Articoli di riviste sul tema "Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund"

Climate change is already happening. In the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that about 72 million people will be displaced with 0.5-metre sea level rise if there is no investment in adaptation. In the case of a 2.0-metre rise, that number of people will be pushed to 187 million. IPCC also provides evidence on increased displacement and migration due to floods and droughts in many countries including Bangladesh. It has been reported “22% of households affected by tidal-surge floods and 16% of households that were affected by riverbank erosion moved to urban areas in Bangladesh”

Mutual fund is an investment instrument which assembles the savings of millions of small and retail investors into large capital formation. The fundamental objective behind investment in mutual fund is to earn good return with relatively low risk. Mutual fund is acting as an important investment alternatives for general investors. In Bangladesh, mutual fund was first introduced by Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB) in 1980. The main purpose of doing this research is to analyze the investors’ preference towards mutual fund and factors affecting the investors’ preference towards mutual fund. By using 5-point Likert scale in structured questionnaire, researchers have measured the factors affecting the attitude of investors towards mutual fund. Descriptive statistical tools like chi square test have been used for analyzing the data. It is found that, the demographical factors- gender, income and savings have significant influence on the investor’s attitude towards mutual funds investment. Investors prefer mutual fund as safety of life and return on investment. It is identified that, most of the investors are not satisfied with their investment. The study has suggested some important policy measures such as regulatory change, creating investors awareness, encouraging the private companies to raise fund through mutual fund.

Learning outcomes Upon completion of the case study discussions, successful students will be able to: discuss the challenges of green financing and provide solutions on how to address such challenges. Explore the different dimensions for structuring a green financing fund. Analyse the risks and suggest a mechanism for de-risking an investment fund. Case overview/synopsis Kenya Climate Venture was established in 2016 as an independent subsidiary of Kenya Climate Innovation Centre, with a seed capital of $5m from European development financing institutions Danida and UKAid and the fund raised another $5m in new capital in early 2020. Its remit was to invest in commercially viable enterprises in agribusiness, water, commercial forestry, renewable energy and waste management, largely targeting small and medium-sized enterprises. The case is exploring three themes; Theme1: Challenges of climate financing, Theme 2: Structuring a climate financing fund Theme 3: De-risking an investment fund. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

<p>Public Mutual fund (PMF) is an instrument for pooling the funds by issuing units to the investors and investing funds in the capital market to achieve their objectives. To invest in mutual funds is a complicated trade for investors as individual assets are belongs to verity of risks and they are dubious on return on investment. There are only 43 Mutual Funds are available to choose from where the investors can invest. To take the investment decision, the investors need to know which funds are performing better than others, gives more return, which fund is more risky etc. In this study the performance evaluation of public mutual funds carried out by considering fund age, fund size, fund return, fund dividend payout, fund price earnings ratio and fund net asset value (NAV). There are only eight PMFs are available in Bangladesh. For analysis purposes the study investigates 1999 to 2015 operations of PMF. Therefore, this study analyzes 128 a firm years, for measuring PMFs performance. The study reveals that fund size, fund return, fund dividend payout and P/E ratio has significant relation on fund performance. Whereas, fund age and fund NAV has insignificant relation on fund performance.</p>

Peoples are always intending to invest their savings for several security purposes, but the crucial matter of concern is that where they are investing. Thinking of such investment options, capital market is a superior alternative all the time. Panic due to lack of financial knowledge about that market acts as crucial parameter in becoming the people’s choice of investment. After went over a myriad of investment choices, mutual fund would be a secure platform to invest. The main purpose of this study is to get an overview about the financial literacy level of Bangladeshi investors who invest in mutual fund and trying to assess the implication of financial literacy on investment intension. Data were collected with the help of online survey method from primary sources on the basis of a well-structured questionnaire where convenient sampling is applicable due to focus on mutual fund investors. Respondents’ financial knowledge level is evaluated by asking eleven specific questions on varied financial concepts following the G20 survey of OECD and investment intention is measured by Ajzen’s conceptual and methodological framework. Based on the descriptive statistics, Correlation is used to analyze the collected primary data. Some significant findings are uncovered like Bangladeshi investors belong to low literacy level. Study also indicates a negligible inverse relationship between financial literacy level and investment intention of investors which in turn stimulate existing investors to recommend others to invest in mutual fund due to low literacy level. So it is profound that low literate investors can be a vital key to promote mutual fund and enrich financial market of Bangladesh.

This study aims at exploring time series data of economic growth indicator and foreign inflow of fund to Bangladesh to investigate the nature of impact of such fund inflows on economic growth. In this regard data has been collected from World Bank data base for a period ranging from 1976 to 2017. The analysis is conducted by using the ARDL approach. The study identified foreign direct investment as a crucial external factor for growth of Bangladeshi economy. But another two mentionable ways of fund inflow such as foreign aid and remittance are found to play negative role in this regard. Along with these findings, this study recommends that the competent authority of Bangladesh should focus on creating more investment friendly environment to attract and ensure continual of foreign investment. Additionally, the study also claims for proper action to ensure effective use of policy and rules to make the best use of foreign aid and ensure enhanced capital formation of the foreign remittance. IIUC Studies Vol.16, December 2019: 77-98

This paper examines the moderating effect of experience and size of fund towards socially responsible investment (SRI).A survey was conducted to get the responses of fund managers, and data were analysed using a multi-group approach of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).At intentional level, there was a significant moderating effect on the relationship between attitudes and caring ethical climate towards an intention to SRI among less experienced fund managers. There was a significant moderating effect on the relationship between subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards an intention to SRI among more experienced fund managers. There was also a significant moderating effect on the relationship between subjective norms and caring ethical climate towards an intention to SRI among small-sized fund managers. At behavioural level, there was a significant moderating effect on the relationship between moral intensity and SRI behaviour among less experienced fund managers. There was also a significant moderating effect on the relationship between moral intensity and caring ethical climate on SRI behaviour among bigger-sized fund managers. This paper conduits the literature gap by expanding the understanding on the moderating impact of experience and size of fund towards SRI, provides insights to policy makers in carrying out appropriate talent development strategies in accumulating the support of fund managers towards SRI-related initiatives in the capital market, and reveals the potential contribution of fund manager talent management in sustainable development through SRI. The paper offers vision on fund manager talent management to forefront the progress of SRI in emerging economies.

