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1
St. Clair, Ashley L., Ge Zhang, Adam G. Dolezal, Matthew E. O’Neal e Amy L. Toth. "Diversified Farming in a Monoculture Landscape: Effects on Honey Bee Health and Wild Bee Communities". Environmental Entomology 49, n. 3 (4 aprile 2020): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa031.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract In the last century, a global transformation of Earth’s surface has occurred due to human activity with extensive agriculture replacing natural ecosystems. Concomitant declines in wild and managed bees are occurring, largely due to a lack of floral resources and inadequate nutrition, caused by conversion to monoculture-based farming. Diversified fruit and vegetable farms may provide an enhanced variety of resources through crops and weedy plants, which have potential to sustain human and bee nutrition. We hypothesized fruit and vegetable farms can enhance honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colony growth and nutritional state over a soybean monoculture, as well as support a more diverse wild bee community. We tracked honey bee colony growth, nutritional state, and wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity in both farm types. Honey bees kept at diversified farms had increased colony weight and preoverwintering nutritional state. Regardless of colony location, precipitous declines in colony weight occurred during autumn and thus colonies were not completely buffered from the stressors of living in a matrix dominated with monocultures. Contrary to our hypothesis, wild bee diversity was greater in soybean, specifically in August, a time when fields are in bloom. These differences were largely driven by four common bee species that performed well in soybean. Overall, these results suggest fruit and vegetable farms provide some benefits for honey bees; however, they do not benefit wild bee communities. Thus, incorporation of natural habitat, rather than diversified farming, in these landscapes, may be a better choice for wild bee conservation efforts.
2
Stein, D. S., D. M. Debinski, J. M. Pleasants e A. L. Toth. "Evaluating Native Bee Communities and Nutrition in Managed Grasslands". Environmental Entomology 49, n. 3 (26 marzo 2020): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa009.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Native pollinators are important for providing vital services in agroecosystems; however, their numbers are declining globally. Bees are the most efficient and diverse members of the pollinator community; therefore, it is imperative that management strategies be implemented that positively affect bee community composition and health. Here, we test responses of the bee and flowering plant communities to land management treatments in the context of grasslands in the upper Midwestern United States, a critical area with respect to bee declines. Twelve sites were selected to examine floral resources and wild bee communities based on three different types of grasslands: tallgrass prairie remnants, ungrazed restorations, and grazed restorations. Total bee abundance was significantly higher in ungrazed restorations than remnants, but there were no significant differences among grasslands in community composition or Shannon diversity. Across the three grassland types we also examined mass and lipid stores as nutritional health indicators in three sweat bees (Halictidae), Augochlora pura, Agapostemon virescens, and Halictus ligatus. Although there were no differences in lipid content, total average bee mass was significantly higher in Ag. virescens collected from ungrazed restorations as compared to remnants. Floral abundance of native and non-native species combined was significantly higher in grazed restorations compared to remnants and ungrazed restorations. However, ungrazed restorations had higher abundance and richness of native flowering ramets. These data suggest that bee abundance and nutrition are driven by high abundance of native flowering plant species, rather than total flowering plants.
3
Harmon-Threatt, Alexandra. "Influence of Nesting Characteristics on Health of Wild Bee Communities". Annual Review of Entomology 65, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024955.
Abstract (sommario):
Nest site availability and quality are important for maintaining robust populations and communities of wild bees. However, for most species, nesting traits and nest site conditions are poorly known, limiting both our understanding of basic ecology for bee species and conservation efforts. Additionally, many of the threats commonly associated with reducing bee populations have effects that can extend into nests but are largely unstudied. In general, threats such as habitat disturbances and climate change likely affect nest site availability and nest site conditions, which in turn affect nest initiation, growth, development, and overwintering success of bees. To facilitate a better understanding of how these and other threats may affect nesting bees, in this review, I quantify key nesting traits and environmental conditions and then consider how these traits may intersect with observed and anticipated changes in nesting conditions experienced by wild bees. These data suggest that the effects of common threats to bees through nesting may strongly influence their survival and persistence but are vastly understudied. Increasing research into nesting biology and incorporating nesting information into conservation efforts may help improve conservation of this declining but critical group.
4
Sheffield, Cory S., Peter G. Kevan, Alana Pindar e Laurence Packer. "Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity within apple orchards and old fields in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada". Canadian Entomologist 145, n. 1 (13 dicembre 2012): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.89.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractBees are important within terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination, which facilitates plant reproduction. Agricultural regions are large landscapes containing varying proportions of cropland, natural, and semi-natural habitats. Most bees are not restricted to any of these and move freely throughout, exploiting food and nesting resources in favourable locations. Many factors affect bee diversity, and knowledge of these is crucial for promoting healthy bee communities. The main objectives of this study were to compare diversity and guild structure of bee communities across a range of land disturbance levels within the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada, in habitats ranging from managed apple orchards to old fields. The two habitat extremes differed significantly; intensely managed orchards had significantly lower species richness (∼50%) than observed/estimated in old fields, but orchards with intermediate levels of adjacent natural/semi-natural habitat showed affinities to either extreme depending on the metrics used for estimating species richness. Species assemblages in orchards had lower proportions of several guilds, particularly cavity-nesters, bumble bees, and cleptoparasites, than other habitats. These guilds accounted for over 30% of bees collected in old fields but only 3–10% in orchards, increasing with habitat complexity. The use of guilds for assessing the health of bee communities is discussed.
5
Brettell, Schroeder e Martin. "RNAseq Analysis Reveals Virus Diversity within Hawaiian Apiary Insect Communities". Viruses 11, n. 5 (27 aprile 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050397.
Abstract (sommario):
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most abundant viral pathogen of honey bees and has been associated with large-scale colony losses. DWV and other bee-associated RNA viruses are generalists capable of infecting diverse hosts. Here, we used RNAseq analysis to test the hypothesis that due to the frequency of interactions, a range of apiary pest species would become infected with DWV and/or other honey bee-associated viruses. We confirmed that DWV-A was the most prevalent virus in the apiary, with genetically similar sequences circulating in the apiary pests, suggesting frequent inter-species transmission. In addition, different proportions of the three DWV master variants as indicated by BLAST analysis and genome coverage plots revealed interesting DWV-species groupings. We also observed that new genomic recombinants were formed by the DWV master variants, which are likely adapted to replicate in different host species. Species groupings also applied when considering other viruses, many of which were widespread in the apiaries. In social wasps, samples were grouped further by site, which potentially also influenced viral load. Thus, the apiary invertebrate community has the potential to act as reservoirs of honey bee-associated viruses, highlighting the importance of considering the wider community in the apiary when considering honey bee health.
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Fowler, Alison E., Rebecca E. Irwin e Lynn S. Adler. "Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, n. 1 (16 dicembre 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190069.
Abstract (sommario):
Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.
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de Sousa, Leandro Pio. "Bacterial communities of indoor surface of stingless bee nests". PLOS ONE 16, n. 7 (9 luglio 2021): e0252933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252933.
Abstract (sommario):
Microbes have been identified as fundamental for the good health of bees, acting as pathogens, protective agent against infection/inorganic toxic compounds, degradation of recalcitrant secondary plant metabolites, definition of social group membership, carbohydrate metabolism, honey and bee pollen production. However, study of microbiota associated with bees have been largely confined to the honeybees and solitary bees. Here, I characterized the microbiota of indoor surface nest of four brazilian stingless bee species (Apidae: Meliponini) with different construction behaviors and populations. Bees that use predominantly plant material to build the nest (Frieseomelitta varia and Tetragonisca angustula) have a microbiome dominated by bacteria found in the phylloplane and flowers such as Pseudomonas sp. and Sphingomonas sp. Species that use mud and feces (Trigona spinipes) possess a microbiome dominated by coliforms such as Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes faecalis. Melipona quadrifasciata, which uses both mud / feces and plant resin, showed a hybrid microbiome with microbes found in soil, feces and plant material. These findings indicate that indoor surface microbiome varies widely among bees and reflects the materials used in the construction of the nests.
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Sbaghdi, Thania, Julian R. Garneau, Simon Yersin, Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand, Michel Bocquet, Anne Moné, Hicham El Alaoui, Philippe Bulet, Nicolas Blot e Frédéric Delbac. "The Response of the Honey Bee Gut Microbiota to Nosema ceranae Is Modulated by the Probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and the Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam". Microorganisms 12, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010192.
