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1
Guerci, Luciano. "Barruel, Bossuet e la democrazia nel 1789". Studi Francesi, n. 149 (1 dicembre 2006): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.28561.
2
Magalhães, Pablo Antonio Iglesias. "O caçador de pedreiros-livres: José Anastácio Lopes Cardoso e sua ação contra a maçonaria luso-brasílica (1799-1804)". Revista de História, n. 176 (4 agosto 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.2017.111602.
Abstract (sommario):
Este artigo fundamenta-se nas ideias e observações contidas num relatório feito pelo corregedor José Anastácio Lopes Cardoso, ao então intendente da polícia em Lisboa e seu chefe imediato Diogo Inácio de Pina Manique. A leitura do documento revela a influência das ideias conspiratórias do jesuíta Augustin Barruel nas proposições e nas ações policiais executadas pelo corregedor contra as associações maçônicas e os pedreiros-livres de Portugal e do Brasil.
3
Kiyasov, Sergey. "Abbot A. Barruel about the Causes and Organizers of the French Revolution". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 22, n. 6 (dicembre 2017): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.6.13.
4
Albertan-Coppola, Sylviane. "L’évolution du regard des apologistes catholiques sur l’Encyclopédie : Chaumeix, Bergier et Barruel". Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie, n. 56 (1 gennaio 2021): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rde.7014.
5
Maire, Catherine. "L'Église et la Nation : Du Dépôt de la Vérité au Dépôt des Lois la Trajectoire Janséniste au XVIIIeSiècle". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 46, n. 5 (ottobre 1991): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1991.279002.
Abstract (sommario):
Partisans et détracteurs de la Révolution, de Grégoire à Michelet et de Barruel à Latreille, sont nombreux à s'accorder sur un point: les «jansénistes" porteraient une part importante de responsabilité dans ses origines. Pourtant, au-delà de l'imputation vague, le mystère du rôle véritable qu'a pu jouer ce «jansénisme” lui-même fort mal défini reste aujourd'hui entier.La seule étude qui essaye de rendre compte du mouvement janséniste au xviiiesiècle jusqu'à la Constitution civile du clergé est la thèse déjà ancienne d'Edmond Préclin. Elle se fonde sur le concept de « richérisme », doctrine née au début du xviie siècle dans le contexte des luttes entre gallicans et jésuites au sein de l'Université, du nom du syndic Edmond Richer.
6
Albertan, Christian, e Sylviane Albertan-Coppola. "Étude comparative des articles politiques incriminés par l'abbé Barruel dans les éditions de Paris, Genève et Yverdon". Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie 12, n. 1 (1992): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rde.1992.1163.
7
Münch, Philippe. "De l’autorité et la Révolution. Une alternative paradigmatique au discours antiphilosophique". Tangence, n. 106 (11 agosto 2015): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032600ar.
Abstract (sommario):
Cet article vise à explorer un paradigme discursif peu abordé par l’historiographie de la Révolution française : le paradigme de l’autorité. Il a été défendu par des auteurs contre-révolutionnaires modérés comme Mallet du Pan, Mounier, Sénac de Meilhan. Pour expliquer l’origine de la Révolution française, ceux-ci ont soutenu la thèse d’un écroulement interne de la monarchie. Le défaut d’autorité aurait favorisé le développement des luttes de pouvoir et des violences inhérentes à celles-ci. Point de complot à la Barruel ou de Providence à la de Maistre pour expliquer l’événement révolutionnaire. Une fine analyse politique de la décomposition du pouvoir monarchique permettrait ainsi de comprendre la dynamique révolutionnaire née de 1789. Pour ce faire, les auteurs de ce paradigme doivent défendre l’héritage de la philosophie des Lumières à travers un longue polémique qui marquera toute la décennie révolutionnaire et constituera le principal débat au sein de la culture politique contre-révolutionnaire.
8
Casanova Guerra, Carlos Augusto. "¿Son los derechos del hombre el verdadero objeto de la esperanza humana y la medida de las sociedades políticas? Un examen de la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano de 1789 a la luz de la crítica de Agustín Barruel a las fuentes filosóficas de la Declaración". Díkaion 32, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/dika.2023.32.1.8.
Abstract (sommario):
En este artículo se examina la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano de 1789, para rastrear los autores y las obras en que se inspira. Luego se juzga si a la luz de su inspiración filosófica los derechos contenidos en la Declaración pueden realmente constituir el objeto de la esperanza política y un canon adecuado para juzgar a los diversos regímenes políticos. Dichos cánones y esperanza se comparan con los fines y cánones propuestos por los clásicos. La nueva filosofía que condujo a la Declaración llevó también a abandonar la filosofía y experiencia políticas clásicas. Para explicar este abandono, se explora la causa y se cree encontrar en una rebelión y en un nuevo tipo de esperanza. En esta tarea se hace uso de la crítica del abate Agustín Barruel, que pone en contacto el análisis filosófico con los acontecimientos pragmáticos a que llevaron las ideologías que inspiraron la Declaración.
9
Laaris, Nora, e Asaf Keller. "Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels". Journal of Neurophysiology 87, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2002): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2001.
Abstract (sommario):
Our aim was to investigate the patterns of functional inputs and outputs from individual barrels in the mouse somatosensory cortex, and to test the hypothesis that individual barrels in layer IV are functionally independent of direct inputs from neighboring barrels. In a mouse in vitro slice preparation of the barrel cortex, we recorded voltage-sensitive dye signals evoked in response to microstimulation of a single barrel. Activity propagated from the stimulated barrel to the supragranular layers, where it spread to activate several barrel columns. However, in no instance did activity propagate directly from the stimulated barrel to neighboring barrels. Neither suppression of GABAergic inhibition, nor activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, revealed direct interbarrel interactions. By contrast, microstimulation in the supra- or infragranular layers resulted in direct propagation of activity to neighboring barrel columns. We conclude that the neurons within individual barrels are functionally independent of direct inputs from neighboring barrels. This suggests that the response properties of layer IV barrel neurons are shaped primarily by their presynaptic thalamic afferents and by intrabarrel interactions, and that these responses are independent of direct inputs from neighboring barrels.
10
Goldreich, Daniel, Harold T. Kyriazi e Daniel J. Simons. "Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in Rodent Somatosensory Cortex". Journal of Neurophysiology 82, n. 3 (1 settembre 1999): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1311.
Abstract (sommario):
Layer IV of rodent primary somatosensory cortex is characterized by an array of whisker-related groups of neurons, known as “barrels.” Neurons within each barrel respond best to a particular whisker on the contralateral face, and, on deflection of adjacent whiskers, display relatively weak excitation followed by strong inhibition. A prominent hypothesis for the processing of vibrissal information within layer IV is that the multiwhisker receptive fields of barrel neurons reflect interconnections among neighboring barrels. An alternative view is that the receptive field properties of barrel neurons are derived from operations performed on multiwhisker, thalamic inputs by local circuitry within each barrel, independently of neighboring barrels. Here we report that adjacent whisker-evoked excitation and inhibition within a barrel are unaffected by ablation of the corresponding adjacent barrel. In supragranular neurons, on the other hand, excitatory responses to the ablated barrel’s associated whisker are substantially reduced. We conclude that the layer IV barrels function as an array of independent parallel processors, each of which individually transforms thalamic afferent input for subsequent processing by horizontally interconnected circuits in other layers.
