Tesi sul tema "Bali Island"

This thesis is about the continuing life of Balinese culture and traditions currently under threat from unregulated economic development, mass tourism, and migration. Critical to this study are considerations surrounding the control of land and its improvements, as well as the success and failure of urban planning within the sphere of cultural conservation. The thesis argues that ???State planning systems as imposed by the Indonesian government are inappropriate in the Balinese context.??? While this statement seems fairly straightforward on the surface, it involves a complex understanding of the forces mentioned above, of their interaction and their effects on local culture. This study adopts a hermeneutic approach to theory seeking greater depth of meaning rather than discovering new facts, and embodies three main strategies. The first explains the relationship between society and space using a cultural matrix derived from anthropologist E.T.Hall. The second strategy deploys qualitative research method using focus groups, and third, it uses in-depth personal surveys at physical sites. The thesis therefore reveals the eroding impacts of tourism on local culture. Focusing on territoriality, it embraces two contradicting sets of values represented in the traditional Balinese system of Adat, and those of the market-based system of the Indonesian State. Resulting conflicts are demonstrated through specific and generic case studies. Here, the dominant position of modern state planning establishes the legal foundation on which capitalist practices, the dominating role of private enterprise, corruption, and collusionary attitudes are nourished. While the role of the government in promoting tourism, and the economic significance of the industry are acknowledged, the study measures these against the costs of such advantages to the Balinese way of life. Overall, the thesis reflects upon ongoing territorial problems that have been experienced in Bali for more than forty years. It provides an in depth analysis of how state imposed planning systems are locked in critical conflict with the proven and functioning traditional Balinese Adat. Finally, the necessary features of future planning systems are proposed in order to revitalize local culture. Hence the thesis demonstrates that modern systems of planning are inappropriate to Balinese cultural conservation.

The use of melodic material sampled from pre-existing gamelan works for incorporation into newly created ones is a commonplace of Balinese musical practice. Borrowed material may be incorporated into a new work in its original form, with little or no significant melodic modification, but more frequently it is transformed in some way in the melding process. Both the nature and extent of this transformation tend to be conservative, however, such that the melodic origins of the sampled material remain apparent. The reasons for a conservative approach to the practice of melodic sampling can be traced to core social attitudes and practices intimately bound up with the traditional religious belief system of the Balinese people. At the heart of the association between creative musical and socioreligious practice is, on the one hand, an obligation on the part of every Balinese Hindu to venerate the common good of a cumulative ancestral heritage, yet in a way that both preserves and transforms it. Closely allied to this is an abiding aesthetic desire for balance and unity in all things, informed by fundamental religious precepts and the perception that not only the living Balinese, but also the spirits of their deceased forebears and the collective good associated with them participate actively in all daily undertakings in an encompassing past-in-present field of interaction that is both real and conceptual. Within this social/religious context, the nature and significance of the musical practice of melodic sampling and transformation in the creation of new gamelan works in Bali is discussed and analysed.

In writing a thesis it is difficult to do justice to the personal pleasures and intellectual experiences of six years. Although I anticipated that I would have to omit much of the data from my field work and delvings into library and museum collections, it was, in retrospect, difficult to limit the amount of material used when so much remains to be known about the culture and history of Bali. This dissertation is intended to break down some of the disciplinary divisions which have hampered a fuller appreciation of that culture and history.

In writing a thesis it is difficult to do justice to the personal pleasures and intellectual experiences of six years. Although I anticipated that I would have to omit much of the data from my field work and delvings into library and museum collections, it was, in retrospect, difficult to limit the amount of material used when so much remains to be known about the culture and history of Bali. This dissertation is intended to break down some of the disciplinary divisions which have hampered a fuller appreciation of that culture and history.

Land use and surface temperature were monitored from 1995 to 2013 to examine green space development in Bali using Landsat and ASTER imageries. Urban areas were formed by conversion of vegetation and paddy fields. Heat islands with surface temperature of over 29 ºC were found and influenced by urban area types. High priority, low priority and not a priority zones for green space were resulted by weighted overlay of LST, NDVI and urban area types.

Orientador: Etienne Ghislain Samain
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_JoaoMartinhode_D.pdf: 28651885 bytes, checksum: a3cb2d85eebf61c030b2d5f5e380178d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal delinear e esclarecer as inserções da antropóloga norte-americana Margaret Mead nos campos da Antropologia Visual e da Antropologia da Comunicação Visual. Através dos recursos da Reserva Técnica de Bolsa (FAPESP), foram adquiridas obras da autora pouco conhecidas no Brasil. A partir delas, levantamos todos os seus envolvimentos com o uso das imagens fotográficas e fílmicas. A consideração conjunta das principais reflexões escritas da referida antropóloga sobre o tema permitiu, então, diferenciar suas proposições programáticas (na forma de artigos) daquilo que efetivamente realizou, em termos visuais, ao longo de sua obra. Nesta última, selecionamos, para um exame mais detido, um trabalho fotográfico específico e analiticamente complexo ¿ Balinese Character (Bateson e Mead, 1942) ¿, no sentido de delimitar princípios metodológicos gerais, capazes de presidir à constituição de um discurso antropológico não ancorado exclusivamente na expressão escrita. Uma série paralela de fotografias, organizadas cuidadosamente na dupla perspectiva dada pelas expressões verbais e visuais, foi constituída de maneira a possibilitar uma reflexão efetiva em torno das questões tratadas no texto que ora apresentamos
Abstract: This work is about the relations between visual and verbal expressions in the anthropological discourse. The major focus is on the uses of the images (photographs) in the researches and publications of the anthropologist Margaret Mead (with her various partners: Gregory Bateson, Paul Byers, Ken Heyman and others). Sixty two verbal-visual compositions are presented to demonstrate the potentialities and the limitations of the verbal and visual expressions arranged side by side. The results show us that the propositions of Margaret Mead must be reconsidered in the light of the different uses of the images in her works. In this way, a part of the history of Visual Anthropology is delineated and indicates significatives possibilities of enrichment in this and in correlated fields of the humanities
Doutorado
Multimeios
Doutor em Multimeios

