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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 25 gennaio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Izabel, David, Thibault Renaux, Tommy Gelders, Arritokieta Eizaguirre‐Iribar, Jörg Lange, Eric Man Pradhan, Helena Gervásio et al. "Innovative bio‐based steel envelope systems". ce/papers 6, n. 3-4 (settembre 2023): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2630.

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AbstractThe INCSEB project is aimed at developing 5 ultra‐low carbon envelope systems made in steel and that incorporate innovative use of wood fiber insulation. The systems under development are: 3 sandwich panels (cladding, pitch & flat roofing), 2 claddings (double skin & façade with plank). INCSEB includes tests to study various behaviors: mechanical, fire, thermal calculation, acoustic insulation, air/water/vapor permeability. Interpretation and classification reports will be done for each type of test. 2 full scale prototypes will allow to estimate the durability in real life conditions. LCA indicators and comparison of carbon footprint (GWP) to conventional systems based on a real office building will be provided. An economic study of the projected price of the 5 systems compared to existing conventional systems is also planned. Besides, as far as the production of innovative panels is concerned, it appears that they can be integrated in current production lines. Finally, actions to facilitate the dissemination of results and industrial application will be organized: drafts of design and installation guides, publications, submission of 3 amendments to relevant EN standardization committees, workshop, BIM objects. Lastly, the manufacturers plan to apply for patents protection.

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Mandić, Vilko, Arijeta Bafti, Ivana Panžić e Floren Radovanović-Perić. "Bio-Based Aerogels in Energy Storage Systems". Gels 10, n. 7 (30 giugno 2024): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10070438.

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Bio-aerogels have emerged as promising materials for energy storage, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional aerogels. This review addresses their syntheses, properties, and characterization challenges for use in energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Derived from renewable sources (such as cellulose, lignin, and chitosan), bio-based aerogels exhibit mesoporosity, high specific surface area, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them advantageous for environmental sustainability. Bio-based aerogels serve as electrodes and separators in energy storage systems, offering desirable properties such as high specific surface area, porosity, and good electrical conductivity, enhancing the energy density, power density, and cycle life of devices. Recent advancements highlight their potential as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, replacing non-renewable carbon materials. Studies have shown excellent cycling stability and rate performance for bio-aerogels in supercapacitors and fuel cells. The yield properties of these materials, primarily porosity and transport phenomena, demand advanced characterization methods, and their synthesis and processing methods significantly influence their production, e.g., sol–gel and advanced drying. Bio-aerogels represent a sustainable solution for advancing energy storage technologies, despite challenges such as scalability, standardization, and cost-effectiveness. Future research aims to improve synthesis methods and explore novel applications. Bio-aerogels, in general, provide a healthier path to technological progress.

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Speck, Thomas, Falk Tauber, Olga Speck e Frank D. Scherag. "Bioinspired and bio-based living materials systems". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 20, n. 1 (29 novembre 2024): 010202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad9370.

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Vafaei, Seyedmohammad, Max Jopen, Georg Jacobs, Florian König e Ralf Weberskirch. "Synthesis and tribological behavior of bio-based lubrication greases with bio-based polyester thickener systems". Journal of Cleaner Production 364 (settembre 2022): 132659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132659.

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Nicolaidis Lindqvist, Andreas, Sarah Broberg, Linda Tufvesson, Sammar Khalil e Thomas Prade. "Bio-Based Production Systems: Why Environmental Assessment Needs to Include Supporting Systems". Sustainability 11, n. 17 (28 agosto 2019): 4678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174678.

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The transition to a bio-based economy is expected to deliver substantial environmental and economic benefits. However, bio-based production systems still come with significant environmental challenges, and there is a need for assessment methods that are adapted for the specific characteristics of these systems. In this review, we investigated how the environmental aspects of bio-based production systems differ from those of non-renewable systems, what requirements these differences impose when assessing their sustainability, and to what extent mainstream assessment methods fulfil these requirements. One unique characteristic of bio-based production is the need to maintain the regenerative capacity of the system. The necessary conditions for maintaining regenerative capacity are often provided through direct or indirect interactions between the production system and surrounding “supporting” systems. Thus, in the environmental assessment, impact categories affected in both the primary production system and the supporting systems need to be included, and impact models tailored to the specific context of the study should be used. Development in this direction requires efforts to broaden the system boundaries of conventional environmental assessments, to increase the level of spatial and temporal differentiation, and to improve our understanding of how local uniqueness and temporal dynamics affect the performance of the investigated system.

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Üzek, Recep, Esma Sari e Arben Merkoçi. "Optical-Based (Bio) Sensing Systems Using Magnetic Nanoparticles". Magnetochemistry 5, n. 4 (25 ottobre 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5040059.