11
Pfahl, Leonard, Sofia Catarino, Natacha Fontes, António Graça e Jorge Ricardo-da-Silva. "Effect of Barrel-to-Barrel Variation on Color and Phenolic Composition of a Red Wine". Foods 10, n. 7 (20 luglio 2021): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071669.
Abstract (sommario):
Tangible variation of sensory characteristics is often observed in wine aged in similar barrels. Barrel-to-barrel variation in barrel-aged wines was investigated in respect of the most important phenolic compounds of oenological interest. A red wine was aged in 49 medium-toasted oak (Quercus petraea) barrels, from four cooperages, for 12 months. The resulting wines were evaluated for chromatic characteristics, anthocyanin-related parameters, total phenols, flavonoids and non-flavonoids phenols, flavanol monomers, and oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins. PCA and ANOVA were applied to investigate the relationships between barrels and to assess cooperage and individual barrel effect. Three cooperages influenced the wine similarly during aging. Anthocyanin-related parameters showed the highest variation, 25–37%, other phenolics varied 3–8.5%, and with two exceptions, chromatic characteristics changed 1.7–3%. The relationship between the number of barrels and the expected variation for each analytical parameter was calculated, as reference for future measurements involving barrel lots, either in wine production or experimental design.
12
Wei, Zhifang, Yangyang Cheng, Zhiwei Wang e Yanpeng Lin. "Simulation Study on the Impact Response of Barrels with Different Rifling Profiles during Bullet Engraving". Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (21 febbraio 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6407452.
Abstract (sommario):
Gun barrel bores are prone to ablative damage and stress concentration under high temperatures, pressures, and dynamic load impacts during bullet engraving, which may result in barrel failure. A dynamic stress analysis during bullet engraving is a prerequisite for barrel life analysis and design. Impact responses during bullet engraving were investigated in this study for rifled barrels with different cross-sectional profiles to improve the match between the dynamic performances of the gun barrel and bullet and effectively extend the barrel service life. First, feature suppression by expression based on a uniform parametrized template was used to perform parametric modeling of a gun barrel with rectangular, trapezoidal, multiarc, and multilateral-arc rifling profiles. Second, theoretical models were constructed considering different rifling structures: a model to calculate the chamber pressure, a model for heat transfer in the barrel during continuous firing, and a model to calculate the friction between a bullet and the barrel wall surface based on shear-slip friction theory. These models were integrated into a simulation, where the ABAQUS (ABAQUS. 6.14.1-4. 2014. DASSAULT SIMULIA.)/Explicit software was used to build a finite element model of the barrel dynamic stress under heat-force-friction coupling during bullet engraving. Finally, the dynamic response stresses were analyzed for bullet engraving into four barrels with different rifling profiles. All four types of barrels developed considerable stress at the junction between the forcing cone and the rifled bone under the same impact load. The stress values of the multiarc and multilateral-arc rifling were far below that for the rectangular and trapezoidal rifling. Thus, the barrels with multiarc and multilateral-arc rifling profiles had a higher impact resistance than the other two barrel types.
13
Felix, O., J. Palma e T. Wharton. "Glock Marking Barrels – An Evaluation of Individual and Subclass Characteristics". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 16, n. 2 (30 luglio 2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-130-138.
Abstract (sommario):
Glock Inc. recently replaced the Enhanced Bullet Identification System (EBIS) with what Glock refers to as the Glock Marking Barrel. Casts and test fired bullets from thirty-five Glock Marking Barrels were evaluated for subclass and individual characteristics. It was determined that the barrels had subclass carryover from barrel to barrel manufactured using the same mandrel. However, identification of a fired bullet back to the barrel/firearm that fired it was still possible using specific areas of the fired bullet. Due to the fact that this type of barrel will be used in all models of Glock pistols, an examiner should be aware of which areas of a fired bullet may have a high potential for subclass characteristics.
14
Hirose, Euichi, Masakazu N. Aoki e Jun Nishikawa. "Still alive? Fine structure of the barrels made by Phronima (Crustacea: Amphipoda)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, n. 6 (9 novembre 2005): 1435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012610.
Abstract (sommario):
Amphipods of the genus Phronima are known to make a barrel-shaped house from the gelatinous matrix of pelagic tunicates or siphonophores. Among the seven barrels examined here, one barrel of Phronima curvipes was supposed to be made from a swimming bell of a siphonophore based on its morphology, while the other six barrels made by P. sedentaria were immunochemically and/or morphologically identified as tunicates (i.e. Thetys vagina, other salps and pyrosomas). Histological observation showed that the phronimids had completely eaten the animal tissues other than the gelatinous matrix (i.e. tunic or mesoglea). Tunic cells were found in the tunicate barrel and some were probably tunic phagocytes that appeared to be alive and functional. In the tunicate barrels, cuticular layers of the tunic were found on both the outer and inner side of the barrel wall. Tunic cuticle would be regenerated on the inner side after the epidermis was grazed by the phronimids. The cuticular layers would protect the tunic matrix from the invasion of microorganisms. In the barrel supposed to originate from Thetys vagina, there are minute protrusions on the tunic cuticle as found in the intact tunic of this species. In the barrel from a siphonophore, neither cells nor cuticle regeneration were found. No bacteria were observed in the barrel, suggesting that the barrel has some antibiotic system.
15
Umar, Muhammad Zakaria. "Local Wisdom of Builders on The Quality of Making Concrete in Kendari City Southeast Sulawesi Province". Local Wisdom : Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Kearifan Lokal 13, n. 2 (6 agosto 2021): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/lw.v13i2.5565.
Abstract (sommario):
In Kendari City, the concrete structure made by construction workers consists of: (a) concrete for the lower class; (b) concrete for middle society, and; (c) concrete for the upper community. The concrete is made with different sand material. This research is important to find out the method of making concrete made by construction workers in Kendari City. This research is intended to test the compressive strength and absorbency of the concrete made by construction workers in Kendari City. This study uses an experimental method with a quantitative approach. Based on laboratory test results that concrete material from 100% Unaha sand with the composition of 1 sack of cement: 4 barrel of unaha sand included in structural concrete. Concrete material from split stone and Pohara sand with a composition of 1 sack of cement: 4 barrel of Pohara sand : 4 barrel of split stone, concrete material from Unaha sand and Pohara sand with a composition of 1 sack of cement: 4 barrels of Unaha sand : 4 barrels of Pohara sand, concrete material from 100% Nambo sand with the composition of 1 sack of cement: 4 barrels of Nambo sand, concrete material from Nambo sand and Unaha sand with a composition of 1 sack of cement: 3 barrels of Nambo sand : 1 barrel of Unaha sand, and concrete material from Nambo sand and Sabulakoa sand with composition of 1 sack of cement : 3 barrels of Nambo sand : 1 barrel of Sabulakoa sand are included in non-structural concrete.