International climate finance is a crucial component of the response to climate change. This paper examines how national-level funding vehicles mobilize finance from international sources. Based on interviews with policymakers and various actors involved in the negotiation and design of four major early national climate funds, the Amazon Fund, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund, Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Facility, and the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund, this paper identifies design features of national climate funds and highlights the trade-offs that developing countries face in their pursuit of climate finance. These design features have significant bearing on the overall effectiveness of the funds themselves. The findings from this study suggest that developing countries seek to maximize control over the funds even though it means that the design features do not minimize costs, as efficiency-oriented perspectives would suggest. The experience of these early national climate funds could be instructive to those governments and stakeholders considering establishing their own national climate funds or improving features. Three policy lessons are noteworthy: the importance of demonstrating commitment to climate policy through transparent data and results, instilling robust fiduciary standards and safeguards, and the virtuous cycle mobilizing climate finance and acquiring a track record on climate programming.

The fund for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is globally limited and overstretched. Therefore, Nepal needs to go the extra mile in offering a competitive investment environment to attract FDI flows into Nepal’s hydropower development. It literally means that our investment policies and laws should be more competitive compared to that of other countries like Vietnam, Cambodia and Bangladesh etc.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11256HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014, JanuaryPage: 41-42

This paper explores the strategies and practices of capturing climate risk premia for venture capital (VC) fund managers and entrepreneurs in the private cleantech sector. It also examines the impact of the feed-in tariffs (FITs) policy on the management of cleantech investments. It is shown that a longer investment period, less investment capital in cleantech investment management strategies, and optimistic climate risk management practices will help investors to better capture climate risk premia. In fact, the FITs policy will give rise to VC fund managers and entrepreneurs having a positive view regarding the prospects of the cleantech sector, motivating them to make long-term investments. Furthermore, it is shown that the greater the impact of the FITs policy, the greater the climate risk premia to be captured. In addition, the captured climate risk premia are greater in weaker economic conditions and in times of increased uncertainty with regard to product demand.

The editorial on climate change and biodiversity published in over 220 health journals in September had two main demands: keep global temperature increases below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels to avoid catastrophic damage to health; and accept that this can be achieved only by rich countries making bigger cuts in greenhouse gas emissions and transferring substantial resources to the countries most vulnerable the effects of climate change.1 Neither demand was fully met at COP26 in Glasgow. The editorial was also aiming to make the voice of the health community more prominent in global discussions on climate change and environmental destruction. Some progress was made with this aim, but again not enough. Although the mantra of COP26 was “keep 1.5°C alive,” the pledges made by countries to reduce emissions are insufficient to keep the temperature rise to below 1.5°C. Before COP26, the United Nations estimated that current pledges will lead to an increase of 2.7°C, a level that would lead to devastating effects on health through extreme weather events, crop failure, water shortages, forced migration, conflict, and a rise in sea level that will mean the disappearance of some island countries.2 Even with the additional pledges made at COP26, temperatures are expected to rise well above 2°C.3 Christina Figueres, the head of the UN climate change convention in 2015 that achieved the Paris agreement, argues, however, that COP26 has made the aim of 1.5°C widely accepted, removing the aim of “below 2°C” that emerged in Paris.4 Countries are now required to review their pledges—called Nationally Declared Contributions (NDCs) in UN speak - every year rather than every five years as at present. There is, however, no system of enforcement, and countries often fail to meet the pledges they make. Promises are easy; implementation is hard. For the first time the final COP26 agreement mentioned fossil fuels, the source of most of the greenhouse gases.5 Countries agreed to accelerate “efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.” Countries like India and China that depend heavily on coal for their energy supply insisted on the word “phasedown” of coal rather than the original “phase out.”6 It is a small success to have coal and fossil fuels mentioned in the final agreement, but at the same time the weak wording is a sign of the absolute failure of the world to adequately address the crisis. The $100bn support for low income and other vulnerable countries, which was promised back in Paris, did not materialise in Glasgow. It is now expected by 2023, deepening antagonisms between rich and vulnerable countries over the inequity of the global response to phasing out fossil fuels. There was, however, a greater emphasis on the need for more adaptation funding, as the editorial in the journals requested. Countries and their people are recognising that climate change is here now not in the future. Vulnerable countries wanted a "Glasgow loss and damage facility," which would see funds passing from rich countries to vulnerable countries as compensation for the damage the rich countries have caused and continue to cause. Rich countries squashed this facility, greatly angering the vulnerable countries. The editorial in the health journals sought to connect the climate element of the environmental crisis with other damage to nature, including biodiversity loss, deforestation, harm to the oceans, and soil destruction. COP26 did see $20bn committed for forest protection, and more than 100 countries, including those with the largest forests, pledged to reverse deforestation by 2030 at the latest – though a similar pledge had already been made in 2014. Generally, however, broader damage to nature did not feature, which is partly because the UN process largely creates a separation between climate change, the focus of COP26, and biodiversity, which is being considered next year at a conference in China. Business featured prominently at COP26. If the world is to reach net-zero then business—like every other activity—will have to play its part. Many businesses have committed to reach net-zero and, perhaps more importantly, investors have discovered that there is money to be made from investing in genuinely green projects and money to be lost by investing in fossil fuels, which are rapidly becoming stranded assets. However, net zero pledges made by businesses have attracted considerable doubts – and many remain full of loop holes, including allowing for continued investment in fossil fuels - leading the climate activist Greta Thunberg to call the conference “a global north greenwash festival, a two-week long celebration of business as usual and blah blah blah.”7 In response, the UN Secretary General has committed to establishing a “greenwashing” watchdog.8 Health was more prominent in COP26 than in any previous COPs in that the WHO had a health pavilion for the first time and health had an hour-long session with ministers in the main part of the meeting. The health pavilion featured dozens of sessions, most of which are available online. Patricia Espinosa, the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, was expected to appear alongside the UK’s senior health minister at the health session in the main part of the meeting, but neither attended. The meeting did, however, feature two British ministers, representatives of Fiji and Egypt governments, a former British prime minister, a senior official from the US government, the chief executive of GSK, and others. The representative from Fiji said that in his region more people are already dying from climate change that any other cause, and the US representative told the audience that the US accounts for a quarter of all global emissions from health systems, which if they were a country would be the fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Most health systems currently have rising emissions.9 Fifty countries committed at COP26 to “take concrete steps towards creating climate-resilient health systems.”10 Argentina, Fiji, Malawi, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the US, and 39 others will achieve low-carbon, sustainable health systems, while Bangladesh, Ethiopia, the Maldives, the Netherlands, and 45 others have committed to enhance the climate resilience of their health systems. Nobody knows how to achieve net zero within a health system, but we do know that everything, including clinical practice, will have to change; about two thirds of the emissions come from suppliers, meaning that they too will have to reach net zero; and research and innovation will be essential. Funding for research on climate change and health has been small, but the UK minister announced a new fund for research on climate change and health. Despite greater attention to health, the word health appeared only once in the final document agreed at the meeting: "[countries,] when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on…the right to health.”5 John Kerry, the US climate envoy who was at the original earth summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and deeply involved in negotiating the agreement at the Paris COP, acknowledged that COP26 was never going to solve the climate crisis completely. But, he said, “Paris built the arena, Glasgow starts the race…When we leave Glasgow, our password will be implementation, follow-up and follow-up.”11 His words ring true for the health community. Restricting the rise in global temperature to 1.5°C is still possible with emergency action, and we must continue to emphasise the extreme danger to health from temperatures rising above 1.5°C and the great benefits to health that can result from countries decarbonising their economies. We must encourage countries to be bolder in cutting emissions, promoting adaptation, supporting vulnerable countries – and do more to hold them to account. We must also concentrate on implementation, particularly within health systems where we have most influence.

