strategies of foraminifera to withstand O2 depletion are summarized and discussed. These adaptations include an anaerobic metabolism, heterotrophic denitrification, symbiosis with bacteria, kleptoplasty and dormancy and have a strong impact on their preferred microhabitat in the sediments, especially the ability of some benthic foraminiferal species to denitrify. Benthic foraminifera also differ regarding their trophic strategies, which has an additional impact on the selection of their microhabitat. For example, some species are strict herbivores that feed exclusively on fresh phytodetritus and live close to the sediment surface, while some species are non-selective detrivores that occupy intermediate to deep infaunal habitats. There is evidence that foraminifers have the capacity to undergo phagocytosis, even under anoxia, and some foraminiferal species which can withstand low-O2 conditions seem to prey on meiofauna. Also, due to their high abundances in O2-depleted environments and their metabolic adaptations, benthic foraminifera are key players in marine nutrient cycling, especially within the marine N and P cycles. This review summarizes the denitrification rates for the species that are known to denitrify and the intracellular nitrate concentrations of the species that are known to intracellularly store nitrate. Finally, equations are provided that can be used to estimate the intracellular nutrient storage and denitrification rates of foraminifera and might be integrated into biogeochemical models.

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Dasgupta, Shamik, Xiaotong Peng e Kaiwen Ta. "Interaction between Microbes, Minerals, and Fluids in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems". Minerals 11, n. 12 (26 novembre 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121324.

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The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s widened the limits of life and habitability. The mixing of oxidizing seawater and reduction of hydrothermal fluids create a chemical disequilibrium that is exploited by chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea to harness energy by converting inorganic carbon into organic biomass. Due to the rich variety of chemical sources and steep physico-chemical gradients, a large array of microorganisms thrive in these extreme environments, which includes but are not restricted to chemolithoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs. Past research has revealed the underlying relationship of these microbial communities with the subsurface geology and hydrothermal geochemistry. Endolithic microbial communities at the ocean floor catalyze a number of redox reactions through various metabolic activities. Hydrothermal chimneys harbor Fe-reducers, sulfur-reducers, sulfide and H2-oxidizers, methanogens, and heterotrophs that continuously interact with the basaltic, carbonate, or ultramafic basement rocks for energy-yielding reactions. Here, we briefly review the global deep-sea hydrothermal systems, microbial diversity, and microbe–mineral interactions therein to obtain in-depth knowledge of the biogeochemistry in such a unique and geologically critical subseafloor environment.

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Li, Jiake, Haojin Cheng, Fu Yin, Jiwen Liu, Xiao-Hua Zhang e Min Yu. "Deciphering Microbial Communities and Distinct Metabolic Pathways in the Tangyin Hydrothermal Fields of Okinawa Trough through Metagenomic and Genomic Analyses". Microorganisms 12, n. 3 (4 marzo 2024): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030517.

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Deep-sea hydrothermal vents have been extensively explored around the globe in the past decades, and the diversity of microbial communities and their ecological functions related to hydrothermal vents have become hotspots in the study of microbial biogeochemistry. However, knowledge of dominant microbial communities and their unique metabolic characteristics adapting to hydrothermal vents is still limited. In our study, the sediment sample near the Tangyin hydrothermal vent in the southern part of the Okinawa Trough was collected, and the most abundant phyla are Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota based on the 16S rRNA genes and metagenome sequencing. Metagenomic analysis revealed that methane metabolism, sulfur reduction, and Fe2+ uptake were abundantly distributed in hydrothermal sediment. In addition, most of the metagenomic assembly genomes (MAGs), belonging to Chloroflexota, Desulfobacterota, and Gammaproteobacteria, were found to be involved in methanogenesis, sulfur oxidation/reduction, and ferrous/ferric iron metabolisms. Among these MAGs, the two representative groups (Bathyarchaeia and Thioglobaceae) also showed distinct metabolic characteristics related to carbon, sulfur, and iron to adapt to hydrothermal environments. Our results reveal the dominant microbial populations and their metabolic features in the sediment near the Tangyin hydrothermal fields, providing a better understanding of microbial survival strategies in the extreme environment.