Abstract (sommario):
The honey bee Apis mellifera is exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as the highly prevalent microsporidian parasite Nosema (Vairimorpha) ceranae and neonicotinoid insecticides. Both can affect honey bee physiology and microbial gut communities, eventually reducing its lifespan. They can also have a combined effect on the insect’s survival. The use of bacterial probiotics has been proposed to improve honey bee health, but their beneficial effect remains an open question. In the present study, western honey bees were experimentally infected with N. ceranae spores, chronically exposed to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, and/or supplied daily with the homofermentative bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M thought to improve the honey bees’ tolerance to the parasite. Deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing allowed the response of the gut microbiota to be investigated with a taxonomic resolution at the species level. All treatments induced significant changes in honey bee gut bacterial communities. Nosema ceranae infection increased the abundance of Proteus mirabilis, Frischella perrara, and Gilliamella apicola and reduced the abundance of Bifidobacterium asteroides, Fructobacillus fructosus, and Lactobacillus spp. Supplementation with P. acidilactici overturned some of these alterations, bringing back the abundance of some altered species close to the relative abundance found in the controls. Surprisingly, the exposure to thiamethoxam also restored the relative abundance of some species modulated by N. ceranae. This study shows that stressors and probiotics may have an antagonistic impact on honey bee gut bacterial communities and that P. acidilactici may have a protective effect against the dysbiosis induced by an infection with N. ceranae.
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Tsadila, Christina, Chiara Amoroso e Dimitris Mossialos. "Microbial Diversity in Bee Species and Bee Products: Pseudomonads Contribution to Bee Well-Being and the Biological Activity Exerted by Honey Bee Products: A Narrative Review". Diversity 15, n. 10 (16 ottobre 2023): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15101088.
Abstract (sommario):
Bees are important pollinators worldwide, promoting sustainability in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Moreover, honey bees produce a variety of honey bee products (beehive products). Honey is the main edible bee product. The consumption of pollen, bee bread, royal jelly, and propolis is becoming more popular nowadays. All these products are characterized by high nutritional value and/or bioactivity. A high microbial diversity has been reported in bees and beehive products, forming distinct microbial communities. The honey bee gut microbiome actively promotes good health and nutrient availability for the host. Furthermore, it prevents food spoilage and contributes to the maintenance of good hygiene conditions in the hive. Pseudomonads are often reported in investigations on bee and bee product microbiomes. Diverse Pseudomonas species demonstrate high metabolic adaptability, producing a wide range of bioactive enzymes and secondary metabolites. Several studies have provided evidence that Pseudomonads might play a role in bee well-being and the bioactivity exerted by honey bee products, though further research is warranted to fully understand the effects and mechanisms. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of Pseudomonads in the context of up-to-date knowledge regarding the bee and bee product microbiomes.
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Dharampal, Prarthana S., Caitlin Carlson, Cameron R. Currie e Shawn A. Steffan. "Pollen-borne microbes shape bee fitness". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n. 1904 (12 giugno 2019): 20182894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2894.
Abstract (sommario):
Teeming within pollen provisions are diverse communities of symbiotic microbes, which provide a variety of benefits to bees. Microbes themselves may represent a major dietary resource for developing bee larvae. Despite their apparent importance in sustaining bee health, evidence linking pollen-borne microbes to larval health is currently lacking. We examined the effects of microbe-deficient diets on the fitness of larval mason bees. In a series of diet manipulations, microbe-rich maternally collected pollen provisions were replaced with increasing fractions of sterilized, microbe-deficient pollen provisions before being fed to developing larvae. Convergent findings from amino acid and fatty acid trophic biomarker analyses revealed that larvae derived a substantial amount of nutrition from microbial prey and occupied a significantly higher trophic position than that of strict herbivores. Larvae feeding on increasingly sterile diets experienced significant adverse effects on growth rates, biomass and survivorship. When completely deprived of pollen-borne microbes, larvae consistently exhibited marked decline in fitness. We conclude that microbes associated with aged pollen provisions are central to bee health, not only as nutritional mutualists, but also as a major dietary component. In an era of global bee decline, the conservation of such bee–microbe interactions may represent an important facet of pollinator protection strategies.
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Munyuli, Bin Mushambanyi Théodore. "Is Cut-Flower Industry Promotion by the Government Negatively Affecting Pollinator Biodiversity and Environmental/Human Health in Uganda?" ISRN Biodiversity 2014 (16 marzo 2014): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/368953.
Abstract (sommario):
A study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 around the flower growing areas in central Uganda to generate baseline information on the status of pollinators. Primary data were gathered using a questionnaire that aimed at determining farmers and flower farm officials’ perceptions on the impact of activities carried out inside greenhouses on pollinators, human health, and on crop production in the surroundings. Results indicated that the quantity of pesticides and fertilizers applied daily varied among the different flower farms visited. Bee species richness and abundance varied significantly (P<0.01) according to flower farm location, to the landscape vegetation type, and to field types found in the surrounding of flower farms. Bee richness found around flower farms varied in number from 20 to 40 species in total across seasons and years. Bee density increased significantly with the increase in flower density. Small-scale farmers were aware of the value and importance of pollination services in their farming business. There was no clear evidence of a direct effect of agrochemicals application on bee communities living in the surrounding habitats. There is a need for further research to be conducted on human health risks and for toxicological studies on soils, plants, flowers, and bees in the farm landscape.
12
Sykes, Cooper. "To Bee, or Not to Bee: A Commentary on International Neonicotinoid Regulation". IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 8 (7 gennaio 2024): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v8i1.33067.
Abstract (sommario):
Amidst a time of dramatic climate change and exponential population growth, sustaining food production, and the pollinators essential to that production, has taken on increased importance. The current global system of industrial agriculture, however, relies on chemical pesticides, including neonicotinoids. A growing number of studies convincingly demonstrate that neonicotinoids are killing bees and their colonies. With bees and other pollinator populations in danger, an integral part of the world’s food system is at risk.
This paper focuses on the dangers of neonicotinoid use and the need for international neonicotinoid regulation. The paper analyzes the emergence of neonicotinoids in the global agrochemical market, their negative impact on the health of pollinators, and the current legal regulations that govern neonicotinoid use. It recommends greater use of multilateral, international agreements to more comprehensively regulate neonicotinoids to protect bees and other pollinator populations. Other environmental treaties, such as the Montreal Protocol and the Stockholm Convention, provide accessible frameworks for cooperative regulation. If international communities act quickly, there may still be time to sufficiently protect pollinator populations from further catastrophic harm from neonicotinoid use. Bees and other pollinators are essential for global food production, and this paper provides a path forward for policy-makers and law-makers to better protect these species from the harms of neonicotinoids.
13
Guiné, Raquel P. F., Sofia G. Florença, Paula M. R. Correia, Ofélia Anjos, Catarina Coelho e Cristina A. Costa. "Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Broods: Composition, Technology and Gastronomic Applicability". Foods 11, n. 18 (7 settembre 2022): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182750.
Abstract (sommario):
Honey bee broods (larvae and pupae) can be consumed as human food, offering a rich nutritional value. Therefore, the objective of this work was to present an overview of the nutritional value of the honey bee brood and its gastronomic potential. The results indicated that honey bee broods are rich in protein (including essential amino acids), fat (essentially saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids), carbohydrates, vitamin C and those of the B complex, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. The results further highlight some variability according to the stage of development, with increasing content of fat and protein and decreasing carbohydrates from the larval to the pupal stages. The production of the honey bee brood in the hive, as well as its removal, can impact the wellbeing of the hive. This limits the production potential of the brood aimed at application for gastronomic purposes. The consumption and purchase of honey bee broods as food may be accessible in specialised markets where, for example, ethnic communities consume this type of food. However, in some markets, insects or products produced from insects are not readily accepted because of neophobia and disgust. The role of culinary chefs allied to traditional ways of preparing culinary dishes that include honey bee broods are relevant to motivate more people in western societies to consume of these types of food products.
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Tarpy, David R., Heather R. Mattila e Irene L. G. Newton. "Development of the Honey Bee Gut Microbiome throughout the Queen-Rearing Process". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, n. 9 (27 febbraio 2015): 3182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00307-15.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTThe European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is used extensively to produce hive products and for crop pollination, but pervasive concerns about colony health and population decline have sparked an interest in the microbial communities that are associated with these important insects. Currently, only the microbiome of workers has been characterized, while little to nothing is known about the bacterial communities that are associated with queens, even though their health and proper function are central to colony productivity. Here, we provide a large-scale analysis of the gut microbiome of honey bee queens during their developmental trajectory and through the multiple colonies that host them as part of modern queen-rearing practices. We found that queen microbiomes underwent a dramatic shift in size and composition as they aged and encountered different worker populations and colony environments. Queen microbiomes were dominated by enteric bacteria in early life but were comprised primarily of alphaproteobacteria at maturity. Furthermore, queen gut microbiomes did not reflect those of the workers who tended them and, indeed, they lacked many of the bacteria that are considered vital to workers. While worker gut microbiotas were consistent across the unrelated colony populations sampled, the microbiotas of the related queens were highly variable. Bacterial communities in mature queen guts were similar in size to those of mature workers and were characterized by dominant and specific alphaproteobacterial strains known to be associated with worker hypopharyngeal glands. Our results suggest a model in which queen guts are colonized by bacteria from workers' glands, in contrast to routes of maternal inoculation for other animal microbiomes.
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Capotorti, Giulia, Simone Valeri, Arianna Giannini, Valerio Minorenti, Mariagrazia Piarulli e Paolo Audisio. "On the Role of Natural and Induced Landscape Heterogeneity for the Support of Pollinators: A Green Infrastructure Perspective Applied in a Peri-Urban System". Land 12, n. 2 (31 gennaio 2023): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020387.