16
Botha, Anri, Wessel du Toit, Jeanne Brand, Martin Kidd e Niël Groenewald. "The Effect of Different Oak Products Used during Fermentation and Ageing on the Sensory Properties of a White Wine over Time". Foods 9, n. 9 (2 settembre 2020): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091220.
Abstract (sommario):
The sensorial evaluation of Chenin blanc wine produced with different types of oak wood treatments over time has not been investigated before. The main aim of this study was to assess the sensory profile, using a trained panel, of a South African Chenin blanc wine fermented and matured in old barrels, three types of new oak barrels, two types of oak staves as well as a stainless steel tank over time, which has not been done before. Results indicate mainly separation between the stainless-steel tank/old barrel treatments from the stave and new barrel treatments, with separation between the latter two treatments also being found. More fruity descriptors were used in the stainless-steel tank and old barrel treatments, with oak-related descriptors being used in the stave and new barrel treatments. Separation between among the new barrel and stave treatments were also noted, which was still reflected during bottle maturation. These results indicate that winemakers need to take cognizance of the sensorial differences induced by barrel and stave maturation in white wines and how these evolve over time.
17
DĘBSKI, Andrzej, Tomasz MAJEWSKI e Robert PASZKOWSKI. "Dilatometry of Steel for the Production of 5.56 mm Calibre Rifle Barrels". Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 12, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2021): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5989.
Abstract (sommario):
During high rates of fire, the bore of the firearm barrel is exposed to high temperatures. This exposure induces structural changes in the barrel material, which is especially significant for the substrate of the galvanic chrome plating. The alloy steel grades used currently for firearm barrels, when exposed to heating above the ferrite stability limits, develop a phase transition with a discrete negative change in the material volume, which results in typical crazing in the bore. This effect is destructive to the galvanic chrome plating, leading to a loss of adhesion, which reduces the ballistic performance of the firearm, especially its muzzle velocity. This can be prevented by manufacturing barrels from steels having a limited range of phase transitions. The primary method for determining the presence of distinct volume changes in steel due to phase transition is dilatometry over a wide temperature range, which includes the interval within which the barrel bore is heated. This paper presents the dilatometry results for four steel grades, which included a steel grade currently used for firearm barrels, and an analysis of the effects of phase transition on the degradation of the barrel bore.
18
Denise Gigante. "Festschrift for John Barrell, or a Barrel of Culture". Eighteenth-Century Studies 42, n. 2 (2008): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecs.0.0047.
19
Christen, Stephan, e Hans Rudolf Jordi. "Individuality testing of new Glock pistol barrels “Marksman Barrel”". Forensic Science International 295 (febbraio 2019): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.028.
20
Ford, G. M. "The availability of oil". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, n. 1-2 (1987): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009507.
Abstract (sommario):
SynopsisSome 6 billion of the 14 billion barrels of proven reserves on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf have already been produced. The remaining 8 billion barrels are reasonably insensitive to oil prices even as low as $10 per barrel, as the operating costs of most existing fields are below $7 per barrel. Production from these proven reserves is already dropping from a peak of just under 3 million barrels per day towards 0·3 million barrels per day in the year 2000.A description of the buried sequence in the northern North Sea and the frontier area towards Rockall and Faeroe leads to an assessment of probable oil reserves somewhat more conservative than the Department of Energy best guess of 44 billion barrels. Further developments will be sensitive to the course of oil prices, but at least another 8 billion barrels could be added to the proven reserves.The world is consuming oil far faster than it is finding it, and the supply must be dominated again by the Middle East producers as production declines.
21
Chalyan, Tatevik, Indy Magnus, Maria Konstantaki, Stavros Pissadakis, Zacharias Diamantakis, Hugo Thienpont e Heidi Ottevaere. "Benchmarking Spectroscopic Techniques Combined with Machine Learning to Study Oak Barrels for Wine Ageing". Biosensors 12, n. 4 (9 aprile 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040227.
Abstract (sommario):
Due to its physical, chemical, and structural properties, oakwood is widely used in the production of barrels for wine ageing. When in contact with the wine, oak continuously releases aromatic compounds such as lignin, tannin, and cellulose to the liquid. Due to the release process, oak loses its characteristic aromatic compounds in time; hence, the flavour that it gives to the enclosed wine decreases for repeated wine refills and a barrel replacement is required. Currently, the estimation of the maximum number of refills is empirical and its underestimation or overestimation can impose unnecessary costs and impair the quality of the wine. Therefore, there is a clear need to quantify the presence of the aforementioned aromatic compounds in an oak barrel prior to a refill. This work constitutes a study to examine noninvasive optical biosensing techniques for the characterization of an oak barrel used in wine ageing, towards the development of a model to unveil its lifespan without inducing structural damage. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques, such as reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman scattering measurements are employed to assess the change in the chemical composition of the oakwood barrel (tannin and lignin presence) and its dependence on repeated refills. To our knowledge, this is the first time that we present a benchmarking study of oak barrel ageing characteristics through spectroscopic methods for the wine industry. The spectroscopic data are processed using standard chemometric techniques, such as Linear Discriminant Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Results of a study of fresh, one-time-used, and two-times-used oak barrel samples demonstrate that reflectance spectroscopy can be a valuable tool for the characterization of oak barrels. Moreover, reflectance spectroscopy has demonstrated the most accurate classification performance. The highest accuracy has been obtained by a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis model that has been able to classify all the oakwood samples from the barrels with >99% accuracy. These preliminary results pave a way for the application of cost-effective and non-invasive biosensing techniques based on reflectance spectroscopy for oak barrels assessment.
22
Maxe, Charlotte, Rémy Romanet, Michel Parisot, Régis D. Gougeon e Maria Nikolantonaki. "The Oxidative Stability of Champagne Base Wines Aged on Lees in Barrels: A 2-Year Study". Antioxidants 13, n. 3 (18 marzo 2024): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030364.
Abstract (sommario):
In contrast with the elaboration of still wines, the impact of barrel aging before the “prise de mousse” on the aging potential of Champagne base wines has not been studied so far. In the present study, the oxidative stability and related molecular fingerprints of Chardonnay Champagne base wines were reported after 1 year of on lees ageing in new oak barrels for two consecutive vintages. Regardless of the vintage, on lees ageing in new oak barrels improved the wines’ oxidative stability estimated by DPPH assay at 1 year, while UHPLC-Q-ToF-MS molecular profiling showed clear chemical modifications according to the ageing period. Oak wood molecular ellagitannins followed a linear extraction during barrel ageing for both vintages. However, the wines’ antioxidant metabolome composed by antiradical and nucleophilic compounds clearly appeared vintage- and barrel-aging dependent. These results enrich the understanding of white wines antioxidant metabolome and improve the knowledge of the ageing potential of Chardonnay Champagne base wines by integrating vintage- and barrel-ageing effects.