Mutual fund performance depends on many things, including the fund manager's skill. Investors must evaluate a manager's past performance, investment strategy, and market adaptability to make informed investment decisions. Remember that past performance does not guarantee future outcomes, and knowing the fund's strategy and manager's approach is crucial for investing. Mutual fund performance depends on fees. Investors should evaluate a fund's management fees, loads, and other charges to determine their influence on returns. Active vs. passive funds and fee transparency can also affect investment decisions. Fund size affects performance differently depending on kind and market. Larger funds may face style drift, liquidity concerns, and operational hazards notwithstanding economies of scale. Investors should carefully analyse a fund's characteristics, investment approach, and how its size may affect its goals. Mutual fund evaluation should also include manager expertise, costs, and historical performance. Investors must examine market dynamics and mutual funds' responses. Making informed investment selections requires understanding the macroeconomic climate, global events, and a fund's capacity to traverse changing market conditions. Investors should also match their investing goals and risk tolerance with the funds they buy, considering more than previous performance.The main goal of the research is toidentify &analyse factors which influence mutual fund performance in the context of manager Skill, fees, fund size, and market conditions.

Mutual funds are a type of collective investment scheme where a large number of small investors pool their savings together and entrust it to an asset manager, who manages the capital to maximize returns in exchange for a management fee. While mutual funds and other collective investment schemes are popular in developed markets, with assets under management (AUM) to GDP ratio of 62% globally, they are yet to gain popularity in Bangladesh, where AUM-to-GDP ratio stands at only 0.53%. However, mutual funds and asset management companies have been growing at high rates, with 37 closed-end and 42 open-end funds now in operation, and there is enormous potential for growth in the mutual fund industry in Bangladesh. Since mutual funds are a new product in the Bangladeshi market, a detailed study was performed in order to distinguish skilled asset managers from unskilled asset managers. In this study, &ldquo;skill&rdquo; has been defined as the ability to beat the broad-market DSEX index on after-fee basis, with the underlying logic that managers - all of whom charge a management fee - should at least be able to beat a passive investment in the broad DSEX. For purposes of the study, the weekly NAV at market value was of 76 mutual funds managed by 16 asset management companies (AMCs) were collected. The weekly returns for the DSEX and each fund under consideration were calculated separately. Four well-known measures were used to rank each mutual fund utilizing the weekly returns. The measures were Jensen&rsquo;s Alpha, the Sharpe Ratio, the Treynor Ratio and the Modigliani M2 Alpha ratio. For AMCs managing multiple funds, the measures were asset-weighted to calculate the measure for the AMC as a whole. Our findings illustrated that only 5 out of 16 AMCs managed to beat the DSEX index and earn an alpha over the benchmark. Our findings were in line with academic consensus which states that active management is a zero-sum game and that the majority of actively managed funds will underperform the index on an after-fee basis. Our recommendation is for AMCs to introduce passively-managed index funds which will at least keep up with the market return and minimize fees and trading costs.