Abstract (sommario):
Pollinators are key ecosystem components and their conservation represents a critical target for both nature and human health. In a world of increasing urbanisation, cities and peri-urban areas have to be active players in addressing this target, and in-depth knowledge of the effects of the urbanisation gradient and related landscape features on pollinators has to be acquired. Accordingly, an experimental study on the relationships between bee communities and natural vs. human-induced environmental heterogeneity has been carried out in a transitional peri-urban landscape of the Metropolitan area of Rome (Italy). A multi-step procedure was adopted, arranged into plant and bee communities field sampling, detailed mapping of actual and potential ecosystems, and combined processing and modelling of the respective results. The potential contribution of experimental findings to the deployment of a pollinator-friendly Green Infrastructure (GI) has been then explored, with statistical correlations between bee diversity and landscape metrics adopted for defining conservation and restoration actions and a multi-criteria analysis adopted for site prioritisation in the study area. Such a planned GI could represent an effective solution for enhancing resilience and resistance of peri-urban landscapes against land take and agricultural intensification, as local expressions of global biodiversity loss drivers.
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Tola, Yosef Hamba, Jacqueline Wahura Waweru, Nelly N. Ndungu, Kiatoko Nkoba, Bernard Slippers e Juan C. Paredes. "Loss and Gain of Gut Bacterial Phylotype Symbionts in Afrotropical Stingless Bee Species (Apidae: Meliponinae)". Microorganisms 9, n. 12 (24 novembre 2021): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122420.
Abstract (sommario):
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are the most diverse group of corbiculate bees and are important managed and wild pollinators distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. However, little is known about their associated beneficial microbes that play major roles in host nutrition, detoxification, growth, activation of immune responses, and protection against pathogens in their sister groups, honeybees and bumble bees. Here, we provide an initial characterization of the gut bacterial microbiota of eight stingless bee species from sub-Saharan Africa using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our findings revealed that Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the dominant and conserved phyla across the eight stingless bee species. Additionally, we found significant geographical and host intra-species-specific bacterial diversity. Notably, African strains showed significant phylogenetic clustering when compared with strains from other continents, and each stingless bee species has its own microbial composition with its own dominant bacterial genus. Our results suggest host selective mechanisms maintain distinct gut communities among sympatric species and thus constitute an important resource for future studies on bee health management and host-microbe co-evolution and adaptation.
17
Bonilla-Rosso, Germán, Théodora Steiner, Fabienne Wichmann, Evan Bexkens e Philipp Engel. "Honey bees harbor a diverse gut virome engaging in nested strain-level interactions with the microbiota". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 13 (16 marzo 2020): 7355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000228117.
Abstract (sommario):
The honey bee gut microbiota influences bee health and has become an important model to study the ecology and evolution of microbiota–host interactions. Yet, little is known about the phage community associated with the bee gut, despite its potential to modulate bacterial diversity or to govern important symbiotic functions. Here we analyzed two metagenomes derived from virus-like particles, analyzed the prevalence of the identified phages across 73 bacterial metagenomes from individual bees, and tested the host range of isolated phages. Our results show that the honey bee gut virome is composed of at least 118 distinct clusters corresponding to both temperate and lytic phages and representing novel genera with a large repertoire of unknown gene functions. We find that the phage community is prevalent in honey bees across space and time and targets the core members of the bee gut microbiota. The large number and high genetic diversity of the viral clusters seems to mirror the high extent of strain-level diversity in the bee gut microbiota. We isolated eight lytic phages that target the core microbiota member Bifidobacterium asteroides, but that exhibited different host ranges at the strain level, resulting in a nested interaction network of coexisting phages and bacterial strains. Collectively, our results show that the honey bee gut virome consists of a complex and diverse phage community that likely plays an important role in regulating strain-level diversity in the bee gut and that holds promise as an experimental model to study bacteria–phage dynamics in natural microbial communities.
18
Frazier, Maryann, Elliud Muli e Harland Patch. "Ecology and Management of African Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)". Annual Review of Entomology 69, n. 1 (25 gennaio 2024): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020823-095359.
Abstract (sommario):
In Africa, humans evolved as honey hunters of honey bee subspecies adapted to diverse geographical regions. Beekeeping today is practiced much as it was when Africans moved from honey hunting to beekeeping nearly 5,000 years ago, with beekeepers relying on seasonally available wild bees. Research suggests that populations are resilient, able to resist diseases and novel parasites. Distinct biomes, as well as environmental pressures, shaped the behavior and biology of these bees and in turn influenced how indigenous beekeeping developed. It appears that passive beekeeping practices that enabled free-living populations contributed to the overall resilience and health of the bee. There is clearly a need for research aimed at a deeper understanding of bee biology and the ecosystems from which they benefit and on which humans depend, as well as a growing realization that the management of these bees requires an indigenous approach that reflects a broader knowledge base and the economics of local communities and markets.
19
Liu, Wenping, Yue Li, Huanhuan Lu, Youjin Hao, Ke Zhang, Xiaoqun Dang, Xiaodong Fan et al. "Diversity of Bacterial Communities Associated with Solitary Bee Osmia excavata Alfken (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)". Applied Sciences 13, n. 3 (24 gennaio 2023): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031524.
Abstract (sommario):
Insect-associated microorganisms play important roles in the health and development of insects. This study aimed to investigate the similarities and differences in bacterial community structure and composition between the larval gut of Osmia excavata, nest soil, and brood provision from the nest tube. We sequenced larvae gut and their environments’ microorganisms of O. excavata from four locations based on full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed 156, 280, and 366 bacterial OTUs from gut, brood provision, and nest soil, respectively, and three groups shared 131 bacterial OTUs. In the gut, the top two dominant bacteria were Sodalis praecaptivus (68.99%), Lactobacillus micheneri (17.95%). In the brood provision, the top two dominant bacteria were S. praecaptivus (26.66%), Acinetobacter nectaris (13.05%), and in the nest soil, the two most abundant bacteria were Gaiella occulta (4.33%), Vicinamibacter silvestris (3.88%). There were significant differences in diversity between the brood provision groups and the nest soil groups, respectively. Three of the four locations did not differ for gut microbial diversity. Bacteria similar to other solitary bees also existed in the gut of the larvae. Results indicated when the habitat environments were similar, the bacterial community diversity of the gut of O. excavata was similar, despite significant differences among brood provisions and soils, respectively.
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Kwong, Waldan K., Amanda L. Mancenido e Nancy A. Moran. "Immune system stimulation by the native gut microbiota of honey bees". Royal Society Open Science 4, n. 2 (febbraio 2017): 170003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170003.
Abstract (sommario):
Gut microbial communities can greatly affect host health by modulating the host's immune system. For many important insects, however, the relationship between the gut microbiota and immune function remains poorly understood. Here, we test whether the gut microbial symbionts of the honey bee can induce expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a crucial component of insect innate immunity. We find that bees up-regulate gene expression of the AMPs apidaecin and hymenoptaecin in gut tissue when the microbiota is present. Using targeted proteomics, we detected apidaecin in both the gut lumen and the haemolymph; higher apidaecin concentrations were found in bees harbouring the normal gut microbiota than in bees lacking gut microbiota. In in vitro assays, cultured strains of the microbiota showed variable susceptibility to honey bee AMPs, although many seem to possess elevated resistance compared to Escherichia coli . In some trials, colonization by normal gut symbionts resulted in improved survivorship following injection with E. coli . Our results show that the native, non-pathogenic gut flora induces immune responses in the bee host. Such responses might be a host mechanism to regulate the microbiota, and could potentially benefit host health by priming the immune system against future pathogenic infections.
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Horton, Melissa A., Randy Oliver e Irene L. Newton. "No apparent correlation between honey bee forager gut microbiota and honey production". PeerJ 3 (13 ottobre 2015): e1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1329.
Abstract (sommario):
One of the best indicators of colony health for the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is its performance in the production of honey. Recent research into the microbial communities naturally populating the bee gut raise the question as to whether there is a correlation between microbial community structure and colony productivity. In this work, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to explore the microbial composition associated with forager bees from honey bee colonies producing large amounts of surplus honey (productive) and compared them to colonies producing less (unproductive). As supported by previous work, the honey bee microbiome was found to be dominated by three major phyla: the Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria, within which we found a total of 23 different bacterial genera, including known “core” honey bee microbiome members. Using discriminant function analysis and correlation-based network analysis, we identified highly abundant members (such asFrischellaandGilliamella) as important in shaping the bacterial community; libraries from colonies with high quantities of theseOrbaceaemembers were also likely to contain fewerBifidobacteriaandLactobacillusspecies (such as Firm-4). However, co-culture assays, using isolates from these major clades, were unable to confirm any antagonistic interaction betweenGilliamellaand honey bee gut bacteria. Our results suggest that honey bee colony productivity is associated with increased bacterial diversity, although this mechanism behind this correlation has yet to be determined. Our results also suggest researchers should not base inferences of bacterial interactions solely on correlations found using sequencing. Instead, we suggest that depth of sequencing and library size can dramatically influencestatistically significantresults from sequence analysis of amplicons and should be cautiously interpreted.