23
Thoma, Johannes, K. Tanuj Sapra e Daniel J. Müller. "Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Transmembrane β-Barrel Proteins". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 11, n. 1 (12 giugno 2018): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010055.
Abstract (sommario):
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) has been widely applied to study the mechanical unfolding and folding of transmembrane proteins. Here, we review the recent progress in characterizing bacterial and human transmembrane β-barrel proteins by SMFS. First, we describe the mechanical unfolding of transmembrane β-barrels, which follows a general mechanism dictated by the sequential unfolding and extraction of individual β-strands and β-hairpins from membranes. Upon force relaxation, the unfolded polypeptide can insert stepwise into the membrane as single β-strands or β-hairpins to fold as the native β-barrel. The refolding can be followed at a high spatial and temporal resolution, showing that small β-barrels are able to fold without assistance, whereas large and complex β-barrels require chaperone cofactors. Applied in the dynamic mode, SMFS can quantify the kinetic and mechanical properties of single β-hairpins and reveal complementary insight into the membrane protein structure and function relationship. We further outline the challenges that SMFS experiments must overcome for a comprehensive understanding of the folding and function of transmembrane β-barrel proteins.
24
Guo, Wei, Tao Zhang, Zeyuan Mu, Wenfang Zhu e Mingtao Li. "A magnetic field constrained type of multi-barrel common-rail railgun". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, n. 9 (1 giugno 2023): 092018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/9/092018.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Adopting the simultaneous launch mode of small and medium caliber railgun is an important means to increase the firepower density, improve the hit probability and strike efficiency. Based on this requirement, this paper creatively proposed a new multi-barrel simultaneous launch EM railgun, named magnetic field constrained type of multi-barrel common-rail railgun. The basic idea is to integrate multiple single-turn rail launchers with a specific structure into one launcher, and “merge” one rail of each single-turn rail launcher with a tight structure combination and arrange it in the center to form the “common rail” of multi-barrel launcher. The other rail of each rail launcher is evenly distributed around the “common rail” in the form of petals, forming the “outer rail” of each rail launcher. “Common rail” and all “outer rails” together form a multi-barrel rail launcher. With the increase of the number of barrels, the current of each barrel is superimposed many times in the common-rail, which greatly improves the magnetic induction intensity of the inner bore, thus improving the launching efficiency of the system. In order to overcome the problem of high magnetic induction intensity near the common-rail and low magnetic induction intensity near the external rail caused, a magnetic field constrained structure is added to the external rail to form a magnetic field constrained type of multi-barrel common-rail railgun. The basic structure of electromagnetic railgun with different number of barrels is simulated, and the spatial distribution characteristics of magnetic field are analyzed. Based on the magnetic field analysis, the interior ballistic simulation of the multi-barrel common-rail railgun is carried out, and the interior ballistic characteristics and launching efficiency of various numbers of barrels are analyzed. The simulation results show that the magnetic field constrained type of multi-barrel common-rail railgun can effectively improve the magnetic induction intensity near the external rail, improve the uniformity of the magnetic induction intensity distribution in the inner bore, and improve the inductance gradient, thus increasing the system efficiency. The structure of the multi-barrel common-rail railgun provides a new idea for the engineering application of the multi-barrel simultaneous launch mode.
25
Tom, Joe G., Charles A. Weiss, Philip G. Malone e Andrew Virostek. "Durable Roadside Protective Structures for Low-Volume Roads". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-32.
Abstract (sommario):
Data compilations on accidents nationwide show that 30% of all traffic fatalities and 16% of all injuries occur when a vehicle goes into a ditch or strikes a fixed obstacle on the roadside. Highway traffic barriers and crash cushions are not economical for use on low-volume roads, even though they could be helpful in reducing fatalities and injuries. Sand-filled barrels and metal barriers that undergo controlled deformation are relatively expensive and require significant investments in placement, inspection, maintenance, and repair. A crash cushion design based on scrap tires encased in foamed, fiber-reinforced concrete is being developed and can provide a versatile, low-maintenance safety barrier that is also resistant to vandalism. The composite scrap tire–and–concrete protective barrier uses a skeleton of scrap tires as an attachment point that can serve to lift, place, and anchor a mass of foamed, fiber-reinforced concrete in place on the roadside. The foamed, fiber-reinforced concrete crushes like wood under impact from tools or projectiles, so the modules are difficult to vandalize and can survive scrapes from graders or snow removal equipment. Module array can be developed on the basis of weight distribution in sand-filled barrel arrays. Potential uses for the barrier modules include protection of bridge piers, bridge railings, and obstacles on curves. The durability and economy of these units make them a practical option for use in improving safety on low-volume roads, especially in remote areas.
26
Chu, Alexander E., Daniel Fernandez, Jingjia Liu, Raphael R. Eguchi e Po-Ssu Huang. "De Novo Design of a Highly Stable Ovoid TIM Barrel: Unlocking Pocket Shape towards Functional Design". BioDesign Research 2022 (11 ottobre 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9842315.
Abstract (sommario):
The ability to finely control the structure of protein folds is an important prerequisite to functional protein design. The TIM barrel fold is an important target for these efforts as it is highly enriched for diverse functions in nature. Although a TIM barrel protein has been designed de novo, the ability to finely alter the curvature of the central beta barrel and the overall architecture of the fold remains elusive, limiting its utility for functional design. Here, we report the de novo design of a TIM barrel with ovoid (twofold) symmetry, drawing inspiration from natural beta and TIM barrels with ovoid curvature. We use an autoregressive backbone sampling strategy to implement our hypothesis for elongated barrel curvature, followed by an iterative enrichment sequence design protocol to obtain sequences which yield a high proportion of successfully folding designs. Designed sequences are highly stable and fold to the designed barrel curvature as determined by a 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure. The designs show robustness to drastic mutations, retaining high melting temperatures even when multiple charged residues are buried in the hydrophobic core or when the hydrophobic core is ablated to alanine. As a scaffold with a greater capacity for hosting diverse hydrogen bonding networks and installation of binding pockets or active sites, the ovoid TIM barrel represents a major step towards the de novo design of functional TIM barrels.
27
Junqua, Rémy, Liming Zeng e Alexandre Pons. "Oxygen gas transfer through oak barrels: a macroscopic approach". OENO One 55, n. 3 (16 luglio 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4692.
