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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 3 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

DiBacco, Claudio, Donald B. Humphrey, Leslie E. Nasmith e Colin D. Levings. "Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports". ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, n. 3 (2 settembre 2011): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr133.

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Abstract DiBacco, C., Humphrey, D. B., Nasmith, L. E., and Levings, C. D. 2012. Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 483–491. Ballast water is one of the primary transport vectors for the transfer and introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton (NIZ). Regulations require vessels from overseas to conduct mid-ocean exchange before discharging ballast in Canadian ports. Intracoastal vessels from nearby ports may be exempt from exchange, whereas intracoastal vessels from more distant ports are required to exchange. Zooplankton in the ballast water of transoceanic exchanged (TOE), intracoastal exchanged (ICE), and intracoastal unexchanged (ICU) vessels arriving at Canada's west (WC) and east (EC) coasts were examined. NIZ density, propagule pressure, taxon richness, and community composition were compared among the three shipping classes. The WC ports received greater densities of NIZ and had greater NIZ propagule pressure than EC ports. Within WC vessels, NIZ propagule pressure and density were significantly greater in ICU vessels. TOE vessels on the EC had the greatest NIZ propagule pressure and density. ICU vessels entering Vancouver ports represented the greatest invasion risk to Canadian waters. These vessels likely mediate secondary invasions by facilitating the transport of unexchanged ballast directly from ports previously invaded, whereas short ICU voyage duration enhances organism survivorship and vessels transport NIZ over natural dispersal barriers.

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Locke, A., D. M. Reid, H. C. van Leeuwen, W. G. Sprules e J. T. Carlton. "Ballast Wafer Exchange as a Means of Controlling Dispersal of Freshwater Organisms by Ships". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1993): 2086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-232.

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During May–December 1990 and March–May 1991, 546 foreign ocean-going vessels entered the Laurentian Great Lakes and upper St. Lawrence River, areas protected by the Great Lakes Ballast Water Control Guidelines. Between 88 and 94% of the vessels exchanged their ballast water with seawater as required by the guidelines. Living representatives of 11 invertebrate phyla were sampled from ballast tanks. Between 14 and 33% of ships that exchanged freshwater ballast in midocean carried living freshwater-tolerant zooplankton at the time of entry to the Seaway, although these included many taxa already found in the Great Lakes. Four freshwater-tolerant zooplankton species that were identified as living specimens in ballast water have apparently not been recorded from the Great Lakes. Voluntary ballast water controls reduced but did not eliminate the risk of species invasion, since some ships did not comply with the guidelines, and even ships that did exchange ballast water could introduce viable freshwater-tolerant organisms into the Great Lakes. About half of the ballast water carried into the Seaway by ocean-going vessels and lakers each year originates from the St. Lawrence River, portions of which are not yet protected by any ballast controls.

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Duggan, Ian C., Colin DA van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bailey, Philip T. Jenkins, Helene Limén e Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Invertebrates associated with residual ballast water and sediments of cargo-carrying ships entering the Great Lakes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, n. 11 (1 novembre 2005): 2463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-160.

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Most ships entering the Great Lakes carry cargo and declare “no-ballast-on board” (NOBOB) status. Approximately 250 of these vessels annually load Great Lakes’ ballast water when they offload inbound cargo and then discharge this water (which has now mixed with residual water previously present in the tanks) when they load outbound cargo. This procedure potentially allows nonindigenous species present in ballast residuals to invade the Great Lakes. We collected residual sediment, water, and associated organisms from 38 NOBOB ships entering the Great Lakes. We recorded seven established Great Lakes’ nonindigenous species, including some discovered since ballast water exchange was implemented. Occurrences of species not yet invaded indicate that this vector provides further opportunity for invasion. Collectively, NOBOB vessels appear to constitute a greater risk than ballasted vessels, as they make up a greater proportion of the traffic entering the lakes (~90%), and they do not undergo ballast exchange. Invertebrates in residual water appear to have a greater opportunity for discharge than those in sediments, although most in the water fraction have already invaded this system. Invertebrate numbers in residual freshwater ballast could be dramatically lowered if these vessels flushed with open-ocean water prior to entering the Great Lakes.