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Kulyukin, Vladimir, e Sarbajit Mukherjee. "On Video Analysis of Omnidirectional Bee Traffic: Counting Bee Motions with Motion Detection and Image Classification". Applied Sciences 9, n. 18 (7 settembre 2019): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183743.
Abstract (sommario):
Omnidirectional bee traffic is the number of bees moving in arbitrary directions in close proximity to the landing pad of a given hive over a given period of time. Video bee traffic analysis has the potential to automate the assessment of omnidirectional bee traffic levels, which, in turn, may lead to a complete or partial automation of honeybee colony health assessment. In this investigation, we proposed, implemented, and partially evaluated a two-tier method for counting bee motions to estimate levels of omnidirectional bee traffic in bee traffic videos. Our method couples motion detection with image classification so that motion detection acts as a class-agnostic object location method that generates a set of regions with possible objects and each such region is classified by a class-specific classifier such as a convolutional neural network or a support vector machine or an ensemble of classifiers such as a random forest. The method has been, and is being iteratively field tested in BeePi monitors, multi-sensor electronic beehive monitoring systems, installed on live Langstroth beehives in real apiaries. Deployment of a BeePi monitor on top of a beehive does not require any structural modification of the beehive’s woodenware, and is not disruptive to natural beehive cycles. To ensure the replicability of the reported findings and to provide a performance benchmark for interested research communities and citizen scientists, we have made public our curated and labeled image datasets of 167,261 honeybee images and our omnidirectional bee traffic videos used in this investigation.
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Gajski, Goran, Elina Leonova e Nikolajs Sjakste. "Bee Venom: Composition and Anticancer Properties". Toxins 16, n. 3 (29 febbraio 2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030117.
Abstract (sommario):
Among the various natural compounds used in alternative and Oriental medicine, toxins isolated from different organisms have had their application for many years, and Apis mellifera venom has been studied the most extensively. Numerous studies dealing with the positive assets of bee venom (BV) indicated its beneficial properties. The usage of bee products to prevent the occurrence of diseases and for their treatment is often referred to as apitherapy and is based mainly on the experience of the traditional system of medical practice in diverse ethnic communities. Today, a large number of studies are focused on the antitumor effects of BV, which are mainly attributed to its basic polypeptide melittin (MEL). Previous studies have indicated that BV and its major constituent MEL cause a strong toxic effect on different cancer cells, such as liver, lung, bladder, kidney, prostate, breast, and leukemia cells, while a less pronounced effect was observed in normal non-target cells. Their proposed mechanisms of action, such as the effect on proliferation and growth inhibition, cell cycle alterations, and induction of cell death through several cancer cell death mechanisms, are associated with the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), caspases, and matrix metalloproteinases that destroy cancer cells. Numerous cellular effects of BV and MEL need to be elucidated on the molecular level, while the key issue has to do with the trigger of the apoptotic cascade. Apoptosis could be either a consequence of the plasmatic membrane fenestration or the result of the direct interaction of the BV components with pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors. The interaction of BV peptides and enzymes with the plasma membrane is a crucial step in the whole process. However, before its possible application as a remedy, it is crucial to identify the correct route of exposure and dosage of BV and MEL for potential therapeutic use as well as potential side effects on normal cells and tissues to avoid any possible adverse event.
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Wakjira, Kibebew, Taye Negera, Aleksejs Zacepins, Armands Kviesis, Vitalijs Komasilovs, Sascha Fiedler, Sascha Kirchner et al. "Smart apiculture management services for developing countries—the case of SAMS project in Ethiopia and Indonesia". PeerJ Computer Science 7 (9 aprile 2021): e484. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.484.
Abstract (sommario):
The European Union funded project SAMS (Smart Apiculture Management Services) enhances international cooperation of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) and sustainable agriculture between EU and developing countries in pursuit of the EU commitment to the UN Sustainable Development Goal “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. The project consortium comprises four partners from Europe (two from Germany, Austria, and Latvia) and two partners each from Ethiopia and Indonesia. Beekeeping with small-scale operations provides suitable innovation labs for the demonstration and dissemination of cost-effective and easy-to-use open source ICT applications in developing countries. SAMS allows active monitoring and remote sensing of bee colonies and beekeeping by developing an ICT solution supporting the management of bee health and bee productivity as well as a role model for effective international cooperation. By following the user centered design (UCD) approach, SAMS addresses requirements of end-user communities on beekeeping in developing countries, and includes findings in its technological improvements and adaptation as well as in innovative services and business creation based on advanced ICT and remote sensing technologies. SAMS enhances the production of bee products, creates jobs (particularly youths/women), triggers investments, and establishes knowledge exchange through networks and initiated partnerships.
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Friedle, Carolin, Paul D’Alvise, Karsten Schweikert, Klaus Wallner e Martin Hasselmann. "Changes of microorganism composition in fresh and stored bee pollen from Southern Germany". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, n. 34 (23 aprile 2021): 47251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13932-4.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractAnalysis of plant pollen can provide valuable insights into the existing spectrum of microorganisms in the environment. When harvesting bee-collected pollen as a dietary supplement for human consumption, timely preservation of the freshly collected pollen is fundamental for product quality. Environmental microorganisms contained in freshly collected pollen can lead to spoilage by degradation of pollen components. In this study, freshly collected bee pollen was sampled at different locations and stored under various storage conditions to examine the hypothesis that storage conditions may have an effect on the composition of microorganisms in pollen samples. The samples were analyzed using 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and characterized by palynological analysis. Interestingly, the bacterial communities between pollen samples from different locations varied only slightly, whereas for fungal community compositions, this effect was substantially increased. Further, we noticed that fungal communities in pollen are particularly sensitive to storage conditions. The fungal genera proportion Cladosporium and Mycosphaerella decreased, while Zygosaccharomyces and Aspergillus increased during storage. Aspergillus and Zygosaccharomyces fractions increased during storage at 30 °C, which could negatively impact the pollen quality if it is used as a dietary supplement.
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Delgado, Cesar, Kember Mejía, Claus Rasmussen e Rosa Romero. "Traditional Knowledge of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the Peruvian Amazon". Ethnobiology Letters 14, n. 1 (8 marzo 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.14.1.2023.1772.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper describes the traditional knowledge on the management of stingless bee colonies and the use of honey by Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities of the department of Loreto, in the Peruvian Amazon. Semi-structured interviews and collection of voucher bees were carried out from June to August 2016 and from November to December 2017. The informants were selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling (snowball sampling). During the study, 21 communities were visited, of which some of the community members in thirteen communities kept stingless bees. A total of 17 species of stingless bees are reported as used in the communities for either rearing or harvesting of honey from the forest with Melipona eburnea being the most common species. The way communities classify, manage, and use bees depends on how they perceive these insects, informed by knowledge processed and incorporated from other communities. In these communities, they use honey and pollen, with honey being the main product. Fourteen health conditions are treated with honey, with the most treated conditions being related to respiratory ailments, fertility, and reproduction. The study provides a basis for incorporating stingless bees into conservation and sustainable production policies.
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Montagnana, Paula Carolina, e Maria José de Oliveira Campos. "Ruderal Plants Providing Bees Diversity on Rural Properties". Sociobiology 67, n. 3 (30 settembre 2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i3.4837.
Abstract (sommario):
Many are the anthropogenic drivers of pollinator decline, but the loss of suitable habitats, among other effects caused by agricultural intensification, deserves special attention. Reduction in the availability of floral resources negatively affects bee communities, compromising bee species composition, foraging behavior, corporal size, and fitness. Our study aims to understand whether the presence of herbaceous plants, acting as foraging sites, next to crops contributes to bee species richness in smallholder rural properties. Bee sampling was performed on smallholder rural properties in the municipality of Guapiara, southern São Paulo state. Individuals who visited the flowers of ruderal plants and crops were collected, using an entomological net, for ten months. A total of 61 bee species were identified, with the highest species richness being sampled in ruderal plant flowers in the three properties studied. Only in one property, ruderal plants hosted a more diverse bee assemblage (Shannon-Weiner and taxonomic diversity indices), but species composition differed from that sampled in crop plants (Jaccard index) in all properties. Thirty-two species were sampled exclusively in ruderal plants, versus 9 only in crops and 20 species in both types of plants. Pollen analysis showed that of the 22 species of bees that were sampled only on flowers of ruderal plants, 9 species carried pollen of tomato and one species of bee carried pollen of kabocha squash. Ruderal plants can provide an alternative food resource for pollinators, enabling these insects to remain in or be attracted to crop areas, where, in addition to visiting such plants, they also visit the cultivated plant flowers. Allowing coexistence between crops and ruderal plants, provided that the issues of plant health are observed, is a simple and low-cost measure for farmers and will provide both economic and environmental benefits.