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In recent years, various reports related to sensing application research have suggested that combining the synergistic impacts of optical, electrical or magnetic properties in a single technique can lead to a new multitasking platform. Owing to their unique features of the magnetic moment, biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, chemical stability, high surface area, high mass transference, magnetic nanoparticles have found a wide range of applications in various fields, especially in sensing systems. The present review is comprehensive information about magnetic nanoparticles utilized in the optical sensing platform, broadly categorized into four types: surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (NIRS) that are commonly used in various (bio) analytical applications. The review also includes some conclusions on the state of the art in this field and future aspects.

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Papadopoulou, Electra, Dimitrios Moutousidis, Sotirios Kountouras, Aikaterini Argyropoulou, Panagiotis Stathopoulos, Alexios Leandros Skaltsounis, Rafail O. Ioannidis, Eleftheria Xanthopoulou, Lamprini Malletzidou e Konstantinos Chrissafis. "New Bio-Based Binding Systems for Plywood Panels". Applied Sciences 14, n. 13 (4 luglio 2024): 5862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135862.

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This study investigated the use of non-formaldehyde binders in the production of plywood panels, focusing on mixtures containing 70% poly 4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (pMDI) and 30% soy flour (SF), along with blends of soy flour and agricultural residues (olive by-products—with and without extraction of their bioactive ingredients—and defatted hemp seeds). The basic properties of these biomaterials, such as moisture content, pH, and buffering capacity, were determined with laboratory analysis. Adhesive mixtures were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adhesive’s bonding ability was evaluated by manufacturing plywood panels on a laboratory scale, simulating industrial practices. The glue lines were visually inspected with a stereomicroscope. Micro-ATR-FTIR study of the cross-sections of plywood panels showed the full consumption of isocyanate groups indicating effective curing of the adhesive. Mixtures containing olive residues, particularly olive skin and stones, showed improved thermal stability in the TGA study. The mechanical properties of the plywood panels were assessed with three-point bending tests, while their shear strength and wood failure performance were tested according to the European standards used in the relevant industry (EN 314.1:2004 and EN 314.2:1993). In terms of flexural properties, the adhesive with non-extracted (NE) residual olive skin (ROS) showed the highest flexural strength of around 17 MPa and a flexural modulus of 650 MPa. The formulations containing extracted materials from hemp seeds (HSs) and residual olive skin (ROS) showed the best overall performance with wood failure values of 85% and 75% after the most severe cyclic test (EN314.1:2004-Pretreatment 5.1.3). Overall, the results showed that binders prepared with residual olive skin and defatted hemp seeds have promising performance and can be used in the manufacture of plywood panels.

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Karaca, Banu Taktak, James Meyer, Sarah VanOosten, Mark Richter e Candan Tamerler. "Modular Peptide-Based Hybrid Nanoprobes for Bio-Imaging and Bio-Sensing". MRS Proceedings 1621 (2014): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.368.

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ABSTRACTThe self-organization of functional proteins directly onto solid materials is attractive to a wide range of biomaterials and systems that need to accommodate a biological recognition element. In such systems, inorganic binding peptides may be an essential component due to their high affinity and selective binding features onto different types of solid surfaces. This study demonstrates a peptide-enabled self-assembly technique for designing well-defined protein arrays over a metal surface. To illustrate this concept, we designed a fusion protein that simultaneously displays a red fluorescence protein (DsRed-monomer), which is highly selective for copper ions, and a gold binding peptide AuBP. The peptide tag, AuBP, self-directs the organization of DsRed-monomer protein onto a gold surface and forms arrays built upon an efficient control of the organic/inorganic interface at the molecular level. The peptide-assisted design offers a modular approach for fabrication of fluorescent-based protein arrays with copper ion sensing ability.

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Zhang, Yi, Suna Fan e Yaopeng Zhang. "Bio-memristors based on silk fibroin". Materials Horizons 8, n. 12 (2021): 3281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01433a.

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Ito, Koji. "Bio-Mimetic Control Systems". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 6, n. 1 (20 febbraio 1994): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1994.p0109.

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Bio-mimetic control is intended to study the theoretical framework of autonomous decentralized control systems based on the nonlinear dynamical system theory. It is useful for understanding and designing the parallel-decentralized architecture and the self-organizing function which play an important part in the motor control systems. Based on these theories, research should also be directed toward the analysis of the spatiotemporal motor patterns of the locomotion and arm action as well as toward the application to the sensory-motor coordination and the cooperative control of multiple robots.

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Tesi sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Partington, Lee Ian. "Molecular wire based bio-electrochemical sensing systems". Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:15133.