This study was designed to evaluate various sources of disease data to determine those diseases affecting livestock (cattle, chickens, goats and pigs) on the islands of Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. A retrospective study was conducted comparing data collected from eight Poskeswans (Animal Health Posts), the Provincial Government Livestock Service (PGLS), and two laboratories (the provincial Disease Investigation Centre (DIC) in Bali and a smaller type B laboratory in Lombok). An abattoir survey was undertaken to identify the subclinical and parasitic diseases of cattle and pigs. Farmers from two villages were interviewed to determine routine management and husbandry procedures adopted. The relative importance of diseases in each of the data sources was determined by calculating proportional disease rates. Parasitic infections (helminthiasis, fascioliasis and coccidiosis) were the most common diseases of cattle, diagnosed in 21.8% of animals examined by field veterinarians, 18.3% of all submissions to the DIC and 9.7% of specimens submitted to the type B laboratory. Over half (57.4%) of the cattle examined at the abattoir were infected with gastrointestinal parasites, and cattle infected with Fasciola spp. were 2.7 times more likely to be in poor body condition than non-infected animals. Gastrointestinal parasites were also identified as major diseases in pigs and goats being diagnosed in 26.3% and 69.1% of submissions to the DIC, respectively. Over half (55%) of pigs examined at the abattoir showed previous evidence of infection with Ascaris suum and 39.7% had current parasitic infections. Although parasitic diseases were frequently diagnosed in cattle, pigs and goats, infectious diseases, such as Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, were diagnosed more commonly in chickens. Similarly the diseases recorded by the PGLS were primarily infectious in nature, and included diseases with the potential for high morbidity and mortality such as haemorrhagic septicaemia, bovine ephemeral fever and Newcastle disease. These diseases were less frequently reported in the field than other clinical and subclinical diseases. Gastrointestinal parasitism was not included in the diseases reported by the PGLS. Diseases diagnosed by the DIG generally required more technical input, such as involving serology, microbiology or detection of histopathological changes, than those identified by the staff of the type B laboratory. Many of the diseases commonly diagnosed by the type B laboratory were based on the presenting clinical signs described by the submitter. Diagnoses made by field veterinarians primarily relied on the presenting clinical signs, and those made at the abattoir were made based on the presence of pathognomonic pathological lesions or the detection of parasites. The livestock management and husbandry practices adopted by farmers in a village in Bali were different to those from a village in Lombok. Farmers from Bali were more likely to adopt disease control procedures and use the service of veterinarians than farmers from Lombok. More farmers from Bali reported sick goats and pigs, while sick cattle and chickens were more common in Lombok. Most clinical signs recognised by farmers were non-specific and the specific diseases affecting livestock in the villages could not be identified. It is concluded that data which is currently available, and data which can be easily collected from abattoirs, can be used to study the epidemiology of livestock diseases in Indonesia; however the accuracy of the diagnoses and the biases in the data sources must be carefully evaluated. Inclusion of data on the population at risk and host characteristics would significantly improve the value of this data. Parasitic diseases were recognised as important problems of livestock in Bali and Lombok, and these diseases are likely to have a greater impact on the animals’ productivity than are infectious diseases.