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Akter, Tangin, Nusrat Jahan Kibria, Shanjida Sultana, Sangita Ahmed e Shefali Begum. "Gut Bacterial Diversity and their Antibiotic Resistance in Honey Bee Communities of Dhaka City". Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, n. 1 (20 giugno 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i1.60093.
Abstract (sommario):
The study was undertaken to isolate and identify the bacteria from the gut of honey bees and to investigate their antibiotic sensitivity. A total 35 honey bees were collected from Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University and Curzon Hall area of Dhaka city. This study was conducted to identify the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on the morphological features using microscope. In this study, four species of honey bees were identified, of which, Apis dorsata was the most dominant (31.43%) species and followed by 17.14% for Apis cerana and 2.86% for Apis mellifera and Apis florea, respectively. In total, five gram-positive bacteria genera including Lactobacillus sp. (37.5%), Streptococcus sp. (9.38%), Staphylococcus sp. (21.88%), Enterococcus sp. (6.25%), and Clostridium sp. (9.38%); and two gram-negative bacteria i.e., Pseudomonas sp. (3.13%), and Enterobacter sp. (12.5%) were detected. Gram-positive bacteria were the most dominant at the honey bee gut in two sites, while bacteria did not detect in A. dorsata gut which was collected from Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. However, five types of bacteria were isolated from the gut of A. dorsata collected from Curzon Hall area. In total, the highest varieties (6 out of 7) and number of isolates (15) were found from A. florea. Whereas, the highest number of bacteria was isolated from A. florea (12) for Curzon Hall area, and A. cerana (6) for Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. In antibiotic susceptibility test, the isolated Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. were sensitive to the majority of the antibiotics. However, the isolated Lactobacilllus sp., Clostridium sp., Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were resistant to the majority of antibiotics. The results show that the presence or absence of bacterium in honey bees gut was an indicator for their overall health. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (1): 83-93, 2022
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McFrederick, Quinn S., Ulrich G. Mueller e Rosalind R. James. "Interactions between fungi and bacteria influence microbial community structure in the Megachile rotundata larval gut". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n. 1779 (22 marzo 2014): 20132653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2653.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent declines in bee populations coupled with advances in DNA-sequencing technology have sparked a renaissance in studies of bee-associated microbes. Megachile rotundata is an important field crop pollinator, but is stricken by chalkbrood, a disease caused by the fungus Ascosphaera aggregata . To test the hypothesis that some gut microbes directly or indirectly affect the growth of others, we applied four treatments to the pollen provisions of M. rotundata eggs and young larvae: antibacterials, antifungals, A. aggregata spores and a no-treatment control. We allowed the larvae to develop, and then used 454 pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR (for A. aggregata ) to investigate fungal and bacterial communities in the larval gut. Antifungals lowered A. aggregata abundance but increased the diversity of surviving fungi. This suggests that A. aggregata inhibits the growth of other fungi in the gut through chemical or competitive interaction. Bacterial richness decreased under the antifungal treatment, suggesting that changes in the fungal community caused changes in the bacterial community. We found no evidence that bacteria affect fungal communities. Lactobacillus kunkeei clade bacteria were common members of the larval gut microbiota and exhibited antibiotic resistance. Further research is needed to determine the effect of gut microbes on M. rotundata health.
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Zheng, Hao, J. Elijah Powell, Margaret I. Steele, Carsten Dietrich e Nancy A. Moran. "Honeybee gut microbiota promotes host weight gain via bacterial metabolism and hormonal signaling". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n. 18 (18 aprile 2017): 4775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701819114.
Abstract (sommario):
Social bees harbor a simple and specialized microbiota that is spatially organized into different gut compartments. Recent results on the potential involvement of bee gut communities in pathogen protection and nutritional function have drawn attention to the impact of the microbiota on bee health. However, the contributions of gut microbiota to host physiology have yet to be investigated. Here we show that the gut microbiota promotes weight gain of both whole body and the gut in individual honey bees. This effect is likely mediated by changes in host vitellogenin, insulin signaling, and gustatory response. We found that microbial metabolism markedly reduces gut pH and redox potential through the production of short-chain fatty acids and that the bacteria adjacent to the gut wall form an oxygen gradient within the intestine. The short-chain fatty acid profile contributed by dominant gut species was confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, metabolomic analyses revealed that the gut community has striking impacts on the metabolic profiles of the gut compartments and the hemolymph, suggesting that gut bacteria degrade plant polymers from pollen and that the resulting metabolites contribute to host nutrition. Our results demonstrate how microbial metabolism affects bee growth, hormonal signaling, behavior, and gut physicochemical conditions. These findings indicate that the bee gut microbiota has basic roles similar to those found in some other animals and thus provides a model in studies of host–microbe interactions.
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Samsonova, I. D., V. N. Sattarov e A. A. Plakhova. "Rational use of forest land honey reserve for honey collection of the Toratau geopark of the Republic of Bashkortostan". Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), n. 1 (11 aprile 2023): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2023-66-1-178-184.
Abstract (sommario):
Besides obtaining valuable beekeeping products, bee families have a positive effect when pollinating forest plants, ensuring both high productivity of resources and promoting the conservation and favourable development of natural populations of forest species. The object of the study, the lands of the forest fund of the Toratau geopark of the Republic of Bashkortostan, serve as an optimization of the number, expansion of the range and maintaining the genetic purity of the population of the indigenous Burzyan side bee (Apis mellifera L). There needs to be more information on the inventory of honey resources on the territory of the Geopark. Therefore, the goal was to determine the honey stock of forest land for productive medical collection and rational use of resources. As a result of research, land with an area of 479,640 hectares was covered with forest, which includes significant territories of linden stands (213335 hectares - 44.5%) and broad-leaved forest that does not have nectarines of linden and maple (194924 ha - 40.6%). Lipnyak is characterized by a biological resource potential of 96117283.3 kg and a broad-leaved forest, respectively, 904447.36 kg. The total estimated honey reserve of the territory of the Republic of Belarus mountain-forest zone consists of 104 595 108 kg, which will allow for keeping up to 560,704 bee families. Small-leaved linden accounts for 89.3%, located extremely unevenly in the studied territory. In the years favourable for the production of linden, the organization of nomadic beekeeping is necessary. The share of nectar reserves of maple, willow and grassy communities relative to but is small and amounts to 9.6%. However, given the instability of colour and nectar release of linden, the presence of alternative sources of nectar allows the preservation of the number of stationary bee families in the “lean years.”
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Peterson Roest, Brian. "Bees in the D: A Message of Conservation from an Urban Environment". Challenges 10, n. 1 (8 marzo 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe10010019.
Abstract (sommario):
Examples of urban restoration and rewilding are critical in promoting grass roots efforts to restore ecosystems diversity in built environments. Honey bees are a vital part of many ecosystems, and urban beekeeping is a growing initiative with multiple benefits, spanning from ecological revitalization, to community cooperation, education, and cohesion. Here, we provide our own experience establishing an extensive system of roof top apiaries as cooperative effort between residents, schools, organizations, and businesses in the city of Detroit, Michigan. Our goal was to contribute to both the health of honey bee colonies and the education of their importance to our urban environment, through wide community engagement including interactive children’s educational events. Honey produced from this not-for-profit initiative is donated to local charities and small businesses, for fundraising, and also used for food and beverages in hospitality around the city. Research collaborations with scientists studying honey bee colony health, including the microbiome of honey bees, will explore possible solutions to help protect from pathogens and diseases. Most of all, we hope that this example will be of inspiration to others to take steps towards ecological solutions, in any and every form, within their own communities.
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Feás, Xesús. "Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018". Biology 10, n. 2 (20 gennaio 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020073.
Abstract (sommario):
Epidemiology of fatalities in Spain due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings (Cause Code of Death: X23) is described. Over a 20-year period (1999–2018), a total of 78 fatalities were recorded, mostly occurring in males (85.9%), of 65 years and older (52.6%), at “unspecified places” (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%). The X23 mortality rates (X23MR) expressed in terms of annual rates and per million inhabitants, varied from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05), placing Spain at low levels in comparison with other countries. A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the yearly deaths at the sub-state level and across communities reveals some striking features. They were more concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y León (12.8%). X23MR were estimated in Galicia at 1.82, 1.10, and 2.22 in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively; and in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97, in 2014 and 2017, respectively. The role of the invasive species Vespa velutina (VV) is examined. Due to its habits, abundance, and broader distribution, the risk that VV represents to human health is unmatched by other Hymenoptera native species.
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Moses, Kayizzi. "Pro-Poor tourism strategies in local communities in Uganda: A case study of lake Bunyonyi in Kabale district". International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Studies 2, n. 1 (giugno 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/ijhts2021.2.1.5.
