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1
Wilms, Florian, Nils Duppel, Tobias Cremer e Ferréol Berendt. "Bark Thickness and Heights of the Bark Transition Area of Scots Pine". Forests 12, n. 10 (11 ottobre 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101386.
Abstract (sommario):
The estimation of forest biomass is gaining interest not only for calculating harvesting volumes but also for carbon storage estimation. However, bark (and carbon) compounds are not distributed equally along the stem. Particularly when looking at Scots pine, a radical change in the structure of the bark along the stem can be noted. At the bark transition area, the bark changes from thick and rough to thin and smooth. The aim of our study was (1) to analyze the height of the bark transition area where the bark structure changes and (2) to analyze the effect of cardinal direction on the bark thickness. Regression analyses and forward selection were performed including measured tree height, DBH, bark thickness, crown base height and upper and lower heights of the bark transition areas of 375 trees. While the cardinal direction had no effect on bark thickness, DBH was found to have a significant effect on the heights of the bark transition areas, with stand density and tree height having a minor additional effect. These variables can be used to estimate timber volume (without bark) with higher accuracy and to predict the carbon storage potential of forest biomass according to different tree compartments and compounds.
2
Wang, Shaoke, M. A. Brick e C. E. Townsend. "Response of alfalfa to bidirectional selection for root bark area and xylem vessel diameter". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, n. 2 (1 aprile 1991): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-059.
Abstract (sommario):
Development of alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli] germplasm with contrasting root bark area and xylem vessel area could be useful to evaluate relationships between anatomical root characteristics and plant functions such as drought tolerance. This study was conducted to determine the response of alfalfa to bidirectional selection for root bark area and xylem vessel area of the largest vessels as viewed in cross section. Bidirectional selection for large and small root bark area and for large and small xylem vessel area was conducted for two cycles. Selection for high root bark area resulted in an increase in root bark area in cycle one (C1), but no further response occurred in cycle two (C2). Response to selection for low bark area resulted in no response in the C1, but a response occurred in the C2. Response to selection for large xylem vessel area increased xylem area in the C1 but no further response occurred in the C2. There was no response to selection for small vessel area in either of the two cycles of selection. Asymmetrical responses to bidirectional selection were found. Root size increased significantly over the two cycles of selection and was probably due to indirect selection for large root size. Key words: Medicago sativa L., ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli, root bark area, xylem vessel diameter
3
Kula, E., e W. Ząbecki. "Merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) with focus on bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and types of tree damage in different gradation conditions". Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 10 (30 settembre 2010): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/33/2010-jfs.
Abstract (sommario):
Research on merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was carried out in spruce stands of different age in the area with an endemic population (Moravian-Silesian Beskids, Czech Republic) and in the area with an epidemic population (Beskid Żywiecki, Poland) of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.). The structure of merocoenoses was characterized separately for standing trees attacked by bark beetles, trees struck by lightning, trees affected by fungal pathogens and wind-felling and trees in the form of snags and fragments. The occurrence of cambioxylophagous insects, mostly bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was compared between the study areas with emphasis on dominant facultative primary bark beetles and types of damage to spruce trees.
4
Świercz, A. "Suitability of pine bark to evaluate pollution caused by cement-lime dust". Journal of Forest Science 52, Special Issue (1 gennaio 2006): S93—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10166-jfs.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to show the application of pine bark to indicate the level of air contamination by cement-lime dust and to determine the impact range of cement plants. The pine bark was analyzed in the forested formed around three cement plants in the Świętokrzyski administrative district (South of Poland). The test results were compared with the results gained from the controlled forested areas, free from alkali contamination. The strongly alkali areas show high pH<sub>H2O</sub> of bark in the range of 7.2–8.5 and low coefficient of change v% = 2.2. The pine bark values of pH<sub>H2O</sub> in the alkali areas are on average 2.5 times as high as those achieved in the controlled area (natural pH of bark shows the range of 2.8–3.5). On the basis of the measurements of pH<sub>H2O</sub> there are five alkali-forested spheres determined. The existence of the forest spheres confirms the variable mineral composition of the bark, and first of all the variable content of calcium, magnesium, potassium, aluminium, manganese, zinc and iron as a function of the distance from the emitter and real dust fall.
5
Konôpka, Bohdan, Vladimír Šebeň, Jozef Pajtík e Lisa A. Shipley. "Influence of Tree Species and Size on Bark Browsing by Large Wild Herbivores". Plants 11, n. 21 (30 ottobre 2022): 2925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212925.
Abstract (sommario):
Although an important part of the ecosystem, large wild herbivores (LWH), especially red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), cause significant damage to economically valuable timber in forests of Central Europe. Recent work has demonstrated that less valuable softwood broadleaved trees can act as “biological control” that helps reduce bark browsing on more valuable trees in a mixed stand. To better understand the factors that influence how much bark area and mass are removed by LWH from these broadleaved trees, we took advantage of a novel “natural” experiment that occurred after a breach in a herbivory exclosure surrounding a 10-year old mixed broadleaved/conifer stand in the Western Carpathians in north-western Slovakia. We measured the area of old (up to 2 years previously) and new browsed patches on stems of common aspen (Populus tremula L.), common rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and goat willow (Salix caprea L.), and their position along the vertical profile of the stem. The browsed bark area (cm2) was then converted to the bark mass (g) removed and the proportion of browsed bark to total bark (%) using conversion equations. Our models demonstrated that the amount of bark removed was influenced by tree species, stem diameter, age of browsing (old vs. new), and stem section along the vertical profile. LWH removed the most bark area from willow but the most bark mass from aspen because aspen had thicker bark than the other tree species. Bark browsing was greater on trees > 6 cm basal diameter. The distribution of bark browsing along the vertical profile was symmetrical (unimodal) with maximum intensity at 101–125 cm from the ground, which corresponds with the height most optimal for feeding by red deer. However, previous browsing in 2019 and 2020 caused new browsing on willow in 2021 to be focused in stem sections lower (51–75 cm) and higher (126–150 cm) than that optima. By quantifying browsing patterns and the amount of bark that is accessible to LWH for forage on the most attractive softwood broadleaved trees, our work will contribute to developing better methods for protecting commercially important species such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in areas of Central Europe that are greatly affected by increasing population density of LWH, especially red deer.
6
Park, Sung-Jin, Byung-Wook Yang, Young-Tae Hahm, Deog-Hwan Oh, Jung-Beom Kim, Ji-Yun Yang e Byung-Sun Kang. "Antioxidative Activities of Rhus verniciflua Bark from Different Area". Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition 25, n. 3 (30 settembre 2012): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.3.430.
7
M, SURIACHANDRASELVAN, VIJAYARAGHAVAN H e BHASKARAN R. "PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THANJAVUR WILT AFFECTED COCONUT PALMS". Madras Agricultural Journal 80, March (1993): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01632.
Abstract (sommario):
The sugar-phenol relationship of Thanjavur wilt-affected coconut palms was studied in detail. In the diseased palms, there was an increase of total and reducting sugars in tissues of root, bark and cortex of bleeding area. In leaf, no marked difference could be seen in total sugars but there was reduction in reducing sugars. The bark and cortex above the bleeding area also showed high concentrations of both total and reducing sugars. Non-reducing sugars also accumulated in root, leaf, bark and cortex of severaly affected palms. Total phenol content also increased in leaf, bark and cortex while in root, there was no significant difference. The content of Ortho dihydroxy phenols was also high in bark and cortex while there was no marked difference in leaf and root. The bark and cortex above the bleeding area of wilt affected palms also showed more total and ortho dihydroxyphenols than apparently healthy palms
8
Jové, Patricia, M. Àngels Olivella e Laura Cano. "Study of the variability in chemical composition of bark layers of Quercus suber L. from different production areas". BioResources 6, n. 2 (7 aprile 2011): 1806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.2.1806-1815.
Abstract (sommario):
Cork is the bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber L), a renewable and biodegradable raw bioresource concentrated mainly in the Mediterranean region. Development of its potential uses as a biosorbent will require the investigation of its chemical composition; such information can be of help to understand its interactions with organic pollutants. The present study investigates the summative chemical composition of three bark layers (back, cork, and belly) of five Spanish cork samples and one cork sample from Portugal. Suberin was the main component in all the samples (21.1 to 53.1%), followed by lignin (14.8 to 31%), holocellulose (2.3 to 33.6%), extractives (7.3 to 20.4%), and ash (0.4 to 3.3%). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether the variations in chemical composition with respect to the production area and bark layers were significant. The results indicate that, with respect to the bark layer, significant differences were found only for suberin and holocellulose contents: they were higher in the belly and cork than in the back. Based on the results presented, cork is a material with a lot of potential because of its heterogeneity in chemical composition.
