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1
Tezelashvili, Irakli. "T’amar Bagrationi (1184–1210)". Encyclopedia 2, n. 3 (15 agosto 2022): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030100.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
T’amar Bagrationi, Queen of Georgia (1184–1210). T’amar Bagrationi was the ninth monarch from the royal house of Bagrationis who ruled over the united Georgian Kingdom. She reigned as a co-monarch alongside her father, Giorgi III, from 1178, assuming full authority in 1184. During her reign, dynastic legitimacy necessitated the appearance of the monumental royal portraits displaying the monarch with immediate predecessors and heirs. T’amar’s gender required introduction of meticulous visual language that would re-gender her with all signs of a male ruler and justify her status and sole right to rule. This notion was embodied in her portraits that were carefully incorporated in the overall programmes of the churches. T’amar’s five monumental depictions survive where she is identified in inscriptions; two other monumental images are presumed to depict her. Of all the depictions, only one can be determined to have been commissioned directly by her. T’amar’s imagery relies on Byzantine elements and adheres to established Georgian models for the local royal portraiture; however, it also adopted sophisticated visual means that was aptly used for manifesting royal power and manipulating authority over the nobility.
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Бочарников, И. В. "GENERAL PYOTR IVANOVICH BAGRATION. “THE LION OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY”". Человеческий капитал, n. 2(182) (22 febbraio 2024): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2024.02.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье рассматриваются основные этапы жизнедеятельности выдающегося русского полководца, героя Отечественной войны 1812 года генерала П.И. Багратиона. Вся жизнь П.И. Багратиона была посвящена служению России. С юношеских лет князь П.И. Багратион был на военной службе России, пройдя путь от рядового мушкетера до генерала от инфантерии (полного генерала по современной терминологии). П.И. Багратион был участником 20 войн и более 150 сражений, большую часть из которых он провел командованием выдающегося русского полководца А.В. Суворова. При этом он был непросто его подчиненным, а учеником и продолжателем его науки побеждать. За полководческий талант, личное мужество и храбрость, справедливость и заботу о подчинённых его любили в войсках. «Бог рати он!» – говорили о нём солдаты. Именно так с легкой руки поэта Г.Р. Державина фамилия П.И. Багратиона была преобразована в созвучное, но наполненное особым смысловым содержанием словосочетание «бог-рати-он», закрепившееся за ним, прежде всего, в солдатской среде. Как «бога рати» и воспринимали его солдаты, боготворившие своего командира. Безусловным феноменом талантливого полководца было также и то, что фактически никакого образования, в том числе и военного, князь так и не получил. П.И. Багратион в этом плане повторил судьбу своего учителя А.В. Суворова, который также начинал свою службу солдатом и также «академий не закачивал», что не помешало ему достигать побед в многочисленных сражениях над «образованными» военачальниками. П.И. Багратион, также как и А.В. Суворов, обладал врожденными выдающимися военными способностями, талантом полководца, делавшими недостаток образования нечувствительным. Эти способности давали преимущество перед противником – турками, шведами, наполеоновскими генералами и маршалами. Примечательно, что и сам Наполеон, высоко оценивал его военные способности и талант, считая его лучшим генералом Русской армии. Полководческий талант П.И. Багратиона во многом обеспечили провал планов Наполеона разбить русские армии по отдельности в его кампании 1812 года. То, что генерал П.И. Багратион, командуя 2-й Западной армией, сумел вывести её и соединить с 1-й Западной армией у Смоленска, во многом изменило ход войны. По сути, этот маневр П.И. Багратиона сделал возможным дальнейшее сопротивление Наполеону и обеспечил итоговую победу Русской армии. Знаменателен и последний подвиг П.И. Багратиона на Бородинском поле. Именно его армия, приняла на себя основной удар наполеоновских войск, выстояла и сумела нанести ответный удар противнику, в ходе которого смертельное ранение получил и сам командующий генерал П.И. Багратион. The article examines the main stages of the life of the outstanding Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General P.I. Bagration. P.I. Bagration's whole life was devoted to serving Russia. From his youth, Prince P.I. Bagration was in the military service of Russia, having gone from an ordinary musketeer to a general of infantry (full general in modern terminology). P.I. Bagration was a participant in 20 wars and more than 150 battles, most of which he spent under the command of the outstanding Russian commander A.V. Suvorov. At the same time, he was not just his subordinate, but a student and follower of his science of winning. For his generalship talent, personal courage and bravery, justice and care for his subordinates, he was loved in the troops. "He is the God of the army!" the soldiers said about him. That is how, with the light hand of the poet G.R. Derzhavin, the surname of P.I. Bagration was transformed into a consonant, but filled with a special semantic content, the phrase "God-rati-he", which was fixed for him, first of all, in the soldier's environment. It was the soldiers who idolized their commander who perceived him as the "god of the army". The unconditional phenomenon of the talented commander was also the fact that the prince never received any education, including military education. P.I. Bagration in this regard repeated the fate of his teacher A.V. Suvorov, who also began his service as a soldier and also "did not download academies", which did not prevent him from achieving victories in numerous battles over "educated" military leaders, P.I. Bagration, as well as A.V. Suvorov, possessed innate outstanding military abilities, the talent of a commander, which made the lack of education insensitive. These abilities gave an advantage over the enemy – Turks, Swedes, Napoleonic generals and marshals. It is noteworthy that Napoleon himself highly appreciated his military abilities and talent, considering him the best general of the Russian army. The generalship talent of P.I. Bagration largely ensured the failure of Napoleon's plans to defeat the Russian armies separately in his campaign of 1812. The fact that General P.I. Bagration, commanding the 2nd Western Army, managed to withdraw it and connect it with the 1st Western Army near Smolensk, largely changed the course of the war. In fact, this maneuver by P.I. Bagration made possible further resistance to Napoleon and ensured the final victory of the Russian army. The last feat of P.I. Bagration on the Borodino field is also significant. It was his army that took the brunt of the Napoleonic troops, withstood and managed to strike back at the enemy, during which the commander General P.I. Bagration himself was mortally wounded.