Abstract (sommario):
The study examined the effectiveness of pro-poor tourism strategies on local communities in Uganda taking a case study of the Lake Bunyonyi tourist area. Using a descriptive research design, data was collected from a total of 120 community members with the aid of questionnaires. Interviews were also conducted on 10 key informants. The study found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing economic benefits to the poor are generally moderately effective as established by the composite mean. This is because the tourism enterprises have employed locals within their ranks, created opportunities for the informal sector and small businesses, boosted household income through home projects such as poultry rearing, bee keeping and fish farming. However, this has been undermined by failure by the enterprises to increased access to market opportunities indirectly to tourism enterprises and to increase community access to investment funds, loans, and micro credit schemes. The study also found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing non-financial benefits to the poor are generally moderately effective The strategies have really not succeeded as such in enhancing other non-economic livelihood benefits like; increasing access to health care, health care education for example reproductive health, HIV and malaria prevention; increasing local access to infrastructure and services for example roads, running water, internet, and telephones and improving environmental support. The study found that pro-poor tourism strategies that are aimed at enhancing community participation and partnership are generally moderately effective. The strategies have not fully succeeded in enhancing the participation and involvement of the poor in tourist activities. The study concluded that the pro-poor tourism strategies are only moderately effective in improving the economic benefits to the community, in enhancing non-economic benefits and enhancing of community participation and partnership of the poor in tourist activities.
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Martinson, Vincent G., Jamie Moy e Nancy A. Moran. "Establishment of Characteristic Gut Bacteria during Development of the Honeybee Worker". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, n. 8 (3 febbraio 2012): 2830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07810-11.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTPrevious surveys have shown that adult honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers harbor a characteristic gut microbiota that may play a significant role in bee health. For three major phylotypes within this microbiota, we have characterized distributions and abundances across the life cycle and among gut organs. These distinctive phylotypes, called Beta, Firm-5, and Gamma-1 (BFG), were assayed using quantitative PCR, fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH) microscopy, and the experimental manipulation of inoculation routes within developing bees. Adult workers (9 to 30 days posteclosion) contained a large BFG microbiota with a characteristic distribution among gut organs. The crop and midgut were nearly devoid of these phylotypes, while the ileum and rectum together contained more than 95% of the total BFG microbiota. The ileum contained a stratified community in which the Beta and Gamma-1 phylotypes dominated, filling the longitudinal folds of this organ. Deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed clear differences among communities in midgut, ileum, and rectum. In contrast with older workers, larvae and newly emerged workers contain few or no bacteria, and their major food source, bee bread, lacks most characteristic phylotypes. In experiments aimed at determining the route of inoculation, newly emerged workers (NEWs) sometimes acquired the typical phylotypes through contact with older workers, contact with the hive, and emergence from the brood cell; however, transmission was patchy in these assays. Our results outline a colonization pattern for the characteristic phylotypes throughA. melliferaontogeny. We propose the names “CandidatusSnodgrassella alvi” and “CandidatusGilliamella apicola” for the Beta and Gamma-1 phylotypes, respectively.
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Barnes, Michael R., e Eric Watkins. "“Nothing Beats Nature”: Park Visitor Preferences for Natural Turfgrass and Artificial Turf: A Case Study". HortScience 58, n. 4 (aprile 2023): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17077-23.
Abstract (sommario):
Green spaces comprising natural turfgrass are ubiquitous in urban areas globally and allow for a variety of ecosystem services that benefit nature and people. However, traditional natural turfgrass is often critiqued for the number of inputs (e.g., fertilizer, water) required to maintain it. With those critiques in mind, some cities have turned to artificial turf as an alternative groundcover despite environmental and human health concerns (e.g., heavy metal leaching, volatile organic compounds). Research of artificial turf has been minimal compared with that of the growth of installations, especially related to social aspects of the surface. The current research used an in-person experiential case study of park visitors in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN, USA, to investigate how individuals perceived artificial turf compared with natural turfgrass as it relates to potential uses (e.g., resting/relaxing) and beliefs about sustainability (e.g., environmental impacts). Overall, participants preferred natural turfgrass across all uses but two (recreational and organized sports). The largest differences were observed for the use for picnic areas and the use for play areas for pets. Participants also perceived natural turfgrass as more sustainable than artificial turf, corresponding to the contribution to human health and well-being. In contrast, participants equally perceived the use of these surfaces in terms of natural resources. These findings have implications for public land managers, urban planners, city councils, and other stakeholders because they consider the adoption of artificial turf or other possible alternatives (e.g., low-input turfgrasses, bee lawns) to traditional turfgrass in the communities and their sustainability, maintenance, and cost-savings.
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Douglas, Ian. "COVID-19 compassion in self-isolating old age: looking forward from family to regional and global concerns". Socio-Ecological Practice Research 2, n. 3 (26 giugno 2020): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42532-020-00053-4.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Self-isolating with my wife, I feel gratitude and compassion for all those supporting us, particularly those who regularly deliver our food and our immediate family members who check on us frequently. My compassion goes out to those on the “frontline”, particularly my niece and her daughter who are both nurses in a major hospital and who developed and recovered from COVID-19 symptoms. More broadly, I recognise that there are many communities that have had to cope with both geophysical and socio-politically created disasters while facing the COVID-19 pandemic, among then some young women bee-keepers in Uganda. In the UK context, I have great concern that severe funding cuts for regional and local public health services and disaster planning handicapped the country’s response to coronavirus and may have been a factor in the UK’s high coronavirus death rate. I see both positive and negative changes in air pollution and urban nature in our towns and cities, but also am concerned that we collectively may lose sight of the greater crises of climate change and species extinction. We have to work for a better future by taking forward the opportunities and lessons from our reactions to the pandemic. This leads to compassion for the yet unborn, our grandchildren’s children, who might enter a less habitable, more unequal less collaborative world than the imperfect one we now enjoy.
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Mpondo, Faith Thomas, Patrick A. Ndakidemi e Anna C. Treydte. "Balancing Bees and Livestock: Pastoralist Knowledge, Perceptions and Implications for Pollinator Conservation in Rangelands, Northern Tanzania". Tropical Conservation Science 14 (gennaio 2021): 194008292110281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211028127.
Abstract (sommario):
Insect pollinators provide numerous ecosystem services that support other living organisms. While pollinators play a large role in cropping systems, little is known about their presence and function in rangeland ecosystems, which have recently become fragmented and overexploited at an extraordinary rate. We assessed local Maasai knowledge on insect pollinators and how pollinators affect livelihood diversification in Simanjiro rangelands, Tanzania. Through questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, we found varied insect knowledge among Maasai herders. Lasioglossum of sub genus Ipomalictus and Syriphidae were the least commonly recognized pollinators as only 24%, and 7% of participants could identify them, respectively. Responses varied significantly between men and women (F = 7.397, p = .007). Commiphora africana, Acacia mellifera and Albizia anthelmintica were noted as most important bee forage plants while observations showed Aspilia mossambicensis, Justicia debile and Acacia tortilis. Most (77%) of Maasai herders showed limited ability to link pollinators and rangeland wellbeing. Beekeeping contributed to livelihood diversification for 61% of respondents, with women participating more frequently than men (χ2 = 46.962, p = .0001). Beekeeping was positively influenced by education level ( R = .421, p < .0001) and occupation ( R = .194, p = .009). Pollinator declines were attributed to climate change (47%), agriculture (37%), and habitat destruction (8%). We conclude that Maasai have limited knowledge of common pollinator groups and their roles. Community outreach and training should bridge the knowledge gap in pastoralist communities to fully realize pollinator benefits and highlight the importance of rangeland health.
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Rubiano-Navarrete, Andrés Felipe, Camilo Lesmes Fabian, Yolanda Torres-Pérez e Edwin Yesid Gómez-Pachón. "Durability Evaluation of New Composite Materials for the Construction of Beehives". Sustainability 14, n. 22 (8 novembre 2022): 14683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214683.
Abstract (sommario):
Given the current situation we face regarding climate change, one of the greatest and most critical concerns is related to the reduction in the bee population. This population largely depends on beekeeping production units around the world. However, these production units also face great challenges in the construction of beehives, as pine word generally deteriorates within a period of five years or less. This relatively rapid deterioration has both economic and environmental repercussions, which may affect the economic sustainability of the beekeeping system. The objective of this research was the production and subsequent evaluation of the durability of alternative composite materials that can be used in beehive construction. The materials are based on high-density polyethylene and agro-industrial residues (fique fiber, banana fiber, and goose feathers) from the Boyacá region of Colombia. The composite materials studied in the present study were exposed to xylophagous fungi for 90 days, at constant humidity and under controlled temperature conditions that are conducive to fungi proliferation. The results showed that composite materials that include fique fibers are the most promising substitute for wood in the construction of beehives. Indeed, these materials were shown to be 80% more resistant to pathogen attack and durable weight loss than pine wood. These durability results may be of great importance for future implementation in beekeeping production units. They have the potential to impact not only the sustainable development of rural communities, but also to make a great ecological contribution by reducing the need to cut down trees while maintaining the health of beehives.
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Amiri, Navolle, Mia M. Keady e Haw Chuan Lim. "Honey bees and bumble bees occupying the same landscape have distinct gut microbiomes and amplicon sequence variant-level responses to infections". PeerJ 11 (9 giugno 2023): e15501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15501.