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This thesis aims to develop rapid, quantitative point of care sensing systems that exploit molecular wire platforms to enable the electrochemical detection of multiple target biomarkers, thereby empowering new technologies for the diagnosis of various medical conditions. Accordingly, the first chapter provides an overview of clinically important biomarkers for pregnancy and cardiovascular disease. The second chapter of this thesis details the electrochemical concepts underpinning subsequent chapters, with the third chapter providing an experimental overview. The first two research chapters develop a nano-structured, molecular wire platform based on diazonium salt electrochemistry coupled with immobilisation of antibodies conjugated to a suitable electroactive label. Here, the abundance of amine functionalities present at the antibody paratope enable the statistically large number of redox tags to be present at the antibody-antigen binding site, empowering the exquisitely selective and strong affinity of the antibody for a suitable antigen to be monitored quantitatively, through assessing the extent with which the redox labels are partially blocked in the presence of the antigen. In Chapter 4, experiments are contrasted with bespoke theory developed in order to unravel the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that empower this methodology to be singularly sensitive for the pregnancy biomarker human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). It is demonstrated that quantitative analysis of hCG detection in artificial urine does not suffer interference. Chapter 5 adapts this approach to survey other biomarkers including β-hCG and brain natriuretic peptide. Combinatorial immunoassays are also investigated through the use of two types of antibodies, each tagged with a different redox label. Chapter 6 exploits the electroactive spin-trapping molecule TEMPO for the detection of biomolecules that have been damaged through oxidative stress. Last, Chapter 7 presents an overall conclusion to the work presented in this thesis.

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Scata', Marialisa. "Security Analysis of ICT Systems based on Bio-Inspired Models". Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1095.

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In recent years, information and communication technology (ICT) has been characterized by several evolving trends and new challenges. The design and management of each information system must address is- sues related to planning an ICT infrastructure. The design of an ICT infrastructure can not ignore the technological and social analysis, to be also linked to the economic aspects, and now also linked to the sustainability. Dwawing inspiration from biology that has led to useful approaches to problem solving, this Ph.D. dissertation propose and develop a risk analysis model and security analysis and management model. This Ph.D. thesis proposes and shows a new kind of research topic, Bio-Inspired Telecommunication Security. It will be key to reach efficiency of the future networks and to obtaine a sustainable ICT infrastructure in terms of energy consumption, economic investment and in terms of privacy and security.

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Korukonda, Harika. "A Generic Agent Based Modeling Tool for Simulating Bio-Molecular Systems". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1296594324.

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Liu, Hongyuan. "Embedded test and condition monitoring technology for cell-based bio-sensor systems". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533077.

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Hagman, Linda. "How do biogas solutions influence the sustainability of bio-based industrial systems?" Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-152878.

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Biomass is a valuable and limited resource that should be used efficiently. The potential of replacing fossil-based products with bio-based ones produced in biobased industrial systems is huge. One important aim of increasing the share of biobased products is to improve the sustainability of systems for production and consumption. Therefore, it is important to evaluate what solutions are available to improve the sustainability performance of bio-based industrial systems, and if they also bring negative impacts. The thesis focuses on assessing the role of biogas solutions in developing sustainable bio-based systems. Such assessments are often quite narrow in their scope and focus on quantitative environmental or economic aspects. This thesis aims at also including feasibility related aspects involving the contextual conditions that are assessed more qualitatively. Biogas solutions are identified as a versatile approach to treat organic materials which are generated in large volumes in bio-based industrial systems. The results show that biogas solutions in bio-based industrial systems (i) improve circular flows of energy and nutrients, (ii) are especially viable alternatives when the quality of the by-product streams become poorer, and (iii) may improve the profitability of the bio-based industrial system. To perform better assessments of these systems, it seems valuable to broaden the set of indicators assessed and include feasibility-related indicators, preferably through the involvement of relevant stakeholders as they contribute with different perspectives and can identify aspects that influence the sustainability in different areas. Future studies could benefit from applying those broader assessments on more cases to build on a more generalisable knowledge base.

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Sierra, Gonzalez Jaime Humberto. "Financing innovation in bio-pharma : a sectoral systems approach". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/financing-innovation-in-biopharma-a-sectoral-systems-approach(d49171fb-d842-4bf9-ac10-994e2a953443).html.