Under traditional International relations theory, diplomacy relates to relations between sovereign nations. There have been two broad schools of thought on the dynamics behind these relations: the ‘realist’ school, which tends to consider power and conflict as the major lens through which such should be viewed, and the ‘idealist’ school which tended to focus on cooperation rather than conflict. Between these two extreme views, a third school, the English School of International Relations, also known as the British Institutionalists, provides somewhat of a compromise view, acknowledging the merit of both realism and idealism, by accepting that power remains an important element but also advocating that acceptance of common norms and institutions plays a significant role in determining relations, or the International Society between states. In 1977 Hedley Bull offered the following definition of International Society when he stated that International Society … exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. This thesis is not specifically related to International Relations theory, which deals with inter-state relations. Whilst inter-state conflict and international relations remain important drivers of foreign and military policy, there is a growing recognition that it is intra-state conflict avoidance and post-conflict reconstruction which increasingly mitigate the risk to the safety, security, peace and prosperity of nations and regions. Much of this disquiet has its roots in maladministration, poor governance and a lack of justice. These are areas in which traditional approaches to foreign intervention via trade, aid and military force have limited effect, and in which effective consent-based policing and justice can play a significant part in building sustainable and peaceful outcomes. This thesis discusses the role played by a non-traditional actor in the international arena, the police, specifically the Australian Federal Police (AFP), in addressing some of these intra-state justice and governance issues in a constantly changing, unstable and unpredictable global and regional environment. The thesis is intended to outline the diversity and versatility of AFP activities and to contextualise them in terms of non-traditional New Diplomacy. The aspects of diplomacy of most significance relate to diplomatic qualities or traits of the individual police officer, diplomatic behaviours of these members, and diplomatic outcomes of their activities. As such the thesis does not relate directly to International Relations theory or to International Society, as espoused by Hedley Bull. There are, however, some interesting intersections which are worthy of note. There are some critics of the English School who argue that it is Eurocentric. Today’s International Relations originated in the 19th century when a number of European nations formed a club of ‘civilised’ states bound by international law, which expanded around the globe to involve all nations. This concept has been used to explain the lack of imperative for a supra-state or world government to maintain orderly inter-state relations, as the force which binds them is consent to agree to common interest and values within a global rules-based order. In terms of policing on an international scale, global government is simply too unwieldy. There are a number of global, consent-based institutions such as the United Nations and INTERPOL, which fulfil this requirement to a certain extent. The AFP has had long involvement with both of these global institutions, as well as several regional policing institutions. In terms of conflict-oriented ‘realism’ and cooperative ‘idealism’, policing walks both sides of the street. As this thesis will discuss, the whole posture of liberal-democratic policing is conflict prevention, and the means by which such police carry out their daily duties is by cooperation. This is the context in which replication or expansion of International Society should be considered in relation to the activities of the AFP internationally and regionally. This thesis is by definition Eurocentric, or more specifically Anglo-centric, due to the historical fact that the AFP draws all of its principles from Australia’s British antecedents and adheres to a largely ‘western’ or European notion of human rights values. This thesis explores the role of the AFP as an international actor. The thesis asserts that effective international policing has never been more important in linking the international with the domestic. The way the AFP operates in a landscape where traditional policing paradigms are rapidly changing, due to ever-changing, political, diplomatic, and transnational issues, is examined in the context of the ‘globalisation paradox’, of both needing and fearing, global governance simultaneously, as raised by Anne-Marie Slaughter in her book, A New World Order. The way the organisation has evolved from its origins, based on Western liberal-democratic policing values, approaches and skills, to an organisation involved in international policing and diplomacy at the highest levels, while still retaining its liberal-democratic credentials is explained. It is argued that in the contemporary international and Australian context, the AFP is an effective and experienced agency. It is further argued that this is a distinctive form of new diplomacy, appropriate to an increasingly globalised world. The AFP has established an extensive international network in more than 30 countries, has been a consistent contributor to national security, has participated in numerous international deployments over half a century, and continues to play a meaningful role in Australian foreign policy efforts. The thesis provides evidence to show how AFP officers exhibit diplomatic qualities similar to those listed by Daryl Copeland in his book Guerrilla Diplomacy , as well as those mentioned by Christopher Meyer in his book Getting Our Way. In all of its international endeavours, AFP members have demonstrated, in varying degrees, the three enduring elements of diplomacy as outlined by Jonsson and Hall in their book The Essence of Diplomacy. They have communicated and negotiated in some very challenging circumstances and they are representatives of the Australian Government and its humanitarian values. The AFP, as part of broader efforts with institutions such as the UN, have not so much sought a replication of international society, as mentioned by Jonsson and Hall, but have provided a supplement to international society, by effective networking, thereby addressing in large part, Slaughter’s ‘globalisation paradox’. It is not so much universal police homogeneity which is sought by such endeavours, as a balance between it, and the heterogeneity which is inevitably associated with cultures transitioning from custom and tradition, to 21st century expectations of nationhood. The way the AFP’s transnational operations, activities, and deployments, not only serve perceived national interests, but result in more effective regional governance, is identified as ‘diplomacy by default’, because formal Track I diplomacy is not their primary objective. It will be demonstrated how international diplomacy, while generally conducted with perceived national interests as its primary goal, has a secondary benefit, good international citizenship, and that the AFP has a credible history of serving both. It is argued that the AFP is well positioned within government, law and intelligence and security circles, in the Australian and international contexts, through an extensive liaison officer network in South-East Asia, the South-West Pacific as well as more broadly. It will be demonstrated how the AFP has shown itself as capable and ready to respond effectively to extant and emerging challenges, and as such, has earned a place in foreign policy discussions and considerations at the highest diplomatic levels, including the UN. The AFP provides a distinctive and direct link between the global, the regional, and the domestic, which matches the rapidly globalised community it represents. The thesis confirms that international policing acts as a distinctive aspect of Australian ‘firm’ diplomacy, and supplements the more traditional elements of international engagement, between the ‘soft’ or traditional diplomacy, and the ‘hard’ form of military intervention. The evidence provided shows how it is by this form of whole-of-government activity, inclusive of policing, that stability and security are enhanced, and peace and prosperity are encouraged. Overall, the thesis affirms the AFP as a transnational agency, which is well placed to link the international with the domestic, the contextual with the aspirational, and the theoretical with the practical, in a period of strategic uncertainty in international affairs at the dawn of the Third Millennium.