Abstract (sommario):
The oak barrel maturation step is nowadays strongly rooted in the production of quality wines. Two main physico‑chemical phenomena contribute to the modification and improvement of wine: the solubilisation of volatile and non-volatile wood compounds concomitant with the dissolution of oxygen from the air into the wine. Indeed, wood is a porous material and gas transfer (especially oxygen transfer, expressed as oxygen transfer rate or OTR) through oak barrels, is an intrinsic parameter which ensures wine oxygen supply during maturation. Due to its oenological impact, it has been actively studied over recent decades using several approaches based on the same principle: the monitoring of oxygen in a model wine solution in the barrel. This project aimed at assaying barrel OTR by using a new tool based on the theoretical knowledge of gas transfer through porous materials. An oxygen concentration gradient was created on each side of a barrel kept in an airtight stainless-steel tank. The concentration of the oxygen in the atmosphere around the barrel was monitored in order to quantify oxygen transfer, thus the avoiding common drawbacks of interactions between dissolved oxygen ingress kinetics and the consumption of oxygen in the liquid phase by wood components. This study reports for the first time, the diffusion coefficient of entire oak barrels (Q. sessilis) to be between 10-10 and 10-9 m²/s, and it contributes to increasing knowledge on the complex phenomena driving oxygen ingress during the maturation of wine in barrels kept in cellar conditions. The results highlight the important role of wood moisture content in oxygen transfer, and provides a simple and reliable parameter to monitor it: the weight of the barrel. Following methodology developed by the authors, the OTR of a new oak barrel was found to be 11.4 mg/L per year. Taking into account the oxygen released through the wood pores, a new barrel will contribute 14.4 mg/L per year of oxygen to the wine, of which 46 % in the first three months of aging.
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Widodo, Hernowo, M Samsuri e Samsul Ma’rif. "Analisa Dan Optimasi Produksi Sumur Migas Di PEP Bekasi". JURNAL BHARA PETRO ENERGI 1, n. 2 (26 luglio 2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/bpe.v1i2.1310.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Based on the results of the mass balance analysis and a review at PEP, it was concluded that the total feed intake from all wells was BOPD at 770 barrels/day, gas at 12.1882 MMSCFD, and BLPD at 15975.2 barrels/day, the total product produced was 8 ,541226% oil at 1568.760 barrels/day, 8.989134% condensate at 1651.027 barrels/day, 0.056535% gas at 10.3838214 MMSCFD, and 82.4131% water injection at 15136.748 barrels/day . In the Water Injection Plant process it produces sludge of 16286.812 kg or 0.90001% of the processed formation water, the formation of sludge is due to the addition of chemicals in the formation water treatment process. Keywords: Mass balance, crude oil, gas Abstrak Berdasarkan hasil analisis neraca massa dan peninjauan di PEP didapatkan antara lain total feed masuk dari seluruh sumur adalah BOPD sebesar 770 barrel/hari, gas sebesar 12,1882 MMSCFD, dan BLPD sebesar 15975,2 barrel/hari, total produk yang dihasilkan adalah 8,541226% minyak sebesar 1568,760 barrel/hari, 8,989134% condensat sebesar 1651,027 barrel/hari, 0,056535% gas sebesar 10,3838214 MMSCFD, dan 82,4131% air injeksi sebesar 15136,748 barrel/hari. Pada proses Water Injection Plant menghasilkan sludge sebesar 16286,812 kg atau 0,90001 % dari air formasi yang diolah, terbentuknya sludge dikarenakan adanya penambahan bahan kimia pada proses pengolahan air formasi. Kata kunci: Neraca massa, minyak mentah, gas. Reference: Patton. 1981. Oilfield Water System. Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, OK: John M. Campbell. Faust, S.D.dan O.M. Aly. (1998). Chemistry of Water Treatment. Lewis Publisher. USA. Hendricks, David W. 2006. Water Treatment Unit Process: Physical and Chemical. CRC Press. Florida. Howe, J. K., et al. (2012). Principle of Water Treatment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New Jersey. Kemmer, EN. 1979. Water; The Universal Solvent, 2nd ed. Oak Brook, IL: Nalco Chemical Co. Subarnas, Nandang. 2007. Terampil Berkreasi. Jakarta: Grafindo Media Pratama. Manurung, Tambak, dkk. 2012. Efektivitas Biji Kelor (Moringa oleifera) Pada Pengolahan Air Sumur Tercemar Limbah Domestik. Dalam Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Teknik LIMIT’s. Vol 8, No.1: 37-41. Sutresna, Nana. 2007. Cerdas Belajar Kimia untuk Kelas XI SMA. Jakarta: Grafindo Media Pratama. Website Official Pertamina, http://www.pertamina.com
29
Ichikawa, Takehiko, Takafumi Akasaki, Satoshi Shimegi, Yumiko Yoshimura e Hiromichi Sato. "1809 Neuronal connectivity among barrels in the rat barrel cortex". Neuroscience Research 28 (gennaio 1997): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(97)90599-x.
30
Dennison, Cal. "A Version of the Invention of Barrels and Barrel Alternatives". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 50, n. 4 (1999): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1999.50.4.539.
31
Kim, Uhnoh, e Ford F. Ebner. "Barrels and septa: Separate circuits in rat barrel field cortex". Journal of Comparative Neurology 408, n. 4 (14 giugno 1999): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<489::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-e.
32
Andreikiv, O., I. Dolinska, P. Bolkot e P. Vankevych. "DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF THE WORKING SURFACES OF RIFLED BARRELS OF ARTILLERY SYSTEMS AND INCREASE THEIR RESOURCE". Випробування та сертифікація, n. 2(2) (27 dicembre 2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/ts.02.2023.06.
Abstract (sommario):
The accuracy of the damage and the outcome of the battle depend on the durable wear resistance of the inner surface of the artillery barrels. When fired, there is close contact between the surface of the barrel and the rings of softer metal on the projectile (this is for the tightness of the system), which leads to their active abrasion. True, the softer surfaces of the rings on the projectile wear more, but with such rapid mutual movement of the surfaces, the harder materials of the barrel also wear. As a result, the tightness of the powder gases is violated and, accordingly, the power of the shot and the flight range of the projectile, as well as the amplitude of the oscillation of the projectile during its passage through the barrel increases. This in turn affects the accuracy of hitting the target, especially at long distances. For close combat, this is not a big problem, but long-range artillery systems are most important now. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to develop a technology for manufacturing a cannon barrel with the most wear-resistant inner surface. At the same time, a brief review of artillery systems, which are currently used mainly in the Russian-Ukrainian war, is made. The scheme of the manufacturing technology of rifled tank barrels with an increased resource of aiming lesions is described. The methodology is based on the technology of their surface hardening with high-frequency currents and grinding of microcracks, which appear as a result, developed by the authors. The main factors that ensure a high resource of barrels according to the technology are their high heat resistance and wear resistance. Heat resistance is achieved by optimizing the material on the samples, wear resistance by optimizing the parameters of the surface hardening technology of the inner surface of the barrel. The method of calculating the survivability of the barrel is given, when after hardening and grinding of the barrel, a micro crack remained on its inner surface.