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The literature on the financing of innovative projects follows two trends: one contemplates that either the prospective fundees or the potential funders use their preferences to choose the other party out of a range of theoretical possibilities; the other refers to project owners or investors that actively look for an “opportunity” and try to talk the other party into entering the funding relationship. These views, however, cannot explain several facts such as: why projects rejected by some funders are accepted by others, why IPOs and markets are not attractive to all players or why that changes over time and across settings, how can State funds support a sector across regions, or how players’ and setting features and time affect funding criteria. A critique of these explanations sees three main shortcomings: lack of balance (i.e.,one party’s initiative prevails), bias (i.e., criteria of the domineering party prevail), and disembeddedness (i.e., milieu factors and changes over time are ignored). We think that an analysis supported by a sectoral approach may contribute to build a more articulate, integral insight about the funding of innovation. The bio-pharmaceutical sector was chosen because it exhibits amazing complexity related to the heterogeneity embodied by a multifaceted network of players (e.g., universities, companies, potential financiers, regulation bodies), to the nature and development path of innovative projects, and to the competitive/collaborative interactions framed in a particular setting. Hence, a qualitative approach based on the case study of the sector is the choice for this study. Case data are collected through semi-structured interviews with thirty participants that have played different roles in organisations of the bio-pharmaceutical sector or are highly experienced VC practitioners. Our findings allow us to propose an enhanced characterisation of innovation financing by showing that: i) Investors’ understanding of a sector is essential for funding decisions and can be updated through networking; ii) Networks facilitate firms-funders contact, coordination among funders, enhancement of financiers’ knowledge about the sector, and venture owners’ knowledge of track record and potential benefits of investors; iii) Interactions involve other actors in different roles and support network-based learning; iv) Funding decisions are impacted by the geographic availability of sources/mechanisms of finance and by their readiness to fund specific venture stages; v) Investors’ specificities matter; vi) Trends of change impact the availability of funding sources/mechanisms since they imply a reorganisation of the relations and interactions among players in the sector. Therefore, we propose a systemic analytic explanation where the strategy of funders (generalist or dedicated), therefore their role in a particular setting, is essentially defined in relation to the structure and dynamics of their knowledge consolidation system; then, we derive a number of implications for firm managers, investors, and policy-makers. Finally, the main limitations of this work and some further questions for future research are stated.

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Thome, De Faria Cassio. "Robust Model-Based Control of Nonlinear Systems for Bio-Inspired Autonomous Underwater Vehicles". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23792.

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The growing need for ocean surveillance and exploration has pushed the development of novel autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology. A current trend is to make use of bio-inspired propulsor to increase the overall system efficiency and performance, an improvement that has deep implications in the dynamics of the system. The goal of this dissertation is to propose a generic robust control framework specific for bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicles (BIAUV). These vehicles utilize periodic oscillation of a flexible structural component to generate thrust, a propulsion mechanism that can be tuned to operate under resonance and consequently improve the overall system efficiency. The control parameter should then be selected to keep the system operating in such a condition. Another important aspect is to have a controller design technique that can address the time-varying behaviors, structured uncertainties and system nonlinearities. To address these needs a robust, model-based, nonlinear controller design technique is presented, called digital sliding mode controller (DSMC), which also takes into account the discrete implementation of these laws using microcontrollers. The control law is implemented in the control of a jellyfish-inspired autonomous underwater vehicle.
Ph. D.

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Alushi, Anita <1992&gt. "The European Knowledge Based Bio-Economy: Call for the evolution of innovation systems". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9782.

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The socio-economic global challenges we are facing have pushed European policy makers to take action driving Europe towards a more sustainable, long-term growth. This can be achieved by embracing the bioeconomy path. Starting from an introduction of the concept of knowledge based bio-economy, the study shows that new knowledge and innovation are at the base of this imperative transformation. An analysis of National Innovation Systems, which represent the tool for creating new knowledge and innovation, leads to the acknowledgment of a techno-institutional complex and carbon lock-in. Path dependence has affected our systems and radical innovations are required for disrupting firmly established, but unsustainable technological trajectories. An open innovation approach is illustrated as a possible way to go to facilitate the shift towards the bioeconomy and to this end, the role of policy makers is stressed. European initiatives aiming at a knowledge based bio-economy are introduced.

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Atcher, Ubiergo Joan. "Disulfide-based dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic pseudopeptides as bio-inspired complex chemical systems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/305491.

