Tesi sul tema "Biblioteca alternativa"

O splicing alternativo é o processo pelo qual diversos transcritos podem ser gerados a partir de um único gene, sendo de extrema importância para diversidade do repertório transcricional e proteico. Diferentes variantes de splicing são expressas entre os diferentes tecidos e estágios de desenvolvimento garantindo o funcionamento normal da célula, portanto, qualquer alteração neste padrão pode resultar no aparecimento de doenças. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de metodologias para identificação de variantes de splicing em câncer de mama sob influência do oncogene ERBB2, o qual é um marcador de mau prognóstico altamente expresso em cerca de 30% dos tumores de mama. Foram estabelecidas duas estratégias para construção de bibliotecas de cDNA. A construção de bibliotecas de cDNA enriquecidas para splicing alternativo, baseada na formação e captura de moléculas de heteroduplexes em combinação com a amplificação de RNAm, foi realizada a partir de RNA total de linhagem celular de mama e a partir de um grupo de cinco amostras tumorais, todas com alta expressão de ERBB2. Foram identificadas 79 possíveis variantes de splicing alternativo em câncer de mama, das quais 18 foram selecionadas para validação por RT-PCR. Foi obtida uma taxa de vallidação de 94% e foram identificadas duas novas variantes de splicing alternativo. A regulação da expressão mediada por ERBB2 de três variantes de splicing foi confirmada por duas metodologias distintas, eletroforese em chip e estratégia baseada na ligação de sondas específicas, que revelou desbalanço de expressão entre as variantes, demonstrando a influência do oncogene na regulação de variantes de splicing. A segunda abordagem utilizada, foi a construção de bibliotecas de cDNA para avaliação do transcriptoma total, utilizando sequênciamento de alto desempenho. Foram utilizados RNA total de duas linhagens celulares de mama que diferem apenas na expressão do gene ERBB2. Foram identificadas 2.865 novas variantes de splicing, das quais 20, que reportaram a identificação de um novo éxon, foram selecionadas para validação, com uma taxa de validação de 90%. Seis destas variantes apresentaram aumento de expressão na linhagem com alta expressão de ERBB2. Além disso, foi detectado um enriquecimento de algumas categorias de variantes na linhagem celular com alta expressão de ERBB2, reforçando a influência do oncogene na regulação do splicing alternativo, podendo resultar em variantes de splicing associadas a este grupo de câncer de mama, que podem ser candidatas a marcadores moleculares.
Alternative splicing is a process, by which many differente transcripts can be generated by one single gene, significantly expanding the transcriptional and proteomic diversity. Different splicing variants are generated among different transcripts and developmental stages, assuring normal cell function. Therefore, alterations in the splicing process can lead to diseases outcome. In this context, the aim of this study was the establishment of methodologies for the identification of alternative splicing in breast cancer influenced by ERBB2 oncogene, which is a poor prognostic molecular marker, highly expressed in 30% of human breast cancer. Two strategies were established for the construction of cDNA libraries. Alternative enriched splicing libraries, based on heteroduplex capture combined with mRNA amplification, were constructed from total RNA from a cell line and also from five tumor samples, all of them presenting high ERBB2 expression. Seventy nine putative splicing variants were identified and 18 of them were selected for RT-PCR validation. A high validation level was obtained (94%) and two novel alternative splicing variants were identified. ERBB2 mediated regulation was confirmed for three variants by two distinct methodologies, electrophoresis on a chip and probe specific ligation approach. The alteration in the expression balance of variants suggests the influence of the oncogene in the splicing pattern regulation. The second strategy was the construction of cDNA libraries for global transcriptome analysis based on deep sequencing. Total RNA from two mammary epithelial cell lines expressing different ERBB2 levels were used and 2,865 novel splicing variants were identified. Twenty novel events reporting the inclusion of novel exons were selected for RT-PCR validation with 90% validation rate. Six variants presented higher expression in the cell line with high levels of ERBB2. Moreover enrichment in splicing events was detected in the ERBB2 high expressing cell line, supporting the ERBB2 influence in alternative splicing regulation, possibly resulting in splicing variants associated to this subgroup of cancer that can be tested as molecular markers.