Abstract (sommario):
The gut microbiome of bees is vital for the health of their hosts. Given the ecosystem functions performed by bees, and the declines faced by many species, it is important to improve our understanding of the amount of natural variation in the gut microbiome, the level of sharing of bacteria among co-occurring species (including between native and non-native species), and how gut communities respond to infections. We conducted 16S rRNA metabarcoding to discern the level of microbiome similarity between honey bees (Apis mellifera, N = 49) and bumble bees (Bombus spp., N = 66) in a suburban-rural landscape. We identified a total of 233 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and found simple gut microbiomes dominated by bacterial taxa belonging to Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, and Lactobacillus. The average number of ASVs per species ranged from 4.00–15.00 (8.79 ± 3.84, mean ± SD). Amplicon sequence variant of one bacterial species, G. apicola (ASV 1), was widely shared across honey bees and bumble bees. However, we detected another ASV of G. apicola that was either exclusive to honey bees, or represented an intra-genomic 16S rRNA haplotype variant in honey bees. Other than ASV 1, honey bees and bumble bees rarely share gut bacteria, even ones likely derived from outside environments (e.g., Rhizobium spp., Fructobacillus spp.). Honey bee bacterial microbiomes exhibited higher alpha diversity but lower beta and gamma diversities than those of bumble bees, likely a result of the former possessing larger, perennial hives. Finally, we identified pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria (G. apicola, Acinetobacter sp. and Pluralibacter sp.) that associate with Trypanosome and/or Vairimorpha infections in bees. Such insights help to determine bees’ susceptibility to infections should gut microbiomes become disrupted by chemical pollutants and contribute to our understanding of what constitutes a state of dysbiosis.
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Smith, Molly S., Kyle J. Hickman-Brown, Brooke E. McAnally, Ramiro V. Oliveira Filho, Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo, Ky G. Pohler e Rebecca K. Poole. "PSIII-14 Reproductive Microbiome and Cytokine Profiles of Postpartum Beef Cows in Relation to Fertility". Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21 settembre 2022): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.445.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Shifts in commensal bacteria (i.e., Firmicutes) in the human microbiome are associated with compromised fertility. The objectives of this study were to characterize 1) the reproductive microbiome and 2) the cytokine concentrations prior to artificial insemination (AI) in vaginal and uterine flushes from postpartum beef cows. Twenty Bos indicus-influenced beef cows (~60 days postpartum and free of health issues) were weighed, body condition scored (BCS) then subjected to the Bee Synch II synchronization protocol on d-8 and timed AI on d0. Blood samples were collected on d-3, -1, 0, and 28. Vaginal and uterine flushes were collected on d-3 and d-1. On d28, pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography (Open, n=13 and Pregnant, n=7). Bacterial community analyses were conducted targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cytokine analyses were conducted using the RayBiotech Quantibody® Bovine Cytokine Array Q1 kit per manufacturer's instructions. Weight, BCS, and vaginal bacterial communities by phyla were not different (P >0.05). In open cows, the uterine relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased between d-3 and -1 (60.4% ± 0.9% vs. 48.5% ± 3.2%, respectively; P< 0.05). In pregnant cows, the uterine relative abundance of Tenericutes significantly increased between d-3 and -1 (1.0% ± 0.1% vs. 7.6% ± 4.1%, respectively; P< 0.05). Additionally, the genus Ureaplasma tended to increase in relative abundance from d-3 to -1 (0.1% ± 0.1% vs. 7.3% ± 4.9%, respectively; P=0.06). Uterine concentrations of Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-21 were greater in open females compared to pregnant. Vaginal concentrations for IFN-α and chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10 were greater in open females compared to pregnant. Regardless of treatment, IL-13 increased from d-3 to d-1. These results suggest a distinct difference in the uterine microbiome and cytokine profiles prior to AI for resulting pregnant and open cows.
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Hu, Dingfan, Juan Wu, Luosheng Fan, Shunyao Li e Rong Jia. "Aerobic Degradation Characteristics and Mechanism of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) Using Complex Bacteria Communities". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 24 (18 dicembre 2022): 17012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417012.
Abstract (sommario):
Complex bacteria communities that comprised Brevibacillus sp. (M1) and Achromobacter sp. (M2) with effective abilities of degrading decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were investigated for their degradation characteristics and mechanisms under aerobic conditions. The experimental results indicated that 88.4% of 10 mg L−1 BDE-209 could be degraded after incubation for 120 h under the optimum conditions of pH 7.0, 30 °C and 15% of the inoculation volume, and the addition ratio of two bacterial suspensions was 1:1. Based on the identification of BDE-209 degradation products via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis, the biodegradation pathway of BDE-209 was proposed. The debromination, hydroxylation, deprotonation, breakage of ether bonds and ring-opening processes were included in the degradation process. Furthermore, intracellular enzymes had the greatest contribution to BDE-209 biodegradation, and the inhibition of piperyl butoxide (PB) for BDE-209 degradation revealed that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme was likely the key enzyme during BDE-209 degradation by bacteria M (1+2). Our study provided alternative ideas for the microbial degradation of BDE-209 by aerobic complex bacteria communities in a water system.
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Latifah, Ana Nur, Elis Fauziyah, Nazmi Nur Alifa, Budi Muhammad Taftazani, Meilanny Budiarti Santoso, Sahadi Humaedi, Nurliana Cipta Apsari e Santoso Tri Raharjo. "PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI MADU: PROGRAM CSR TAMU SARAH DESA TANAH DATAR, KECAMATAN MUARA BADAK". Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (JPPM) 4, n. 2 (20 settembre 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v4i2.50096.
Abstract (sommario):
Peran Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pengembangan budi daya lebah Trigona (Lebah Kelulut) di Desa Tanah Datar, Kecamatan Muara Badak. Lebah Trigona adalah penghasil madu dengan karakteristik unik, seperti tidak memiliki sengat dan menghasilkan madu dengan beragam rasa tergantung pada jenis bunga yang dikunjungi. Madu Trigona memiliki manfaat ekonomi, ekologi, dan kesehatan. Program CSR Tamu Sarah ini melibatkan PT Pertamina EP Sangatta Field Area Samberah dalam mendukung Kelompok Tani (KT) Madu Sari Alam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran CSR serta menggambarkan penerapan program tersebut sebagai upaya pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Tanah Datar. Metode yang digunakan ialah deskriptif kualitatif melalui observasi secara langsung dan wawancara kepada kelompok penerima manfaat serta studi dokumentasi untuk kelengkapan data. Program ini mencakup berbagai kegiatan seperti pelatihan, penyediaan alat, penanaman pohon, dan instalasi dehumidifier madu. CSR memainkan peran penting dalam program ini dengan menciptakan elemen- elemen kebaruan, menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi oleh kelompok, memenuhi kebutuhan sosial, meningkatkan kapasitas anggota kelompok, dan mendorong kohesifitas anggota kelompok dan stakeholder. Program CSR ini tidak hanya berfokus pada aspek ekonomi, tetapi juga pada pelatihan lingkungan dan pengembangan sosial komunitas setempat. Program CSR Tamu Sarah dapat memberikan dampak positif yang berkelanjutan pada kelompok Madu Sari Alam dan lingkungan sekitar. The role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in community empowerment programs through the development of Trigona bee cultivation (Lebah Kelulut) in Tanah Datar Village, Muara Badak District. Trigona bees are honey producers with unique characteristics, such as not having a sting and producing honey with a variety of flavors depending on the type of flower visited. Trigona honey has economic, ecological, and health benefits. Tamu Sarah's CSR program involves PT Pertamina EP Sangatta Field Area Samberah in supporting the Madu Sari Alam Farmer Group (KT). The purpose of this study is to determine the role of CSR and describe the implementation of the program as an effort to develop and empower the community in Tanah Datar Village. The method used is qualitative descriptive through direct observation and interviews with beneficiary groups as well as documentation studies for completeness of data. The program includes various activities such as training, tool provision, tree planting, and honey dehumidifier installation. CSR plays an important role in this program by creating elements of novelty, solving problems faced by the group, meeting social needs, increasing the capacity of group members, and encouraging cohesiveness of group members and stakeholders. This CSR program not only focuses on economic aspects, but also on environmental training and social development of local communities. Tamu Sarah's CSR program can have a sustainable positive impact on the Madu Sari Alam group and the surrounding environment.
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Averill, Anne L., Andrea V. Couto, Jeremy C. Andersen e Joseph S. Elkinton. "Parasite Prevalence May Drive the Biotic Impoverishment of New England (USA) Bumble Bee Communities". Insects 12, n. 10 (16 ottobre 2021): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100941.
Abstract (sommario):
Numerous studies have reported a diversity of stressors that may explain continental-scale declines in populations of native pollinators, particularly those in the genus Bombus. However, there has been little focus on the identification of the local-scale dynamics that may structure currently impoverished Bombus communities. For example, the historically diverse coastal-zone communities of New England (USA) now comprise only a few species and are primarily dominated by a single species, B. impatiens. To better understand the local-scale factors that might be influencing this change in community structure, we examined differences in the presence of parasites in different species of Bombus collected in coastal-zone communities. Our results indicate that Bombus species that are in decline in this region were more likely to harbor parasites than are B. impatiens populations, which were more likely to be parasite-free and to harbor fewer intense infections or co-infections. The contrasting parasite burden between co-occurring winners and losers in this community may impact the endgame of asymmetric contests among species competing for dwindling resources. We suggest that under changing climate and landscape conditions, increasing domination of communities by healthy, synanthropic Bombus species (such as B. impatiens) may be another factor hastening the further erosion of bumble bee diversity.