9
Da Silva, Jéssica Maus, Ervandil Corrêa Costa, Eli Nunes Marques e Emanuel Arnoni Costa. "Monitoring of Population of Scolytinae in Olive Culture". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n. 8 (10 luglio 2018): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p457.
Abstract (sommario):
Monitoring of insects is important to analyze the species present in culture of economic interest, to verify the period of highest incidence and quantify the damages caused by the pest insects. Here, we aim to assess the diversity of bark beetles in an olive orchard. The experiment was assessed in fortnightly series throughout a year and conducted with a completely randomized experimental design, consisting of three treatments: T1: homogeneous olive culture; T2: heterogeneous olive culture; T3: border area. An ethanol trap was used for the sampling of bark beetles. The species Hypothenemus eruditus, Xyleborus linearicolis and Hypothenemus seriatus showed greater abundance among the treatments. The decrease of abundance, diversity and dominance of bark beetles occurred in the heterogeneous culture (T2). Homogeneous cultures (T1) are more susceptible to the attack of pest-insects due to the lower ecological balance among associate, predator or parasitoid insects. Border areas (T3) showed an increased diversity of arboreal species, favoring the higher incidence of insects. In spring, there is a greater incidence of bark beetles, what reinforces the need for monitoring during this period. So far, there are no evidences of bark beetles infesting olive trees in the area, or the presence of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, which is the pest bark beetle of olive cultures.
10
Rimondi, Valentina, Renato Benesperi, Marc W. Beutel, Laura Chiarantini, Pilario Costagliola, Pierfranco Lattanzi, Daniela Medas e Guia Morelli. "Monitoring of Airborne Mercury: Comparison of Different Techniques in the Monte Amiata District, Southern Tuscany, Italy". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 7 (31 marzo 2020): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072353.
Abstract (sommario):
In the present study, mercury (Hg) concentrations were investigated in lichens (Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.) collected in the surrounding of the dismissed Abbadia San Salvatore Hg mine (Monte Amiata district, Italy). Results were integrated with Hg concentrations in tree barks and literature data of gaseous Hg levels determined by passive air samplers (PASs) in the same area. The ultimate goal was to compare results obtained by the three monitoring techniques to evaluate potential mismatches. Lichens displayed 180–3600 ng/g Hg, and Hg concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the mine. Mercury concentration was lower than in Pinus nigra barks at the same site. There was a moderate correlation between Hg in lichen and Hg in bark, suggesting similar mechanisms of Hg uptake and residence times. However, correlation with published gaseous Hg concentrations (PASs) was moderate at best (Kendall Tau = 0.4–0.5, p > 0.05). The differences occurred because a) PASs collected gaseous Hg, whereas lichens and barks also picked up particulate Hg, and b) lichens and bark had a dynamic exchange with the atmosphere. Lichen, bark, and PAS outline different and complementary aspects of airborne Hg content and efficient monitoring programs in contaminated areas would benefit from the integration of data from different techniques.
11
Jakuš, Rastislav, Roman Modlinger, Jaroslav Kašpar, Andrej Majdák, Miroslav Blaženec, Nataliya Korolyova, Anna Jirošová e Fredrik Schlyter. "Testing the Efficiency of the Push-and-Pull Strategy during Severe Ips typographus Outbreak and Extreme Drought in Norway Spruce Stands". Forests 13, n. 12 (18 dicembre 2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122175.
Abstract (sommario):
Protection of Norway spruce stands using anti-attractants was tested during an outbreak of bark beetles (Ips typographus) in their spring flight. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to test the proposed experimental design for tree protection; (2) to evaluate height-specific alternatives for dispenser installation on trees; and (3) to evaluate the efficiency of tree protection measures using anti-attractants under bark beetle infestation and drought stress. The experiment was conducted at the forest edges adjacent to recent clearcuts on 10 blocks in the eastern Czech Republic. Each block had three adjacent experimental areas, with 20 trees growing in two rows at the recently cut forest edge (10 trees per row). In front of a block in each of the three areas, four pheromone traps were installed. The treatment area was protected by anti-attractants. The second area served as a so-called switch area, where beetles from the treatment area, as the outflux redirected from the anti-attractant, would start new attacks if not caught in nearby pheromone traps. The third area was a control. We attached anti-attractant tube dispensers on each tree trunk of the treated area at two heights. The results suggest a redirecting effect of anti-attractants, pushing beetles into the switch area and causing subsequent attacks, which was greater than in areas containing treated trees. There was no difference between two dispensers placed at 1 and 8 m height and both at 1 m. A switching effect of beetle attacks occurring outside of the treated areas was observed. Mounting anti-attractant dispensers on tree trunks at one low position above the ground can be substantially less labour-intensive and as efficient as positioning them at two different heights. For areas affected by severe drought and extremely dense bark beetle populations, the use of anti-attractants did not prove effective.
12
Malone, Thomas, e Jingjing Liang. "A Bark Thickness Model for White Spruce in Alaska Northern Forests". International Journal of Forestry Research 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/876965.
Abstract (sommario):
Here we developed a simple linear model to estimate white spruce bark thickness in the northern forests of Alaska. Data were collected from six areas throughout interior and southcentral Alaska. Geographic variation of bark thickness was tested between the Alaska statewide model and for each geographic area. The results show that the Alaska statewide model is accurate, simple, and robust, and has no practical geographic variation over the six areas. The model provides accurate estimates of the bark thickness for white spruce trees in Alaska for a wide array of future studies, and it is in demand by landowners and forest managers to support their management decisions.
13
Williams, V. L., K. Balkwill e E. T. F. Witkowski. "Stem diameter and bark surface area of the fluted trunk of Balanites maughamii (Balanitaceae)". Bothalia 37, n. 2 (18 agosto 2007): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v37i2.321.
Abstract (sommario):
Balanites maughamii Sprague (Balanitaceae) is a woodland tree used and harvested for bark products in the traditional medicine trade o f South Africa. The tree has a distinctively fluted and buttressed stem, especially in mature individuals. This short communication quantifies the relationship between two diameter measurements D1 and D2 that respectively exclude and include the bark surface contained in the convolutions of the flutes at five height intervals up the stem to 2 m. Regressions show D1 to be an accurate predictor of D2 (r^ =0.97-0.99) over a range of tree sizes, hence obviating the necessity to measure both D1 and D2. The circumference and bark surface area on the stem was determined to estimate the quantity of bark that can potentially be harvested. At least 69% of the stem circumference and bark surface area was estimated to be contained within the convolutions of the flutes.
14
Perelman, Patricia, Ana Faggi, Maria Castro e Eduardo Martinez Carretero. "Pollution trends using bark of morus alba in the cities of buenos aires and mendoza (Argentina)". Revista Árvore 34, n. 3 (giugno 2010): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622010000300014.
Abstract (sommario):
A comparative study of elements deposited on tree bark was carried out for urban and periurban areas of two of the most important cities in Argentina. The content of Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd and Sb was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Morus alba tree bark collected in the cities of Buenos Aires and Mendoza. The main air pollutants detected in the Buenos Aires urban area were Ba, Cr, Cu and Ni and indicate significative difference from the Mendoza urban and periurban areas. Significantly, higher concentrations of Zn, Ba, Cr and Cu were recorded in the periurban area of the city of Buenos Aires than in Mendoza. Bark samples were strongly influenced by dust and show Al, Fe, Mg and other element accumulations that indicate that soil particles were carried out by wind. Elements like Ba and Zn, commonly linked to traffic emissions, showed the highest concentrations in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, possibly due to more intensive vehicular traffic. Our results indicated that intensity of vehicular traffic and not city structure is responsible for air pollution.
15
Du, Hong Shuang, Xiang Yu Li, Xue Yong Ren e Yan Xue Han. "Pyrolysis Features of Larch Bark and Xylem". Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (settembre 2013): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.503.