For instance, climate change has become an overwhelming concern worldwide. One million deaths occur annually due to problems with climate change, making it the most dangerous nation in Asia, which makes this matter an international concern. This study examines the impact of climate change on immigration, food security, and healthcare. The governmental efforts towards countering climate change in Bangladesh: research Therefore, this report is able to contribute to the campaigns of Bangladesh in international forums against climate change. Climate change affects every country on Earth, and Bangladesh is struggling with it. This is due to the politics involved in the global climate negotiations as well as the extensive investment needed to push onward. Lastly, this study provides several solutions on how they can solve this big hazard in Bangladesh and around the world. Lastly, this study provides several solutions to solve this important risk for Bangladesh as well as the world at large.

The existence of Islamic financial institutions in marketing the product in the information era influences society's enthusiasm to get the investment choice alternative. Economic impact pandemic virus Covid 19 gives the opportunity of product Islamic capital market institute expand as one of the source acceptance of fund of society. This research aims to know the role of the Islamic capital market institute in improving the investment climate in the Indonesian Islamic finance industry. This Descriptive qualitative research was written pursuant to study literacy from various books and research journals related to Islamic economics and investment. Of inferential elite result that the Islamic capital market institute has a role in improving the investment climate at Indonesian Islamic finance in the form of amenity and choice alternative of the investment yield the rate of return mount. Observation of activity of institute financial technology by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan and BAPEPAM needed in observing the Islamic financial institution operational to guarantee the society fund security story; level inculcated at investment Islamic capital market institute products.

The existence of Islamic financial institutions in marketing products using financial technology affects public interest in obtaining alternative investment options. The economic impact of the Covid 19 virus pandemic provides an opportunity for sharia mutual fund products to develop as a source of receiving funds from the public. This study aims to determine the role of Islamic financial technology institutions in improving the investment climate in Indonesian Islamic finance. This qualitative descriptive study was written based on literacy studies from various books and research journals related to Islamic economics and investment. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that Islamic financial institutions that use financial technology have a role in improving the investment climate in Indonesian Islamic finance in the form of convenience and alternative investment options that result in increased returns. Supervision of the activities of sharia financial technology institutions by the Financial Services Authority and BAPEPAM is required in supervising the operations of sharia financial institutions to ensure the level of security of public funds invested in sharia mutual fund investment products.

The issue of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been receiving phenomenal attention from many governments. Bangladesh is not lagging behind from it. Economic development for the developing countries like Bangladesh is largely dependent on FDI. The major challenges for the host country are to ensure an eye-catching and conducive investment climate to foreign investors for FDI inflow. In recent years, Bangladesh has been devoting efforts for attracting FDI offering a lot of lucrative incentives and benefits. Though attempts taken to increase FDI inflow, the result achieved is not appreciable enough for Bangladesh. This paper will portray the FDI inflow since 1995 and finds out causes and reasons of low-inflow based on secondary data. It also finds out the impediments and highlighted prospects for FDI in Bangladesh and provides some recommendations for its enhancements. The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. IV, No. 1 (2007) pp. 47-61

<p>Stock market influences economic activity through the creation of liquidity of capital investment. Liquid stock markets make investment less risky and more investment. Stock market in Bangladesh is characterized by frequent changes in regulations, low market sizes-market capital &amp; turnover, lowest number of financial products, low contribution to national exchequer, influx of large number investors without relevant knowledge, and expertise. Besides, Bangladesh stock market experienced different problems-regulatory failure, unethical and ill objective oriented behavior of market participants, lack of due diligence, and manipulation. So, market cannot perform well. In view of this, the present study has been undertaken aiming at identifying determinants of stock market in Bangladesh. The study has collected data from the secondary sources and analyzed the data collected by applying some descriptive measures, and linear regression model. The study has found that the stock market of the country is characterized by different features such as low size, low liquidity, low depth, acute fund crisis and so on. The study has also found from linear regression analysis that all macro-economic variables such as CPI, Interest Rate, IR, and ER have significant impact on the stock market performance. Finally, the paper concludes with some pragmatic policy measures such as sound macroeconomic policy for monitoring interest rate and exchange rate movement.</p><p>Keywords : Stock Market, Liquidity, Performance, Macro-economy, and investment</p>

The study aims at examining the impact of investment in human resource development (HRD) on the financial performance of the banking sector of Bangladesh. Using the economic data as well as survey data collected from purposively selected 120 bank executives of 20 private commercial banks of Bangladesh. The study through regression models finds that there is a significant positive correlations between HRD investment (in salaries and allowances, provident fund and gratuity, bonus and incentives, staff welfare and training, workshop, and seminar) and financial performance of the sample banks. Though, training is one of the important HRD indicators, the lowest investment was made in this sector by the sample banks. The findings of the study may be useful for bankers, policymakers, HR professionals, and the stakeholders of all types of organizations regardless of the geographical boundary. Finally, further investigations on manufacturing and other service sectors through case study, focus groups, and longitudinal study are also suggested. IIUC Studies Vol.14(2) December 2017: 35-54

Using multiple regression analysis in this research paper, this is examined that these macroeconomic variables (Money Supply-M2, Inflation Rates and Exchange Rates) have significant relationships with the performance of mutual funds (represented by monthly return based on NAV) in Bangladesh. According to this project paper, money supply M2 has negative relationship with the performance of mutual funds in the financial market of Bangladesh. Because, higher level of money supply in the market weaken the monetary value of taka which makes the market more vulnerable. And this vulnerable market leads a negative impact on the whole financial market as well as mutual fund industry. Interest rates have positive relationship with the performance of mutual funds in the financial market of Bangladesh because higher level of interest rate increases the tendency of savings in the ultimate consumers and they try to consume less and save more. This savings is going to be invested in the capital market as well as in mutual fund industry which leads the market to a better position for the fund managers. Inflation rates have negative relationship with the performance of mutual funds in the financial market of Bangladesh as the higher level of inflation make the price of commodities higher and the monetary price of the taka lower. This tendency of making the less value of money, most of the investors want to withdraw their investment from the market which leads a downturn in the financial market as well as in the mutual fund industry. At the end, exchange rates have positive relationship with the performance of mutual funds as the higher level of exchange rate makes the Bangladeshi taka more powerful in the international market.