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SanClements, Michael D., Heidi J. Smith, Christine M. Foreman, Marco Tedesco, Yu-Ping Chin, Christopher Jaros e Diane M. McKnight. "Biogeophysical properties of an expansive Antarctic supraglacial stream". Antarctic Science 29, n. 1 (20 ottobre 2016): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000456.

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AbstractSupraglacial streams are important hydrologic features in glaciated environments as they are conduits for the transport of aeolian debris, meltwater, solutes and microbial communities. We characterized the basic geomorphology, hydrology and biogeochemistry of the Cotton Glacier supraglacial stream located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. The distinctive geomorphology of the stream is driven by accumulated aeolian sediment from the Transantarctic Mountains, while solar radiation and summer temperatures govern melt in the system. The hydrologic functioning of the Cotton Glacier stream is largely controlled by the formation of ice dams that lead to vastly different annual flow regimes and extreme flushing events. Stream water is chemically dilute and lacks a detectable humic signature. However, the fluorescent signature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the stream does demonstrate an extremely transitory red-shifted signal found only in near-stream sediment leachates and during the initial flushing of the system at the onset of flow. This suggests that episodic physical flushing drives pulses of DOM with variable quality in this stream. This is the first description of a large Antarctic supraglacial stream and our results provide evidence that the hydrology and geomorphology of supraglacial streams drive resident microbial community composition and biogeochemical cycling.

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Rusch, Antje. "Molecular Tools for the Detection of Nitrogen Cycling Archaea". Archaea 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/676450.

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Archaea are widespread in extreme and temperate environments, and cultured representatives cover a broad spectrum of metabolic capacities, which sets them up for potentially major roles in the biogeochemistry of their ecosystems. The detection, characterization, and quantification of archaeal functions in mixed communities require Archaea-specific primers or probes for the corresponding metabolic genes. Five pairs of degenerate primers were designed to target archaeal genes encoding key enzymes of nitrogen cycling: nitrite reductases NirA and NirB, nitrous oxide reductase (NosZ), nitrogenase reductase (NifH), and nitrate reductases NapA/NarG. Sensitivity towards their archaeal target gene, phylogenetic specificity, and gene specificity were evaluated in silico and in vitro. Owing to their moderate sensitivity/coverage, the novelnirB-targeted primers are suitable for pure culture studies only. ThenirA-targeted primers showed sufficient sensitivity and phylogenetic specificity, but poor gene specificity. The primers designed for amplification of archaealnosZperformed well in all 3 criteria; their discrimination against bacterial homologs appears to be weakened when Archaea are strongly outnumbered by bacteria in a mixed community. The novelnifH-targeted primers showed high sensitivity and gene specificity, but failed to discriminate against bacterial homologs. Despite limitations, 4 of the new primer pairs are suitable tools in several molecular methods applied in archaeal ecology.

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Meng, Ling, Qianguo Xing, Xuelu Gao, Diansheng Ji, Fanzhu Qu, Xiaoqing Wang e Ling Ji. "Effects of an Episodic Storm-Induced Flooding Event on the Biogeochemistry of a Shallow, Highly Turbid, Semi-Enclosed Embayment (Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea)". Sustainability 15, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010563.

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Episodic storm-induced flooding is becoming more frequent with a warming climate, which may alter the biogeochemical properties and conditions of estuaries. However, the effects of such extreme events on semi-enclosed bay ecosystems have not been fully investigated because of the difficulty in collecting in situ samples. To address this issue, a comparative study was carried out to understand the biogeochemical changes in Laizhou Bay, a shallow, highly turbid, semi-enclosed bay, by coupling satellite data and surface water samplings collected during an episodic flooding event (August 2018) and during a non-flooding period (August 2017). The results showed that the 2018 Shouguang flood delivered large amounts of suspended solids, phosphorus, and organic matter-enriched terrigenous materials into Laizhou Bay and enhanced the offshore expansion of the low-salinity seawater plume and associated nutrient fronts. Water total suspended solid (TSS) particle and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations increased by 23.79 g/m3 and 0.63 mg/m3, respectively, on average in the freshwater mixing water plume around the Mi River. Episodic flooding is a crucial driver which temporally dominates the spatial patterns of water biogeochemistry. These results are essential to anticipate the ecosystem response of estuarine regions to the high episodic freshwater flow associated with the increasing storms.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Colosimo, Fabrizio. "Biogeochemical characterisation of extreme environments". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28496.