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Bernard, Nicolas. "Une libération spectaculaire : l’opération Bagration". Revue Historique des Armées 275, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2014): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rha.275.0038.
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Пилипчук, Ярослав Владимирович. "Georgian Statehood in the Early Middle Ages". SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, n. 01 (8 febbraio 2021): 78–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/78-107.
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This paper is devoted to history of Eastern ad Soutthern-Western Georgia in the Early Middle Ages. Kartvelian statehood was quickly restored after a short reign of Persian marzpans. In the era of Arab dominance, Kartli was under the strongest pressure from the Arabs. On the territory of Kartli, the Tbilisi Emirate was formed, which was an important center of Muslim statehood in Georgia in the 9th -12th centuries. The rest of Kartli became an object of rivalry between the Abkhazian kingdom, Tao-Klarjeti and Kakheti. The decisive role in the history of Georgia was played by the Tao-Klarjeti Kurapalate from the Bagrationi dynasty for a long time in the 9th-10th centuries. The apogee of their power, they reached during the Kurropalat David III the Great. With his assistance, the Bagrationi dynasty ascended the Abkhaz throne. Among the East Georgian rulers the leading role was played by the Kakheti kingdom. It became the main rival of the Abkhazian kingdom under Tsar Kvirik III of the Arevmaneli dynasty. Under him, Kakheti subdued Eretia. Under the Kyurikean dynasty, Kakheti continued to oppose the Abkhazian Bagrationi. David IV was able to subjugate Kakheti оnly in 1104. Regarding Eretia, this kingdom was inhabited by the Dagestan-speaking population, which felt Georgian and Armenian influences.
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Baker, Lee. "Explaining Defeat: A Reappraisal of “Operation Bagration,” 1944". Journal of Slavic Military Studies 21, n. 1 (12 marzo 2008): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040801894308.
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Sushkou, S. A., Yu S. Nebylitsin, E. N. Reutskaya e A. N. Rak. "Difficult patient. Wound of pyotr ivanovich bagration. Part II". Novosti Khirurgii 21, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2013.1.3.
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Sushkou, S. A., Yu S. Nebylitsin, E. N. Reutskaya e A. N. Rak. "Difficult patient. Wound of pyotr ivanovich bagration. Part III". Novosti Khirurgii 21, n. 2 (5 marzo 2013): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2013.2.3.
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Willis Brooks, E. "1812-1814: Sekretnaia perepiska generate P.I. Bagrationa, Lichnye pis'ma generate N.N. Raevskogo, Zapiski generate M.S. Vorontsova, Dnevniki ofitserov russkoi armii: Iz sobraniia Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeia. Eds. A.K. Afanas'ev, N.B. Bystrova, N.L. Zubova, F.A. Petrov, M.V. Falaleeva and A.D. Ianovskii. Moscow: Terra, 1992. 512 pp. Indexes. Illustrations. Hard bound." Slavic Review 53, n. 2 (1994): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501338.
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Vepkhvadze, Tamar. "The Term “Art” As a New Aesthetic Discourse in European and Georgian Philosophical Thinking of the Early 19th Century". International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 04, n. 05 (13 maggio 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n5a2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Georgian reality, the term “art”, can be found in a new, purely aesthetic sense, in terms of “artistic creation” – in the translation (1815) of Jean-Pierre Frédéric Ansillion’s (1767-1837) work “Aesthetic Judgments”, a French philosopher, member of the Prussian Academy, by David Bagrationi (1767-1819). As we know, the term “art” (Greek “techne”) has been historically interpreted in various ways. The term referred to practices established in the society, nature, individual creativity or crafts, as well as religious and mystical rituals. It shows a resemblance to the concepts such as “art – scientio – исскуство – art”. This term is especially noteworthy for the history of Georgian theoretical-literary and aesthetic thinking, however, a kind of substitute existed in our writing. It was “Facial expression”. As for the term “aesthetics” (the etymology of which is related to sensitivity, sensual perception of events), this term was introduced since 1750 by the German scientist Baumgarten in the meaning of the doctrine about “beauty” and the Georgian society got familiar with it with through the translation of Ansillion’s work “Aesthetic Judgments” translated by David Bagrationi. It should also be noted that this work was the first aesthetic work to be translated into Georgian. This fact, in turn, is of the utmost importance. According to Georgian translation of Ansillion’s work “Aesthetic Judgments” proves once again that development of Georgian philosophical-aesthetic thinking in the 18th and 19th century proceeds with a creative approach to the philosophical heritage of the past, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it has its equivalent in European philosophy.