Both mitigation and adaptation require substantial investment. Since most of the climate vulnerable countries are from the developing part of the world, aid in any form helps them take action towards addressing the impact of climate change. This study investigated the largest seven donors of Bangladesh to analyse the flow of official development assistance (ODA) and the portion dedicated to climate change and related activities. A concurrent mixed method of inquiry was applied. Secondary quantitative data were collected from donors, organisations and the Government of Bangladesh, and a set of local experts was interviewed. This study has found that Bangladesh has invested about US$10 billion during the last 35 years in disaster-related risk and management, while the total aid amounts to around US$60 billion. Aid dedicated to climate change is very minimal compared to the total aid.

This article examines the sustainability of public debt in Bangladesh under alternative future scenarios based on simulation exercises for the period of FY2017 to FY2026. It adopts the debt-stabilizing primary balance approach (DPSBA) and International Monetary Fund/World Bank Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). The findings of the former indicate that Bangladesh will be able to service its increasing public debt as long as its economic growth rate remains higher than the real interest rate payable on debt. Public debt also appears to be sustainable according to variables tested under the DSF. However, findings indicate that Bangladesh has been and would continue allocating an increasing share of its revenue to external debt repayment, creating a trade-off with investment in growth-oriented sectors. JEL Classification: H63, H68, H69, H81, G28

Pension funds have become major targets for the incorporation of climate change into their investment decisions. Recently, divestment from carbon intensive companies or industries has been the object of a wave of campaigns directed at these institutional investors. This paper uses Foucault’s dispositive of security to investigate the decisions of one organization, the New York State Common Retirement Fund, which in 2021 divested from seven oil sands companies. Conceptualizing divestment within a security dispositive helps us build theory which understands divestment within existing security-oriented arrangements. It shows how changes build upon the existing dispositive, and that by looking to existing governing arrangements we can see elements that act as operators to change their direction and emphasis. In the case of pension fund divestment, risk is the operator that both sustains the investment function and also tilts the arrangement towards climate change. In these existing arrangements lay the ingredients for future social relations.

Bangladesh is one of the resource-scarce countries most vulnerable to climate-related disasters, particularly flood and cyclone. Based on the semi-structured in-depth interviews of 38 stakeholders and literature review, this study examined the public spending distribution process in DRR. This paper demonstrates how the processes of political economy- enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, and entrenchment occurs in the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) efforts of Department of Disaster Management (DDM), particularly the distribution of flood shelters. Enclosure occurs when DRR projects are allocated to less vulnerable areas or broaden the influence of dominant actors into the public spending. Exclusion happens when DRR efforts reduce vulnerable people‟s access to public funds or marginalize disadvantaged stakeholder in decision-making process. Encroachment occurs when the distribution of DRR projects and selection of location and issues increase the environmental hazards or lead to other forms of disaster risk. Entrenchment happens when DRR projects aggravate the injustice or increase the grabbing of resources by the elites and increase inequality a community. This research explored that exclusionary forms of fund distribution of DRR happen locally and nationally. DRR related distribution have encroached through DRR project distribution without discussing local needs. Most severely, DRR related unequal distribution have entrenched social class making the backward communities vulnerable to climate-related disasters. Influencing practitioners of DRR need to take necessary actions to eliminate the potential risks from the processes of enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, and entrenchment happens in DRR related project fund allocations.Keywords: Bangladesh, Disaster Risk Reduction, Fund Distribution, Political Economy

This article draws on ethnographic work carried out in London and Dhaka as part of a multisited project exploring the production of investment opportunities for (predominantly British) companies in Bangladesh. Focusing on the ready-made garments (RMG) sector in the run-up to, and in the wake of, the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse, I trace aid-funded attempts to improve Bangladesh’s investment climate and engagements with these initiatives by brokers seeking to “rebrand” Bangladesh as an investment destination and by RMG factory-owning businesspeople based in Dhaka. Writing against the “postcritical turn,” I suggest that responding to the explicit recognition by business elites of their own complicity in the exploitation of garment workers provides an entry point for a critical account of private sector development that enhances, not curtails, ethnographic understanding.