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Dynamic combinatorial chemistry proposes the creation of a library of compounds (dynamic combinatorial library, DCL) inter-connected through reversible chemical processes. The concentrations in a DCL are determined by differences in the free energy between the constituents and, therefore, the variations in the composition of the library contain valuable information about changes in the stability of the members. The adaptive nature of DCLs can be intimately correlated with a very simple expression of molecular evolution. The main objective of this thesis is to use DCLs as bio-inspired complex chemical systems for the minimalistic experimental modeling of different processes of biological interest. In Chapter 1, fourteen new pseudopeptidic dithiols were designed, synthesized and fully characterized in order to be used as bipodal building blocks (BBs). Their design is based on a C2-symmetric scaffold consisting of a central m-phenylenediamine chromophore that rigidly joins two identical arms, each formed by an amino acid with a mercaptoacetyl moiety attached to the N-terminus. The pseudopeptidic nature provides the BBs with peptide-like information, differently charged functional groups and chiral information. In Chapter 2, suitable experimental conditions were developed for the generation of disulfide-based DCLs from the mixture of the synthesized BBs. For this purpose, the use of DMSO as a co-solvent has beneficial effects in the thiol-disulfide dynamic covalent chemistry. Apart from the general gain in the aqueous solubility of the organic molecules, it promotes the thiol oxidation, highly reducing the reaction time for the disulfide formation. Besides, it accelerates the disulfide exchange, allowing the system to fully equilibrate even at slightly acidic pH. In Chapter 3, a minimalistic DCL was used to reproduce adaptive trends described for the evolution of biological systems. Thus, the addition of salt to a dynamic library of macrocyclic pseudopeptides induces the amplification of those species concentrating anionic amino acids, with the Asp derivatives showing a better salt-adaptation than the Glu counterparts. Structural studies suggest a folded conformation for the amplified members and reveal the selection of those species showing a smaller accessible surface area. The adaptive process is driven by the increase of the ionic strength and has a remarkable resemblance with the natural evolution of the proteins of halophilic microorganisms for surviving in hypersaline media. In Chapter 4, the same external stimulus was studied in a larger DCL consisting of 21 differently charged dimeric macrocycles. The salt-induced adaptation of this complex system was characterized in a top-down fashion by the dynamic deconvolution into the minimal components. Additionally, structural studies were performed for selected species. The salt-response of the members of the library can be classified in different families attending to the charges, and the behavior of each member is determined by a combination of its structural information and the co-adaptive relationships with the other members of the complex network. Finally, in Chapter 5, a simple DCL consisting of homo- and heterochiral dimeric pseudopeptides was used to study how the chiral information is transmitted from the molecular to the macromolecular level. A decrease in the polarity of the medium induces a homochiral self-sorting process driven by polar intramolecular interactions. Additionally, the homochiral selectivity also increases with the temperature, indicating a positive entropic contribution. Preliminary NMR experiments suggest significantly different conformations for the homo- and heterochiral species. Overall, the adaptive nature of DCLs, together with a suitable bio-inspired design, have demonstrated to allow the minimalistic experimental modeling of different processes of biological interest such as the natural evolution of the halophilic proteins, the co-adaptive relationships in a complex network and the homochiral self-sorting phenomenon.
Les quimioteques dinàmiques (DCLs de “dynamic combinatorial libraries”) estan formades per una mescla de compostos interconnectats per mitjà de processos químics reversibles. Aquests sistemes dinàmics presenten la capacitat d’adaptar la seva composició a la presència d’un estímul extern. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és utilitzar DCLs com a sistemes químics complexos pel modelatge experimental de diversos processos d’interès biològic. En el Capítol 1 es van dissenyar, sintetitzar i caracteritzar catorze ditiols amb informació estructural de tipus peptídic, cadenes laterals amb diferents càrregues i informació quiral. A continuació, en el Capítol 2, es van establir unes condicions experimentals adequades per a generar DCLs de disulfurs a partir de l’oxidació dels ditiols sintetitzats. En aquest sentit, l’ús de DMSO com a codissolvent orgànic va demostrar tenir una sèrie d’efectes beneficiosos. Seguidament, en el Capítol 3, es va utilitzar una DCL minimalista de disseny bioinspirat per a reproduir tendències adaptatives pròpies de processos evolutius biològics. Així, es va observar que els canvis que provoca l’increment de la salinitat en la composició d’una DCL de pseudopèptids macrocíclics, tenen una notable similitud amb l’evolució natural de les proteïnes dels microorganismes halòfils. En el Capítol 4 es va estudiar l’efecte del mateix estímul extern en la composició d’una DCL complexa formada per espècies amb diferents càrregues. S’evidencià que el comportament de cada membre de la quimioteca està determinat per la seva informació estructural i per les múltiples relacions coadaptatives que aquest estableix amb la resta de membres de la xarxa molecular. Finalment, en el Capítol 5, es va utilitzar una DCL minimalista formada per espècies estereoisomèriques per estudiar el fenomen d’autoordenació homoquiral.

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Hernandez, Rylee. "Turbidity Removal Efficiency and Toxicity Issues Associated with the Chitosan-Based Dual Bio-Polymer Systems". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5299.