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Khatanzeyskiy, Aleksandr V. "Lend-Lease Armoured Vehicles in Operation Bagration (June 23 – August 29, 1944)". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, n. 1 (17 febbraio 2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v242.
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This article dwells on the role of armoured vehicles obtained under the Lend-Lease agreement in the Byelorussian offensive operation (Bagration) in the summer of 1944. The author examines the use of foreign armoured vehicles in combat operations as part of tank, mechanized, and cavalry units of the Red Army and evaluates their quantity and quality. The Lend-Lease armoured vehicles participated in combat operations on all four fronts involved in Operation Bagration. Primarily, these were British Valentine Mk III and American M4A2 Sherman tanks. However, a significant contribution was also made by the SU-57 and M10 self-propelled artillery, as well as by the M3A1 Scout Car. In addition, the troops continued to use a certain number of M3 Medium and M3 Light tanks left over from the previous periods of the war. In 1944, they were no longer supplied. Foreign vehicles showed a good performance both in terms of reliability and combat qualities, in particular manoeuvrability, armour protection and firepower. Importantly, it was in the units advancing in the main direction that the number of Lend-Lease tanks was the largest (in the 1st Mechanized (100 %) and 3rd Guards Mechanized (91 %), in the 3rd Guards Cavalry (82.5 %) and in the 8th Guards Tank (59 %) Corps). In smaller numbers, foreign tanks were also available in the line units of all fronts involved in the operation (1st, 2nd and 3rd Byelorussian and 1st Baltic Fronts). In total, foreign tanks accounted for about 1/3 of the entire Soviet tank fleet in the Byelorussian offensive operation.
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Kilanava, Tsira. "“The Parable of the Country” and “Georgia”: the Bagrationis’ Allegorical Paintings". Kadmos 2 (2010): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/2/48-63.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article studies the allegorical paintings reflecting the state of the country in the 18th-19th centuries, created by two Georgian Royal family representatives; both of the paintings are analyzed in the context of their contemporary historical background, and the common fundamental semiotic codes are revealed.
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Дементьев, Д. А. "A.P. Ermolov's application of psychological warfare techniques to solve military- strategic and political tasks in Transcaucasia". Вестник Владикавказского научного центра, n. 4 (18 dicembre 2023): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2023.12.98.001.
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Статья посвящена анализу приемов психологической войны, применяв- шихся А.П. Ермоловым для решения задач укрепления российской государственности в Закавказье в 1816–1820 гг. Особое внимание автор уделил оценке эффективности мер психологического воздействия, предпринятых генералом в отношении грузинского царевича Александра Багратиони, Исмаил-хана Хойского и Мустафы-хана Ширванского. Теоретическая основа исследования – принцип системности и сравнительно-историче- ский метод. The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological warfare techniques used by A.P. Ermolov to solve the problems of strengthening Russian statehood in Transcaucasia in 1816- 1820. The author paid special attention to the evaluation of the effectiveness of the psychological impact measures taken by the general against the Georgian Tsarevich Alexander Bagrationi, Ismail Khan of Khoy and Mustafa Khan of Shirvan. The theoretical basis of the research is the principle of consistency and the comparative historical method.
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IPATOV, ALEXEY. "MAJOR MILESTONES OF BELARUSIAN COLLABORATION DEVELOPMENT DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR". Культурный код, n. 4 (2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36945/2658-3852-2020-4-59-67.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of Belarusian collaboration during the World War II and the fight against it during the operation «Bagration» to liberate the territory of the Belarusian SSR. The main attention is paid to the activities of its individual representatives and a number of organizations that attempted to cooperate with Nazi Germany for «liberation» from the «Soviet yoke». It emphasizes the interest of the military and political elite of the Third Reich in cooperation with such organizations and the desire to fully control their activities. The author comes to the conclusion that thanks to the actions of Red Army, a significant part of the Belarusian collaborators was eliminated. The remaining supporters of «independence» after the end of World War II often continued their anti-Soviet activities during the cold war, actively cooperating with the special services of Western countries.
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Дементьев, Д. А. "The «outrageous» letters of Tsarevich Alexander Bagrationi as an element of Persian propaganda in the War of 1804-1813". Вестник Владикавказского научного центра 24, n. 1(1) (25 marzo 2024): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2024.1.1.005.