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There is currently a considerable interest in characterising extreme environments, since they offer the opportunity to envision practical applications and to understand microbial diversity as an adaptive response that reflects environmental diversity. It is now well recognized that microorganisms thrive in extreme conditions such as contaminated soils/sediments and the pressurised depth of the Earth. Morphological, physiological, biochemical and genetic adaptations to extreme environments by these microorganisms have generated immense interest amongst scientists who continuously discover new occurrences and modes of microbial life on Earth. In this thesis, biogeochemical processes are investigated in two different extreme environments. (i) The deep biosphere, with a focus on shale gas basin and coal-bed methane (CBM). These environments are currently gaining momentum across the scientific community for the production of gaseous fuel. (i) [sic] Coal tar-contaminated soil and concentrated organic-phase coal tar, which was studied for bioremediation purposes. The core of this thesis consists of three articles dedicated to combination of different molecular and chromatographic methods of experimentation, analysis and interpretation. These include molecular tools such as DNA extraction techniques, PCR, 454-pyrosequencing and culturing-based approaches. The chemical experiments were metabolomic and isotopic chromatographic analyses. This study presented an extensive review of the biogeochemistry of unconventional gas systems, which provide an improved level of information of such environments. A robust culture-independent methodology was developed for the characterisation of microbial life in extreme environments, which was applied to describe, for the first time, the presence of bacteria in concentrated organic-phase coal tar. The deep sequencing methods were then used in combination with multidimensional compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) to investigate community structure. The combined approach of deep sequencing methods with multidimensional CSIA was confirmed by statistics. Thus, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multidimentional CSIA, can be applied to investigate microbial community structure in extreme environments.

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Symes, Elizabeth Anne. "Freshwater Cyanobacteria within Extreme Environments". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15606.

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The proliferation of undesirable cyanobacteria within eutrophic freshwaters is now reported on a global scale, however the factors triggering cyanobacteria bloom formation were found to be especially complex. Even within a single water body, physical, chemical and biological factors all influence the assemblage of phytoplankton found. Notwithstanding the body of research conducted over the past 50 years, where concerted efforts have been applied to observing bloom patterns and the drivers of cyanobacteria blooms, substantial knowledge gaps were identified. An examination of field methods, the factors promoting the growth of cyanobacteria blooms in modified inland aquatic ecosystems, modelling to predict the onset of a bloom using a 7 day positive model, and consideration of the likely effects increasing atmospheric CO2 could have on the development of surface dwelling species were key themes addressed. The thesis represents a combination of field based and controlled experimental laboratory research. A three-year case study was undertaken at an inland freshwater impoundment where cyanobacteria blooms had become a burgeoning issue. Standard surface monitoring and in situ multi-parameter instruments were used to determine environmental stressors. Importantly the water body was characterised as a well-mixed system. A hypertrophic classification was attributed to the water body due to nutrient super saturation, high water temperatures and suspended sediment measured in all years. A discrepancy between the available analysis methods was found, as the molecular method detected a diversity of microorganisms including several cyanobacteria species, whereas microscopy detected only one species. Notably harmful colonies of picocyanobacteria were not observed using standard microscopy. The molecular data also showed cyanobacteria represented 30% of the total bacterial community yet; molecular analyses may be limited when cell counts are required for a comparison with the alert level framework. The case study found the adoption of multi-monitoring and analysis methods constitutes best practice, and should therefore be integral to early detection, risk mitigation and system characterisation. A controlled laboratory study was undertaken to measure the efficacy of emerging technology as a water quality-monitoring stratagem, with emphasis placed on the accuracy of fluorometry in turbid waters above 50 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs). The results found in vivo fluorometry using a Manta 2 probe was useful for detecting Microcystis aeruginosa at concentrations consistent with the National Health and Medical Research Council’s alert framework (Green, Amber and Red). Phycocyanin was found to be a more reliable measure of cyanobacteria than chlorophyll a, and by using a calibrated instrument it was possible to accurately detect cyanobacteria in turbid waters up to 220 NTUs. Cyanobacteria are highly effective at CO2 assimilation, with a remarkable capacity to adapt to different CO2 conditions, however scant research had previously focused on understanding how freshwater species may respond to increasing atmospheric CO2. Controlled laboratory experiments were performed and diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic cultures were exposed to past and projected atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Both experimental species adapted to the ambient low and high CO2 conditions, however, significantly higher bio volume was measured in the elevated CO2 chambers. The ability of freshwater ecosystems to maintain steady state water chemistry or base-neutralizing capacity if atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach levels projected for the latter part of this century is questionable, and furthermore, the study provided empirical evidence to support the theoretical position that increasing CO2 may lead to changes in water chemistry, particularly a decrease in pH values.