Abstract (sommario):
In this paper, the ultimate, proximate and component analyses of the Daxinganling larch bark and xylem were performed and intercompared respectively. The pyrolysis features of the bark and xylem were analyzed by using the differential thermal thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TG). The influences of heating rate on pyrolysis features were discussed. The results show: (i) the content of H is a little more in the xylem than the bark and the content of ash in the bark is two times of the xylem and the content of fixed carbon in the xylem is two times of the bark. The content of alcohol-benzene extract is significantly more in the bark than the xylem and the glarson lignin in the bark is two times of the xylem but the hemicellulose in the xylem is three times of the bark; (ii) the process of the bark pyrolysis has two pyrolysis areas, but the xylem has a only pyrolysis area, however, the main pyrolysis interval of temperature of the bark and xylem are between 420K to 720K, in which the weight-loss of bark is 87-91% of the full weight-loss and the xylem weight-loss is 91-95% of the full weight-loss. (iii) the DTG peak of the xylem is behind 25 K of bark, and the DTG peak of the bark is-0.47 but the xylem-0.93. (iv) the curves of the TG and DTG move to the side of the higher temperature a bit following the heating rate increased, while the main pyrolysis areas are wider.
16
Wang, Yin-Tung. "Impact of Salinity and Media on Growth and Flowering of a Hybrid Phalaenopsis Orchid". HortScience 33, n. 2 (aprile 1998): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.2.0247.
Abstract (sommario):
The effects of water salinity [0.05, 0.40, 0.75, 1.10, and 1.40 dS·m-1 of electrical conductivity (EC)] on Phalaenopsis orchids grown in 100% fine-grade fir bark or a combination of 80% bark and 20% sphagnum peat were studied. In both media, flower diameter decreased slightly as salinity increased. Plants in bark had more flowers as salinity increased, but had fewer flowers than those grown in bark/peat. In either medium, salinity had no effect on the number of new leaves produced. As salinity increased, plants in bark had increasingly larger total leaf area, with a maximum at EC = 1.10 dS·m-1. Leaf area of plants in bark/peat was greater than that of those in bark, but was unaffected by salinity. Root fresh mass was lower with increasing salinity in both media. Media had no effect on mineral concentration in the leaf. In bark, increasing salinity increased the Ca and Na concentrations but had no effect on the concentration of other minerals in leaves. As salinity increased in the bark/peat medium, leaf concentrations of P, Fe, and Cu decreased and those of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn increased, but the concentration of N was unaffected by salinity. Leachate from bark/peat had twice the EC and lower pH (4.9) than bark (5.7).
17
Plašil, P., e P. Cudlín. "Population dynamics of eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus[L.]) in the area of National Nature Reserve Praděd in 1998–2001". Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 8 (10 gennaio 2012): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4571-jfs.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper deals with the study of bionomics and population dynamics of Ips typographus (L.) in the area of the Praděd National Nature Reserve (NNR). Data were collected on the basis of detected feeding marks, beetles caught in traps, and also according to the frequency of occurrence or increase in the number of standing dead trees killed by the bark beetle attack in localities where sanitation felling was not performed. Finally, evaluation of the present condition of forest stand and population dynamics of Ips typographus was carried out. The results showed that the stands currently occur in the stage of disintegration when the role of the bark beetle is irreplaceable. Based on the research findings, the management of the bark beetle was proposed that would enable to achieve so-called regulated disintegration of natural spruce forests in the area of the Praděd NNR.
18
Stribling, H. Lee, Harvey R. Smith e Richard H. Yahner. "Bird Community Response to Timber Stand Improvement and Snag Retention". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, n. 1 (1 marzo 1990): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.1.35.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Avian surveys were conducted from May-July, 1985 on four study areas in the Moshannon State Forest, Clearfield Co., PA. We compared bird populations and communities in Timber Stand Improvement areas to Timber Stand Improvement areas with snags retained (TSI vs. TSI + SNAG, respectively). Bird numbers averaged 1.7 times higher on the TSI + SNAG area than on the TSI area. Average species richness also was significantly higher on TSI + SNAG. Retention of snags was important to bark-gleaning and cavity-nesting birds. During TSI operations, forest managers can improve habitat for cavity-nesting and bark-gleaning birds by leaving snags. The costs of leaving snags is low, and the long-term benefits provided by insectivorous birds outweigh the costs. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):35-38, March 1990.
19
Bravina, R. I., E. N. Solovyova, D. M. Petrov e V. V. Syrovatskiy. "Birch bark in the funeral rite of the Yakuts: a case-study of the Uchugei-Yuryakh burial (15th–17th cc.)". VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n. 3(54) (27 agosto 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-8.
Abstract (sommario):
The Uchugei-Yuryakh birch-bark burial, radiocarbon dated to 1480–1640 cal AD, was discovered in the southern part of the Tuymaada valley, located in the basin of the Middle Lena River, one of the largest rivers in North-Eastern Siberia. This region is traditionally regarded as the area where the most important events of the Yakut history were taking place over many centuries, and as the area associated with the formation of the Yakut ethnic culture. The purpose of this article is to introduce into scientific discourse the results of the study of the Uchugei-Yuryakh birch-bark burial and to analyze traditions of the burials using birch bark among the Yakuts in the 15th–19th centuries, according to archaeological, ethnographic, and folklore data. The research objectives are as follows: to determine the level of knowledge of the problem; to identify peculiarities of the grave goods and morphological features of the Uchugei-Yuryakh burial; to identify types of birch-bark burial chambers of the Ya-kuts on the basis of available data; to trace back their genesis and to determine their semantics, according to the sacral nature of birch bark in the ritual-worldview practice; and to correlate the features of the Yakut burials with archaeological materials from the regions adjacent to Yakutia. Descriptive and historical-comparative methods, as well as scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating of the bones of the deceased, chemical analysis of bead material, botanical analysis of plant material from the burial site were employed in the course of research. A cha-racteristic feature of this burial is the absence of a coffin and the use of birch-bark sheets to form the interior of the grave, which correlates with the legends about the Khoro tribe, who practiced burial in birch-bark sheaths. There are four types of burials identified on the basis of a detailed analysis of the combination of elements of the currently known birch-bark burial structures: 1) in a birch bark sheath consisting of birch-bark sheets placed above and below the buried body; 2) in a birch bark pouch, the sides of which were reinforced by wooden planks set on edge; 3) in a rectangular birch bark sheet, in which the body of the deceased was wrapped to form a case or a cylinder; 4) in a birch-bark sheath sewn in the form of a boat. Analysis of the features of the burial (atypical “face-down” position of the deceased, scanty set of items of the accompanying goods) revealed a special social status of the buried man. The birch-bark sheets laid above and below the deceased in the considered burial, apparently, imi-tate the shape of the birch-bark basket tyuktyuye. This suggests the ideas of purification of the soul of the deceased after their death and its rebirth. Birch bark was used in the funeral rites of the nomadic societies of South-Eastern and Western Siberia in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that the tradition of using birch bark in Yakut burials either corresponds with the Samoyed-Yenisei component, indirectly adopted from the medieval population of the Lake Baikal area, or emerged due to direct contacts with the Tungus-Samoyed tribes of the Lower Tunguska.
20
Kranjčić, Nikola, e Milan Rezo. "Satellite-based hyperspectral imaging and cartographic visualization of bark beetle forest damage for the city of Čabar". Tehnički glasnik 12, n. 1 (27 marzo 2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20171219085721.
Abstract (sommario):
After enormous amount of ice rain during 2014 huge damage was done in forests in Croatia, especially in the city of Čabar area. Damage of forests is reflected in wide spread of bark beetle. Bark beetle damaged forest have different spectral range from healthy forest. Copernicus satellite land monitoring imagery enables distinguishing healthy from unhealthy forest. In this paper, the width of bark beetle infection spread in forests in the city of Čabar area using satellite images and semi-automatic classification will be determined.
21
Faber, William E., e Erik M. Thorson. "Bark stripping of young Pinussylvestris by Alcesalces on the individual, stand, and landscape level in Sweden". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1996): 2109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-239.
Abstract (sommario):
Physical characteristics of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) trees bark stripped by moose (Alcesalces L.) and frequencies of bark stripping were quantified at the Grimsö Wildlife Research Area in south-central Sweden during July 1995. Twenty-one young Scots pine stands evenly distributed over two areas of differing forest productivity were included in the study. Each stand was systematically plot-surveyed to determine the frequency of affected Scots pine trees. Additionally, we quantified data (i.e., 13 variables) on 420 recently (i.e., spring 1995) bark-stripped pine trees located through visual walking surveys of each stand. Less than 3% of the trees within the susceptible height range (1.5–4.0 m) were bark stripped annually, and 99% of these trees were between 1.5 and 4 m in height and wounds were concentrated within the 3- and 4-year-old internodes. There was a weak positive relationship between frequency of bark stripping and forest productivity at the stand and landscape levels, whereas weak negative relationships were found between bark-stripping frequency and stand size and bark-stripping frequency and pine stem density. Overall, the results suggest bark stripping has a minor impact on the trees. Forestry practices to reduce bark-stripping damage are discussed.