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Статья посвящена анализу пропагандистских материалов, подготов- ленных грузинским царевичем Александром Багратиони и использованных в интересах Ирана для дестабилизации обстановки в Грузинской губернии России в ходе русско-пер- сидской войны 1804–1813 гг. Особое внимание автор уделил оценке эффективности мер психологического воздействия, предпринятых Александром в отношении различ- ных социальных (дворяне, духовенство, крестьяне, горожане), национальных, этниче- ских (осетины, армяне, азербайджанцы, кабардинцы, кахетинцы, карталинцы, хевсуры, пшавы) и религиозных (христиане, мусульмане-шииты и мусульмане-сунниты) групп. The article is devoted to the analysis of propaganda materials prepared by the Georgian Tsarevich Alexander Bagrationi and used in the interests of Iran to destabilize the situation in the Georgian province of Russia during the Russian-Persian War of 1804-1813. The author paid special attention to the assessment of the effectiveness of psychological impact measures taken by Tsarevich Alexander in relation to various social (nobles, clergy, peasants, townspeople), national, ethnic (Ossetians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Kabardins, Kakhetians, Kartalis, Khevsurs, Pshavs) and religious (Christians, Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims) groups.
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Pollock, Sean. "“As One Russian to Another”: Prince Petr Ivanovich Bagration’s Assimilation of Russian Ways". Ab Imperio 2010, n. 4 (2010): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2010.0041.
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Rapoport, A. M. "I remember Sakartvelo as a land of proud women and brave men…’ The observation case file of the poet Pyotr Bagrationi-Gruzinsky". Voprosy literatury, n. 1 (13 marzo 2021): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2021-1-250-279.
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Zhakupbekova, Sh, J. Kalibekkyzy, A. O. Maizhanova, Sh T. Kyrykbaeva e Z. V. Kapshakbayeva. "The study of the nutritional value of the national product «Kurt» produced at the enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region". Bulletin of Shakarim University. Technical Sciences 1, n. 4(12) (28 dicembre 2023): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53360/2788-7995-2023-4(12)-9.
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The article presents the results of the physico-chemical parameters of the product "Kurt", produced by limited liability partnerships and individual entrepreneurs of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region.Kurt is a versatile fermented milk product that is added as a seasoning to various dishes and consumed as a separate food product. It is a good source of macro- and micronutrients in an easily digestible form for the body, contributing to the maintenance of beneficial intestinal microflora. The product is popular among children and adults and is in great demand as a healthy food product [1].In this regard, the study of the nutritional and biological value and quality of kurt is an urgent task.The purpose of the study is to study the nutritional value of the national fermented milk product "Kurt", produced at enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region.When determining the nutritional value of the national product "Kurt", physico-chemical parameters (mass fraction of protein, fat, ash, moisture, salt) were determined in 3 types of kurt of the most common enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region: Vostok-Moloko Corporation LLP, Bagration Ulan LLP, Individual Entrepreneur R.G.Petrosyan. The research was conducted at the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Scientific Center of the Food System of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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Venkov, Andrey. "Don Cossacks and the Battle of Rassevat on September 4, 1809". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 5 (dicembre 2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.5.15.
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Introduction. The Russian-Turkish war of 1806–1812 was the longest military conflict between Russia and Turkey. In the hope to force the Turks to peace, Russian troops crossed the Danube several times and fought for key fortresses on its banks. One of the battles on the right Bank of the Danube in 1809 was won practically by the Don Cossacks alone. In this battle Russian troops were led by such famous military leaders as Bagration, Miloradovich, Platov. After this battle Miloradovich and Platov were promoted to “full generals” (general in chief). Methods and materials. This battle is also interesting because the state archive of Rostov region has a very detailed collection of documents about it. Of all the documents relating to this war, the greatest number refers to the battle of September 4, 1809, because after it Don ataman Platov received his highest rank. The purpose of this study is to identify reasons for such an unusual victory. Analysis and results. The author investigates the course of the battle in detail using archival materials. The study shows that Russian forces were twice as superior to Turkish ones; during the battle, the command made a number of mistakes, which did not allow to completely surround the Turkish troops. High awards received by the command for this battle did not quite correspond to the level of success. The Russian commanders had friends at court and this partly affected the awards.
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Ismoilova, Rahima I., e Sodzhida D. Umarova. "Studies of rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in the condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan". Agricultural Technologies 1, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/agritech/01.04.05.