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Rahman, Sohanur. "Implementation of Ballast Water Management Plan in Ships Through Ballast Water Exchange System". Procedia Engineering 194 (2017): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.152.

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Gray, Derek K., e Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Diapausing zooplankton eggs remain viable despite exposure to open-ocean ballast water exchange: evidence from in situ exposure experiments". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, n. 2 (febbraio 2010): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-192.

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To reduce the transfer of nonindigenous species, regulations require transoceanic ships to exchange ballast with ocean water before discharging into the Great Lakes. Although ballast water exchange (BWE) is effective for live freshwater animals, laboratory experiments provide mixed results with regards to its impact on diapausing zooplankton eggs. We conducted an in situ test of the effectiveness of BWE for treating diapausing eggs in ballast sediments. Incubation chambers containing ballast sediment were placed in ballast tanks of cargo vessels transiting from North America to Europe. Each vessel had paired ballast tanks, one of which remained filled with Great Lakes water (control), while the second was exchanged with mid-ocean water. Laboratory viability tests were then conducted to compare viability of eggs recovered from sediments placed in both treatments, as well as identical sediments that remained at the laboratory in cold storage. No significant differences in egg viability were detected between treatments, but more species hatched from sediment that remained in cold storage. Results indicate that physical conditions in ballast tanks may affect egg viability, but saltwater exposure does not eliminate the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs. Strategies that minimize sediment accumulation in ballast tanks can reduce the risk of species introductions via diapausing eggs.

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Parsons, Michael G. "Considerations in the Design of the Primary Treatment for Ballast Systems". Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, n. 01 (1 gennaio 2003): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.49.

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Investigations are currently underway to establish effective primary and secondary ballast water treatment methods to minimize the potential for the introduction of additional nonindigenous aquatic species into the Great Lakes and other U.S. coastal waters. This treatment could be used in place of mid-ocean ballast exchange currently required by the U.S. Coast Guard for all vessels entering the Great Lakes in ballast from beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Primary and secondary treatment could provide environmental protection for both Ballast On Board (BOB) vessels, which are required to perform mid-ocean ballast exchange before entering the Great Lakes, and No Ballast On Board (NOBOB) vessels, which are currently exempt from any ballast exchange requirements. Primary treatment using some form of mechanical separation to 100 urn or 50 um followed by secondary treatment using 254 nm UV irradiation or some form of chemical treatment are currently leading candidates. Over the past six years, the Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project (GLBTDP) has undertaken the full-scale evaluation of 340 m3/h (1500 U.S. gpm) ballast water mechanical separation using an automatic backwashing screen filter, hydrocyclone, and automatic backwashing disk filter. This experience provides the basis for the investigation of various ballast system design issues that must be considered in the selection and design of the primary ballast water treatment. This investigation is based upon the ballast system of a typical Seaway size bulk carrier using port and starboard 2000 m3/h (8800 U.S. gpm) main ballast pumps. A discrete multicriterion optimization tradeoff study using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is also presented to illustrate a rational method for determining the best choice for primary ballast water treatment for such a Seaway size bulk carrier.

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Brickman, David. "Risk assessment model for dispersion of ballast water organisms in shelf seas". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2006): 2748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-158.

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The recommendation of mid-ocean exchange of ballast water has resulted in significant release of aquatic invasive species in shelf areas. This paper describes a semiquantitative risk assessment model developed for dispersion of ballast water organisms in shelf seas. The model simulates ballast water exchange as the release of tracer into the surface layer of a circulation model of the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine. Three metrics are proposed to describe the risk of invasion: (i) the time-integrated concentration at a given location (the cumulative exposure index); (ii) the time taken for organisms to reach a given area (the invasion time); and (iii) the onshelf average concentration. A risk equation is derived that computes the relative overall risk of invasion for exchange segments along vessel tracks. Model results confirm the choice of offshelf alternate ballast water exchange zone advised by Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Low risk segments tend to be adjacent to one another. A four- to eight-fold reduction in invasion risk is possible, although this is likely a lower bound because of the use of monthly mean velocity fields. The model can be run in an operational mode to provide real-time risk assessment for vessel ballast water exchange.