22
Taufiq, Azhary, Melya Riniarti, Endang Linirin Widiastuti, Hendra Prasetia, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Ceng Asmarahman e Tedy Rendra. "Atmospheric Hg Levels in Tree Barks Due to Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Activity in Bunut Seberang Village in Indonesia". Atmosphere 13, n. 4 (15 aprile 2022): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040633.
Abstract (sommario):
Mercury (Hg) is a useful heavy metal; however, it is toxic to both humans and the environment. Tree bark is an excellent bioindicator, which has been proven to be effective in studying the level of atmospheric Hg contamination. This study aimed to determine the distribution of evaporated Hg using the total weight of Hg (THg) in tree barks in Indonesia at the artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area of Bunut Seberang Village and Lampung University, respectively. Samples were taken using purposive sampling, based on the criteria of forestry trees at a height level of 1.3 m above ground as wide as 100 cm2. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and Scanning electron microscopy to determine the levels of THg and to investigate the bark structures. Results showed that the highest THg values were found in a Magnolia champaca sample (56.5 µg), followed by Swietenia mahagoni (45.8 µg) and Swietenia mahagoni (33.5 µg). All species studied showed THg levels in the tree barks at an elevation from 30 to 320 m above sea level. The Hg amounts found in the sampled barks indicated the dispersion of Hg throughout the ASGM area, which signified hazardous atmospheric conditions in the area.
23
Asadpour, Robabeh, Nasiman Bin Sapari, Mohamed Hasnain Isa e Kalu Uka Orji. "Enhancing the hydrophobicity of mangrove bark by esterification for oil adsorption". Water Science and Technology 70, n. 7 (18 agosto 2014): 1220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.355.
Abstract (sommario):
Oil spills generally cause worldwide concern due to their detrimental effects on the environment and the economy. An assortment of commercial systems has been developed to control these spills, including the use of agricultural wastes as sorbents. This work deals with raw and modified mangrove barks (Rhizophora apiculata), an industrial lignocellulosic waste, as a low cost adsorbent for oil-product-spill cleanup in the aquatic environment. Mangrove bark was modified using fatty acids (oleic acid and palmitic acid) to improve its adsorption capacity. The oil sorption capacity of the modified bark was studied and compared with that of the raw bark. Kinetic tests were conducted with a series of contact times. The influence of particle size, oil dosage, pH and temperature on oil sorption capacity was investigated. The results showed that oleic acid treated bark has a higher sorption capacity (2,860.00 ± 2.00 mg/g) than untreated bark for Tapis crude oil. A correlation between surface functional groups, morphology and surface area of the adsorbent was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrum, field emission scanning electron microscopy images and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Isotherm study was conducted using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The result showed that adsorption of crude oil on treated mangrove bark could be best described by the Langmuir model.
24
Čekstere, Gunta, Māris Laiviņš e Anita Osvalde. "Chemical Composition of Scots Pine Bark as a Bioindicator of Environmental Quality in Riga, Latvia / Priežu Mizu ķīmiskais Sastāvs Kā Vides Stāvokļa Bioindikators Rīgā (Latvija)". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, n. 3 (1 agosto 2015): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0013.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The chemical composition of pine bark was used for the determination of environmental quality in Rīga. Bark samples were collected at 54 sites in Rīga differing in vegetation and building area characteristics (urban forests, parks and cemeteries, dwelling houses, and streets and railway zones) and at 52 sites from rural areas in Latvia (background level). Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and pH was determined in the samples. The results showed significantly higher concentrations of chemical elements in pine bark collected in Rīga, compared to background levels: Fe and Cu concentrations three times higher, and other elements - up to 1.8 times. The highest element concentrations in Rīga were near streets (Sarkandaugava, Jaunmīlgrāvis, Daugavgrīva, Čiekurkalns, Imanta area, etc.). Element concentration and pH was significantly dependent on the distance from the closest street. The lowest element concentrations were found in urban forests (Jugla, Biķernieki, Beberbeķi) and parks and cemeteries (I Forest Cemetery, Jaunciema Cemetery). Mežaparks (forest), Sarkandaugava, Jaunmīlgrāvis, and Vecmīlgrāvis together formed the most polluted area in Rīga due to the close location near and downwind from the harbour.
25
Rodman, Kyle C., Robert A. Andrus, Cori L. Butkiewicz, Teresa B. Chapman, Nathan S. Gill, Brian J. Harvey, Dominik Kulakowski, Niko J. Tutland, Thomas T. Veblen e Sarah J. Hart. "Effects of Bark Beetle Outbreaks on Forest Landscape Pattern in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A." Remote Sensing 13, n. 6 (12 marzo 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061089.
Abstract (sommario):
Since the late 1990s, extensive outbreaks of native bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) have affected coniferous forests throughout Europe and North America, driving changes in carbon storage, wildlife habitat, nutrient cycling, and water resource provisioning. Remote sensing is a crucial tool for quantifying the effects of these disturbances across broad landscapes. In particular, Landsat time series (LTS) are increasingly used to characterize outbreak dynamics, including the presence and severity of bark beetle-caused tree mortality, though broad-scale LTS-based maps are rarely informed by detailed field validation. Here we used spatial and temporal information from LTS products, in combination with extensive field data and Random Forest (RF) models, to develop 30-m maps of the presence (i.e., any occurrence) and severity (i.e., cumulative percent basal area mortality) of beetle-caused tree mortality 1997–2019 in subalpine forests throughout the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Using resultant maps, we also quantified spatial patterns of cumulative tree mortality throughout the region, an important yet poorly understood concept in beetle-affected forests. RF models using LTS products to predict presence and severity performed well, with 80.3% correctly classified (Kappa = 0.61) and R2 = 0.68 (RMSE = 17.3), respectively. We found that ≥10,256 km2 of subalpine forest area (39.5% of the study area) was affected by bark beetles and 19.3% of the study area experienced ≥70% tree mortality over the twenty-three year period. Variograms indicated that severity was autocorrelated at scales < 250 km. Interestingly, cumulative patch-size distributions showed that areas with a near-total loss of the overstory canopy (i.e., ≥90% mortality) were relatively small (<0.24 km2) and isolated throughout the study area. Our findings help to inform an understanding of the variable effects of bark beetle outbreaks across complex forested regions and provide insight into patterns of disturbance legacies, landscape connectivity, and susceptibility to future disturbance.
26
Quarrels, Jesse R., e Steven E. Newman. "PINE BARK LEVELS AND PARTICLE SIZE INFLUENCE THE ACTIVITY OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND UNICONAZOLE ON `FREEDOM' AND `GUTBIER' V-14 GLORY POINSETTIAS". HortScience 29, n. 7 (luglio 1994): 737b—737. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.737b.
Abstract (sommario):
A study was conducted to determine the effects of pine bark grind size and pine bark levels on the activity of two growth regulators on poinsettia Two bark grinds (≤ 6 mm and >10 mm) were used with four media combinations within each grind: vermiculite:bark:peat moss at 2:0:3, 2:1:2, 2:2:1, and 2:3:0 (by volume). Two growth regulators, paclobutrazol and uniconazole, were applied at 0, 0.125, and 0.250 mg/15 cm container in 250 ml water. Two poinsettia cultivars, `Freedom' and `Gutbier V-14 Glory', were planted September 2, 1993, pinched September 16, and growth regulators applied September 30. There were five single plant replications for each treatment. Stem length and bract area were effected by bark grind, bark level, growth regulator, and growth regulator rate. Plants treated with uniconazole had the shortest stems and the least bract area. Plants grown in the smaller grind and at higher bark levels were less effected. Plants treated with paclobutrazol had longer stems than those treated with uniconazole.