Analysis of the use of some basic research techniques, as applied to the qualitative studies of library science with popular groups. Using the methodology of participative research, the present study has taken as a starting point the creation of a popular library at the Aarão Reis - BH-MG communityin, order to develop alternative activities. The main product of the study was the recalling and the registering of this community memory.
Analisa-se a questão do uso de técnica de pesquisa - observação, discussão de grupo, história de vida, questionário e entrevista - aplicadas a estudos qualitativos de biblioteconomia, trabalhando com grupos populares. Para tanto, utiliza-se o método da pesquisa participante, toma-se como ponto de partida a criação de uma biblioteca popular no bairro de Aarão Reis (BH -MG) e, a partir dela, desenvolvem-se atividades alternativas, obtendo-se como produto o resgate da memória da comunidade.

Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2012
Bibliografia: f. 150-158
O mundo ao nosso redor é repleto de energia proveniente de fontes limpas. Assim, utilizar eficientemente esta energia que está ao nosso redor é um dos desafios da área de engenharia. Dentre as energias naturais, em especial a energia solar, um novo concei
The world around us is full of energy from natural sources. Efficient use of natural energy that surrounds us is a challenge for the engineering. Among the natural energies, especially solar energy, a new concept of energy conversion is in debate: the sol

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research entitled "Community Libraries: alternative spaces of access to recorded knowledge in Manaus", aims to analyze the context of formation of alternative spaces of access to information, as conjectured community libraries in the city of Manaus. It is based on theoretical studies of: Lopez (2003), Faccion Junior (2005), Obrenovich (2006), Soares (2007), Vieira (2007), Machado (2005) and (2008), Madellar (2010), Prado ( 2010), Santos (2010), among others, about the study of community libraries throughout Brazil. A qualitative study that seeks to analyze the dynamic context of the object and its subject that included three phases: literature search; exploratory research, results and analysis. Grounded in anthropological methodology, the research focused on the subject as the primary source, using the participant observation and the following instruments for its realization: field notebook, open and semi-structured interviews, the use of tape recorders and capture images. Spaces were analyzed 2 community libraries in the city of Manaus, 2 informants were interviewed subjects creators and 20 residents of the communities where they are installed, totaling 22 participants. Presents an approach on the institution's library, in general, providing subsidies for understanding an information unit from a historical context, concepts and typologies and relevance of the institution to society, as well as some considerations about the aspects that contributed the emergence of community library in the country and the focus of the public library in the city of Manaus, historical and supply. It talks about the community libraries, whose intention is to meet these environments through a theoretical framework for grasping the nature of the study, as well as its initiatives in Brazil. Analyzes community libraries in the city of Manaus, given the prospect of these guys for their creation and engagement with these local institutions. From the results, it was observed that the motivations that drove the guys with the idealization of community libraries were, initially, of a personal nature and further motivated by the opportunity to raise a collective good. The construction of the units had plans through projects organized and structured, and with the support of public and private entities and also with the involvement of qualified personnel and the community, the latter in only one of the environments. In contrast, although created for the population that curtails, which was confirmed by the subjects that the idealized, was visible the low involvement of the local community towards the use of these environments, where few know about its existence nearby and most respondents do not recognize it as a community library.