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Durso, Lisa M., Gregory P. Harhay, Timothy P. L. Smith, James L. Bono, Todd Z. DeSantis, Dayna M. Harhay, Gary L. Andersen, James E. Keen, William W. Laegreid e Michael L. Clawson. "Animal-to-Animal Variation in Fecal Microbial Diversity among Beef Cattle". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, n. 14 (14 maggio 2010): 4858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00207-10.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The intestinal microbiota of beef cattle are important for animal health, food safety, and methane emissions. This full-length sequencing survey of 11,171 16S rRNA genes reveals animal-to-animal variation in communities that cannot be attributed to breed, gender, diet, age, or weather. Beef communities differ from those of dairy. Core bovine taxa are identified.
46
Sanders, Matthew R. "Harnessing the Power of Positive Parenting to Promote Wellbeing of Children, Parents and Communities Over a Lifetime". Behaviour Change 36, n. 02 (28 febbraio 2019): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2019.3.
Abstract (sommario):
Evidence-based parenting support (EBPS) programs derived from social learning theory, cognitive behavioural principles, and developmental theory are among the most successful innovations in the entire field of psychological intervention. EBPS programs have been at the cutting edge of global dissemination efforts to increase community access to evidence-based parenting programs. Despite the widely recognised success of these efforts, existing models of parenting intervention are not a panacea, and much can be done to improved outcomes. Efforts to improve outcomes have included the emergence of a population-based approach to increase reach of intervention. This has included the development of flexible delivery modalities, including online parenting interventions, the incorporation of strategies to enhance cultural relevance and acceptability of programs, and more recently, applications with parents in very low resource settings. Further enhancements of outcomes are likely to be forthcoming as we gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that explain positive intervention effects and non-response to interventions. More cost-effective online professional training models are needed to disseminate and promote the sustained use of EBPS programs. New interventions are required for the most vulnerable parents when parenting concerns are complicated by other problems such as trauma, addictions, relationship conflict, family violence, mental health problems and intergenerational poverty. However, to scale effective programs, Commonwealth and state government policies and funding priorities need to respond to evidence about what works and make sustained investments in the implementation of parenting programs. Possible strategies to enhance the policy impact of intervention research are discussed.
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Maslen, Brianna N., Lesley A. Gray, Seyed A. Ghorashi, Jason D. White, Michael A. Campbell e Sameer D. Pant. "Temporal Changes in the Faecal Microbiota of Beef Cattle on Feedlot Placement". Animals 12, n. 19 (20 settembre 2022): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192500.
Abstract (sommario):
The microbial communities that inhabit the intestinal tract play an important role in modulating health and productivity. Environmental stressors can impact microbial communities, which can significantly influence host physiology. Cattle are subjected to several environmental stressors when placed on feedlots, such as transportation stress, exposure to feedlot environments and change in diet and management. Exposure to these stressors could influence host gut microbiota, which in turn, could potentially influence host health and performance. The aim of the current study was to characterise the temporal changes that occur in intestinal microbiota as a consequence of feedlot placement by profiling 16s rRNA sequences in rectal faecal samples. When faecal microbiome profiles were compared in terms of relative abundances and alpha diversity metrics, the results showed significant, observable changes in profiles 2 days post-feedlot induction. Furthermore, beta-diversity analysis indicated that the phylogenetic similarity between samples significantly decreased on day 2 (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001). These trends were suggestive of a short-term reduction in microbial diversity coupled with decreased similarity between animals. These changes warrant further investigation and could provide opportunities for improved performance, health and even welfare of feedlot cattle in future.
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Duncan, Rebecca, Jabina Coleman, Sharon Herring, Meg Kawan, Christy Santoro, Meghana Atre, Aleigha Mason, Shawana Moore e Aparna Kumar. "Breastfeeding Awareness and Empowerment (BAE): A Black Women-Led Approach to Promoting a Multigenerational Culture of Health". Societies 12, n. 1 (18 febbraio 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12010028.
Abstract (sommario):
(1) Background: Critical gaps in the U.S. healthcare system perpetuate adverse reproductive health outcomes for Black people. Grounded in reproductive justice and trauma-informed care, Breastfeeding Awareness and Empowerment (BAE) has developed a program titled BAE Cafe to directly address these gaps by providing community-based lactation and perinatal mental health support. A literature review identified key programmatic gaps, namely, access to knowledge relevant to troubleshooting breastfeeding, peer support, community support and healthcare system support, and system-level factors that impede families and communities from accessing lactation support. (2) Methods: This paper describes BAE Cafe through a group process observation and participant survey. (3) Results: The observation of groups highlighted the core elements of the BAE Cafe model: knowledge, support and mental health support in a peer driven format. Participant survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive and highlighted the critical importance of lactation support for Black women by Black women and BAE’s role in participants’ decisions to continue breastfeeding. (4) Conclusions: BAE Cafe is a replicable, scalable, peer-driven and low-barrier intervention that has the potential to improve outcomes for Black families. Additional research and investment are now needed to assess large-scale implementation to reduce disparities and address health inequity across different contexts and settings.
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Azlan, Arina Anis, Hazwani Damanhuri, Mohammad Rezal Hamzah, Hafizah Pasi e Emma Mohamad. "Attitudes Toward Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Prevention Behaviours Among at-risk Communities and Health District Officers’ Efforts and Challenges in Promoting These Behaviours: An Elicitation Study in Peninsular Malaysia". Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 39, n. 2 (30 giugno 2023): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2023-3902-15.
Abstract (sommario):
This study explores at-risk communities’ attitudes toward Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) malaria prevention behaviours using the Integrated Behavioural Model (IBM) as a guiding framework. This study also presents efforts and challenges faced by district health officers in Peninsular Malaysia in their role as the health authority for mitigating the disease. Seventeen informants were selected from at-risk areas in three states with high cases of P. knowlesi in 2019 (Johor, Pahang, Kelantan) to be interviewed. Semi-structured interview questions were developed guided by the IBM framework. Three district health officers who were involved in malaria prevention efforts in the selected states were also interviewed. Qualitative data analysis using Atlas.ti 8 software was used to facilitate thematic coding. Five prevention behaviours were found to be prevalent among the informants and are hypothesised to be suited for behavioural improvement intervention among at-risk communities. The prevention behaviours identified are: consuming prophylaxis, wearing long sleeves, using bed nets, mosquito coils and insect repellent. Current efforts by health district officers for P. knowlesi malaria prevention include erecting warning signs, community education programmes, and empowering community influencers. Challenges faced by the health district officers include difficulty accessing remote locations, limited facilities, and military-specific issues. This study suggests that future prevention efforts focused on behavioural improvement among at-risk communities in Malaysia should concentrate on the five prevention efforts most prevalent among these communities. Keywords: P. knowlesi malaria, attitude, prevention challenges, prevention efforts, peninsular Malaysia.
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Chase, Marissa H., Brian Charles, Alexandra Harmon‐Threatt e Jennifer M. Fraterrigo. "Diverse forest management strategies support functionally and temporally distinct bee communities". Journal of Applied Ecology, 3 ottobre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14513.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Forests worldwide support insect biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided by insects such as pollination. As forest health declines, management that emulates historical disturbance regimes has the potential to restore and maintain forest ecosystem functioning; however, we lack understanding of how these practices affect key mutualists like bees and the ecosystem services they provide. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the functional response of bee communities to temperate deciduous forest management practices that emulate historical disturbances (burning, thinning and the combination of the two). We also investigated whether seasonality has any effect on this relationship. Bee functional diversity was highest in spring compared to summer, and management did not affect this relationship. Instead, different management strategies aligned with specific bee functional traits and these relationships varied throughout the year. Managed and unmanaged areas differed in the distribution of nesting and floral resources and, as a result, altered bee functional trait composition. Thinned plots with increased floral resources promoted smaller bees with limited dispersal capacity, in addition to primitively eusocial and cavity‐excavating bees. Unmanaged habitat supported vulnerable bee groups such as cleptoparasites and specialists. Burning by itself or in combination within thinning may have eliminated crucial nesting resources such as deadwood that bees depend on in forests. Synthesis and applications: Our findings demonstrate that managing temperate forests by emulating historical disturbances can support a functionally diverse bee community and highlight the need to consider temporal variation in the environmental drivers of forest bee communities. To support year‐round bee diversity, forest management strategies should prioritize floral resources and leave behind deadwood to increase bee nesting resources, as well as maintain unmanaged habitat within the forest landscape. Overall, our study reinforces the importance of using a range of forest management strategies to enhance bee functional diversity and associated ecosystem services.