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Stormwater runoff can be a great concern in the State of Florida due to the impact the quality of the runoff water can have on the natural water bodies. Stormwater runoff can carry pollutants and sediments which can cause both physical and biological risks in an aquatic ecosystem such as a lake, river, or pond. Polymers, namely the chitosan-based dual polymer system, can be used remove the sediment from this runoff to ensure the safety of the state's water bodies. Three soils are used in this testing: AASTO soil classifications A-3(sandy soil) and A-2-4 (silty-sand), and a soil with a fine-grained limerock component. An optimum dose of the chitosan-based dual polymer system is first determined using jar testing. The optimum dose is the dose that reduces the final turbidity to 29 NTUS or below and creates significant flocs. The under dose and over dose are calculated based on the optimum dose. Using these dosages, field scale tests are conducted using two different treatment methods: a semi-passive treatment method and a passive treatment method. Whole effluent toxicity and residual chitosan tests are then conducted on the effluent from the field scale treatment methods. The passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the silty-sand and the soil with a fine-grained limerock component. The semi-passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the sandy soil. The passive treatment method with the silty-sand achieves a final turbidity of 123.9 NTUS (88.45% removal). The passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component achieves a final turbidity of 132 NTUS (83.86% removal). The semi-passive treatment method with the sandy soil achieves a final turbidity of 31.43 NTUS (82.04% removal). There is only significant toxicity associated with the tests using the effluent from the passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component which only uses the cationic polymer.
ID: 031001545; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Manoj Chopra.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 22, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 402-405).
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Bizzarri, Mariano. Approaching Complex Diseases: Network-Based Pharmacology and Systems Approach in Bio-Medicine. Springer, 2020.

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Bizzarri, Mariano. Approaching Complex Diseases: Network-Based Pharmacology and Systems Approach in Bio-Medicine. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Kim, Seungil, a cura di. Toward Sustainability through Bio-Based Materials at the Interfaces with Living Systems. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-9339-5.

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Jadrnicek, Shawn. Bio-Integrated Farm: A Revolutionary Permaculture-Based System Using Greenhouses, Ponds, Compost Piles, Aquaponics, Chickens, and More. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2016.

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The bio-integrated farm: A revolutionary permaculture-based system using greenhouses, ponds, compost piles, aquaponics, chickens, and more. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2016.

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Rundo, Francesco, Giuseppe Luigi Banna, Concetto Spampinato e Sabrina Conoci, a cura di. Bio-inspired Physiological Signal(s) and Medical Image(s) Neural Processing Systems Based on Deep Learning and Mathematical Modeling for Implementing Bio-Engineering Applications in Medical and Industrial Fields. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-916-7.

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Parab, Sameer. Sequential flow based bio-analytical system. 1995.

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Rai, Dibya Prakash, a cura di. Advanced Materials and Nano Systems: Theory and Experiment - Part 2. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150499611220201.

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The discovery of new materials and the manipulation of their exotic properties for device fabrication is crucial for advancing technology. Nanoscience, and the creation of nanomaterials have taken materials science and electronics to new heights for the benefit of mankind. Advanced Materials and Nanosystems: Theory and Experiment covers several topics of nanoscience research. The compiled chapters aim to update students, teachers, and scientists by highlighting modern developments in materials science theory and experiments. The significant role of new materials in future technology is also demonstrated. The book serves as a reference for curriculum development in technical institutions and research programs in the field of physics, chemistry and applied areas of science like materials science, chemical engineering and electronics. This part covers 12 topics in these areas: 1. Recent advancements in nanotechnology: a human health Perspective 2. An exploratory study on characteristics of SWIRL of AlGaAs/GaAs in advanced bio based nanotechnological systems 3. Electronic structure of the half-Heusler ScAuSn, LuAuSn and their superlattice 4. Recent trends in nanosystems 5. Improvement of performance of single and multicrystalline silicon solar cell using low-temperature surface passivation layer and antireflection coating 6. Advanced materials and nanosystems 7. Effect of nanostructure-materials on optical properties of some rare earth ions doped in silica matrix 8. Nd2Fe14B and SmCO5: a permanent magnet for magnetic data storage and data transfer technology 9. Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of MWCNTS decorated sulfide based nano photocatalysts 10. Organic solar cells 11. Neodymium doped lithium borosilicate glasses 12. Comprehensive quantum mechanical study of structural features, reactivity, molecular properties and wave function-based characteristics of capmatinib

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Bio-Imaging: Principles and Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Jayas, Digvir S., e Rajagopal Vadivambal. Bio-Imaging: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Daoud, H., A. El Mahi, J. L. Rebiere, M. Taktak e M. Haddar. "Flexural Fatigue of Bio-Based Composites". In Design and Modeling of Mechanical Systems—III, 383–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66697-6_38.

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Acosta, Edgar, e Mehdi Nouraei. "Delivery Systems". In Advances in Processing Technologies for Bio-based Nanosystems in Food, 153–87. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315177328-8.

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Pavlidis, Ioannis, Christos Stathopoulos e Tony Faltesek. "Video-Based Surveillance for Chem-Bio Protection of Buildings". In Multisensor Surveillance Systems, 97–111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0371-2_6.

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Li, Hao, Masaharu Somiya, Kenji Tatematsu e Shun’ichi Kuroda. "Construction of a Macrophage-Targeting Bio-nanocapsule-Based Nanocarrier". In Drug Delivery Systems, 299–313. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9798-5_16.