Esta pesquisa intitulada “Bibliotecas comunitárias: espaços alternativos de acesso aos saberes registrados em Manaus”, objetiva analisar o contexto de formação dos espaços alternativos de acesso à informação, conjecturados como bibliotecas comunitárias na cidade de Manaus. Fundamenta-se nos estudos teóricos de: López (2003), Faccion Junior (2005), Obrenovich (2006), Soares (2007), Vieira (2007), Machado (2005) e (2008), Madellar (2010), Prado (2010), Santos (2010), entre outros, acerca do estudo sobre bibliotecas comunitárias em todo o Brasil. Uma pesquisa qualitativa, buscando analisar o contexto dinâmico do objeto e seu sujeito que contemplou três momentos: pesquisa bibliográfica; pesquisa exploratória; resultados e análises. Pautada em uma metodologia antropológica, a pesquisa focou-se no sujeito como fonte principal, utilizando-se da observação participativa e dos seguintes instrumentos para a sua realização: caderno de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e abertas, o uso de gravadores e captação de imagens fotográficas. Foram analisados 2 espaços bibliotecas comunitárias da cidade de Manaus, sendo entrevistados 2 informantes sujeitos idealizadores e 20 moradores das comunidades onde estão instaladas, totalizando 22 participantes. Apresenta uma abordagem acerca da instituição biblioteca, de modo geral, possibilitando subsídios para a compreensão de uma unidade de informação a partir de um contexto histórico, conceitos e tipologias e relevância da instituição para a sociedade, além de algumas considerações sobre as vertentes que contribuíram com o surgimento da biblioteca comunitária no país e o enfoque da biblioteca pública na cidade de Manaus, histórico e oferta. Discorre acerca das bibliotecas comunitárias, cuja intenção está em conhecer esses ambientes por meio de uma concepção teórica, para apreensão da natureza do estudo, bem como suas iniciativas no Brasil. Analisa as bibliotecas comunitárias existentes na cidade de Manaus, dada a perspectiva dos sujeitos para a sua criação e o envolvimento local para com essas instituições. Dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que as motivações que impulsionaram os sujeitos à idealização das bibliotecas comunitárias foram, em primeiro momento, de cunho pessoal e posteriormente motivados pela oportunidade de alçar um bem coletivo. A construção dessas unidades contou com planejamentos por meio de projetos organizados e estruturados, bem como com o apoio de entidades públicas e privadas e também com o envolvimento de pessoal qualificado e da comunidade, este último em apenas em um dos ambientes. Em contrapartida, apesar de criadas para a população que a cerceia, o que foi confirmado pelos próprios sujeitos que a idealizaram, ficou visível o baixo envolvimento da comunidade local para com o uso desses ambientes, onde poucos conhecem sua existência nas proximidades e a maioria dos entrevistados não a reconhecem como uma biblioteca comunitária.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2011
Bibliografia: f.93-95
O objeto da presente pesquisa é a iniciação profissional de professores de Matemática de escolas públicas do Ensino Fundamental de São Bento do Sul - SC, no período de 2000 a 2005. Com o intuito de obter indicadores que pudessem auxiliar na melhoria da fo
The object of this research is the professional initiation of Mathematics teachers of State Elementary Schools of São Bento do Sul - SC, from 2000 to 2005. In order to get indicators that could help the improvement of the initial and ongoing training of t

The purpose of this thesis is to examine a new music downloading service called Musikwebben, which is now available in many Swedish libraries. It focuses on the differences and similarities between this service and illegal music sharing services. The question is raised, whether the appeal of Musikwebben is high enough for it to be able to “recruit” users from similar, illegal services. To answer this question, a qualitative content analysis is used, to explore various views on what legal downloading services have to offer and how these differ to illegal alternatives. The focus here lies mainly on the technical differences of the music files and how these may affect fair use and personal use. In addition, the musical content of Musikwebben is compared to the content of a leading illegal file sharing service. Logically, the more variety of music the service has to offer, the more appealing it would be to users. The result of this thesis shows that the music files being offered by Musikwebben are protected by a technology called DRM (Digital Rights Management). This is used to prevent illegal use of the files, mainly copying and sharing, but it also prevents other uses, which falls under both fair use and personal use. Consequently, illegal file sharing services, which are DRM free, are technologically superior and should therefore be more appealing to users. The results also show that the illegal services have a wider spectrum of music to offer, which of course would also be more user appealing.
Uppsatsnivå: C