The aim of this article is to critically review and evaluate two ESG-based investment strategies—divestment and engagement for alignment of investment portfolios with climate change mitigation goals of the United Nations. The article compares both approaches in terms of their effectiveness of decarbonization, using the case study method. First, the case on fossil fuels divestment by Harvard Management Company is analysed. The second case study discusses shareholder engagement endeavors by Engine No. 1 hedge fund and its investment in ExxonMobil. The findings indicate that divestment may have non-immediate impact on corporate behavior and carries political and legal retribution risks. Engagement, on the other hand, presents itself as a more plausible option as it takes less time to deploy and, therefore, can produce more immediate and impactful results. Nevertheless, both divestment and engagement can play mutually supportive roles in addressing climate change by the investment industry.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how overall performance can help foster trust in financial institutions. While a climate of mistrust amongst investors and the general public toward financial institutions has developed since the recent turmoil in the financial markets, it is believed that mutual funds adopting the overall performance approach can help recover a climate of trust owing to the implied balance between economic, social and environmental performance. More specifically, overall performance promotes values that are similar to investors’ values and could be used by responsible investment funds if they want to contribute to the restoration of trust in investment funds. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an innovative, experimental design to test the effect of value similarity on the trust that investors have in the investment fund. This effect cannot be studied in isolation, which is why it is compared with the effects of financial performance and ethical labeling on trust. Findings The authors find that funds with similar values are perceived as more trustworthy by investors. Consequently, overall performance should be added to fund managers' toolbox if they want to foster trust in their fund. The effect of financial performance on trust applies only when the investor has no other information regarding the fund. As for the ethical labeling of funds, it has no effect on trust. Research limitations/implications The findings encourage research that aims to develop a comprehensive approach of integrated overall performance focusing on financial and extra-financial values. Bonnet et al.’s (2016) fieldwork on socio-economic management and Naro and Travaillé©’s (2016) work on management controllers provide promising examples in this regard. Practical implications Investment funds can acquire an edge by communicating on overall performance and specific values of their target investors. Merely labeling funds as ethical is not sufficient to increase trust. Social implications Increasing similarity in values to investors and adopting the overall performance approach in investment funds will increase investors' trust. Trust contributes to social capital and allows societies to create flexible large-scale businesses needed to be competitive in a global environment. Originality/value Using an innovative experimental methodology, this paper shows that the underlying factor of overall performance on trust in investment funds is value similarity. It provides researchers and practitioners with insight about the underlying mechanisms of the effect of overall performance on trust.

Population displacement by extreme weather events have long plagued Bangladesh, a low-lying disaster-prone river delta. The country experiences yearly displacement of approximately one million people and losses of about 1% of its gross domestic product due to cyclones, floods, and riverbank erosion. This study examines how the Bangladesh government has managed climate-induced displacement with a particular focus on socioeconomic development policies. We analyzed the country’s 1984 Land Reform Ordinance, the 2009 climate change strategy and action plan, the 1997 agricultural Khasland settlement policy, perspective plan for 2010–2021, poverty reduction strategy paper, and five-year plans to understand governance changes for displaced communities. We found that, overall, the central government implemented four main strategies. In the first strategy, Bangladesh resettled displaced people in cluster villages on public lands. Then, it provided life skills training (e.g., leadership, disaster preparedness, income generation) to rehabilitate the residents. The third strategy was to align resettlement efforts with local-level climate change adaptation and poverty reduction activities. Here, the central government and its seventeen departments collaborated with local councils to support resettled households under the social safety program. The fourth strategy was to diversify financial resources by obtaining more fund from donors and establishing its own financial mechanism. However, we also found that the decision-making and implementation process remained top-down without need assessment and community participation. This paper intends to offer insights on how similar challenged countries and regions may respond to climate displacement in the future.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the issues of environment and climate change policy gaps and their impacts on the natural resources and ecosystems in southwest coastal Bangladesh. The effects of the increasing human activities as well as natural disasters due to the environment and climate change are analysed. The policy options as a response to mitigation, adaptation and possible human suffering as consequences are explored through discourse analysis. Design/methodology/approach This study applied focus group discussions, workshop and field visits to collect the data and information to explore environment and climate change policy-related problems. Findings It was found that there is a need for major policy reform to guide development interventions to reverse salinity, waterlogging, migration and groundwater recharging problems for sustainable environmental and ecosystem management in the region. Originality/value The paper then underscores the need for governments at all levels to adequately fund geo-information-based development interventions as adequate and proactive responses to environmental management and development to combat future environmental and climate change problems in the region.

Climate governance has become a global issue, and it has proved difficult for any government to tackle this issue on its own. The role of civil society is most crucial, particularly in ensuring transparency and accountability in climate finance. Under certain international agreements, a huge amount of money is channeled in climate-vulnerable countries like Bangladesh through the climate financing mechanism. This is a tempting opportunity for a country routinely ranked first in the corruption index. This paper explores whether the growing involvement of various non-state actors in climate financing, under the dominant mechanism, creates a new ground for corruption together with the state actors. The paper aimed at helping ensure that climate finance decisions and actions are conducted with transparency, accountability, and integrity to prevent corruption and misuse of funds from undermining climate objectives. The main objective of the paper is to increase the capacity of stakeholders, particularly civil society, to contribute to the creation, implementation, and supervision of climate finance governance policies, with the participation of stakeholders, including government, fund managers, donors, Civil Society Organizations, non-governmental organizations, private sectors, and media analysis. Via content analysis, this study found that the Civil Society Organizations are getting caught up in the vicious circle of corruption in the climate finance sector in Bangladesh. Without having a separate mechanism for the Civil Society Organizations, there is little chance that their role will be positive in tackling corruption in this sector.

In recent years, environmental and sustainability issues have experienced great interest. Addressing climate change requires the implementation of initiatives that require meaningful upfront capital investment and the development of alternative financing models for projects or initiatives with an environmental objective. In this sense, impact investments are currently used to fund projects and activities that tackle environmental problems. This work discusses new and emerging approaches towards sustainable development by providing a brief overview of the environmental impact investment movement and by focusing on an analysis of the first environmental impact bond (EIB).

The article considers traditional and alternative (ecosystem) forms of use of forest resources on the lands of the forest fund. A variety of soil and climatic conditions, land categories and forest protection create prerequisites for various forms of forest management and the implementation of ecosystem projects in the country's forest fund. The necessity of a comprehensive economic assessment of forest resources in order to stimulate the development of new types of business and territories has been proved. Ecosystem services of the forest are proposed to be considered as the first priority in matters of economic evaluation of forest resources and payments for forest use. To organize the multifunctional use of forests, quantitative assessments of the potential of climate-oriented activities (forest climate projects) in regional forestry systems are required. In the context of federal districts, there is a significant differentiation in terms of the level of investment attractiveness of forest lands suitable for the implementation of forest climate projects for the creation of carbon sequestering plantations. Within the framework of such projects, it becomes possible not only to expand the reproduction of forest resources, including improving the condition and species composition of forests, but also to generate investment income in the form of carbon units produced on carbon markets. The southern and southeastern regions of the country have the greatest potential for the implementation of climate projects related to afforestation and reforestation.