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Cham, Belinda. "Endurance in Extreme Work Environments". Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/85805.

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Extreme work environments represent complex and challenging settings in which optimal performance is required rather than optional. This thesis advances knowledge of how demands and constraints within extreme work environments impact sustained human performance over time. This thesis establishes a theoretical framework of endurance that models ongoing human performance in extreme work-life systems; and provides empirical evidence on the different ways complex work demands can impact short- and long-term endurance in real-world extreme work environments.

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Brennan, Daniel Richard. "Silicon carbide technology for extreme environments". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3154.

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With mankind’s ever increasing curiosity to explore the unknown, including a variety of hostile environments where we cannot tread, there exists a need for machines to do work on our behalf. For applications in the most extreme environments and applications silicon based electronics cannot function, and there is a requirement for circuits and sensors to be built from wide band gap materials capable of operation in these domains. This work addresses the initial development of silicon carbide circuits to monitor conditions and transmit information from such hostile environments. The characterisation, simulation and implementation of silicon carbide based circuits utilising proprietary high temperature passives is explored. Silicon carbide is a wide band gap semiconductor material with highly suitable properties for high-power, high frequency and high temperature applications. The bandgap varies depending on polytype, but the most commonly used polytype 4H, has a value of 3.265 eV at room temperature, which reduces as the thermal ionization of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band increases, allowing operation in ambient up to 600°C. Whilst silicon carbide allows for the growth of a native oxide, the quality has limitations and therefore junction field effect transistors (JFETs) have been utilised as the switch in this work. The characteristics of JFET devices are similar to those of early thermionic valve technology and their use in circuits is well known. In conjunction with JFETs, Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been used as both varactors and rectifiers. Simulation models for high temperature components have been created through their characterisation of their electrical parameters at elevated temperatures. The JFETs were characterised at temperatures up to 573K, and values for TO V , β , λ , IS , RS and junction capacitances were extracted and then used to mathematically describe the operation of circuits using SPICE. The transconductance of SiC JFETs at high temperatures has been shown to decrease quadratically indicating a strong dependence upon carrier mobility in the channel. The channel resistance also decreased quadratically as a direct result of both electric field and temperature enhanced trap emission. The JFETs were tested to be operational up to 775K, where they failed due to delamination of an external passivation layer. ii Schottky diodes were characterised up to 573K, across the temperature range and values for ideality factor, capacitance, series resistance and forward voltage drop were extracted to mathematically model the devices. The series resistance of a SiC SBD exhibited a quadratic relationship with temperature indicating that it is dominated by optical phonon scattering of charge carriers. The observed deviation from a temperature independent ideality factor is due to the recombination of carriers in the depletion region affected by both traps and the formation of an interfacial layer at the SiC/metal interface. To compliment the silicon carbide active devices utilised in this work, high temperature passive devices and packaging/circuit boards were developed. Both HfO2 and AlN materials were investigated for use as potential high temperature capacitor dielectrics in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor structures. The different thicknesses of HfO2 (60nm