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Espaços Alternativos de Leitura visa a abordar a questão da leitura como instrumento capaz de contribuir para que os sujeitos tenham a consciência democrática e permaneçam ativos no mundo do trabalho da atual sociedade. O objetivo principal é apresentar um estudo sobre o acesso à informação discutindo questões relativas à disseminação da informação, o papel da biblioteca pública e às redes humanas de leitura. O acesso à informação e ao conhecimento pelas classes sociais menos privilegiadas, através da utilização dos espaços públicos de leitura. Por meio de um estudo exploratório, investiga-se o papel da biblioteca pública, como sendo um espaço convencional de leitura e que não vem atendendo aos seus objetivos primordiais, que é o de contribuir para a compreensão do mundo e ampliação dos horizontes que fortalecem a cidadania, por meio da ação cultural, cedendo espaço para o atendimento aos leitores advindos da rede básica de ensino, que buscam a pesquisa escolar. São estudados os Espaços Alternativos de Leitura – EALs que surgem e se legitimam nas comunidades carentes para dar conta do escasso número de bibliotecas públicas, e que se caracterizam, na sua organização e estruturação, em formato de redes colaborativas ou solidárias. Os resultados apresentados destacam o mapeamento dos Espaços Alternativos de Leitura existentes na cidade do Salvador. Realiza-se um levantamento que identifica 12 desses espaços de leitura, divididos aqui em dois tipos, físicos ou virtuais, e uma investigação no intuito de conferir maior visibilidade e compreensão na sua origem, estrutura e funcionamento.
Salvador

This thesis is an attempt to study how a library that is driven by a contractor works. How allinvolved parts can cooperate. The main method used, is qualitative interviews. The authorshave made a survey at the public library in Järna in Södertälje county, where Boktjänst i JärnaAB has the business on contract since 1991.Following areas have been studied: organisation and assignment; librarysphere of activity andservices; the relations to the main library, and the vision for the future of the library.Some of the conclusions drawn by the authors are that when tenders are invited for a job, thelocal conditions must be taken into consideration. To have the same employer for the wholelibrary staff are likely to simplify the matters. ·

The purpose of this Masters thesis has been to study the changes made in shelf arrangement and library environment in a Swedish public library. The aim was to examine the reasoning done by the library staff regarding classification, the Swedish classification system SAB and changes in library environment. The basis of our study were three questions: 1. Why has Västervik public library made changes in the shelf arrangement? 2. What changes were made by the library and how did the changes affect the library environment? 3. Has it worked as planned according to the librarians? The study was carried out at Västervik public library in the spring of 2002. The library staff was interviewed and the shelf classification and library environment were examined. The reason for the changes was a desire to make the library more user-centred and user-friendly. According to the librarians, the users found the Swedish classification system SAB difficult to understand and to use. In an effort to help the users, changes were made in the shelf arrangement and in the library environment in 1992. The librarians perceptions are that the users were positive to, and have been helped by, the changes, but no user-study has been made by the library to confirm that view. The changes made in Västervik were compared to classification theories and to theories and practices in the area of alternative shelf arrangement.
Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this masters thesis is to examine what political, social and ideological reasons that were the base for the establishment of the Swedish temperance movement. Which judgements within this movement that resulted in the decision to establish publishing firms, how these publishing businesses were organised and what function they had in the literary circuit. The questions are: What principal political, social, economical and ideological reasons were the bases for the establishment of the Swedish temperance movement? How has their need for publishing firms arisen? Which were the publishing firms and who were the publishers? What ideas, purposes, experiences, values and judgements led to the establishment of publishing firms? In the first part of the theory I have used the historical materialism of Karl Marx; in the second part the theory of middle class publicity by Jürgen Habermas; and in the third part I have made a presentation of the literary circuit and how it works according to Marx and Habermas. The method used is an analysis of ideas and ideologies in literature and documents. I have used the tool dimensions for the analysis. Dimensions that are examined are e.g. outlooks on mankind, theory of society, national economy and morality. This thesis has resulted in the statements that the temperance movement was established in a time when the society moved from an agrarian to an industrial structure, in which people got the opportunity to take new steps concerning ideologies and activities. This made it easier for voluntary associations to establish publishing firms. The Independent Order of Goodtemplars wanted to become an alternative society, which can explain their need for publishing firms. These firms would provide the need for members' study literature, missionary literature for sympathisers to be and propaganda concerning temperance. These issues were important for the temperance movement, as a lot of drunkenness and extreme poverty were predominant in the early industrial society.
Uppsatsnivå: D