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Henn-Sax, M., B. Höcker, M. Wilmanns e R. Sterner. "Divergent Evolution of (??)8-Barrel Enzymes". Biological Chemistry 382, n. 9 (30 settembre 2001): 1315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2001.163.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The (?[alpha)8-barrel is the most versatile and most frequently encountered fold among enzymes. It is an interesting question how the contemporary (?[alpha)8-barrels are evolutionarily related and by which mechanisms they evolved from more simple precursors. Comprehensive comparisons of amino acid sequences and threedimensional structures suggest that a large fraction of the known (?[alpha)8-barrels have divergently evolved from a common ancestor. The mutational interconversion of enzymatic activities of several (?[alpha)8-barrels further supports their common evolutionary origin. Moreover, the high structural similarity between the N and Cterminal (?[alpha)4 units of two (?[alpha)8-barrel enzymes from histidine biosynthesis indicates that the contemporary proteins evolved by tandem duplication and fusion of the gene of an ancestral halfbarrel precursor. In support of this hypothesis, recombinantly produced halfbarrels were shown to be folded, dimeric proteins.
34
ZIELIŃSKI, Mateusz, e Piotr KONIORCZYK. "THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BARREL STEELS". PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 164, n. 2 (27 giugno 2023): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7229.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper is devoted to the study of thermo-physical properties, i.e. thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and specific heat of selected barrel steels. In typical barrel steels, e.g.30HN2MFA, a structural transformation occurs at about 730 , at which material shrinkage occurs. The way to increase the durability of the barrels is to change the steel grade to one in which this transformation does not occur or does occur, but at higher temperatures. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of all the above-mentioned thermophysical properties of five selected barrel steels, i.e. 38HMJ, 30HN2MFA, DUPLEX 2205, WCL and MARAGING 350. Measurements were made in the range from room temperature to about 1100 C. In this way, a database of thermo-physical properties of these steels was created as input data for the calculation of heat transfer in the barrels of small arms and cannons.
35
Martínez-Martínez, Víctor, Ignacio Nevares e Maria del Alamo-Sanza. "Artificial Intelligence Methods for Constructing Wine Barrels with a Controlled Oxygen Transmission Rate". Molecules 25, n. 14 (21 luglio 2020): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143312.
Abstract (sommario):
Oxygen is an important factor in the wine aging process, and the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) is the parameter of the wood that reflects its oxygen permeation. OTR has not been considered in the cooperage industry yet; however, recent studies proposed a nondestructive method for estimating the OTR of barrel staves, but an efficient method to combine these staves to build barrels with a desired OTR is needed to implement it in the industry. This article proposes artificial intelligence methods for selecting staves for the construction of barrel heads or bodies with a desired target OTR. Genetic algorithms were used to implement these methods in consideration of the known OTR of the staves and the geometry of the wine barrels. The proposed methods were evaluated in several scenarios: homogenizing the OTR of the actual constructed barrels, constructing low-OTR and high-OTR barrels based on a preclassification of the staves and implementing the proposed method in real cooperage conditions. The results of these experiments suggest the suitability of the proposed methods for their implementation in a cooperage in order to build controlled OTR barrels.
36
Blattner, Thomas M., Norman F. Olson e Dean W. Wichern. "Sampling Barrel Cheese For Moisture Analysis: Comparison Of Methods". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, n. 4 (1 luglio 1985): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.718.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Fifty-four steel and 18 fiber barrels of cheese were sampled by the conventional plug method and the samples were analyzed for moisture. These same barrels were sliced vertically through the center, and 72 samples were taken from one exposed surface and analyzed. Finally, all of the remaining cheese from the barrel was ground, blended, and sampled for moisture analysis. Results on the 72 samples obtained from the exposed surface of the sliced cheese were used to create a moisture profile of the barrel cheese. The blended samples were used to establish the "true" moisture content of the cheese. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a bias in the conventional plug sample values compared with the true moisture values. Computer simulation experiments conducted on the profile data suggested an alternative sampling site that could provide measurements with less bias. A verification study was conducted with 40 steel and 12 fiber barrels. These barrels were sampled by the conventional plug method, a new method, and the blending method used previously. Statistical evaluation of the data revealed a potential reduction in bias of 1.7 and 0.5% for steel and fiber barrels, respectively.
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Cavaguchi, Amanda M. S., Márcio R. Oliveira, Christiane G. Macedo, Pablo E. A. de Souza, Andreo F. Aguiar, Mathieu Dallaire, Suzy Ngomo e Rubens A. da Silva. "Impact of Lifting of Two Types of Barrels on Postural Control, Trunk Muscle Recruitment, and Kinematic Measures in Manual Workers". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 12 (20 giugno 2019): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122183.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 2 types of beer barrels on postural control, trunk activation, and kinematic measures in adult workers. Twelve (12) males randomly performed 4 tasks on a force platform for 20 s: (1) hold an empty recyclable barrel, (2) hold a full recyclable barrel (30 L), (3) hold an empty steel barrel, and (4) hold a full steel barrel (30 L). Trunk muscular activation, force platform and kinematic measures at the trunk, hip, and knee joints were computed. The full steel barrel produced greater postural oscillation than other conditions. Higher trunk activity was also reported during the full steel barrel task. Significant kinematic changes only in the trunk were observed between the empty steel barrel and the full recyclable barrel tasks. In conclusion, the full steel barrel produced a negative impact on postural control, increasing trunk activity and changing trunk flexion angle in adult workers.
38
Cox, Stephanie B., Thomas A. Woolsey e Carl M. Rovainen. "Localized Dynamic Changes in Cortical Blood Flow with Whisker Stimulation Corresponds to Matched Vascular and Neuronal Architecture of Rat Barrels". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 13, n. 6 (novembre 1993): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1993.113.
Abstract (sommario):
The hypothesis that functional groups of neurons in whisker barrels are linked to a modular organization of cortical vessels was tested. Endovascular casts demonstrated cortical capillary networks resembling the whisker barrel pattern that were fed from the middle cerebral artery. In histological sections, dense capillaries apparently were confined to single barrels and were supplied by one or a few penetrating arterioles. The barrel field in cortical layer IV was localized in relation to surface arteriovenous patterns. Living vessels were imaged through a closed cranial window under anesthesia with a fluorescence microscope and SIT or ICCD cameras. After intracarotid injections of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextrans, saline, or 3 μm latex beads, changes in arteriolar diameter, arteriovenous transit times (AVTTs), and bead velocities were measured. When row C whiskers were stroked at 4–5 Hz for 1 min, blood flow increased in arterioles that supplied contralateral row C barrels as demonstrated by postmortem histology. AVTTs slowed significantly in vessels supplying adjacent cortex. We hypothesize that cerebral vascular units supply individual whisker barrels and are functionally linked to them for precise focal regulation of cerebral blood flow.
39
Muratov, V. S., e N. S. Yakimov. "Formation of Structure and Properties of 30HGSN2A Steel at Technological Stages of Manufacture of Heavy-Loaded Parts". Solid State Phenomena 316 (aprile 2021): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.324.