27
Inisa, Azura, Junaidi Junaidi e Adi Bhakti. "Analisis pendapatan pekebun kulit kayu manis (Cassiavera) di Kecamatan Bukit Kerman, Kabupaten Kerinci (studi kasus Desa Pengasi Lama)". e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 9, n. 3 (8 ottobre 2021): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v9i3.16522.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aimed to 1) To analyze the socio-economic characteristics of cinnamon bark (cassia vera) smallholders in Pengasi Lama Village, Bukit Kerman District, Kerinci Regency. 2) To analyze the effect of land area, number of plants, price, and production costs on the income of cinnamon bark (cassia vera) smallholders in Pengasi Lama Village, Bukit Kerman District, Kerinci Regency. The analytical method used in this research is a descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression formulation. Based on the socio-economic characteristics of cinnamon bark (cassia vera) planters in Pengasi Lama Village, it is dominated by planters with an average age of 31-38 years of productive age, with effective age the majority of respondents being male, namely 65 people. The intermediate level of education of Cinnamon bark (cassia vera) planters is 39 people, the average family burden is 2-3 people, and the average income is IDR 301,728,000. Based on the study results, it was shown that the variable land area had a negative and insignificant effect on the income of cinnamon bark (cassia vera) planters. In contrast, the variable number of plants, price, and production costs had a positive and significant effect on the income of cinnamon bark (cassia vera) smallholders in Pengasi Lama Village. Keywords: Land area, Production, Income.
28
Evans, Lance S., April Jan B. Young e Sr Joan Harnett. "Changes in scale and bark stem surface injuries and mortality rates of a saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) population in Tucson Mountain Park". Canadian Journal of Botany 83, n. 3 (1 marzo 2005): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-005.
Abstract (sommario):
Rates that stem surfaces of saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt & Rose) accumulate scale and bark injuries and the mortality rates of cacti were determined on a population of 1149 saguaro cacti in 50 field plots over the 9-year period of study (from 19931994 until 2002). Twenty-three percent of the saguaro population had few surface injuries throughout the 9-year period while 27% showed a marked increase in stem area with scale and bark injuries. Thirty percent of all cacti had more than 80% stem areas with combined scale and bark injuries on south-facing stem surfaces throughout the study period. Finally, 20.3% of the saguaro population died over the 9-year period, a rate of 2.3% per year. Thirty-three percent of all cacti that died by 2002 exhibited few surface injuries in 19931994 while 54% of the cacti that died over the period had more than 98% stem areas with combined scale and bark on south-facing stem surfaces in 19931994. In this manner, stem scale and bark injuries on south-facing surfaces were usually associated with the death of saguaros. The annual mortality rate of 2.3% appears high considering that this species may live for more than 200 years.Key words: saguaros, Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae, stem areas with scale and bark injuries, mortality rates.
29
Gartner, Barbara L. "SAPWOOD AND INNER BARK QUANTITIES IN RELATION TO LEAF AREA AND WOOD DENSITY IN DOUGLAS-FIR". IAWA Journal 23, n. 3 (2002): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000303.
Abstract (sommario):
The relationships between leaf area and sapwood and inner bark quantities (widths, areas, and volumes) were studied in an attempt to understand the design criteria for sapwood quantity in eighteen 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees with a wide range of leaf areas, sapwood areas, and dry masses of leaf, xylem, bark, and branch. Cumulative leaf area increased from the tip to the base of the crown, and then was constant; none of the other variables had the same distribution, and so whereas there were many significant correlations, none of the factors can be related to leaf area in a simple, causal manner. Leaf area /sapwood area was extremely variable from tree to tree at a given height, and within a tree from height to height. Sapwood width was relatively constant from the tip down the stem, supporting the hypothesis that sapwood quantity in this species is related to radial gas diffusion causing either a lethal buildup of CO2 or a lethal depletion of O2 at the sap/heart boundary. However, there was no significant correlation between leaf area and either total sapwood density (dry weight/green volume) or the average latewood density in the sapwood which were used as proxies for radial diffusion rate; further research on actual radial gas diffusion in green wood may be informative.
30
Prasetia, Hendra, Masayuki Sakakibara, Koichiro Sera e Jamie Stuart Laird. "Evaluation of the Total Mercury Weight Exposure Distribution Using Tree Bark Analysis in an Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010033.
Abstract (sommario):
It is well known that atmospheric mercury (Hg) contaminates air, water, soil, and living organisms, including trees. Therefore, tree bark can be used for the environmental assessment of atmospheric contamination because it absorbs heavy metals. This study aimed to establish a new biomonitoring for the assessment of atmospheric Hg pollution. Reporting on atmospheric Hg contamination in an artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area in North Gorontalo, Indonesia, we calculated the total weight of Hg (THg) and quantitatively measured the concentrations of Hg in the tree bark of Mangifera indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia catappa, and Lansium domesticum. The THg of Hg in the M. indica tree bark samples ranged from not detected (ND) to 74.6 μg dry weight (DW) per sample. The total Hg in the tree bark of S. aromaticum, T. catappa, and L. domesticum ranged from ND to 156.8, ND to 180, and ND to 63.4 μg DW, respectively. We concluded that topography significantly influences the accumulation of Hg together with local weather conditions. A mapped distribution of the THg suggested that the distribution of THg in the tree bark was not affected by the distance to the amalgamation site. Therefore, tree bark can be used as biomonitoring of atmospheric Hg contamination for the assessment of ASGM areas.
31
Konôpka, Bohdan, Jozef Pajtík, Vladimír Šebeň e Katarína Merganičová. "Modeling Bark Thickness and Bark Biomass on Stems of Four Broadleaved Tree Species". Plants 11, n. 9 (24 aprile 2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091148.
Abstract (sommario):
Considering the surface of individual tree compartments, it is obvious that the main portion of bark, i.e., the largest area and the greatest bulk mass, is located on the stem. We focused on basic bark properties, specifically thickness, surface area, biomass, and specific surface mass (expressed as dry weight per square unit) on stems of four broadleaved species: common aspen (Populus tremula L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.), and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Based on the previous work from mature forests, we hypothesize that bark properties of young trees are also species-specific and change along the stem profile. Thus, across the regions of Slovakia, we selected 27 forest stands composed of one of the target broadleaved species with ages up to 12 years. From the selected forests, 600 sample trees were felled and stem bark properties were determined by measuring bark thickness, weighing bark mass after its separation from the stem, and drying to achieve a constant weight. Since the bark originated from trees of varying stem diameters and from different places along the stem (sections from the stem base 0–50, 51–100, 101–150, 151–200, and 201–250 cm), we could create regression models of stem characteristics based on the two mentioned variables. Our results confirmed that bark thickness, thus also specific surface mass, increased with stem diameter and decreased with distance from the stem base. While common aspen had the thickest stem bark (4.5 mm on the stem base of the largest trees) the thinnest bark from the analyzed species was found for sycamore (nearly three times thinner than the bark of aspen). Since all four tree species are very attractive to large wild herbivores as forage, besides other uses, we might consider our bark mass models also in terms of estimating forage potential and quantity of bark mass consumed by the herbivory.
32
Kurihara, Junichi, e Toshikazu Yamana. "Detection of Apple Valsa Canker Based on Hyperspectral Imaging". Remote Sensing 14, n. 6 (15 marzo 2022): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061420.
Abstract (sommario):
Approximately half of the world’s apple production occurs in East Asia, where apple Valsa canker (AVC) is a prominent disease. This disease affects the bark of the tree, ultimately killing it and resulting in significant economic loss. Visual identification of the diseased area of the bark, particularly in the early stages, is extremely difficult. In this study, we conducted hyperspectral imaging of the trunks and branches of AVC-infected apple trees and revealed that the diseased area can be identified in the near-infrared reflectance, even when it is difficult to distinguish visually. A discriminant analysis using the Mahalanobis distance was performed on the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) obtained from the measured spectral reflectance. A diagnostic model for discriminating between the healthy and diseased areas was created using the threshold value of NDSI. An accuracy assessment of the diagnostic model presented the overall accuracy as >0.94 for the combinations of spectral bands at 660–690 nm and 720–760 nm. This simple diagnostic model can be applied to other tree bark canker diseases.
33
Pradana, Raja Wira, Febrianti Lestari e Susiana Susiana. "Kondisi dan pola pemanfaatan siput gonggong di Perairan Pulau Penyengat Kecamatan Tanjungpinang Kota, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia". Akuatikisle: Jurnal Akuakultur, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil 4, n. 2 (17 ottobre 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.akuatikisle.4.2.41-46.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aims to determine the conditions and patterns of utilization of snails in the Penyengat island waters, Riau Island, Indonesia. The method used was purposive sampling of 5 stations with 70 x 2 m quadratic transect for the density of the Gonggong Snail. The results found two types of snail bark species namely Laevistrombus turturella and Strombus urceus with a total density value of 0.114individual per m². The use of snail bark patterns in Penyengat Island waters, namely the size of the catch is medium to large, manual capture techniques (collected by hand), the catching area in the waters of the island is 100-200 m from the beach, the most catches found >100 individuals, season and time of catching snail barks at stinging island waters are not based on season, utilization and distribution of utilization. The snail bark resource is used for consumption and sold to collectors.