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how public libraries and school libraries work with genres and subjects which are uncommon, alternative, narrow or appear to be unknown to many people. The focus is on the attitudes and perceptions of library staff responsible for selecting and mediating media. The method was an online survey which was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Most of the theoretical framework comes from research about the public libraries’ role in society and models for marketing.  The findings show that there are more positive than negative attitudes towards genres and subjects which are uncommon, alternative, narrow or appear to be unknown to many people. A majority of the library staff consider it to be important or important depending on circumstances for the media to be available and visible. Many of them also intend for the library to be a place where people can meet things they are not familiar with. Motivations for working with the material include creating diversity and that people should be able to make new discoveries and find something that interests them. A common motivation against it is that relatively few library users request the material. It is also considered to be easier for some libraries than others depending on size and type.

Libraries exist around us and for most of us they are a part of our every day life. But how often do we stop and think about their meaning? Libraries in fiction are usually not the center of the narrative, they play a role quietly in the background and offer a backcloth to the story. Yet they are a vital part of the story. Without them a big part of the magic in the stories would be lost. And what is their role in our lives? What do the libraries mean to the books they harbor, the readers who seek them out and society in which they have their axiomatic role? This essay’s focus is my story “Between the shelves”, which is about the young girl Julia and the mysterious passageway she discovers in her local library. Here she finds shelf after shelf with strange-looking books. They all seem to have peculiar titles, one of them is When Napoleon won the battle of Waterloo. Driven by her curiosity she starts reading the book, and soon finds herself inside it, living the battle. The library is not just a building, it is also a hub where different alternative realities can be reached through the books. In this essay I will compare the topics of my story, such as the interpretation of the library (both as a physical and mental place), the sense of mystery, interpretation of the librarians etc. to other fiction. I will compare these topics both with books for adults and for children to see if the interpretation differs.

The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to gain knowledge about thefeminist comic zine, and its meaning for its readers, writers and thelibrary. In order to explore this subject I use feminist theory, and aconcept from a theory which I call Literature as resistance. The method used in this study is qualitative interviews andqualitative content analysis. I have interviewed six individuals,identified as feminists, who read and/or illustrate feminist comiczines. The interview material were transcribed and analyzed throughthemes identified in the material. Four major themes were found;Comics and gender, Feminist role models, Feminist practice and Artistic expression. My results show that the informants in this study find the comic zinemedium to be an appropriate way of sharing experiences andspreading feminist ideas. The feminist comic zine is described as”the ultimate way of laughing together with your feminist sisters”,and it is perceived to make the world bigger and freer. To illustratefeminist comic zines is seen as a possible way to act, and influenceand change norms and structures. The feminist comic zine enablesthe informants to combine reading experiences with feministcommitment, creation and a desire to communicate something withtheir readers.

El proyecto arquitectónico a desarrollar será un albergue para niños, niñas y adolescentes, que se encuentren en estado de abandono o riesgo y cuyas edades fluctúen entre 03 y 17 años; así como, un jardín de niños diseñado a partir de una metodología alternativa de enseñanza. Y estará ubicado en el distrito de Villa el Salvador. Por último, el proyecto se complementará con áreas de recreación, áreas verdes y una biblioteca pública.
Tesis