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Srivastava, Meenakshi, S. K. Singh e S. Q. Abbas. "Content-Based Retrieval of Bio-images Using Pivot-Based Indexing". In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 647–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0589-4_60.

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Soleimani, Adel, Mobina Khakbaz, Negar Tavakoli e Gity Mirmohamad Sadeghi. "Bio-Based Self-healing Thermoset Polyurethane Based on Pseudo-Tannin". In Eco-friendly and Smart Polymer Systems, 644–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45085-4_156.

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Asad, Ahmed Hamza, e Aboul Ella Hassaanien. "Retinal Blood Vessels Segmentation Based on Bio-Inspired Algorithm". In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 181–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21212-8_8.

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Venkatesh, D., e V. Jaisankar. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Polyurethanes from Bio-Based Vegetable Oil". In Advanced Polymeric Systems, 103–11. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003337058-9.

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Zhou, Jun, R. Ramanathan, Weng-Fai Wong e P. S. Thiagarajan. "Automated Property Synthesis of ODEs Based Bio-pathways Models". In Computational Methods in Systems Biology, 265–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67471-1_16.

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Tschechne, Stephan, Roman Sailer e Heiko Neumann. "Bio-Inspired Optic Flow from Event-Based Neuromorphic Sensor Input". In Advanced Information Systems Engineering, 171–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11656-3_16.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Hu, Xingyue, Junfeng Wu, Lianqing Liu e Niandong Jiao. "Bio-Inspired Adhesive Magnetic Soft Microrobot Based On Photolithography". In 2024 IEEE 19th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems60219.2024.10639550.

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Da Cruz, Hugo A. O., Iran M. Braga, Helio O. Ferreira, André R. Baradelli, Daniel Da S. Souza e Bruno S. Da Silva. "Amazon Large-Scale Channel Modeling at 3.5GHz Based on Bio-Inspired Optimization". In 2024 19th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswcs61526.2024.10639131.

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Johny, Sachin, Kalpan Ved, Steve Durstewitz, Tzvetan Ivanov, Martin Ziegler e Claudia Lenk. "Bio-Inspired Sensor-Based Sound Pre-Processing for Speech Recognition in Noisy Conditions". In 2024 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/biocas61083.2024.10798207.

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Silcott, Dave. "Fluorescence-Based Triggers for Bio-Sensing". In Photonic Applications Systems Technologies Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phast.2006.pwd1.

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Vigneshwaran, P. V., e M. Suresh. "Bio-mass based slurry fuel". In 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isco.2015.7282363.

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Zhang, Xiangfeng, e Yongsheng Ding. "Dynamic Load Balancing of the Bio-network Based on Bio-Entity Migration". In International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering 2007. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iske.2007.54.

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CLARKE, C., L. QIANG, H. PEREMANS e R. MÜLLER. "AN FPGA BASED BIO-MIMETIC IMPLEMENTATION OF NEURAL-SIGNAL PROCESSING IN BATS". In BIO SONAR SYSTEMS AND BIO ACOUSTICS 2004. Institute of Acoustics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25144/18019.

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AbuShawish, Israa Y., e Soliman A. Mahmoud. "CMOS Bio-medical Amplifier based on Tera-Ohm Pseudo-resistor for Bio-detection System". In 2021 18th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd52085.2021.9429430.

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Singh, Narender, Anil Rana e Gaurav Kumar Badhotiya. "Adhesive systems used for particleboards manufacturing - Review". In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BIO-BASED ECONOMY FOR APPLICATION AND UTILITY. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113158.

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Bozhinoski, Darko. "Swarm intelligence-based bio-inspired algorithms". In SEAMS '24: 19th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3643915.3644086.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Bio-based systems"

Dale, Taraka. Bio-based solutions to transform the climate and clean energy systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1900455.

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Rahimipour, Shai, e David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.

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Sathyanadh, Anusha, e Helene Muri. Open access dataset of ESM simulations of combined land- and ocean-based NETs. OceanNets, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.7.

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In this deliverable, we perform Earth system model (ESM) simulations to assess the role of land-based and ocean-based negative emission technologies (NETs) for achieving the temperature target set by the 2015 Paris Agreement. The dataset provided from this work package will be used for investigating carbon sequestration potential, side-effects and potential constraints of combining oceanic and terrestrial NETs with the help of an earth system model, NorESM2. Two long NorESM2 coupled simulations with SSP5-3.4-OS scenario are conducted to check the CDR potential of terrestrial CDR, and terrestrial and marine CDR together by combining land-based Bioenergy for Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Ocean Alkalinization Enhancement (OAE) scenarios together. For the terrestrial BECCS simulation, the default land use distribution in the original CMIP6 SSP5-3.4 land use dataset is modified to accommodate more bioenergy crop in the future while keeping the total crop area of 2015 for food throughout the century and combining it with a bio-CCS system. For the second simulation we combined the above terrestrial BECCS simulation with 2030-high OAE scenario from Deliverable 4.6. A higher amount of carbon captured by making use of the carbon sequestration potential of land and ocean together. (OceanNets Deliverable ; D4.7)

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova e Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.