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This paper is about studying the rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan. Each type of rootstock has its own biological characteristics and imposes specific requirements for growing and development, both during reproduction in the mother plantation and during the growth of trees. For example, the root system in sour cherry is more superficial that of wild sweet cherry. Therefore, the care of trees grafted on sour cherry and wild cherry and of mother plantation bushes of these rootstocks cannot be same. Besides, there are very significant differences among the individual groups of rootstocks. Wild cherry, Mahaleb cherry and Lubskaya cherry are used as rootstocks in the conditions of the Hissar Valley in Tajikistan. High specificity of sweet cherry cultivar varieties depends on the rootstocks. Phenological observation were carried out in our experiments during years 2013-2018 in order to study their winter resistance, yield capacity and fruit quality. The same care for root and grafted plants was carried out during the entire observation period. At the same time a certain ratio between the leaf system of the rootstock and the graft was maintained by trimming the crown. As a result of the evolution and selection, we have identified the wild cherry forms which are distinguished by the highest yields. The most valuable cultivar varieties are Napoleon cherry and Bagration cherry. Compotes made of these varieties have received high evaluation in tasting.
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Plotnikov, Dmitriy. "On the Political Impact of the Ingour Battle of November 6, 1855". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 1 (febbraio 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. The article analyzes the battle on the Ingour river on November 6, 1855 from the political perspective in order to establish its role in the Caucasian campaign of 1855 of the Crimean war (1853-1856). Methods. Using the approach created by Carl von Clausewitz and developed by Alexander Svechin, the author views war as the continuation of politics and explores the political impact of the Ingour battle regarding its connection with the development of guerilla war in Mingrelia against the Turkish army under Omer-pasha (Ömer Lütfi Paşa). Analysis. Tactical analysis of the battle demonstrates that its organization and conduct on Russian side included considerable flaws. However, political analysis allows understanding that the impact of the Ingour battle went beyond its immediate tactical outcome. Political instability in Mingrelia demanded imperatively that major-general I.K. Bagration-Mukhranskiy, who commanded Russian Gurian force, would confront Omer-pasha at Mingrelian border in order to confirm the political credibility of Russian authorities among the local population. Discussion. Russian readiness to fight for Mingrelia influenced the political situation positively and contributed to the development of guerilla war against Omer-pasha. It was especially beneficial in the difficult conditions of Batum operational area and made a significant contribution to the outcome of the campaign. Thus, it is established in the article that one should view the Ingour battle not as a woeful defeat, but as the sensible tactical sacrifice for political ends that yielded considerable results and influenced the outcome of the 1855 Caucasian campaign in an important way.
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Kbiladze, David, Shorena Metreveli e Medea Samsiani. "Some Problems of Food Safety in Georgia". Ekonomika 98, n. 2 (10 gennaio 2020): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2019.2.8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem of production, export, import, and consumption of food was always topical for the long history of Georgia. At all stages of the society development, people need to take food and meet other of their elementary needs. Issues of food supply assurance of the Georgian population differ according to time periods. For example, in Shota Rustaveli’s poem The Knight in the Panther’s Skin it is described that the living standard in the 11th–13th centuries was quite high. At that period of time, Georgia was fed with its own grain. Along with wealth, Shota Rustaveli also characterizes poverty. Most of the state's income was spent on the poor people, so there was a large gap between the rich and poor population.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the problem of poverty and wealth of the population was highlighted by prominent public figures: Sulkhan – Saba Orbeliani and Vakhushti Bagrationi. Ilia Chavchavadze describes the problem of poverty in the country by the end of the 19th century. Poor living conditions of the population were noted during the initial phase of Georgia in Soviet Union and during World War II. Better conditions existed at the last stage of socialism.Meeting the population’s demand for principal foodstuffs and providing near-rational norms of such foodstuffs has always been a major objective of the governments of all times.The prolonged transformation process of the economy of Georgia with its social characteristics was particularly painful. A sharp decline in the standard of life started from the 1990s. Before the economic collapse, a monthly rated wage in Georgia with its foodstuff purchasing power parity almost equaled that of developed countries.