In eastern Australia, the New England Fold Belt (NEFB) comprises an ancient convergent margin that was active from the Paleozoic until the late Mesozoic. Considerable effort has been expended in understanding the development of this margin over the past twenty years. However, proposed tectonic models for the orogen have either been too broad, ignoring contradictory local evidence, or too locally specific without paying attention to the 'big picture'. The research presented in this work addresses the issue of appropriate scale and depth of geological detail by studying the NEFB at the terrane-scale. Using one succession, the Silverwood Group of southeast Queensland, this work demonstrates that detailed sedimentological studies and basin analysis at the terrane-scale can help to refine hypotheses regarding the tectonic evolution of the NEFB. The Silverwood Group (Keinjan terrane), located approximately 140 km southwest of Brisbane, Australia, is a succession of arc-related basins that developed within an ancient intraoceanic island-arc during the mid-Cambrian to Late Devonian. From the base of the succession, the group consists of five formations totalling -9700 m. These include the Risdon Stud Formation (2500 m), Connolly Volcanics (2400 m), Bald Hill Formation (2450 m), Ormoral Volcanics (600 m) and the Bromley Hills Formation (1700 m). The Long Mountain Breccia Member (300m) is a separate unit which forms the lower part of the Bromley Hills Formation. The entire succession has been thrust west over the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Texas beds. Elsewhere, the Silverwood Group is unconformably overlain by and faulted against Early to Late Permian units including the Rokeby beds, Wallaby beds, Tunnel beds, Fitz Creek beds, Eight Mile Creek beds, Rhyolite Range beds and Condamine beds. Of these Permian units, all but the Condamine beds form part of the Wildash Succession. To the west, southwest and south, the Silverwood Group is intruded by the Late Triassic Herries and Stanthorpe Adamellites. All of these sequences and the two plutonic intrusives are unconformably overlain by the Jurassic sediments of the Marburg Sandstone. The Silverwood Group and Texas beds consist of various lithologies including grey, purple- grey, green and green-grey volcaniclastic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones or mudstones, massive and laminated chert, polymict or monomict breccias, muddy breccias, muddy sandstones, and volcanic rocks. Volcanic rocks include various tholeiitic metabasites, dolerite, meta-andesites and infrequent metadacite. In the Silverwood Group, these volcanic rocks are often accompanied by mafic pyroclastic rocks (e.g. peperite and hyaloclastite). Facies analyses of these lithologies has led to the recognition of 19 deep-marine turbiditic and volcanic/volcaniclastic facies that were deposited by three main processes: i) gravity-flow processes (e.g. low- and high-density volcaniclastic turbidites and mass-flows), ii) chemical/biological processes (siliceous oozes- chert) and iii) direct initiation by volcanic processes (e.g. flows, hypabyssal intrusions and associated pyroclastic facies). For the Silverwood Group, the defined facies occur in distinct vertical associations that form recognisable 3rd and 4th-order architectural elements such as channel, levee, suprafan lobe, outer-fan, basin plain, mass transport complex, volcanic flows, syn-sedimentary sills and syn-sedimentary emergent cryptodomes. These architectural elements are represented in a series of deep-marine depositional environments including slope, shelf-edge failure, submarine-fan and subaqueous basaltic volcanoes. The Risdon Stud Formation and parts of the Connolly Volcanics were deposited along a 'normal' clastic or mud, mud/sand-rich and/or sand/mud-rich slope. Both upper and lower slope environments are represented and in both formations, the slope is speculated to have faced eastwards and prograded away from an active arc located west. Sediments from both successions accumulated at palaeodepths of 1200 to 2000 m. Although sediments from the upper part of the Bald Hill Formation were also deposited on a slope, these sequences have subsequently collapsed into the depocentre to form extensive slump deposits accompanied by olistoliths of older arc crust. The lower part of the Bald Hill Formation formed by similar processes, although the failure was far more extensive (>20 km along strike). This latter part of the formation is interpreted to be a major shelf-edge failure succession. Upper parts of the Bald Hill Formation also accumulated at palaeodepths of 1200 to 2000 m, but the deposition of these sediments occurred farthest from the shelf and at the greatest depth compared to the Risdon Stud Formation and Connolly Volcanics. Lower parts of the Bald Hill Formation were deposited at palaeodepths of approximately 1700 m. Subaqueous basaltic volcanoes are prominent in the Connolly Volcanics, Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics. In the Bald Hill Formation, igneous rocks were emplaced into the shelf-edge failure succession as a series of syn-sedimentary sills and cryptodomes. These high-level hypabyssal rocks occasionally became emergent above the sediment-water interface, whereupon they were partially resedimented. In some parts of the Bald Hill Formation, the hypabyssal intrusions were blanketed by basin plain deposits that are contemporaneous with the slumps and olistoliths in the upper part of the formation. The intrusive rocks were emplaced at 1700 m palaeodepth. Unlike the Bald Hill Formation, the Ormoral Volcanics and lower parts of the Connolly Volcanics form thick accumulations of extrusive volcanic and pyroclastic rocks that built a significant volcanic pile. Volcanic and pyroclastic facies within these successions were deposited proximal to their source (0-10 km of vent). Extrusive rocks within the Ormoral Volcanics are thought to be derived from intrabasinal fissure-vents located at palaeodepths of 1700 to 3100 m. Igneous rocks from the Connolly Volcanics, Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics have the petrological and geochemical characteristics of back-arc basin basalts (BAB) that were sourced from undepleted to slightly enriched Fertile MORB Mantle-wedge (FMM). The FMM material was variably enriched in trace elements by fluids derived from the subducting slab prior to emplacement of the igneous rocks. Immediately following emplacement, these rocks were hydrothermally metamorphosed under conditions of low-pressure and transitional low to high-temperature (200-300 °C). By contrast, igneous rocks within the Texas beds lack enrichment in subduction components and are characteristic of N-MORB. The Bromley Hills Formation is a sand-rich point-source submarine fan deposited at palaeodepths of 500 to 2000 m. The fan was initiated by a mass transport complex resulting from subaerial collapse of a basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano. The submarine fan is characterised by two repetitive stages of retrogressive sedimentation during which channel-levee elements (inner-fan channels) are overlain by suprafan lobe elements (mid-fan) and then by outer-fan deposits as sea-level rises within the depocentre. Both inner-fan channels and suprafan lobes show centralised stacking patterns with limited lateral migration that indicate the depocentre was laterally restricted during sedimentation (e.g. submarine ridges). The Bromley Hills Formation exhibits all the characteristics typical of an active margin fan that formed by a combination of tectonic stage initiation followed by eustatically controlled regressive deposition. Volcaniclastic sediments of the Silverwood Group range in composition from lithic to lithic- feldspathic wackes and arenites, although they are mainly lithic or feldspathic-lithic wackes and arenites. Many samples are tuffaceous (25-75% pyroclasts), particularly those from the Connolly Volcanics, Ormoral Volcanics and Bromley Hills Formation. Samples in the Bald Hills Formation and Texas beds can be classified as quartz-rich. The majority of the Silverwood Group was sourced from an undissected intraoceanic island-arc, although sediments within the Bald Hill Formation exhibit a provenance that is characteristic of uplift within the arc (recorded as a 'strike-slip continental arc' model). Epiclastic sediments from the Texas beds were sourced from a transitional to dissected continental arc. Formations of the Silverwood Group were mostly deposited in a series of intra-arc basins within an ancient intra-oceanic island arc, although the lowermost formation developed in a marginal basin (Risdon Stud Formation). All of the basins were located east of the active arc (behind the arc), keeping in mind the present location of the Group relative to the Texas-Coffs Harbour megafold. The entire succession formed during four-phases of arc-related basin development that coincide with major changes in the strain regime of the arc. From the base of the succession, these changes are: I) mid Cambrian to late Silurian marginal basin sedimentation- relative compression within the arc (Risdon Stud Formation), II) late Silurian to Early Devonian intra-arc rifting- relative extension within the arc (Connolly Volcanics), Ill) Early to early Middle Devonian basin collapse followed by intra-arc rifting- relative extension to compression (Bald Hill Formation and Ormoral Volcanics) and IV) early Middle to Late Devonian intra-arc submarine fan sedimentation- relative compression (Bromley Hills Formation). Comparing the Silverwood Group against equivalent terranes of Cambrian to Devonian age within the New England Fold Belt (NEFB) suggests that the Gamilaroi terrane, Calliope Volcanic Assemblage, Willowie Creek beds and Silverwood Group all formed as one intraoceanic island-arc during the Early to Late Devonian. Prior to this, significant differences in the sedimentological evolution of these terranes suggests that they occupied different positions relative to each other within the one arc. It is proposed that the NEFB formed as a result of dual west-directed subduction zones during the Cambrian to Middle Devonian period. During this time, a single intraoceanic island-arc located seaward of the Australian craton developed above a west-directed subduction zone. This arc was separated from the craton by a marginal sea. A second west-directed subduction zone was located beneath a continental arc developed on the Australian craton. Cambrian to Early Devonian terranes within and along the Peel Fault are proposed to form a part of the ancient subduction zone present beneath the intraoceanic island-arc (Weraerai and Djungati terranes). Collision of the intraoceanic island-arc occurred during the Late Devonian, at which point west-directed subduction occurred beneath the Australian craton and the accreted intraoceanic island-arc. Following collision, a new continental volcanic arc was established that was active during the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the classification, distribution and social functions of metal objects from sarcophagus burials in Bali. Questions of chronology and the sources of raw materials for early metallurgy in Bali are also examined. The metal artifacts which have been analysed in this study are preserved in the Central Museum, Jak arta; in the Museum Bali, Denpasar; in the collection of the Directorate of History and National Heritage, Gianyar; and in the collection of Archaeological Research in Denpasar. Most of the metal objects from sarcophagus burials in Bali can be classified as ornament. These include bracelets, finger rings, finger protectors, arm protectors, wire necklace units, waist belts, ear rings, chains and pentagonal plates. Several a rtifacts can also be classified as tools or implements, including axes of crescentbladed and heart-bladed types. These bracelets, pentagonal plates and axes of crescent-bladed and heart-bladed types have been found not only in the sarcophagus burial sites but also in the necropolis and settlement sites at Gilimanuk. Based on the distributions of those artifacts it seems th a t exchange between the inhabitants of the inland and people of the coastal sites may have occurred during the Early Metal period in Bali. The appearance of metal working in Bali, which lacked raw materials both of tin and copper, also indicates long distance trade. Both raw materials may have been derived from islands west of Bali; tin may have been obtained from Bangka, Belitung and adjacent areas, and copper exists in Sumatra and Java. A comparative study with other island Southeast Asian sites which have been dated indicates th a t early metallurgy in Bali may have developed at the first half of the first millennium AD. Metal objects from sarcophagus burials in Bali might have had high statu s value as social symbols. Those who had access to metal objects might thus have held high rank in the society. The occurrence of early metal working in Bali may also relate to an economic surplus dependent on wet rice cultivation. The condition of Balinese society during the Early Metal period was a crucial factor behind subsequent state formation in Bali.