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Patel, Reena, David Thompson, Guillermo Riveros, Wayne Hodo, John Peters e Felipe Acosta. Dimensional analysis of structural response in complex biological structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41082.

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The solution to many engineering problems is obtained through the combination of analytical, computational and experimental methods. In many cases, cost or size constraints limit testing of full-scale articles. Similitude allows observations made in the laboratory to be used to extrapolate the behavior to full-scale system by establishing relationships between the results obtained in a scaled experiment and those anticipated for the full-scale prototype. This paper describes the application of the Buckingham Pi theorem to develop a set of non-dimensional parameters that are appropriate for describing the problem of a distributed load applied to the rostrum of the paddlefish. This problem is of interest because previous research has demonstrated that the rostrum is a very efficient structural system. The ultimate goal is to estimate the response of a complex, bio-inspired structure based on the rostrum to blast load. The derived similitude laws are verified through a series of numerical experiments having a maximum error of 3.39%.

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Patel, Reena. Complex network analysis for early detection of failure mechanisms in resilient bio-structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41042.

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Bio-structures owe their remarkable mechanical properties to their hierarchical geometrical arrangement as well as heterogeneous material properties. This dissertation presents an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that employs computational mechanics combined with flow network analysis to gain fundamental insights into the failure mechanisms of high performance, light-weight, structured composites by examining the stress flow patterns formed in the nascent stages of loading for the rostrum of the paddlefish. The data required for the flow network analysis was generated from the finite element analysis of the rostrum. The flow network was weighted based on the parameter of interest, which is stress in the current study. The changing kinematics of the structural system was provided as input to the algorithm that computes the minimum-cut of the flow network. The proposed approach was verified using two classical problems three- and four-point bending of a simply-supported concrete beam. The current study also addresses the methodology used to prepare data in an appropriate format for a seamless transition from finite element binary database files to the abstract mathematical domain needed for the network flow analysis. A robust, platform-independent procedure was developed that efficiently handles the large datasets produced by the finite element simulations. Results from computational mechanics using Abaqus and complex network analysis are presented.

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Urban Wood-Based Bio-Energy Systems in Seattle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/991167.

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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, febbraio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor

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Playing the long game: Experimenting Smart Specialisation in the Basque Country 2016-2019. Universidad de Deusto, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ajzo9759.

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Smart specialization strategies (RIS3) represent arguably the most ambitious regional innovation policy ever launched in the EU and as such have posed a major challenge for governments. While developing a smart specialization strategy has not been an entirely new adventure for the Basque Country, which has consistently pursued an industrial strategy over more than thirty years, there is enough novelty in the RIS3 process to pose a challenge even for mature regional innovation policy systems. This report builds on previous analysis of the early implementation of the Basque Country RIS3 (Aranguren et al, 2016) to explore how the processes initially set in motion have subsequently evolved. The focus is on the period 2016-2019 and the analysis is based on interviews with 28 key actors in the Basque RIS3 process alongside a range of other documentary sources. The analysis finds significant changes in the governance of the entrepreneurial discovery processes established in the three strategic priority areas (advanced manufacturing, energy and bio-health) and four opportunity niches (ecosystems, food, urban habitat and creative and cultural industries). These are materializing in changes in the actors engaged and the strategies pursued, and they lead to six core conclusions that might form the basis for recommendations for the future. In line with a ‘living strategy’, a new configuration of priorities is emerging There is an increasing horizontalization taking place, built on cross-cutting concern for internationalization, skills, new business models and entrepreneurship Engaging SMEs remains a huge challenge, and Basque experience points to key roles for cluster associations, local development agencies and vocational training centres The integration of social challenges (and civil society) remains a key challenge, and might take inspiration from Agenda 2030 and from transformative innovation policy or mission-oriented policy approaches There is a specific need for larger, more integrated projects, which will require further adaption of the implementation and policy mix There is need to work on the voice of regions within EU decision-making dynamics and to strengthen coordination across regional initiatives The evolution of the entrepreneurial discovery process observed in the Basque Country sheds light on some of the key issues with the ongoing development of RIS3 across Europe. These include the nature of their experimentalist polity, the further reform of regional research and innovation systems, the rising status of monitoring and evaluation as a strategic diagnostic tool, and the need to re-enforce synergies between EU policy instruments and across EU regions.

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