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Myagkov, M. Yu. "USSR in World War II". MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, n. 4 (4 settembre 2020): 7–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-7-51.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article offers an overview of modern historical data on the origins, causes of World War II, the decisive role of the USSR in its victorious end, and also records the main results and lessons of World War II.Hitler's Germany was the main cause of World War II. Nazism, racial theory, mixed with far-reaching geopolitical designs, became the combustible mixture that ignited the fire of global conflict. The war with the Soviet Union was planned to be waged with particular cruelty.The preconditions for the outbreak of World War II were the humiliating provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty for the German people, as well as the attitude of the "Western democracies" to Russia after 1917 and the Soviet Union as an outcast of world development. Great Britain, France, the United States chose for themselves a policy of ignoring Moscow's interests, they were more likely to cooperate with Hitler's Germany than with Soviet Russia. It was the "Munich Agreement" that became the point of no return to the beginning of the Second World War. Under these conditions, for the USSR, its own security and the conclusion of a non-aggression pact with Germany began to come to the fore, defining the "spheres of interests" of the parties in order to limit the advance of German troops towards the Soviet borders in the event of German aggression against Poland. The non-aggression pact gave the USSR just under two years to rebuild the army and consolidate its defensive potential and pushed the Soviet borders hundreds of kilometers westward. The signing of the Pact was preceded by the failure in August 1939 of the negotiations between the military missions of Britain, France and the USSR, although Moscow took the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations with all seriousness.The huge losses of the USSR in the summer of 1941 are explained by the following circumstances: before the war, a large-scale modernization of the Red Army was launched, a graduate of a military school did not have sufficient experience in managing an entrusted unit by June 22, 1941; the Red Army was going to bleed the enemy in border battles, stop it with short counterattacks by covering units, carry out defensive operations, and then strike a decisive blow into the depths of the enemy's territory, so the importance of a multi-echeloned long-term defense in 1941 was underestimated by the command of the Red Army and it was not ready for it; significant groupings of the Western Special Military District were drawn into potential salients, which was used by the Germans at the initial stage of the war; Stalin's fear of provoking Hitler to start a war led to slowness in making the most urgent and necessary decisions to bring troops to combat readiness.The Allies delayed the opening of the second front for an unreasonably long time. They, of course, achieved outstanding success in the landing operation in France, however, the enemy's losses in only one Soviet strategic operation in the summer of 1944 ("Bagration") are not inferior, and even exceed, the enemy’s losses on the second front. One of the goals of "Bagration" was to help the Allies.Soviet soldiers liberated Europe at the cost of their lives. At the same time, Moscow could not afford to re-establish a cordon sanitaire around its borders after the war, so that anti- Soviet forces would come to power in the border states. The United States and Great Britain took all measures available to them to quickly remove from the governments of Italy, France and other Western states all the left-wing forces that in 1944-1945 had a serious impact on the politics of their countries.
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Valentinovich Pilipchuk, Yaroslav. "Muslim statehood in Azerbaycan (IX-XIII centuries)". SCIENTIFIC WORK 59, n. 10 (6 novembre 2020): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/59/68-85.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper is dedicated to the history of Muslim statehood in Azerbaijan in IX-XIII century. The first truly strong was the Sajid dynasty, originating from the Sogdian aristocracy. Its representatives exalted themselves as ghouls in the service of the Abbasids. Having become rulers in Azerbaijan, the Sajids tried to pursue an independent and aggressive policy towards Armenia, which did not always provoke a positive reaction from the caliph. Only at the end of the Sajid rule did their interests again coincide with those of Baghdad. The Muzafarids were another Iranian dynasty, this time the Delemite. Its representatives came from Dalem during its expansion to the northwest. They took upon themselves the blows from Russia, the Ravadids and the Seljuks. The rabadids were a dynasty of Arab origin, which soon became Kurdish. Onomasticon of the dynasty in the 10th - 11th centuries generally Iranian. The era of the greatest power of the Rawwadids was the time of the reign of Mamlan I, who pursued an aggressive policy towards Christian neighbors and the threat from which the Armenians and Georgians neutralized by the conclusion of a defensive alliance. XI century was the time of the gradual fading of the Rawwadids. The Shaddadids were of Kurdish dynasty descent and ruled in Arran. Slow growth of their power was observed in the 10th century, when they began expansion in the possession of the Muzafarids. This dynasty is characterized by close ties with the Armenians. Emirs Fadl and Abu l-Asvar carried out an attack on the Armenian territories, which the Armenians could recapture only by cooperating with the Georgians. To destroy the emirate of the Shaddadids were not able and the Romaios in the middle of the XI century. Only the Seljuks in Arran were able to eliminate the power of the Shaddadids in 1093, and they survived in Shirak until 1199. Shirvan was a state inhabited by Iranian-speaking and Caucasian populations. The Mazyadid dynasty was originally Arab in origin. Shirvan maintained close ties with the state of Lizan. In the tenth century, the Shirvanshahs extended power besides Shirvan to Derbent and Arran. In the second quarter of the XI century. Mazyadids were replaced by the Qesranid dynasty, the onomasticon of which is already Iranian. This dynasty, unlike the Sheddadids in Arran and the Rawwadids in Azerbaijan, retained power in Shirvan under the Seljuks. The Caesranids, like the Mazyadids, continued to claim power over Derbent in the XII century. Shirvan became an object of expansion from Georgia. Shirvans could only resist it