34
Leal, Sofia, Helena Pereira, Michael Grabner e Rupert Wimmer. "CLONAL AND SITE VARIATION OF VESSELS IN 7-YEAR-OLD EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS". IAWA Journal 24, n. 2 (2003): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000331.
Abstract (sommario):
Pith to bark variation of vessel anatomy was studied in 17 clones of 7-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees grown on two sites in Portugal. Vessels were measured by image analysis on transverse microsections cut from radial strips sampled at 25% tree height. The mean vessel area increased gradually from pith to bark, whereas the vessel frequency (number of vessels per unit area) decreased outwards from the innermost ring on and levelled off towards the bark. The proportion of vessels relative to other tissues remained constant across the radius. The vessel variables showed cyclic variations defined by minima (vessel area and proportion) or maxima (number of vessels). The effect of site and clone on vessel variability was significant. Clonal variation accounted for 30% and site explained 67% of the total variance of vessel proportion. At the least water stressed site, vessels appeared to be generally larger and occupied a greater proportion of total cross-sectional area.
35
Cruz, A. M. J., M. C. Freitas, T. G. Verburg, N. Canha e H. Th Wolterbeek. "Response of exposed bark and exposed lichen to an urban area". Proceedings in Radiochemistry 1, n. 1 (1 settembre 2011): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/rcpr.2011.0064.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe aim of this study is to understand emission sources of chemical elements using biomonitoring as a tool. The selected lichen and bark were respectively Parmotrema bangii and Criptomeria japonica, sampled in the pollution-free atmosphere of Azores (Sao Miguel island), Portugal, which were exposed in the courtyards of 22 basic schools of Lisbon. The exposure was from January to May 2008 and from June to October 2008 (designated through the text as winter and summer respectively). The chemical element concentrations were determined by INAA. Conductivity of the lichen samples was measured. Factor analysis (MCTTFA) was applied to winter/summer bark/lichen exposed datasets. As emission sources, soil with anthropogenic contamination, a Se source, traffic, industry, and a sea contribution, were identified. In lichens, a physiological source based on the conductivity values was found. The spatial study showed contribution of sources to specific school positioning. Conductivity values were high in summer in locations as international Lisbon airport and downtown. Lisbon is spatially influenced by marine air mass transportation. It is concluded that one air sampler in Lisbon might be enough to define the emission sources under which they are influenced.
36
Smith, W. R., R. M. Farrar Jr., P. A. Murphy, J. L. Yeiser, R. S. Meldahl e J. S. Kush. "Crown and basal area relationships of open-grown southern pines for modeling competition and growth". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, n. 3 (1 marzo 1992): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-044.
Abstract (sommario):
Data were collected on open-grown loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) and analyzed to provide predictive equations of crown width and maximum potential basal area growth for crown competition and growth and yield models. The measurements were taken on 115 open-grown loblolly pine trees and 76 shortleaf pines in southeastern Arkansas. The longleaf pine data consisted of 81 open-grown trees from southern Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. A circle and an ellipse were tested as geometric models of the vertically projected crown. No significant differences between the tree shapes were found based on analyses of length and azimuth of the largest crown diameter, and the circle was chosen as an appropriate model. This indicated that only the distance between trees, not their orientation to one another, need be included in models of crown competition based on crown contact. Predictive equations of mean crown width based on diameter at breast height were fitted for each species for use in models of crown competition. A Chapman–Richards growth rate function with an intercept term was fit to periodic annual inside-bark basal area growth based on initial inside-bark basal area to provide empirical estimates of maximum basal area growth rates for growth and yield modeling of the given species. Additionally, equations to predict double bark thickness as a function of diameter at breast height were fit for each species to facilitate the use of the equations with outside-bark measurements of diameter.
37
Grodzki, Wojciech, Jerzy R. Starzyk e Mieczysław Kosibowicz. "Impact of selected stand characteristics on the occurrence of the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the Beskid Żywiecki Mountains". Forest Research Papers 75, n. 2 (1 giugno 2014): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0015.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Recently, Norway spruce stands in Beskid Żywiecki (Western Carpathians) have been plagued by bark beetle outbreak affecting an extensive area over a large range of altitudes. Georeferenced data (2356 records) from 2009-2011 of the volume of felled spruces showing insect infestation in forest sub-compartments were analysed with respect to selected site and stand characteristics. The infestation intensity varied between individual parts of the examined area. Spruce mortality, recorded evenly across all slope expositions, was higher in the zones 800 m - 1000 m and above 1000 m than in the zone below 800 m. The infestation intensity increased slightly with spruce representation in the stands and was higher in stands older than 80 years. There was no clear correlation between spruce mortality and site quality. However, in areas with more diverse and fertile sites mortality was lower. In overall, the results obtained in this study are in line with previous knowledge on the subject, but patterns describing bark beetle preferences in infested areas appear to be less pronounced than those found in earlier publications. Risk assessment and current planning of forest protection measures in stands affected by bark beetle outbreaks should be based on the here described characteristics of spruce susceptibility to insect infection.
38
Konôpka, Bohdan, Vladimír Šebeň, Jozef Pajtík e Jiří Novák. "What have we learnt from the stand level estimates on stem bark browsing by large wild herbivores?" Central European Forestry Journal 69, n. 1 (1 marzo 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2023-0004.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Damage on forests by large wild herbivores, especially by red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) has been increasing in Central Europe including Slovakia. Therefore, we attempted to estimate the forage potential, i.e. potentially available bark for consumption by large wild herbivores and actually consumed bark of common rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and goat willow (Salix caprea L.). For these purposes, we measured basic tree characteristics and dimensions (length and width) of wounds due to bark browsing at 15 plots located in a young mixed forest stand (Javorníky Mts; Slovakia). Browsing was recorded separately for four stem sections: 0–50, 51–100, 101–150, and 151–200 cm measured from the ground level. Three stem bark browsing metrics were implemented: browsed bark area (cm2), browsed bark mass (g) and portion of browsed bark mass to total stem bark mass representing potential forage for game expressed in percent. We proved that while common rowan and goat willow were browsed in a great extent, nearly no damage occurred on stems of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.). Our estimates showed that the total forage potential of stem bark at common rowan and goat willow was about 13.4 kg per 100 m2 of a forest stand. We learnt from our estimates for instance that the total available stem bark at 100 m2 of our young mixed forest might suffice (if theoretically entire potential was exploited) for red deer, fallow deer (Dama dama L.) and mouflon (Ovis aries musimon L.) for one, two and nearly four weeks, respectively. At the same, that during four years, large wild herbivores browsed nearly 2.6 kg of bark per 100 m2 area, i.e. about 1/5 of the available potential on rowans and willows. It seems like common rowan and goat willow might generate important resources of forage for large wild herbivores and would be treated as a part of biological protection of target tree species against bark browsing.
39
Rahman, M. M., U. Adzkia, D. Nandika, I. Z. Siregar e L. Karlinasari. "Urban tree bark analysis for monitoring of air pollution level in Jakarta business district". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109, n. 1 (1 novembre 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012052.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Jakarta has become one of the cities with the highest air pollution levels among emerging countries. In urban areas such as Jakarta, trees on the roadside have the potential for biomonitoring due to significant pollutants sourced from the traffic. The bark provides information about air pollution due to its furrowed surface and collects atmospheric particle matter (PM). Therefore, the structure of the bark and surface pollutants of 20 rain trees (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.) in the four lots at Sudirman Central Business District (SCBD) Jakarta were assessed. The study aimed to evaluate of air condition in the SCBD area based on the analysis of the bark structure and concentrations of important pollutant elements of Pb (plumbum), Cd (cadmium), Cu (cuprum), Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), and Zn (zinc) on the bark. The results showed the bark thickness ranges from 3-9 mm with an average of 6.13 mm. The cuticula was gray-black in color, the phloem was brownish, and the cambium layer was very thin. Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn were detected based on the analysis of the elements. However, Cd was not found in all trees in these four lots. Furthermore, Mn is the dominant pollutant in all trees, more than 40 ppm or more than 69% of the total, followed by Cu, Zn, and Cr. Based on the result, pollutant analysis through accumulated matter on the bark have the potential to be used as biomonitoring in urban areas.