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MacIsaac, Hugh J., Thomas C. Robbins e Mark A. Lewis. "Modeling ships' ballast water as invasion threats to the Great Lakes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, n. 7 (1 luglio 2002): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-090.

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The spread of nonindigenous species (NIS) in aquatic ecosystems provides an opportunity to develop new perspectives on the invasion process. In this paper we review existing invasion models, most of which were developed to describe invasions of terrestrial habitats, and propose an alternative that explores long-distance invasions mediated by discharge of contaminated ballast water by ships inbound to the Great Lakes. Based on current knowledge of shipping traffic to the Great Lakes, our model predicts that mid-ocean exchange of ballast water lowers propagule delivery by approximately three to four orders of magnitude relative to unexchanged ballast water. Propagule pressure of individual ships that enter the Great Lakes loaded with cargo and that declare "no ballast on board" (NOBOB) is typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of vessels that exchange ballast. Because NOBOB vessels dominate (~90%) inbound traffic into the Great Lakes, these vessels collectively appear to pose the greatest risk of new introductions, even though their individual risks are low.

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Wilkins, Tim. "IMO adopts draft guidelines on ballast water exchange". Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, n. 11 (novembre 1997): 853–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(97)90034-5.

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Wilson, Wesley, Peter Chang, Stephan Verosto, Paisan Atsavapranee, David F. Reid e Philip T. Jenkins. "Computational and Experimental Analysis of Ballast Water Exchange". Naval Engineers Journal 118, n. 3 (luglio 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2006.tb00460.x.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

Kuo, Wen-Her, e 郭文和. "Sea green example—Energy-saving ballast water exchange and the Skysail". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37355952143941550589.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
輪機工程系
99
In this study, simulated in the laboratory to low energy consumption, safe, efficient, friendly environment is the theme of implementing the possibility of exchanging ballast water by the coloring, sea water, salt water and so on experimental measurements to obtain the data, by cross-matching analyze the feasibility of the experiment to be judged. The research design of ballast water exchange mode, ballast water through the observation of intake and outfall in the flow between the cases, and the experimental data show rates of ballast water displacement up to International Maritime Organization (IMO) by ballast water management standards required standard. Alternative experimental attempt to seek practical measure " Sky sail " as the driving force drag navigation, the most appropriate way of reducing energy consumption. In this study, the German Sky sail as the experimental axis, through a variety of shapes to explore the most vulnerable to the release of Sailing sails, in the study to the actual operation and the data obtained to be alignment, set Sailing on the best shape. Sailing through the most likely release was designed to streamline operations, reduce costs and to facilitate " Sky sail "promotional use.

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Murphy, Kathleen Ruth Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Naturally-occurring chemical tracers in seawater and their application to verifying mid-ocean ballast water exchange". 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40741.

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Recent regulation mandates that ships conduct mid ocean ballast water exchange (BWE) prior to discharging foreign ballast in territorial waters of Australia, the U.S. and elsewhere. The enforcement of ballast water exchange legislation is undermined, however, by a lack of sensitive and reliable methods for verifying compliance. One way to assess compliance is to compare the concentrations of chemical tracers in ballast tanks with their known distributions in the open ocean. In this work, dissolved organic matter and trace elements are investigated as potential tracers of mid-ocean ballast water exchange on commercial voyages in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are frequently used as tracers of water masses in bays and estuaries. Characterization of the underlying fluorescence spectra in seawater dissolved organic matter was performed using parallel factor analysis, allowing the identification of at least nine independently varying fluorescent components present in varying concentrations in the ocean and in ballast water. Two of the humic components were terrestrial in origin and their signals could be traced in the open ocean (Pacific and Atlantic) at levels of approximately 1.5% of riverine concentrations. One humic terrestrial component was sufficient for predicting the coastal vs. oceanic source of most ballast water samples, suggesting that single and dual channel fluorometers could be optimized for verifying ballast water exchange. Barium, manganese and phosphorus were also investigated as potential tracers. Measurements of Ba and P obtained via engine-cooling pipes on commercial vessels were consistent with previous oceanographic measurements. While Ba behaved conservatively in ballast water, concentrations of phosphorus fluctuated and Mn was removed in ballast tanks over time. Ba and P demonstrated considerable promise as ballast water tracers, exhibiting predictable concentrations in exchanged ballast tanks, given a priori knowledge of the ocean (Atlantic versus Pacific) in which BWE was performed.