Abstract (sommario):
The cases of premature failure of the barrel of liquid damper, made of complex alloyed high-strength 30HGSN2A steel, are analyzed. The options failure and the causes of their occurrence are established. Fatigue failure of the barrels during an operation is due to the failure of the chrome coating of the rod and the appearance of scorings on the surface of the barrel. Cases of failure of the barrels during official tests are associated with the reduced hardenability and an increased tendency to decarburize steel in the bottom of the barrel, due to the increased nitrogen content here (due to segregation). The influence treatment conditions on the structure and properties of steel are investigated. Modes of dehydration and final heat treatment of the products to eliminate their premature failures are recommended. The proposed conditions, in particular, include increasing the dehydration temperature to 200-230 oС, reducing the exposure time at the hardening temperature and reducing the tempering temperature, using vacuum heating.
40
Colangelo, David J., e Mark H. Brand. "Water and Nitrogen Management to Reduce Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching from Container Crops". HortScience 32, n. 3 (giugno 1997): 455E—455. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.455e.
Abstract (sommario):
Plastic 208-L industrial barrels (14 total) were modified for use as soil-filled lysimeters to study the nitrogen dynamics of a typical container crop production system. The top of each barrel was removed and the bottom was fitted with a drain hole and filter fabric. The drain was then connected via tubing to a 2-L leachate collection vessel made from a length of 15.24-cm-diameter PVC pipe that had been capped on one end. All barrels and connected collection vessels were recessed into a grassed slope. Barrels were filled with homogeneous B and C horizon soil to simulate soil conditions of a typical container nursery. Uniform Rhododendron `Catawbiense Album' plants in 4.5-L containers were arranged atop the barrellysimeters at four plants per barrel. Irrigation/fertilizer treatments included fertilized pulse trickle irrigation (four replications), fertilized overhead irrigation (four replications), and unfertilized controls corresponding to each irrigation treatment (three replications each). All fertilized plants received 10 g of 17N–6P–10K 8- to 9-month controlled-release fertilizer at the beginning of the crop cycle. Leachate from the barrel-lysimeters was collected weekly and total volume, total Kjeldahl N, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N were determined. Peak nitrate-N levels were well above the current drinking water standard for both irrigation treatments at certain times during the year. Cumulative nitrate-N mass output was similar for both irrigation treatments. A nitrogen balance for the complete production system including fertilizer and irrigation water input, plant material, potting media, soil in the lysimeter barrels and leachate output from the barrels has also been determined.
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LISY, Peter, e Lukáš BRIDIK. "Modal Analysis of Medium Calibre Barrels". Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 10, n. 2 (30 giugno 2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2113.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper deals with modal analysis of the two different medium calibre barrel weapons. At present time PC software which are based on FEM modal analysis enable not only create a new design but also check old design how be up to standard on the fire accuracy. Also at this time is big boom to make new armour personal carriers which are equipped with the medium weapon calibre systems. Many of them use standard design of bedding the barrel to the weapon case, however also they are created in new weapon design. The modal analysis is powerful method to describe their vibration properties which have the cardinal influence on the accuracy of fire. The barrels were modelled as 3-D objects with next configuration with aim to obtain right results and their mutual comparison. Figure 1-3 show design of the solved barrels. Modal analysis was performed by LS-DYNA software using iterative Lanczos method. In Tables 1-5, the natural frequencies for these barrels and their modifications and their corresponding own shapes are listed. Next Figures 4, 7-10, 12 show the courses natural frequencies versus modes. In Figure 11 are shown the modal shapes of the modified cylindrical weapon barrel with the armature.
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Ismayilov Vugar, Ismayilov Vugar. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR INCREASING THE SURVIVABILITY OF SMALL ARMS AND CANNON BARRELS BY THE APPLICATION OF CHROME COATINGS". ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 14, n. 02 (18 aprile 2023): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm14022023-172.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper is an analysis of modern chrome coating technologies for the barrels of small arms and cannons. Barrel survivability refers to the ability of a weapon system to fire a certain number of rounds without significant deterioration in ballistic characteristics. There are various methods to provide the necessary survivability of the barrels, both technological and constructive. This paper will consider technological methods, in particular chroming technologies. The objects of the research are various methods of chromium coating: electrolytic, cylindrical magnetron sputtering, galvanic honing, cathode-mechanical chromium plating, and thermodiffusion saturation by chromium. Electrolytic chrome plating in baths is the most common method, however it has significant drawbacks - toxic waste, difficulty in providing uniformity and integrity of plating, hydrogen release during plating, the need for subsequent heat treatment of the barrel. Coating barrels with cylindrical magnetron sputtering is one of the least studied methods, but from the available materials we can note the reduced toxicity and the absence of hydrogenation of the barrel and the plating. Nevertheless, the adhesion of the coating material and the barrel should be investigated. Analysis of the thermodiffusion chrome saturation method is also a promising method. However, a reduction in temperature during the coating process and subsequent normalization of the coating is necessary. This method is currently being investigated in the "Special purpose product technology" laboratory at the Azerbaijan Technical University. As a result of the research, the most prospective methods can be considered galvanic honing, the cathodic-mechanical method and thermodiffusion chrome saturation. The advantages of these methods are increased productivity and quality of the plating surface. In addition to the prospective chrome plating methods, the paper also noted questions for which the answers remain open. Keywords: barrel, coating, chromium plating, wear, electroplating, magnetron sputtering, diffusion.
43
Tang, Yue, e Jin Wei Li. "Optimization Design for Cooling Channel of the Single Screw Extruder Barrel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (settembre 2014): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.528.
Abstract (sommario):
To solve the issue of machine barrel skewed to one side, when the XJ150×25 was running. Under the conditions that the needs of strength was met, by designed three types of cooling channels and analyzed the temperature field for the barrel by using ANSYS, as well as thermal deformation. The results show that cooling channel of center symmetric form can solve the problem that uneven temperature field causing the barrel to produce thermal deformation. It can guarantee the coaxial degree between screw and barrels and can improve the quality of products.
44
Taranova, Ludmila S., e IgorO Mikhailov. "TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF GUN BARREL". Interexpo GEO-Siberia 6, n. 2 (8 luglio 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-6-2-105-111.
Abstract (sommario):
The article shows the relevance of control of the geometric characteristics of the gun barrel. The types of barrels, their qualitative advantage during firing, as well as devices for monitoring the internal characteristics are considered. The functional shortcomings of the existing devices are identified and a schematic image of the multifunctional device under development is presented. Method of measuring the surface of the barrel is described.
45
Qi, Yu Hui, Xiao Yun Zhang, Li Xia Fan e Cheng Xu. "Study on the Mechanical Property of 20Cr13 Stainless Steel Barrel Processed by Cold Radial Forging". Key Engineering Materials 723 (dicembre 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.119.
Abstract (sommario):
The barrel is a key part of automatic weapon. And the cold radial forging progress is a new technology for manufacturing the barrels. It will introduce some changes of the material, such as increased strength, decreased plasticity and introduction of anisotropic mechanical property. It can affect the service performance, so it is necessary to study the difference of tangential and axial mechanical properties of barrel blank and forged barrel. This paper focuses on the research of 20Cr13 stainless steel barrel. The mechanical properties of barrel blank and forged barrel are measured by the tensile, compression and bulging test. And the hardness is measured by Vickers hardness tester. The structural change of 20Cr13 stainless steel also has been observed by metalloscope in the metallographic experiment. It reveals the influence of the cold radial forging progress on the mechanical properties of 20Cr13 stainless steel barrel. And it also provides the reference data of the cold radial forging progress of 20Cr13 stainless steel.