with the help of the Seljuks. However, this did not exclude dynastic marriages with Georgian Bagrationi. The most prominent Qesranid was the Shirvanshah Akhsitan, who, with the help of the Georgians, repelled the invasion of the Derbent Khazars and personally repelled the invasion of the Dagestan highlanders. In alliance with Queen Tamar, the Shirvanshah opposed the Atabeks of Azerbaijan. XIII century was the time of the decline of Shirvan, when he became the object of invasion of the Mongols, Kipchaks and Khorezmians. From 1070 Azerbaijan became the possession of the Seljukids, and from 1093 Arran became such. For several decades, Azerbaijan and Arran were the property of the younger Seljukids and were part of the Iraqi Seljuk Sultanate. The design of the state of the Atabeks of Azerbaijan can be dated to the middle of the XII century. Under its first rulers, Shams ad-Din Ildengiz and Jahan-Phelevane, the influence of the Ildengizids extended from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf and from Erzurum to Khorasan. The Ildengizids were those who restrained the expansion of Georgian Bagrationi against Muslim countries and were actually omnipotent workers of the Sultans under the weak Seljukids. Qizil-Arslan has already ceased to look around at the Seljukids completely and has titled itself with a magnificent title. The end of the XII century. - beginning of the XIII century were the time of the decline of the Atabeks of Azerbaijan due to the strife between the Ildengizids and the victories of the Georgians. 20-30-ies of XIII century were the time of the fall of the Atabek state of Azerbaijan. Key words: Shirvan, Azerbaijan, Arran, Sajids, Mosaferids, Shaddadids, Rawwadids, Ildengizids, Seljukids
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Tielidze, L. G. "Glaciers change over the last century, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, observed by the old topographical maps, Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery". Cryosphere Discussions 9, n. 4 (17 luglio 2015): 3777–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-3777-2015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The study of glaciers in the Caucasus began in the first quarter of the 18th century. The first data on glaciers can be found in the works of great Georgian scientist Vakhushti Bagrationi. After almost hundred years the foreign scientists began to describe the glaciers of Georgia. Information about the glaciers of Georgia can be found in the works of W. Abich (1865), D. Freshfield (1869), G. Radde (1873), N. Dinik (1884), I. Rashevskiy (1904), A. Reinhardt (1916, 1917) etc. The first statistical information about the glaciers of Georgia are found in the catalog of the Caucasus glaciers compiled by K. Podozerskiy in 1911 (Podozerkiy, 1911). Then, in 1960s the large-scale (1:25 000, 1:50 000) topographic maps were published, which were compiled in 1955–1960 on the basis of the space images. On the basis of the mentioned maps R. Gobejishvili gave quite detailed statistical information about the glaciers of Georgia (Gobejishvili, 1989). Then in 1975 the glaciological catalog of the former USSR was published (The Catalog of Glaciers of the USSR, Vol. 8–9, 1975), where the statistical information about the glaciers of Georgia was obtained on the basis of the space images of 1970–1975. Thus, complete statistical information on the glaciers of Georgia has not been published for about last 40 years. Data obtained by us by processing of the space images of Landsat and ASTER is the latest material, which is the best tool for identification of the change in the number and area of the glaciers of Georgia during the last one century. The article presents the percentage and quantitative changes in the number and area of the glaciers of Georgia in the years of 1911–1960–1975–2014, according to the individual river basins. The air temperature course of the Georgia's high mountain weather stations has been studied. The river basins have been revealed, where there are the highest indices of the reduction in area and number of the glaciers and the reasons have been explained.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy I. "GEORGIAN AND RUSSIAN MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE MONGOLS". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n. 4 (18) (2021): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-4-190-199.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article presents some observations on the most outstanding historical works of the era of Mongolian domination in Transcaucasia and Russia, which contain valuable information about the beginning and development of Georgian-Mongolian and Russian-Mongolian relations. Georgian sources of this period are represented by practically only one major monument of historiography that has survived to this day — the anonymous “Centennial Chronicle” or “Chronograph” (early 14th century), which is part of the “Kartlis Tskhovreba”. There are several editions and translations of this work; “Anonymous Georgian “Chronograph”” (2005) was used. Information about the Mongols is also contained in the works of late Georgian authors — Parsadan Gorgidzhanidze (1626 – ca. 1694) and Vakhushti Bagrationi (1696–1757), but due to the compilation nature of chapters devoted to the events of the 13th–14th centuries, they are practically not used by modern historians. Meanwhile, they can provide some assistance in reconstructing the policy of the Mongol rulers. Russian historiography has generated a relatively large number of chronicle vaults. Russian sources reflected a gradual change in the position of their authors in relation to the invaders. We do not consider this evolution here and limit ourselves to the earliest chronicle works — the Hypatian Codex, the Laurentian, and the Novgorod First, which are based on manuscripts of the 13th century. Even though all these works were created in a Christian cultural environment and emphasize the importance of God’s providence in the invasion of nomads, there are significant differences between them in assessment of the Mongolian power, stemming, among other things, from the peculiarities of position of the Georgian and Russian lands in relation to the Mongol Empire and later to its successors — the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde. The author of the “Chronograph” demonstrates great awareness of the prehistory of the empire, he cites legends about the divine investiture of Genghis Khan, gives the Mongols a rather positive assessment, condemning only those of their rulers who allowed wrong actions to Christians. On the contrary, Russian chroniclers are very stingy about information about the Mongols and demonstrate an extremely negative attitude towards them.