This paper investigates the use of deep Convolutional Neural Networks for modeling the intronic regulation of Alternative Splicing on the basis of DNA sequence. By training the CNN on massively parallel synthetic DNA libraries of Alternative 5'-splicing and Alternatively Skipped exon events, the model is capable of predicting the relative abundance of alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms on held-out library data to a very high accuracy (R2 = 0.77 for Alt. 5'-splicing). Furthermore, the CNN is shown to generalize alternative splicing across cell lines efficiently. The Convolutional Neural Net is tested against a Logistic regression model and the results show that while prediction accuracy on the synthetic library is notably higher compared to the LR model, the CNN is worse at generalizing to new intronic contexts. Tests on non-synthetic human SNP genes suggest the CNN is dependent on the relative position of the intronic region it was trained for, a problem which is alleviated with LR. The increased library prediction accuracy of the CNN compared to Logistic regression is concluded to come from the non-linearity introduced by the deep layer architecture. It adds the capacity to model complex regulatory interactions and combinatorial RBP effects which studies have shown largely affect alternative splicing. However, the architecture makes interpreting the CNN hard, as the regulatory interactions are encoded deep within the layers. Nevertheless, high-performance modeling of alternative splicing using CNNs may still prove useful in numerous Synthetic biology applications, for example to model differentially spliced genes as is done in this paper.
Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur djupa neurala nätverk baserade på faltning ("Convolutions") kan användas för att modellera den introniska regleringen av Alternativ Splicing med endast DNA-sekvensen som indata. Nätverket tränas på ett massivt parallelt bibliotek av syntetiskt DNA innehållandes Alternativa Splicing-event där delar av de introniska regionerna har randomiserats. Uppsatsen visar att nätverksarkitekturen kan förutspå den relativa mängden alternativt splicat RNA till en mycket hög noggrannhet inom det syntetiska biblioteket. Modellen generaliserar även alternativ splicing mellan mänskliga celltyper väl. Hursomhelst, tester på icke-syntetiska mänskliga gener med SNP-mutationer visar att nätverkets prestanda försämras när den introniska region som används som indata flyttas i jämförelse till den relativa position som modellen tränats på. Uppsatsen jämför modellen med Logistic regression och drar slutsatsen att nätverkets förbättrade prestanda grundar sig i dess förmåga att modellera icke-linjära beroenden i datan. Detta medför dock svårigheter i att tolka vad modellen faktiskt lärt sig, eftersom interaktionen mellan reglerande element är inbäddat i nätverkslagren. Trots det kan högpresterande modellering av alternativ splicing med hjälp av neurala nät vara användbart, exempelvis inom Syntetisk biologi där modellen kan användas för att kontrollera regleringen av splicing när man konstruerar syntetiska gener.

This paper presents a proposal for the use and installation of the Integrated Library System "Koha". It is worth mentioning that developed here, is just a proposal, which places the free software as an alternative for those who decide to carry out its implementation, taking responsibility for the whole picture that revolves around it, and in turn, contributing to the task encourage the use of free tools that contribute to the automation of libraries.

Orientação: José A. Bragança de Miranda
O conhecimento é um bem público, razão por que deverá estar acessível a todos os cidadãos, sem exceções. Neste sentido, a Biblioteca Pública (BP), bem como todas as demais tipologias de biblioteca, encaradas no seu conjunto como repositórios inclusivos do pensamento e do conhecimento, deverão estar apetrechadas com os adequados recursos humanos e tecnológicos, de acessibilidade e usabilidade no espaço físico, incluindo o pavimento tátil, para poderem corresponder às necessidades de leitura, pesquisa e investigação de todos os utilizadores/clientes (ver Apêndice I), independentemente das dificuldades de cada um. É nesta perspetiva que pretendemos desenvolver a nossa reflexão investigativa, com especial enfoque na Biblioteca Pública e no seu comportamento em equidade para com os utilizadores/clientes cegos e com baixa visão e normovisuais, mas fazendo uma sucinta viagem pelas primeiras bibliotecas de Portugal, desde as origens da BGUC, BNP, BPMP, até à atualidade, com incidência nos conceitos de BPM, BPI, BI e Biblioinclusão, Bibliotecas web e sem fronteiras, visando uma universalização do conhecimento, apontando e explicitando a necessidade de implícitas competências biblioinclusivas a desenvolver para atingirmos esse objetivo, como Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação Alternativa e Tecnologias de Apoio, a defender no Departamento de Ciências da Comunicação da Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias.
Knowledge is a public good, which should be accessible to all citizens, without exception. In this sense, the Public Library, as well as all other types of library, viewed as a whole as repositories of thought and knowledge, should be fitted with the appropriate human and technological resources, accessibility and usability to meet the needs of research and investigation of all users regardless of the difficulties of each. It is in this perspective that we intend to develop our investigative reflection, with a special focus on Public Library, but making a brief journey through the first libraries in Portugal, from the origins of BGUC, BNP, BPMP, to the present day, focusing on the concepts of BPM, BPI, BI and Biblioinclusão, aiming at Inclusive Universality as research work in UCs MTPI and TSC for review at the MCATA / ECATI / ULHT.