and 90nm) and 300nm for AlN and the relevance to fabrication techniques are examined and their effective capacitor behaviour at high temperature explored. The HfO2 based capacitor structures exhibited high levels of leakage current at temperatures above 100°C. Along with elevated leakage when subjected to higher electric fields. This current leakage is due to the thin dielectric and high defect density and essentially turns the capacitors into high value resistors in the order of MΩ. This renders the devices unsuitable as capacitors in hostile environments at the scales tested. To address this issue AlN capacitors with a greater dielectric film thickness were fabricated with reduced leakage currents in comparison even at an electric field of 50MV/cm at 600K. The work demonstrated the world’s first high temperature wireless sensor node powered using energy harvesting technology, capable of operation at 573K. The module demonstrated the world’s first amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) communication techniques at high temperature. It also demonstrated a novel high temperature self oscillating boost converter cable of boosting voltages from a thermoelectric generator also operating at this temperature. The AM oscillator operated at a maximum temperature of 553K and at a frequency of 19.4MHz with a signal amplitude 65dB above background noise. Realised from JFETs and HfO2 capacitors, modulation of the output signal was achieved by varying the load resistance by use of a second SiC JFET. By applying a negative signal voltage of between -2.5 and -3V, a 50% reduction in the signal amplitude and therefore Amplitude Modulation was achieved by modulating the power within the oscillator through the use of this secondary JFET. Temperature drift in the characteristics were also observed, iii with a decrease in oscillation frequency of almost 200 kHz when the temperature changed from 300K to 573K. This decrease is due to the increase in capacitance density of the HfO2 MIM capacitors and increasing junction capacitances of the JFET used as the amplifier within the oscillator circuit. Direct frequency modulation of a SiC Voltage Controlled Oscillator was demonstrated at a temperature of 573K with a oscillation frequency of 17MHz. Realised from an SiC JFET, AlN capacitors and a SiC SBD used as a varactor. It was possible to vary the frequency of oscillations by 100 kHz with an input signal no greater than 1.5V being applied to the SiC SBD. The effects of temperature drift were more dramatic in comparison to the AM circuit at 400 kHz over the entire temperature range, a result of the properties of the AlN film which causes the capacitors to increase in capacitance density by 10%. A novel self oscillating boost converter was commissioned using a counter wound transformer on high temperature ferrite, a SiC JFET and a SiC SBD. Based upon the operation of a free running blocking oscillator, oscillatory behaviour is a result of the electric and magnetic variations in the winding of the transformer and the amplification characteristics of a JFET. It demonstrated the ability to boost an input voltage of 1.3 volts to 3.9 volts at 573K and exhibited an efficiency of 30% at room temperature. The frequency of operation was highly dependent upon the input voltage due to the increased current flow through the primary coil portion of the transformer and the ambient temperature causing an increase in permeability of the ferrite, thus altering the inductance of both primary and secondary windings. However due its simplicity and its ability to boost the input voltage by 250% meant it was capable of powering the transmitters and in conjunction with a Themoelectric Generator so formed the basis for a self powered high temperature silicon carbide sensor node. The demonstration of these high temperature circuits provide the initial stages of being able to produce a high temperature wireless sensor node capable of operation in hostile environments. Utilising the self oscillating boost converter and a high temperature Thermoelectric Generator these prototype circuits were showed the ability to harvest energy from the high temperature ambient and power the silicon carbide circuitry. Along with appropriate sensor technology it demonstrated the feasibility of being able to monitor and transmit information from hazardous locations which is currently unachievable.