Archaeological discoveries indicate that the coastal areas around the villages of Julah, Pacung and Sembiran in northeastern Bali have been involved in long distance trade since at least 2000 years ago. The discovery of Indian sherds, including Rouletted Ware, a rim sherd of Arikamedu type 10, a sherd inscribed with Kharoshthi characters and hundreds of glass beads suggest that contacts between India and Bali were already occurring at this time. The Indian traders might have stopped at Sembiran while trading for spices and aromatic woods from the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. Sembiran probably functioned as an ancient port located on a major spice trade route. Sembiran might also have functioned as a manufacturing site, as suggested by the finding of a fragment of a mould for impressing decoration into wax during the production of Pejeng-type bronze drum. Inscriptional data from the 10th to 12th centuries AD indicate that Julah (including Sembiran ?) had developed as “a gateway community” into northeastern Bali by this time. There was a market in Julah, and also a guild or community of foreign traders. Regulations are mentioned in the inscriptions for those who lived in this settlement, which was plundered at least once and the villagers captured, killed or dispersed. It is not clear why Julah was eventually abandoned as a port, but rapid alluvial sedimentation and poor security could have been major reasons for its abandonment. This thesis describes the excavated archaeological data from sites in the vicinity of Julah, most of which date to the first two centuries AD, later deposits are present in some trenches. Appendices at the end of this thesis describe the result of pottery and soil analysis, glazed trade ceramics, and the contents of the inscriptions of the 10th to 12th centuries.