40
Lin, Ma, Feng Ri Li e Wei Wei Jia. "An Analysis on the Carbon Content Rate of Natural White Birch in Xiaoxinganling Mountain Area". Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (novembre 2011): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.580.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper applied dry combustion method to determinate the carbon content rates in different organs of natural white birch trees in xiaoxinganling mountain area and carried on the analysis and comparison. The results showed that: the average carbon content rates of leaves,branches,trunks and roots was 49.31 %,46.60,46.70%,45.67%,respectively.According to the average values, the sequence of carbon content rates in different organs from the maximum to the minimum was leaves,trunks,branches and roots. Additionally, in different layers of a tree, the sequence of carbon content rates in leaves from the maximum to the minimum was: the upper strata, the middle strata, the lower strata. The sequence of carbon content rates in branches was: the upper strata, the lower strata, the middle strata. The sequence of carbon content rates in trunks was: bark, sapwood, heartwood.The sequence of carbon content rates in roots was: level 2 root, level 1 root, level 3 root. Single tree average rate of carbon 46.49% Higher than 51.25% in northern China. Variance analysis showed that the differences of Bark and sapwood achieved significant level (p<0.05) as well as the differences of bark and heartwood, while the rest were not significant.
41
Wang, Yin-Tung, e Elise A. Konow. "415 Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Growth of Moth Orchid". HortScience 34, n. 3 (giugno 1999): 515D—515. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.515d.
Abstract (sommario):
Vegetatively propagated Phalaenopsis Atien Kaala `TSC 22' plants 10 cm in leaf spread were potted in a medium that consisted of either 100% fine grade Douglas fir bark or a mixture of 70% fir bark and 30% sphagnum peat. Plants were fertigated at each irrigation with 10N-13.1P-16.6K (10-30-20), 20N-2.2P-15.8K (20-5-19), 20N-8.6P-16.6K (20-20-20), or a 2N-0.4P-1.7K (2-1-2) liquid fertilizer at a common N rate of 200 mg•L-1. After 1 year in a greenhouse, plants grown in the bark/peat medium produced more leaves and had heavier fresh weights and larger total leaf areas than those in 100% bark. In the bark medium, the 20N-2.2P-15.8K fertilizer resulted in best plants, despite its low P concentration (22 mg•L-1). When grown in bark/peat, the two fertilizers (20N-2.2P-15.8K and 20N-8.6P-16.6K) containing urea as part of their N source (10% and 52%, respectively) resulted in plants with 40% to 50% heavier shoot fresh weight and 40% larger leaf area than the other fertilizers. With any given fertilizer, plants had similar root weights in both media. Media and fertilizers had limited or no effect on the concentrations of minerals in the second mature acropital leaves except P, the concentration of which nearly doubled in leaves of plants grown in 100% bark. Water extracts from the bark/peat medium had lower pH, higher EC, and elevated levels of NH4-N, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl, B, and Al than those from 100% bark. Exacts from the bark medium did not have detectable levels of NO3-N, whereas extracts from the bark/peat medium all had similar levels of NO3-N, regardless of which fertilizer was applied.
42
Lukášová, K., J. Holuša e Š. Grucmanová. "Reproductive performance and natural antagonists of univoltine population of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) at epidemic level: a study from Šumava Mountains, Central Europe". Beskydy 5, n. 2 (2012): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201205020153.
Abstract (sommario):
Population ofI. typographuswas studied in one locality with small-scale and short-term outbreak distant from large-scale and long-term outbreak area by several hundred meters. In total, ten spruce trees infested by the spruce bark beetle were examined. Always four stripes of bark (sample area) with the length equal to half the circumference of the trunk and the width of approximately 0.5 m were analyzed. The local spruce bark beetle population was characterized by high population density (1.5±1.2 entry holes per dm2), low number of eggs per female, and short maternal galleries. Relatively low reproductive success (0.8 female offspring per one mother beetle, percentage of surviving individuals varies between 1and 18 % was documented. The parasitism rate of living developmental stages of spruce bark beetle by larval parasitoids averaged 14 %. The level of infestation by pathogens and endoparasitoids in maternal beetles from their galleries was low. Highly likely, it is a result of short-term outbreak during which response of parasitoids was delayed in time.
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CHILAKHSAEVA, E. A., YU I. GNINENKO YU.I. e E. V. TSELIKH. "PARASITOIDS OF SMALL SPRUCE BARK BEETLE IPS AMITINUS (EICHHOFF, 1872) (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) AND ASSOCIATED XYLOPHAGES IN THE EMERGING INVASIVE AREA". Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii 129, n. 2024. T. 129. Vyp. 1. (7 aprile 2024): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0027-1403-bb-2024-129-1-24-30.
Abstract (sommario):
The list of parasitoids inhabit in the centers of mass reproduction of the allied bark beetle Ips amitinus (Eichh.) in the Tomsk Region is given. Parasitoids were reared from the branches cut in the upper parts of the crowns to the Siberian pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour., inhabited by the allied bark beetle. The branches were collected in the centers of its mass reproduction in the Tomsk region, in the invasive part of the range of this xylophagous allied bark beetle. In addition to Ips amitinus, the branches were inhabited by Pityogenes chalcographus (L.), Pityogenes conjunctus Rtt., Pissodes piniphilus (Hbst), and Monochamus saltuarius Gebler. In total, 11 species of xylophagous parasitoids inhabiting branches were found, including 5 parasitoids of the union bark beetle: Coeloides ungularis (Thomson.), Dinotiscus eupterus (Walker), Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka), Rhopalicus tutela (Walker), Roptrocerus xylophagoraum (Ratzeburg). Eubazus semirugosus (Nees), Spathius rubidus (Rossi), Eurytoma arctica Thomson, Tomicobia pityophthori (Bouček), Rhopalicus quadratus (Ratzeburg) were bred from the branches that dwelt Ips amitinus и Pityogenes chalcographus. Braconid Coeloides ungularis Thomson as the host of Ips amitinus is indicated for the rst time.
44
Sporek, Monika, Kazimierz Sporek, Zbigniew Ziembik, Ján Stebila, Martin Kučerka e Seng Hua Lee. "The Effect of Bark Stripping by Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on Biometric Parameters of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)". Applied Sciences 12, n. 19 (23 settembre 2022): 9573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199573.
Abstract (sommario):
Bark stripping by red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) is one of the most acute instances of damage wrought by these animals in a forest. Because of its location, bark stripping causes damage to the thickest and most valuable part of the tree trunk, which lowers the quality of the wood due to technical flaws. The research was conducted in 25 sampling sites of pine stands aged 35 years in a mixed, fresh forest habitat in south-western Poland. The study was aimed at assessing the influence of bark damage by deer on biometric parameters of pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.). The assessment involved the diameter at breast height, height, basal area and volume of the tree stands. The results revealed a strong deer-specific pressure on the analysed pine stands. The share of bark stripped trees ranged from 65% to 96%. The number of bark damage instances (NBDI) on a given tree was found to significantly affect its diameter at breast height. The strip-damaged trees had breast height diameters lower by 23% on average, and their mean height was lower by 8.7% as compared with the trees without damage. The mean reduction in basal area increments (G1.3) of the trees was identified at 39%. In a similar way to the diameter at breast height and the basal area, the losses in tree stand volume growth caused by deer stripping were significant and oscillated at 41%.
45
Niwa, Hideyuki, Guihang Dai, Midori Ogawa e Mahito Kamada. "Development of a Monitoring Method Using UAVs That Can Detect the Occurrence of Bark Stripping by Deer". Remote Sensing 15, n. 3 (21 gennaio 2023): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030644.