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Cameron, Rory Alistair. "Nitrile degrading enzymes from extreme environments :". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404396.

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Wadsworth, Jennifer Louise. "Microbial responses to extreme radiation environments". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31217.

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Microorganisms are known to tolerate a variety of extreme environments, such as high and low pH, desiccation and a wide range of temperatures that would prove uninhabitable for most eukaryotic cells. However, extreme radiation exposure is a ubiquitous hazard to pro- and eukaryotic viability. Ionising and non-ionising radiation, and their associated high energies, cause damage to a cell in the form of DNA double-strand breaks, membrane deterioration, and lethal mutations. Radiation also induces secondary effects such as the production of reactive oxygen species, which attack and degrade organic compounds. It is therefore not surprising that radiation is considered by the scientific community to be one of the main influencing factors when regarding habitability on the early Earth, as well as other planets, such as present-day Mars. This thesis explores the response of select microbes that have been exposed to extreme radiation environments, i.e. both high and ultra-low radiation. Understanding how radiation affects the geochemical environment is key to the assessment of its potential to support life and to harbour molecules associated with life. The effect of radiation-induced photochemistry on the early terrestrial and present-day Martian surface is explored in conjunction with Fenton chemistry. Iron oxides are abundant on both Earth and Mars and act as catalysts in Photo-Fenton reactions, enabling the production of free radicals. The resulting consequences for habitability are shown to be antagonistic, with iron oxide enabling both the protection or destruction of cells, depending on the local geochemistry. In addition, the photo-reactivity of perchlorate is investigated. The UV-induced activation of the strong oxidant, and recently confirmed Martian surface constituent, is demonstrated, revealing its severe bacteriocidal effect on microbes. It is also shown to significantly reduce microbial viability when combined with further Martian soil constituents and components required for Photo-Fenton chemistry. In order to accurately analyse the effects of low earth orbit radiation on prokaryotic life, cyanobacterial samples were attached to the outside of the International Space Station as part of the EXPOSE-R2 mission for 1.5 years. The samples were subjected to various conditions, including exposure to a minimally filtered space radiation environment and simulated Mars conditions. The experiment is designed to test the protection that biogenic and non-biogenic substances may provide to cells. The results in this work present the post-flight analysis of the samples and demonstrate the ability of these substances to maintain cyanobacteria viability. They also show that the cyanobacterial cells themselves can effectively act as a shield for a secondary, co-cultured bacteria species. On the other end of the radiation dose scale, this work addresses the gaps in knowledge with regard to the little-understood effects of low, sub-background radiation on prokaryotes. Using the Boulby Underground Lab in the functioning Boulby Mine, Cleveland UK, microbes are cultivated under regulated, extremely low radiation environments to test multiple dose-response models. The results show no change in cell's growth rates or gradients in low radiation exposure when compared to surface-dose controls. They also fail to exhibit any enhanced susceptibility to stress factors, such as UV irradiation, as suggested by previous work in the field. These experiments mark the first extensive and tightly controlled research into microbial responses in the near-absence of radiation. This work illustrates the importance of understanding both primary and secondary effects of radiation on microbes and begins to bridge the knowledge gap from both ends of the dose axis. These approaches show the far-reaching influence radiation has on astrobiologically relevant topics, such as habitat geochemistry and life detection, and demonstrate the capacity of life to survive in extreme radiation environments.

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Hemmingsson, Tryggve. "Exhaled nitric oxide in extreme environments". Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-609-5/.

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Mallia, Bertram. "Novel Nanostructured Coatings for Extreme Tribological Environments". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491642.

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The degradation of material surfaces is a 'valve' that has limited technological progress through the ages. Today's most challenging environments are those where component surfaces are exposed to the simultaneous or sequential actions of corrosion and mechanical wear. These phenomena can be mitigated by a better understanding of the interactions between the multiple degradation mechanisms and the systematic development of alternative material surfaces. In this work, PVD coatings based on the Fe-Cr-Ni, Cr-Ti, Cr-B-(N) and W-(B) material systems were developed using unbalanced magnetron sputtering and mainly applied to AISI 316L, Ti-6AI-4V and Ortron 90 substrates respectively. For Fe-Cr-Ni and Cr-Ti coatings, post deposition heat treatments were conducted to stimulate the formation of the cr-FeCrNi and Laves Cr2Ti intermetallic phases respectively. In all cases, the morphology, chemical composition, structure, mechanical properties, corrosion behaviour and damage tolerance of the various coated materials were investigated. Special emphasis was placed on the response of the coated materials and uncoated test-pieces to the simultaneous action of corrosion and mechanical wear that resulted from sliding an Ah03 ball against the coated and uncoated materials in a 0.9 wt%NaCI solution. For one case only, W-(B) coated AISI 52100, lubricated rolling/sliding contact durability was assessed. For the corrosion-wear tests, the removal and regeneration of the passive layer (type I corrosion-wear) dominated the material loss. A high coatings hardness for'Fe-Cr-Ni and CrTi coatings was often beneficial to reduce the mechanical wear but the corrosion due to wear frequently remained high. Partial post deposition oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni coatings was very effective in reducing the latter. Also of importance was the roughening of the Ah03 counterface due to the formation of tribo/transfer films or grain pull out. The material loss for Cr-B-(N) coatings was dominated by a material transfer mechanism and Ah03 grain pull out resulted in high mechanical wear of amorphous Cr-Ti coating. W-(B) coatings generally had low material loss and their crystalline variants displayed a low p.. The latter became inappropriate for conditions which promote high W dissolution. In lubricated rolling/sliding tests W-(B) coated AISI 52100 performance wasÃ‚Â·dependent on coating crystal structure and boron supersaturation. The crystalline coatings with low boron supersaturation displayed the best rolling/sliding damage resistance.

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Lin, Ju-Ling. "Molecular ecology of methanotrophs in extreme environments". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403795.