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Libri sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

Gramling, Jessica. Ballast water and shipping patterns in Puget Sound: Considerations for siting of alternative ballast water exchange zones. Olympia, Wash: Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, 2000.

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Canada. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans. Effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange in controlling freshwater and coastal zooplankton in ballast water. Burlington, Ont: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1991.

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Judith, Pederson, e Balaban Mihai, a cura di. Ballast water exchange: Exploring the feasibility of alternate ballast water exchange zones in the North Atlantic : report from a workshop October 27 & 28, 2003, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Sea Grant College Program, 2004.

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M, Ruiz Gregory, Reid David Fulton e Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory., a cura di. Current state of understanding about the effectiveness of ballest water exchange (BWE) in reducing aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) introductions to the Great Lakes Basin and Chesapeake Bay, USA: Synthesis and analysis of existing information. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2007.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

Galil, Bella S., e Norbert Hülsmann. "The Biological Efficacy of Open Ocean Exchange — Implications for Ballast Water Management". In Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, 508–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_49.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ballast water exchange"

Sawkins, David, e Jenni Kakkonen. "Ballast Water Management: Policy to Sampling - the Orkney Experience". In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.011.

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Orkney Islands Council is the Statutory Harbour Authority for Scapa Flow – a 324.5km2 area of deep water and sheltered anchorage in the Orkney Islands, north of mainland Scotland, with a long history and present use by all types of shipping. This paper will provide a short introduction to the development of the IMO and EU Directive compliant Ballast Water Management Policy for Scapa Flow which was approved by the competent planning authority in December 2013. Scapa Flow is in an environmentally sensitive area, this along with best practice was taken into account when developing the Policy – which includes strict and enforceable requirements on vessels and the Harbour Authority with regards to operations, monitoring and reporting. Since its approval there have been thirty-three occasions where ballast water discharge into Scapa Flow (by various types of vessels) has been requested. The Policy requires that vessels requesting to discharge ballast water into Scapa Flow must exchange and treat (where a treatment system is fitted) on every visit to Scapa Flow (no exceptions or exemptions allowed). To date thirty-one vessels have carried out exchange and two have carried out exchange and treat – all as per the Policy. This paper will deal with the setting of an IMO compliant Ballast Water Policy through to practical application by a Statutory Harbour Authority for a period of three years from 2013 to present day – with examples of ship types, amounts, any restrictions imposed, checks and reports made. It will include – with input from the Harbour Authority’s Marine Environment Unit lead by Jenni Kakkonen –a review of the positive actions, problems, solutions and overall results obtained so far regarding taking ballast water samples from these vessels, analysing the same and recording of details. There is a continual review and reporting process with regards to the effectiveness of the Policy to the Orkney Marine Environment Protection Committee (comprising of all the relevant statutory advisors and interested groups). The paper will contain the Harbour Authority’s way ahead in order to remain compliant, maintain its knowledge base of new technologies and environmental reports – all with the continued aim of maintaining the environment and commercial sustainability of Scapa Flow as a leading port and harbour.

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Evans, Paul, e Emma Langley. "Practical Difficulties of Sampling Ballast Tanks - What Lessons Can Be Learned?" In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.003.