Abstract (sommario):
The occurrence of bark stripping associated with increased deer densities can severely damage forests. Identifying trends in bark stripping is crucial for forest management, but such data are often difficult to obtain through field surveys. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an efficient monitoring method using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can detect the occurrence of bark stripping and enable long-term monitoring. The area around the Ochiai Pass in Higashi-Iya Ochiai, Miyoshi City, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, was selected as the study area for the survey of Abies homolepis, which was found to be significantly bark-stripped by deer in the field. The location and root diameter of A. homolepis were measured, and the percentages of bark stripping and tree growth were visually determined. Simultaneously, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and visible light orthomosaic images were produced using a UAV. A canopy polygon of A. homolepis was created, and the average value of the NDVI within the polygon was calculated. Where the bark stripping rate at the root edge was greater than 75%, the number of “partially dead” and “dead” trees increased significantly, indicating that bark stripping by deer was the primary cause of the death of A. homolepis in Ochiai Pass. In addition, the mean value of the NDVI was significantly lower, with a bark stripping rate of 75% or higher, indicating that the NDVI of the canopy of A. homolepis can be used to estimate individuals with a high bark stripping rate at the root tips, that is, those with a high probability of mortality. Furthermore, by extrapolating the results of the tree-by-tree survey to the nontarget A. homolepis, we detected 46 (8%) A. homolepis with an average NDVI value of 0.8 or less (i.e., those with a bark stripping ratio of 75% or higher and a high probability of mortality). Therefore, the utilization of remote sensing technology via UAVs, as demonstrated in this study, proves to be a potent means for monitoring the incidence of bark stripping.
46
Hart, Sarah J., Tania Schoennagel, Thomas T. Veblen e Teresa B. Chapman. "Area burned in the western United States is unaffected by recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n. 14 (23 marzo 2015): 4375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424037112.
Abstract (sommario):
In the western United States, mountain pine beetles (MPBs) have killed pine trees across 71,000 km2 of forest since the mid-1990s, leading to widespread concern that abundant dead fuels may increase area burned and exacerbate fire behavior. Although stand-level fire behavior models suggest that bark beetle-induced tree mortality increases flammability of stands by changing canopy and forest floor fuels, the actual effect of an MPB outbreak on subsequent wildfire activity remains widely debated. To address this knowledge gap, we superimposed areas burned on areas infested by MPBs for the three peak years of wildfire activity since 2002 across the western United States. Here, we show that the observed effect of MPB infestation on the area burned in years of extreme fire appears negligible at broad spatial extents. Contrary to the expectation of increased wildfire activity in recently infested red-stage stands, we found no difference between observed area and expected area burned in red-stage or subsequent gray-stage stands during three peak years of wildfire activity, which account for 46% of area burned during the 2002–2013 period. Although MPB infestation and fire activity both independently increased in conjunction with recent warming, our results demonstrate that the annual area burned in the western United States has not increased in direct response to bark beetle activity. Therefore, policy discussions should focus on societal adaptation to the effects of recent increases in wildfire activity related to increased drought severity.
47
Reta, Getabalew, e Motuma Tolera. "Resin-Secretory Structures of Boswellianeglecta (Burseraceae) in Borana Administrative Zone, Southern Ethiopia". Berhan International Research Journal of Science and Humanities 3 (10 febbraio 2020): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.61593/dbu.birjsh.01.01.29.
Abstract (sommario):
Boswellia neglecta is a small tree that produces commercially important oleo-resin known as frankincense. This frankincense has been used for varied purposes, and it is a source of income for rural households in southern and south-eastern Ethiopia. Despite the long history of using this species, knowledge on bark anatomy and resin-secretory structures is lacking. In this study, anatomical description of the bark including network and distribution of resin secretory structures were determined; relationship between bark thickness, and axial resin canal characteristics with tree DBH of B. neglecta were assessed in dry deciduous woodlands Borana Administrative Zone, Ethiopia. Twenty-one sampled trees were raandomly selected for this study. The network of resin-secretory structure was investigated from tangential, radial and transversal sections of bark samples using light microscopy. The average density, diameter and total area of axial resin canals were determined from transversal sections of 42 bark samples. The results revealed that the inner bark axial and radial resin canals occurred and that they are interconnected by radial resin canals. Whereas, in the wood, there were no any resin secretory structures. On average, density of functional-axial resin canals is low, reaching 0.33 mm-2. Inner bark thickness linearly increases with tree diameter, but resin canal density was not varying across the inner bark. The total area of axial resin canals was highly significant (p<0.001) positively related to the DBH. The findings of the study will thus lead to new advances in our insights and knowledge on the resin secretory structures of B. neglecta. However, further research is required to introduce new tapping technology for a sustainable resin production.
48
Weslien, Jan. "The arthropod complex associated with Ips typograpfius (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae): species composition, phenology, and impact on bark beetle productivity". Entomologica Fennica 3, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1992): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83730.
Abstract (sommario):
The biology of forest arthropods associated with the bark beetle lps typographus and the impact of these associates on bark beetle productivity were investigated in the field. Arthropods were allowed access to spruce bolts for different lengths of time, 0, 1, 4, and 8 weeks, following onset of attack by lps typograplus, after which time the bolts were moved to a nonforested area and caged. Arthropods were collected as they emerged from the bolts in autumn and the following spring. At least 32 arthropod species were collected, of which 17 are known to feed on bark beetle brood. The longer the exposure period the more bark beetle enemies and the fewer lps typographus emerged. Natural enemies were estimated to have reduced bark beetle productivity by 83%. Arrival and emergence patterns and relative impact on bark beetle productivity of different species are discussed.
49
Isayeva, K. B. "Bioecological peculiarities and economic significance of large fruit bark beetle (Scolytus mali Bechstein, 1805) and fig bark beetle (Hypoborus ficus Erichson, 1836) in the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus (Azerbaijan)". Studia Biologica 15, n. 1 (2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1501.641.
Abstract (sommario):
Background. Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are major pests of wood-fruit trees, and infestations often accelerate tree death. Bark beetles are insects that are closely related to their host trees. According to the type of feeding they belong to xylophages [7]. They prefer weakened, sick or damaged trees. Thus, bark beeteles can more easily penetrate into trees affected by various natural phenomena (wind, storm, rain) or primary pests. They are hardly ever found in rotting trees. The research was carried out on the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus during the period 2013–2016. The great difference in the altitude in the study area results in a variety of natural conditions. This, in turn, leads to the richess of fauna and flora of the area. Thus, valuable fruit trees grow both in the forests and fruit farms of the study region. However, large numbers of fruit trees are attacked by bark beetles every year, which negatively affects the numbers and the quality of trees. Untimely processing of the trees leads to their drying and destruction. According to modern systematics, bark beetles belong to the Scolytinae (Latreille, 1804) subfamily of the Curculionidae (Latreille, 1802) family. There are about 6,000 species of bark beetles from 28 triba and 230 genera in the world [8]. These insects also cause serious damage in countries neighboring of Azerbaijan [1, 2, 9, 11 ]. Despite the fact that bark beetles are of great agricultural importance, they are not sufficiently studied in Azerbaijan. Materials and Methods.The material for research was collected and treated according to common entomological methods. The vegetative organs of various trees were cut and dissected to detect adult beetles, eggs and larvae of bark beetles. Identification of bark beetles was carried out according to keys. MBS-9 microscope was used to determine the morphological features of beetles. Results. As a results of the research, we analyzed 241 samples (237 adults and 4 pupae) of bark beetles collected in 7 districts of the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, of which 54 specimens belonged to Scolytus mali and 187 to Hypoborus ficus. Conclusion. Out of 30 species of bark beetles detected on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, 7 ones (Scolytus mali Bechst., S. amygdali Guer., S. fasciatus Rtt., S. rugulosus Ratz., Hypoborus ficus Er., Xyleborus dispar F., X. saxeseni Ratz.) were determined as fruit trees pests. Two of them (Scolytus mali and Hypoborus ficus) are widely distributed in the area and cause serious damage to fruit trees.
50
Stephenson, Steven L., Tanya M. Marbaniang, Pragati Gupta e Carlos Rojas. "Assemblages of corticolous myxomycetes associated with species of Pinus (Pinaceae) in four different regions of the world". Nova Hedwigia 111, n. 1 (1 agosto 2020): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0585.
Abstract (sommario):
Corticolous myxomycetes associated with four species of pine in different regions of the world were investigated. Samples of bark collected from 20 trees in each region were used to prepare 240 moist chamber cultures, which yielded 620 records of myxomycetes representing 34 species in 14 genera. Bark samples from shortleaf pine were the most productive, whereas bark samples from chir pine were the least productive. Analyses showed that bark characteristics and general weather/landscape variables had a minor effect on species richness and the number of records in each set. However, levels of metals in the bark and air temperature at the time of surveying may have been responsible for some of the taxonomic differences. All bark samples produced myxomycetes. Based on overall diversity, the datasets associated with both Caribbean and Monterrey pine were the least similar to those observed for other pine species, but some ecological variables showed extreme values in the geographical area where these bark samples were collected.