The subak in Bali is a type of farmer-managed canal-irrigated rice cultivation system, which has long been recognised for its efficient water use and high rice productivity. Subaks are firmly embedded in local Hindu culture with institutions that guide farmers in sharing water equitably. Water sharing is based on principles of proportionality and transparency and irrigation system maintenance is egalitarian. In the 1960s, rice production was modernised and commercialised with Green Revolution technologies to feed a rapidly growing population. Some of these new technologies initially caused considerable disruption in raising the productivity of rice and irrigation efficiency. Meanwhile, Bali's formerly agriculture-based economy began to diversify with prospering tourism and other industries. Farmers engaging in part-time farming and multiple occupations off-farm have become the norm. Urban and industrial development increasingly competes for agriculture's resources, such as land, labour and water. This increasing pressure raises questions whether subaks are well-equipped to maintain their productivity and efficient resource management in the long run. This thesis studies these past and contemporary challenges to subaks. It applies an interdisciplinary approach to analyse the data collected in 18 months of field research in Bali. It defines a conceptual model of the subak based on social-ecological systems and resilience theories to examine the impacts of the Green Revolution and ongoing rural diversification. This thesis demonstrates that the subak as social-ecological system, despite temporary and permanent modifications, has remained resilient to the Green Revolution and ongoing rural diversification. The subak has incorporated new agricultural technologies, allowing farmers more flexibility to pursue diversified livelihoods, and the subak cultural and institutional framework has persisted over time. This thesis discusses three scenarios of possible trajectories the subak may follow depending on how current trends unfold. The analysis shows that subaks in peri-urban areas face different challenges to those subaks in the uplands where resource pressure is less intense and off-farm work further away. Ultimately, the future survival of subaks lies in the hands of Balinese society, the government and farmers. Pathways to subaks' survival include the recent nomination to the UNESCO world heritage list of three specific subak-related sites or the new agrotourism model promoted by the local university. Alternatively, better educated young Balinese, new marketing opportunities for speciality produce, increased viability of payments for ecosystem services combined with the inherent characteristics of Balinese social organisation may open up new pathways for farmers to continue the subak in ways which are so far unimaginable.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農企業管理系所
100
As aquaculture development in Taiwan is limited by the natural environments, to invest business of grouper culture in Indonesia might be a favorable choice due to the advantage of low production cost. Some Taiwanese investments of grouper aquaculture in Indonesia are successful but some are not. The objective of this study is to investigate the investment strategy of Taiwanese grouper aquaculture in Bali Island area, Indonesia. That global grouper aquaculture and grouper aquaculture industry in Indonesia are analyzed is followed by two case studies of Taiwanese grouper aquaculture in Bali Island area in this study. Porter’s five competitive forces, macro-environments, and business functions proposed by Jauch and Glueck were adopted for external and internal environment analyses. Weihrich’s SWOT matrix was used to develop investment strategies. Finally, the results of this study suggest: 1. Taiwanese should mainly invest on the production of grouper larvae to supply the Southeast Asian countries based on the advantages of location and low cost. 2. Since Indonesia is far away from consumption countries, Taiwanese should invest the production of grouper adult-fish aquaculture on high-value groupers, such as pantherfish , the miniatus grouper, and the napoleon wrasse fish. Keywords: Grouper Aquaculture, Investment in Indonesia, SWOT analysis.