46
Basalekou, M., C. Pappas, P. Tarantilis, M. Kyraleou, V. Cotea e S. Kallithraka. "Astringency estimation of wines maturing in different types of containers". BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191502014.
Abstract (sommario):
Astringency is a parameter of great importance for wine quality. During wine maturation in wooden barrels it can be enhanced by tannins extracted by the wood. However, their concentration is not directly correlated with astringency. Mean Degree of Polymerization (mDP) is often employed to characterize the structural characteristics of tannins in wines, providing also information on their proanthocyanidin content. The prodelphinidin content (%P), as well as the percentage of epigallocatechin (EGC) in extension and terminal units, have been negatively linked with astringency. Since the intensity of astringency is a decisive factor for the quality of a barrel-aged wine in this experiment, the structural characteristics of wine proanthocyanidins were determined in four different Greek wines, two white (Vilana and Dafni) and two red (Kotsifali and Mandilari). All wines matured for nine months in different types of containers (stainless steel tanks and barrels made of different woods). The prodelphinidin (terminal or extension) content was determined by means of phloroglucinolysis, followed by HPLC-UV-MS analysis, while astringency was assessed by a panel of trained tasters. Multivariate analysis showed that only white wines that matured in Acacia barrels contained high %P values independently of the variety used and were characterized as less astringent by the panel. Moreover, the determination of %extension and terminal EGC units revealed that the tannins of the wines maturing in Acacia barrels, contain higher amounts of EGC as terminal units. These findings could be used by winemakers in order to select the appropriate type of barrel according to the type of wine. Keywords: Astringency, proanthocyanidin, tannin, barrel
47
Sufiyanov, V. G., D. A. Kljukin e I. G. Rusyak. "THE NELDER-MEADE METHOD FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING THE GEOMETRIC SHAPE OF THE BARREL OF AN AUTOMATIC CANNON TO IMPROVE OSCILLATORY CHARACTERISTICS". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 25, n. 4 (2023): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2023-25-4-121-131.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper presents the formulation of the problem of optimizing the shape of the barrel on the basis of mathematical modeling of the firing process from an automatic 30-mm cannon. The work considers both the standard annular section of the trunk and with stiffeners of two types. The oscillation amplitude was chosen as the objective function of the minimization algorithm. The maximum mass of the trunk and the minimum allowable thickness of the trunk, determined in accordance with the theory of the greatest deformations, were chosen as restrictions. For a standard barrel with an annular cross-section, the external diameters of the barrel were controllable, for barrels with stiffeners past the diameters, the distances to the stiffeners and their size were taken into account. The problem of internal ballistics in the thermodynamic formulation was solved to determine the gas-noise parameters inside the barrel. Muzzle vibrations were determined on the basis of solving the problem of the stress-strain state of the barrel in a one-dimensional formulation, taking into account technological irregularities and the interaction of the projectile with the barrel. The search for the optimal shape of the trunk was carried out by the Nelder-Meade method, restrictions were taken into account using the penalty function method. The results of optimizing the shape of the trunk are presented in graphical and tabular form. The scattering of shells for the barrels of the considered cross-sectional shapes is determined. As a result of optimization, it was possible to increase the accuracy of shooting by more than 2 times.
48
Boukera, Abaci, Aleksandar Kari, Damir Jerković e Nebojša Hristov. "The influence of the internal ballistic pressure on the rifled barrel stress response". Scientific Technical Review 70, n. 2 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str2002041b.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper focused on the 12.7 mm gun barrel stress response caused by the pressure of the gunpowder gases. During the firing process, the barrel is loaded by different mechanical, chemical and thermal loads. In this paper except the pressure of the propellant combustion, all the other loads were ignored. The pressure loads are obtained with a mathematical model of the interior ballistic. The Lame equations for the thick-walled cylinder were used to calculate the barrel stress response. The loads are applied on a certain barrel cross-section for a defined time. Two 3D models of the barrel with and without grooves were used to perform a numerical simulation. A comparison between results for the two types of barrels shows a good agreement between the stresses obtained by the analytical and numerical methods.
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Lisanti, Maria Tiziana, Rosa Capuano, Luigi Moio e Angelita Gambuti. "Wood powders of different botanical origin as an alternative to barrel aging for red wine". European Food Research and Technology 247, n. 9 (15 giugno 2021): 2309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03791-1.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractWood powders are produced in large quantity as by-product of barrel, staves and chips industry. Differently from larger particles (chips), the use of wood powders in winemaking is not admitted (Regulation (CE) n. 934/2019); however, it could represent a cheap and sustainable alternative for the accelerated aging of red wine. To evaluate their potential use in winemaking, a comparative study on the use of wood powders from oak, chestnut and acacia wood for the accelerated aging of red wine (cv. Aglianico) was conducted. This alternative aging was compared to the aging in wood barrels from the same botanical species. The wine aged in contact with powders underwent a quicker evolution of polyphenolic fraction. After 15 days of contact, the loss of total anthocyanins was higher than that observed after 6 months of aging in barrels (from 4 to 14% with respect to the corresponding kind of barrel). The amount of polymeric pigments tannins–anthocyanins–tannins in wines aged in contact with powders was higher respect to the wines aged in barrels (from 7 to 21% with respect to the corresponding kind of barrel), while the greatest loss of total tannins was detected in the oak barrels (28% less with respect to the control). There were several differences in wine phenolic acids due to wood botanical origin, with the clearest differences being between oak and the alternative wood species (chestnut and acacia). Also, there was a significant botanical effect on sensory profiles. Indeed, both among barrels and among powders, oak wood was the one that gave the strongest wood odor character. However, all the treatments with wood powders (oak, acacia and chestnut) preserved the fruity character of wine, conferring in the meanwhile non-dominant woody notes.
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SATŁAWSKI, Tomasz, e Wojciech Furmanek. "INVESTIGATIONS ON BALLISTIC METHOD APPLICATION FOR SELF-STRENGTHENING 35 MM GUN BARRELS". PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, n. 2 (9 ottobre 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5151.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper includes an analysis of a concept for increasing the service life of 35 mm gun barrels by technological process of self-strengthening. A process of barrel self-strengthening that uses a ballistic method based on technological firings with special ammunition of increased propelling charge is considered. In effect of analytical - numerical studies it was stated that a self-strengthening effect is strictly limited to the cartridge chamber and has a local character i.e. the plastic deformation of barrel’s material includes not more than 30% of barrel wall thickness. The received results indicate that efficiency of self-strengthening provided by the ballistic method is low and in cases of deploying materials with high strength characteristics in barrels it could not bring any benefits at all.