The high need for financing in the future has caused Indonesia's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) level to stagnate, the ratio to GDP must remain under control, due to the increasingly limited financing capacity of SOEs. The gap between domestic funding capabilities and national infrastructure financing needs encourages governments to seek strong legal and institutional strategic partners through the establishment of Investment Management Institutions (LPI). This study aims to : 1) Describe the conditions of Indonesia's investment climate before the establishment of the Investment Management Institution (LPI); 2) Assessing expectations regarding the increase in Indonesia's investment ilkim after the establishment of the Investment Management Institution (LPI). This study uses a library research method with a normative research approach with qualitative analysis, which describes various arrangements regarding the investment climate in Indonesia before and after the existence of LPI. The finding is that the condition of Indonesia's investment climate before the establishment of the LPI was strongly influenced by the COVID-19 virus pandemic which caused our JCI to decline to below the 4000 level. The establishment of the Indonesia Investment Management Authority (LPI) or Indonesia Investment Authority (INA) is a new hope for efforts to increase investment in Indonesia. After the LPI was formed, it was followed by the formation of the Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF). Where this SWF has also been owned by developed countries, such as the United Arab Emirates, China, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Kuwait, and Qatar. It has been able to improve Indonesia's investment performance. It was noted that despite the Covid-19 pandemic, investment realization throughout 2020 reached IDR 826.3 trillion. This achievement is 1.1% higher than the investment target set at IDR 817.2 trillion.

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an integrative approach of increasing productivity, enhancing resilience, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The study addresses four research questions: (I) How many agro-region based climate change hot spots are there in Bangladesh with specific reference to CSA, (II) what are the contribution of practices and technologies of CSA? (III) How institutional involvement promoting CSA practices and technologies? A mixed method, i.e. literature review, discussion with experts, gathering information from the DAE, was employed to carry out the study. Results indicate that farmers have been practicing CSA at a smaller-scale and investment on knowledge, learning and capacity development is a key means for a full-scale CSA implementation. Findings illustrate that broad types of practices and technologies have been addressing three intertwined challenges: ensuring food security, impacts of climate change on agriculture and agriculture’s impact on climate change. The government’s project-based endeavor of implementing CSA marks that they have been pledged to defeat the climatic risks in agriculture. Active initiative for mainstreaming CSA into national policies and programs are inadequate.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(2): 29-37 2017

The aim of this article is to show in which way international financial institutions (IFIs) can contribute to climate protection projects. The principles of IFIs’ project cycles are explained in the context of the new blending tool. The cooperation with other donors stands in the centre of EU project funding and the notion of leveraging allows to quantify the cooperative effect among different donors. The bulk of this article describes the most relevant IFIs and national development banks with an international focus: Green Climate Fund (GCF), European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), French Development Agency (AFD), German Development Bank (KfW), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). For all these IFIs, descriptions are provided and their main fields of actions identified. The procedure of application (the “project cycle”) is illustrated and an overview of their strategies is given. Thus, this article seeks to provide practical guidance on how to cooperate with IFIs and to direct funds into substantially valid and responsible climate projects.

Investment can encourage the acceleration of a country's development. Foreign investment improve country's economy either with partial or complete control by the asset owner or depending on international agreements used in determining the scope of investment. However, several factors hinder the entry of foreign investment in Indonesia. To overcome this, government with parliament through Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation emphasise the legal politics of forming a quo law-oriented towards improving the investment climate in Indonesia, one of which is the establishment of the Indonesian Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) under the name Investment Management Institution or Lembaga Pengelola Investasi (LPI). The purpose of this study is to see how the government's political will in attracting foreign investment is through the establishment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation and the legitimacy of using the SWF model in the Investment Management Institute (LPI). This research uses a combination of juridical-normative and comparative case study methods. The juridical-normative method is carried out by identifying library materials. Through the comparative case study method, the research will analyse the formation and concept of SWF in India and Russia. This study found that, the LPI plays a vital role in infrastructure financing on national strategic projects and can encourage increasing national foreign exchange. Also, the exact source of institutional funds originates from foreign investors as in the Indian and Russian state mechanisms.

Considering the importance of political economy in implementing Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), this research investigates the significance of political economy in the distribution of DRR funding in Bangladesh. The study analysed data from self-reported surveys from 133 members of the sub-district level disaster management committee and government officials working with DRR. Employing the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method, we find that political economy factors explain 68% of the variance in funding allocations. We also show that four categories of political economy factors—power and authority, interest and incentives, institutions, and values and ideas—are significantly influential over the distribution of DRR funding across subdistricts of Bangladesh. Our findings offer important policy implications to reduce the potential risks surrounding political economy influences in fund allocation and advance climate finance literature.

The Paris Agreement has highlighted the worldwide significance of adaptation. Many investors are considering the effects of climate change and resource scarcity when making decisions. Even while the whole amount of the environmental harm caused by climate change is yet unknown, recent scientific evidence is more frightening, and many governments are taking substantial measures to avert a calamity. The financial innovations and mechanisms created to ease the transition to a low-carbon economy will have far-reaching effects on markets, firms, intermediaries, and investors. Although economists have been working on the subject for decades, financial-economics professionals have only recently become interested in climate change. There has been a growing body of empirical and theoretical contributions in recent years that analyse the influence of climate risks on investment decisions for firms, financial intermediaries, and national governments, as well as the pricing and hedging of climate change risks. This study seeks to establish the role of multilateral climate change financing in the developing world vis-à-vis challenges and opportunities for Africa. Five determinants of the multilateral climate fund were established and they are namely; Reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions, Enabling Environments, Poverty and development linkages, Private investment and Public climate finance.