碩士
南華大學
文學系碩士班
99
This thesis is a research on the aromatherapy culture in Bali. It will be argued that the longing for utopian comes from the aromatherapy culture and results in the cultural icon of Bali. 　 　　It will be argued that as soon as people have decided to travel to Bali, they have been involved in aromatherapy, which forms a complete course of aromatherapy. This thesis combines sensational experiences with cultural studies, aiming at articulating clearly the relationship between the Bali icon and the culture of aromatherapy.

碩士
淡江大學
東南亞研究所碩士班
93
Tourism has been developed since the colonial period in Bali, though there were many obstacles and frustration in the process of the development. Nowadays, the number of tourists who visit Bali every year is over two millions. Meanwhile, these tourists not only bring much revenue to the Indonesia Government, but also make the Balinese have more income than other Indonesian. Hence, Bali is like a hen that can lay golden eggs to Indonesia. At the beginning of Independence, there were over eighty percentages of working population who live on agriculture, and the revenue of Bali was mainly from the export of agricultural products. Also, there was not revenue from tourism at that time. However, after two decades, the Indonesia Government makes the tourism income as the Bali’s main revenue and Bali as a world-famous resort or a paradise in the eyes of the western people. Therefore, there must be some reasons why Bali has this kind of achievement today, for example, tropical environment, unique culture resource, and tourism policies. Bali would not have the opportunity and capital to develop tourism, and become the most shinning star among Indonesia Archipelago if there were not policies to support it. Consequently, the goal of this thesis is to analyze how Bali tourism developed, with special focus on the political and economic reasons. With the point of view of development, the “politics-economy” method is used as the research structure to analyze the development process and mode of Bali tourism in this thesis. The research range of this thesis is set to study the development of Bali tourism in one special period, which is divided into three phases: Dutch Colony period (1840~1942), the First five-Year Development plan period (1969~1974), and the well developed period (1975~2002). This thesis emphasizes on the following aspects: the background and history of the development of Bali tourism, the tourism resource of Bali, the environmental restriction and policies of the development of tourism, the dominance of foreign capital, and the impacts and changes which tourism brings. Hence, this thesis contains five chapters: Chapter one is the preface. This chapter primarily describes the research motivation, bibliography reviewing, definition of tourism, and research theories. Chapter two studies the historical background of the development of Bali tourism. The range of the time includes Majapahit Empire period, Dutch Colony period, the Independence of Indonesia period, and President Soeharto period. These four periods start from 1515 and end at 2003. Chapter three analyzes the policies of Bali tourism. The key points of this chapter are to analyze the developmental process of tourism policies and the economic conditions under each four phases. Moreover, this chapter tries to analyze the importance of the other elements that influence the development of Bali tourism. Chapter four analyzes the impacts which tourism brings to Bali. The development of tourism brings not only positive but negative impacts to Bali in each three phases. Meanwhile, I also look at how the government and the local people face these impacts. Chapter five is the conclusion. This chapter integrates every development element of tourism in previous chapters, and explains why Bali tourism can develop into the scale and form the structure today.

碩士
中國文化大學
全球商務碩士學位學程碩士班
105
Since a long time ago, the tourism sector has been acknowledged as one sector that contributes a significant role to national economic growth. Nowadays, competition among countries are tighter. To survive on tour and travel industry, business travel has to determine destination image – since destination image is critical to destination positioning and selection process. Destination image will influence customer before, during, and after travel. A good destination image will drive customer to the result to visit one specific destination, moreover, a good image of destination will lead tourists to the higher level of satisfaction and will impact tourist to do revisit intention. The purpose of this study is to explore more the effect of overall destination image component which is has three components inside, according to Gartner (1993): cognitive image, affective image, and conative image and its relationship with satisfaction and behavioral intention focusing specifically on Bali Island, Indonesia. All results of hypotheses testing shown positive results that cognitive, affective, and conative give positive effect on satisfaction and behavioral intention. Satisfaction also gives positive effect on behavioral intention as well. Result on Pearson’s correlation shown that conative image has strong relationship with behavioral intention.