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Yañez, Gonzalez Alvaro. "Phosphorescent thermal history sensors for extreme environments". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44732.

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The measurement of the surface temperature of many components in gas turbines has become increasingly important as the firing temperature raises to improve thermal efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. Traditional methods to measure temperatures in real time, such as thermocouples or pyrometers, are sometimes not suitable and an alternative must be sought. Thermal history sensors record the maximum temperatures reached during operation, which can then be measured after the engine has cooled down. Currently, temperature sensitive paints are mainly used to obtain temperature profiles on gas turbine components but they present some limitations such as subjectivity of the measurement, poor resolution and toxicity. Permanent changes in the optical properties of thermographic phosphors have been proposed as an alternative to record temperatures and can potentially overcome some of the difficulties associated with traditional paints. The changes in the optical properties of some europium doped phosphors after oxidation can be used to sense temperatures up to 1400 °C. The oxidation mechanism of BaMgAl10O17:Eu are investigated in detail by means of standard material characterisation techniques and laser induced phosphorescence. Variations in the luminescence properties of the phosphor (intensity ratio and lifetime decay) are related to microstructural and chemical changes and permitted to measure temperatures in the range 700-1200 °C. The influence of practical factors that can affect the measurement accuracy and sensitivity are thoroughly characterised. These include the energy fluence used for excitation, duration of the exposure at high temperatures, dopant concentration, time spent during cooling down, composition of the atmosphere during the heat treatment and particle size. The reversibility of the changes in the optical properties of the phosphor is studied by applying a heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, and thus reusability of the sensor demonstrated. The development of a coating made of this phosphor is explored for the first time with regards to its application as a sensor. The difficulties to manufacture such a coating are mainly related to the complex stoichiometry and high processing temperature of the phosphor material. BaMgAl10O17:Eu coatings onto metallic substrates are manufactured by the screen printing method. In these coatings, diffusion of elements from the substrate undesirably affects the optical properties of the sensor after exposure to high temperatures. The use of a diffusion barrier permits to perform temperature measurements at temperatures up to 1100 °C comparable to the powder material. Thermal gradients across the ceramic coating can drastically affect the accuracy of the temperature measurements performed by using luminescence. Investigations in thermal barrier coating sensors in controlled gradient conditions are performed that permit evaluation of the temperature error introduced by these gradients. Comparison of experimental data and a theoretical model indicates that significant temperature measurement errors can be expected in BAM:Eu coatings when a thermal gradient is present.

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Libri sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Bier, Vicki. Risk in Extreme Environments. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315557540.

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Amils, Ricardo, Cynan Ellis-Evans e Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay, a cura di. Life in Extreme Environments. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6285-8.

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Andrievski, Rostislav, e Arsen Khatchoyan. Nanomaterials in Extreme Environments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25331-2.

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Subramanian, Prem S., a cura di. Ophthalmology in Extreme Environments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57600-8.

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A, Herbert R., Codd G. A e Society for General Microbiology, a cura di. Microbes in extreme environments. London: Published for the Society for General Microbiology by Academic Press, 1986.

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European Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. Conference. Adaptations to extreme environments. A cura di Dejours Pierre. Basel: Karger, 1987.

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Godé, Cécile. Team Coordination in Extreme Environments. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119261438.

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Chénard, Caroline, e Federico M. Lauro, a cura di. Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51686-8.

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Jina, Amir Sultan. Economic Development in Extreme Environments. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2014.

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A, Dressler Rainer, a cura di. Chemical dynamics in extreme environments. Singapore: World Scientific, 2001.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Thiel, Volker. "Extreme Environments". In Encyclopedia of Geobiology, 362–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_87.

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Willmott, Ash, Rachel Malcolm, Caroline Sunderland, Sanjoy Deb, Neil D. Clarke, Rachel Tan, Lewis A. Gough e Carl James. "Extreme Environments". In Nutrition and Supplements in Cycling, 139–76. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003375418-9.

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Kazy, Sufia K., Rajendra P. Sahu, Sourav Mukhopadhyay, Himadri Bose, Sunanda Mandal e Pinaki Sar. "Microbial Life in Deep Terrestrial Continental Crust". In Extreme Environments, 263–91. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-16.