Globally, disasters from natural and anthropogenic hazards or humanitarian crises can reverse development gains and weaken resilience. In recent years, some countries have made significant progress towards building resilience to disaster risks, including those driven by the climate crisis. Bangladesh is a leading example as it is well-known as one of the most vulnerable countries for its multifaceted hazard risks projected to intensity under climate change. Today, the scale of loss of human life from both rapid and slow-onset disasters (e.g. cyclone, flood and drought) is significantly lower than in the 1970s. This remarkable achievement was made possible by independence and the government�s proactive investment in development and societal changes through education, technologies and reduction in poverty and inequalities. However, the climate crisis is threatening these development and disaster risk reduction gains. In addition, disaster displacement is a major challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has unveiled both strengths and weaknesses in our societies. The article argues that disaster management plans need to adapt to the climate crisis and human displacement and reduce migrants� vulnerability while responding to infectious disease transmission.

Green Finance, alternatively Sustainable Finance, is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world now a day. This paper provides an outline of green financing status of Bangladesh, endows with a portrayal on the different sources of green finance available in Bangladesh, provides an insight into the green finance landscape in the country in general and represents the challenges and prospective for greening growth of Bangladesh towards achieving SDG14. Greening the economy involves improving environmental quality and combating climate change which poses political, economic and financial challenges. Major challenges are about financing climate protection and climate change adaptation and how we can fill the funding gap. The goal of SDG 14 is to prevent and reduce ocean pollution, promote sustainable management and protection of marine and coastal ecosystems. Green finance faces many challenges as such in achieving SDGs created a huge financial gap in Bangladesh. This requires the mobilization and use of a variety of financial sources, including domestic revenue, development assistance, private sector investment, and public-private partnerships. The global economic downturn, violent conflict in some countries, biodiversity loss, water, dry land, forest degradation, and climate change pose challenges to peace and prosperity. Due to lack of capacities of banks and financial institutions, the lack of a proper understanding of the risks and returns of green projects, and the underdeveloped equity and bond markets decelerating the expected growth of green projects in Bangladesh. Lack of coordination among the respective agencies, poor financial governance, and the absence of a national policy oversight body and mainstreaming green finance toward SDG14 are some of the key policy issues that Bangladesh needs to address and to promote green financing to achieve sustainable development goals (i.e. SDG14) for reinstallation of coastal and marine ecosystem.

The Social Development Foundation (SDF), a government-led organization, is implementing an Institutional Development Fund (IDF)/World Bank-supported Social Investment Programs Project (SIPP) in various villages in Bangladesh to improve the livelihoods and poverty reduction of marginalized people. The purpose of this study is to understand how to improve the livelihoods of the poor and extremely poor using SIPP support. This study follows a qualitative methodology using thematic methods such as a case study. The study shows that the majority of beneficiaries improve their livelihoods by receiving SIPP support. This study can be useful for government policy makers, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and social workers.

Forest climate projects have very strict criteria for successful verification, recognition, and these criteria are additionality, permanence and leakage control. The presence of these criteria creates serious problems for the effective implementation of forest climate projects on the lands of the forest fund, that is, where the forest exists and where it grows on its own. The article provides a quantitative assessment of the potential of project activities (forest climate projects) aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon sequestration in forests according to the forms of maintaining the state forest registry. To form the most general picture of areas suitable for the implementation of forest-climatic projects, we grouped forest and non-forest lands that are most suitable for project activities and allow implementing the principles of climate projects by types of project activities. As a result of the study, it was proved that climate projects designed for afforestation, organization of intact forest areas and reforestation have significant potential. It has been established that the diversity of conditions, land categories, and the protection of forests in the Russian Federation create prerequisites for the implementation of various climate projects and adaptation measures in the country's forest fund. The implementation of these additional targeted climate-oriented activities will ensure, in the long term, the low-carbon development of forestry in regional systems, which makes it possible to evaluate the prospects for implementation positively and creates conditions for the growth of their investment attractiveness.

This study aims to advance the understanding of and address the valley of death that is significantly widening in the clean energy domain due to its financing challenges. We conduct a case study on three new investment vehicles in the US energy sector (First Look Fund by Activate, Prime Impact Fund by Prime Coalition, and Aligned Climate Capital), which set their missions to contribute to bridging the valley of death in clean energy. While three cases focus on different technological development phases, they raise a consistent point that investment opportunities (and risks) are not assigned to the appropriate investors. We argue that current financial intermediaries have failed to effectively channel funding sources to entrepreneurs, as we evidence network fragmentation and information asymmetries among investor groups and companies. Therefore, we propose three intermediary functions that can facilitate intelligent and effective information flow among investors throughout the entire energy technology development cycle. Our findings highlight the emergence of collaborative platforms as critical pillars to address financing issues among new energy ventures.

ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. 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The international climate regime is in the process of negotiating a legally binding instrument concerning Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). The paper starts by exploring the complex web of decisions and advices that currently regulate REDD+ initiatives within the international climate regime. This is followed by an analysis of justice issues raised by non-state actors in the REDD+ international negotiations. The paper concludes by building on this analysis to identify some relevant considerations when seeking to design a just and legally binding REDD+ instrument. These considerations include: the impact of market- versus fund-based investment channels, the importance of defining a clear objective; the inclusion and role of international principles such as sovereignty, preventative action, common but differentiated responsibility, sustainable development, and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent; the appropriate design of REDD+ safeguards and the inclusion of grievance mechanisms within the instrument which provide guidance on resolving disputes associated with REDD+ investment.