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The adoption of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) in 2004 (herewith the Convention) has sought to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in the ballast water and sediments of ships, threatening marine ecosystems worldwide. The Convention sets out the various requirements and the various steps vessels owners / operators and port States need to undertake in order to effectively manage ballast water and sediments. However, there are still open issues and uncertainty, including the scientific and practical challenges of sampling of ballast tanks and monitoring compliance with the Convention’s standards. In order to monitor compliance with the Convention’s standards, documented management practices can be inspected for appropriateness and inspection of vessel log books can give an indication that practices have been implemented. However, sampling is the most effective way to ensure compliance with standards set out in the Convention. To check compliance with the D-1 (exchange) standard, vessel log books should be inspected and sampling can be used to check for anomalies in the composition of the ballast water (e.g. salinity). D-1 compliance is intended as an interim step until treatment systems are more widely available – although, some ports may require exchange as well as treatment in the long term. Compliance with the D-2 (performance) standard following treatment of the ballast water requires the sampling of biological, chemical and physical parameters. Whether checking compliance to the D-1 or D-2 standards, there are significant sampling challenges. These include the logistics of gaining vessel access; having multiple sample methods available to suit ballast tank access restrictions; getting a representative sample; sample analyses; sample interpretation and; what to do if a sample fails? In addition to this, local requirements can present further challenges (e.g. small time windows for bacterial analysis). This paper will highlight the difficulties of sampling ballast tanks in practice, drawing from national and international experiences, and will also comment more broadly on the sampling process and governance – such as regional differences and the role of port State control. Drawing on protocols adopted by other states will help to facilitate a more efficient, consistent and organised implementation of the Convention to the shipping community worldwide.

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Arai, Makoto, Humberto S. Makiyama e Liang-Yee Cheng. "Numerical Simulation of Sloshing of Water in Ship Tanks During Sequential Ballast Water Exchange in Seaways". In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28261.

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In recent years, ballast water has been blamed for a variety of marine pollution problems, particularly for transporting harmful aquatic organisms from one part of the world to another and damaging the ecosystem of the new areas. A relatively simple mechanism to control this problem is to exchange ballast water on the high seas between ports in order to remove invasive species before the ship reaches its destination. However, some issues regarding ballast exchange on the open sea need to be addressed before this operation is introduced. One of them is the sloshing of the sea water in the ballast tank. In this paper, ballast water exchange on the open sea by means of the Sequential exchange method is simulated. Irregular seaways are generated from the ISSC spectrum, and the sloshing response of the water in the ballast tanks of a large merchant ship is numerically computed by using a finite difference code developed by the authors. The results showed that there is little possibility that severe sloshing presents a serious problem in regard to the ballast tank’s strength, especially in the case of a bulk carrier whose tanks are generally short in length, with sloshing anticipated only at the low water level.

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Chunhui, Li, Zhang Xuehui, Xiao Jianwei, Zhou Bo, Cheng Lei e Zhao Nan. "Research in Ballast Water Exchange for a Jack-Up Drilling Unit". In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77342.

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A new IMO Ballast Water Management Convention was adopted and came into force in 8th Sep. 2017. The IBWMC (International Ballast Water Convention) covered four major vessel types: Single/Double Hull Tanker, Bulk Carrier and Containership. Research in BWM (Ballast Water Management) of Jack-up Platform is rare. The Jack up was built prior to the date which Convention comes into force and was delivered after date, so BWM of the Jack up is focused on Ballast Water Exchange Plan, which should be approved by Flag State or by CLASS (if authorized by Flag State). In this paper, a sequential method is hosen to exchange ballast water, and calculation is carried out to ensure that the stability is maintained in whole process.

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McCluskey, D. K., A. E. Holdo̸ e R. K. Calay. "An Overview of Ballast Water Treatment Methods". In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71740.

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One of the greatest threats to the world’s oceans is the transfer and potential introduction of harmful organisms in environments to which they are not indigenous. Ballast water deposited by marine vessels has been identified as a key factor responsible for this transfer and introduction. The significance of transferral of species has led to diverse research and development into ballast water treatment methods. However, despite the number of ballast water management techniques in development, at present the exchange of ballast water in open oceans is the only management technique widely used. This paper provides an overview of Ballast Water Treatment techniques currently at a research or development stage. An assessment of the potential effectiveness of each method, its corrosion implications and economic cost are all presented together with preliminary recommendations and an outline of future work.

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Mecca, S., S. Morris e R. Barber. "Application of the MSB model to ballast water exchange in tidal embayments". In Coastal Processes 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cp110221.

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Han, G., C. McKenzie e M. He. "Dispersive Characteristics of Ballast Water Exchanges off Newfoundland: A Model-Based Study". In 10th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40990(324)54.

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