This study addresses the question of how globalization affects the need for localized user interfaces. Previous research in cross-cultural design suggests that user interfaces need to be adapted to users' different cultures in order to achieve usability, effectiveness and good user experience. Based on this, the focus in previous research is on identifying differences in what people from different cultures prefer when it comes to design and information architecture. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a focus on similarities instead, can lead to useful guidelines for people who develop user interfaces for multicultural target groups. To answer this, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used and a website analysis was performed to examine what similarities that could be found on user interfaces developed for two different countries. Furthermore, a card sorting experiment was carried out in order to compare the mental models of users from two different countries. The results show that there are many similarities on regional websites, developed to fit the user needs in Sweden and Saudi Arabia. The results also indicates that mental models might differ as much within a group of users with the same cultural background, as between groups of users from different countries. This raises the question of whether localization of user interfaces is necessary or not.

Digital interactivity has changed the dissemination and availability of information. Traditionally, editors have acted as gatekeepers to ensure quality information flow within the mass media. With social media, the citizen can publish and disseminate information, which has created the term citizen journalism. The goal of The Media Inquiry (Swedish government official reports) is to support freedom of expression and diversity of subject areas, which is a problem when publishers reduce pluralism in opinion. Previous research shows that scientific attention to alternative media has increased in recent years but there are few studies on content in alternative media. The purpose of the study is therefore to find out what the information environment around alternative media in Sweden looks like today: how citizen journalists discuss news topics, what areas of interest are visible, to what extent affordances are used and how tendencies towards eco-chambers is manifesting. To answer the questions, a case study has been used focusing on three Twitter accounts. A streaming API was used to capture tweets for a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of posts made on and in connection to three accounts by citizen journalists. The results showed that a significant portion of information activities are concentrated on mediating and communicating news and opinions. Areas of interest were news, social information, and criticism of power. Mentions and retweets were the most used functions and opinion-reinforcing information was a confirmation of eco-chambers.

Peer review is considered the gold standard of scientific publishing. Trust in the traditional system of editor – blind-reviewer – author is still high, but it’s authority is in decline and alternative methods are on the rise. The current study investigates opinions of alternative peer review methods, the arguments for and against, and the reasons why academics are searching for new approaches. The opinions were analysed by applying qualitative content analysis to online discussions. The findings were interpreted using two different sociological theories: the Mertonian sociology of science and social constructivism. The results of the study show that the most discussed method was also the most traditional one: closed pre-publication peer review comprised of single blind, double-blind and open peer review (non blinded). Discussions of open peer review (both open publishing of reports and open discussions) were also common. All other alternative methods were discussed much less. But the discussions were lively and each method was discussed in both positive and negative terms. The reasons for preferring certain methods were also manifold, but dominant topics were bias and fairness, quality issues (regarding reviews and publications), issues concerning human resources and communication and exchange among people. The results of this study demonstrate that while ethical norms seems to be a scientific ideal, human nature makes it impossible to accomplish this goal.