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Hagagy, Nashwa I., Amna A. Saddiq, Hend A. Hamedo e Samy A. Selim. "Extremophiles Inhabiting Unique Ecosystems in Egypt". In Extreme Environments, 252–62. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-15.

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Rizzo, Carmen, Maria Papale e Angelina Lo Giudice. "New Trends in Antarctic Bioprospecting: The Case of Cold-Adapted Bacteria". In Extreme Environments, 117–39. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-7.

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Suneja, Garima, e Rajpal Srivastav. "Impact of Microbial Genome Sequencing Advancements in Understanding Extremophiles". In Extreme Environments, 330–42. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-19.

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Das, Sayak, e Nagendra Thakur. "The Microbial Diversity of Hot Springs Located in Himalayan Geothermal Belts (HGB)". In Extreme Environments, 18–43. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-2.

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Saritha, M., Praveen Kumar, Nav Raten Panwar e Uday Burman. "Physiological and Metabolic Basis of Microbial Adaptations Under Extreme Environments". In Extreme Environments, 184–97. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-11.

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Karadžić, Ivanka M., Milena G. Rikalović, Lidija T. Izrael-Živković e Ana B. Medić. "Extremophilic Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Biomarkers of Presence of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollution and Their Potential for Application in Contemporary Ecotoxicology". In Extreme Environments, 343–58. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-20.

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Kalwasińska, Agnieszka, e Edyta Deja-Sikora. "The Insight into Deep Subsurface Microbial Life in Therapeutic Waters of Poland". In Extreme Environments, 292–310. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-17.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Gower-Winter, Brandon, e Geoff Nitschke. "Extreme Environments Perpetuate Cooperation". In 2022 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022236.

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Fugate, David, Alex Melin, Roger Kisner e John Wilgen. "Advanced instrumentation for extreme environments: Nuclear reactor environments". In 2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fiiw.2012.6378336.

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"REE Robotics for Extreme Environments". In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit45562.2020.9067173.

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"Electrical machines for extreme environments". In 2018 XIII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2018.8506788.

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"Electrical machines for extreme environments". In 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2016.7732891.

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Stoica, Adrian, Michel D. Ingham, Leslie Tamppari, Karl Mitchell e Marco B. Quadrelli. "TransFormers Concept for Extreme Environments". In AIAA SPACE 2016. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-5326.

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Wilson, Stuart, Zafer Erkol, Aude Faugere, Bill Eatwell, Frank Espinosa e Ron Xu. "Inflatable Packers in Extreme Environments". In SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89529-ms.

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Siddall, R. J., e A. B. Horsfall. "Solvent Sensing for Extreme Environments". In 2019 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors43011.2019.8956518.

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McKean, B. "Switchgear designs for extreme environments". In IET Seminar on Engineering a Safer Global Climate: The Power Sector's Response. IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20080655.

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Boston, Penelope, Jane Curnutt, Ernesto Gomez, Keith Schubert e Brian Strader. "Patterned Growth in Extreme Environments". In 2009 Third IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc-it.2009.34.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Armstrong, Lawrence E. Children in Extreme Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada215554.

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Bellon, Pascal, Robert S. Averback, Shen Dillon, William P. King e Dallas R. Trinkle. Materials for Extreme Irradiation Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1574232.

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Sehirlioglu, Alp. Hetero-Interfaces for Extreme Electronic Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609314.

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Sehirlioglu, Alp. Hetero-Interfaces For Extreme Electronic Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609970.

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Anderoglu, Osman, Madhavan Radhakrishnan, Aidana Bauyrzhan, Daria Bolgova, Xiatong Yang, Boopathy Kombaiah, Mukesh Bacchav, Justin Cheng e Nathan Mara. Nanostructured Composite Alloys for Extreme Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1877543.

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Kisner, Roger A. Embedded I&C for Extreme Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1328293.

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Fahrenholtz, William G., Gregory E. Hilmas, Erica Corral e Laura Riegel. Workshop on Aerospace Materials for Extreme Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada511310.

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Chen, P. C., e Marc P. Mignolet. Fatigue Life of Composite Structures in Extreme Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436116.

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Germann, Timothy C. Exascale Co-design for Modeling Materials in Extreme Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1136467.

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Fowler, Bryce L. Multiparticle Impact Damping (MPID) Design Methodology for Extreme Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maggio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420177.

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