This thesis is an ethnography involving as case studies two prominent tourism districts in Bali, Indonesia: Jimbaran and Kuta. The thesis explores the intersection between place attachment, place identity and tourism in these destination communities with implications for tourism planning. The study focuses on how local residents of Jimbaran and Kuta construct place meaning and perform place attachment; how locals value their place after tourism; how local communities (re)construct place identity; and how a local sense of place approach can inform tourism planning in Bali. Drawing on photographs as visual materials and narratives of local communities, this study was conducted using multiple methods, including fieldwork with photoelicitation, interviews and focus groups in Jimbaran; and online social media research for Kuta. Document studies were also applied. Thematic and discourse analyses were utilised to examine the data. The findings reveal that in everyday life, local places have significant meanings associated with the cultural and spiritual commitments that together constitute the local people’s sense of place. Local philosophies such as Tri Hita Karana (relating to sources of happiness) and Desa Kala Patra (relating to place, time and occasion) are vital for locals in achieving wellbeing, maintaining their emotional attachment with their village and safeguarding Balinese culture in these localities. It is also evident that tourism within local settings largely interrupts local place attachment and place identity. Moreover, this thesis argues that indigenous-rooted communities have a significant role in maintaining tradition, identity, values and esteem of their village under desa adat (traditional village) coordination. Under this traditional scheme, the recuperation of local identity in both places is maintained through local communities’ initiatives. This thesis concludes by suggesting that place attachment and place identity of local communities in Bali are important in sustaining Balinese culture during tourism development of the island. A key recommendation and contribution of this research is that local sense of place could be adopted as a very productive approach to strengthen kepariwisataan budaya (cultural tourism) policy in Bali and tourism development on the island, and to ensure cultural sustainability.

This thesis is a comparative study of the phenomenon usually referred to as "speech styles" or speech "levels" and found in Javanese and Balinese, Western Austronesian languages spoken on the islands of Java and Bali in the modern state of Indonesia. It looks at the historical relationship between the systems in the two languages, as well as attempting a synchronic description of major structural features of each system. A reconstruction of features of the Javanese system ·at an earlier historical stage is proposed.

The subsidized island biogeography hypothesis proposes that nutrient subsidies, those translocated from one ecosystem to another, can indirectly influence species richness on islands by directly increasing terrestrial productivity. However, the lack of a formal statistical model makes it difficult to assess the strength of the hypothesis. I created a formal subsidized island biogeography model to determine how nutrient subsidies, in addition to area and distance from mainland, influence tree species richness. My model showed that an increase in terrestrial nitrogen abundance results in a decrease of tree species richness. Soil and plant δ 15N values were higher than expected and it is likely that nutrient subsidies from the marine environment are responsible for 15N enrichment. However, the range of observed nitrogen abundance is similar to inland coastal-zone forests, indicating that islands are similarly nitrogen deprived and may not be receiving enough nutrient subsidies to alter productivity. Tree species decline may therefore be more strongly related to the environmental conditions leading to patterns of nitrogen abundance rather than the abundance of nitrogen itself. Additionally, I proposed that bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are vectors of nutrient subsidies, depositing nutrient-rich guano at nest sites, which could alter soil chemistry and vegetation composition. In an exploratory study of seven nest sites, I found higher soil phosphorous at eagle nest sites relative to control sites (~ 33% higher). Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient in coastal temperate forests, additions help to alleviate chlorosis and slow growth especially when paired with nitrogen. Higher potassium concentration also occurred on eagle-inhabited islands but was not associated specifically with current nest sites, perhaps reflecting differential persistence of macronutrients in the soil. Despite expectations, soil δ 15N abundance was not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. Total soil nitrogen was also not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. There were no significant differences between vegetation composition at eagle nest sites and reference sites, but reference sites tended to be dominated by shrub species. Additionally, I proposed that bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are vectors of nutrient subsidies, depositing nutrient-rich guano at nest sites, which could alter soil chemistry and vegetation composition. In an exploratory study of seven nest sites, I found higher soil phosphorous at eagle nest sites relative to control sites (~ 33% higher). Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient in coastal temperate forests, additions help to alleviate chlorosis and slow growth especially when paired with nitrogen. Higher potassium concentration also occurred on eagle-inhabited islands but was not associated specifically with current nest sites, perhaps reflecting differential persistence of macronutrients in the soil. I expected to observe elevated nitrogen isotope signatures (δ 15N) given bald eagles’ position in the trophic web and the potential for volatilization of guano but soil δ 15N abundance was not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. Total soil nitrogen was also not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. There were no significant differences between vegetation composition at eagle nest sites and reference sites, but reference sites tended to be dominated by shrub species
Graduate

Chapter One contains a lengthy discussion of tafsír, outlining its meaning, its need to the present study and the different forms in which it exists, whilst at the same time clarifying its obscurities and commending it as an indispensable science. Chapter Two offers a concise overview of five Qur'ánic commentators selected for this particular study. This assessment is based on the eras from which they emerged which has a definite bearing on their commentaries. Chapter Three is a résumé of my subject's biography adopted primarily from Qur'ánic sources. As a frequently mentioned prophet in the Qur'án the story of Músá [p.b.u.h] is drawn from various chapters highlighting substantial aspects of his life. Chapter Four concentrates on two frequently mentioned events in the life of prophet Músá [ p.b.u.h], namely, his call to prophethood and the proclamation to the pharaoh and his people. Chapter Five concludes this work by presenting an overview of the perspectives of the different commentators.
Religious Studies and Arabic
M.A.