26
Machai, Olena. "DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS OF THE GEORGIANS WITH THE MONGOLS (1235–1335)". Pro Georgia, n. 32/2022 (1 gennaio 2022): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32690/1230-1604/pg32/machai.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From the beginning of the formation of Pax Mongolica, the Mongols sought to conquer the settled peoples not only militarily but also diplomatically. The status of ambassador to the Mongols was very high, he was greeted with great honors. The first diplomatic contacts of the Mongols in Georgia began not with the queen, but with the mtavars, who sought to preserve their possessions and get out of the influence of Tbilisi. When the large landowners recognized the power of the Mongols, Queen Rusudan also had to submit to the power of the khan. As a result of establishing contacts with Europe, roads for Catholic missionaries were built in Georgia. The Mongols used the principle of ‘divide and rule’ not only in the relationship with the queen and didebuls, but also with the Bagrations family itself. Thus, in 1249, two kings were put on the throne – David Ulu and David Narin, to whom the khan showed ostentatious compliance. Although such a policy did not prevent anti-Mongol riots, the conflict was resolved thanks to well-planned diplomatic negotiations Kurultai and Mongolian festivals, to which Georgian rulers were invited, contributed to the support of allied relations. Informally, the Mongols tried to show respect for the conquered peoples and the possibility of their peaceful coexistence. Such holidays were often held in honor of Georgian-Mongolian marriages. In order to strengthen the alliance with the Christians, the Mongols showed religious tolerance, performed Christian rituals, and treated the shrines with respect. Such a policy was a key component in building an alliance to fight the Muslim Ulus of Jochi and Syria. Although Georgia was subordinate to Ilkhanate, that did not prevent its leaders from conducting secret diplomacy with Egypt and Ulus of Jochi, which were the Hulaguid’s main rivals. Ilkhan had to carefully eliminate the forces that focused on the Golden Horde. The Georgians, realizing that the Hulaguids depended on them, were often in the khan’s immediate entourage, and, enjoying his trust, the Georgian kings gradually managed to get rid of their influence and recreate the Georgian kingdom. Therefore, the specifics of diplomatic relations between the Mongols and the Georgians stood out with significant compliance, in contrast to their relations with other conquered peoples.
27
Sanadze, Manana. "On the Descent of Grigol Bakurianisdze (the Son of Bakur)". Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 2, n. 1 (10 novembre 2023): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2009.21.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
All the researchers, who have ever questioned Grogol Bakurianis-dze’s ethnicity – whether they consider it Georgian or Armenian – have unanimously agreed upon his origin from the province of Tao. Nobody has called into question that standpoint, which was first suggested by N. Marr. In fact, one cannot find any indications on his origin from Tao in the available sources. Having compared the sources with each other, we have come to the conclusion that Grigol belonged to the main branch of the reknowned Georgian royal family of Parnavaziani-Khosroviani (Sasanidz). When the kingship of Kartli had been abolished by percians in the middle of VI century, the family settled down in Kakheti. After one of its members, Nerse I, superseded Guaram the Young , the son of Stepanoz II of the Gorgasliani’s Klarjeti branch, on the throne of Kartli’s erismtavaris in the 570s, Kakheti still remained the Bakuriani’s patrimonial domain. Nerse I and his sons – Stepanoz, Adarnase and Philip – are mentioned as the Bakuriani in the list of erismtavaris in Moktsevai Kartlisa. The Bakuriani were Kartli’s erismtavaris till 780s inclusive, when Ashot Bagrationi deprived them of that honor at the end of the century. A Bakuriani, Grigol by name – in our opinion, the smallest son of Nerse II – had to relinquish his rights to the title ofErismtavari of Kartli and content oneself with the rights to his family domain, Kakheti, after a lost battle with Ashot the Kurapalat in the early 9th century. The revolted Donauri deprived Grigol’s descendents of their sovereign rights to Kakheti in the early 830s. We suppose that Bakuriani were still considered the noblest feudal family of Kakheti after that, though the sources pass it over in silence. About two centuries later, a Bakuriani, Grigol’s father, was serving to Giorgi I and, together with Prince Bagrat, went to Byzantium as a hostage of Emperor Basil. Information maintained in Petritsoni’s Typikon gives us some reason to surmise that Grigol Bakurianisdze’sbrother-in-law (his sister’s husband), Abas, was brother to King Aghsartan of Kakheti, which means Grigol’s close filiation with the family of Kvirikiani – Armenian Bagratuni – ruling in Georgia at the time. We have also specially perused the last part of Moktsevai Kartlisas – the list of erismtavaris – in this connection. The reading of the defective, obscure text is suggested as follows: “Then Nerse the Great and his sons: Philip, and Stepanoz, and Adarnase, and Guaram the Great Bakuriani, and the son of Bal [gh] [a] dadi [Adarnase], and the sons of Adarnase: Stepanoz, and Ashot, and Guaram, the great Eristavis, lived. ” The brackets represent restored parts and in the word “Bal [gh] [a] dadi” the original “L” is restored as initial “GH.” Confusion between “L” and “GH” is caused by thesimilarity of these two in Georgian-Nuskhuri (Minuscule) writings.
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Головчинер, Валентина Егоровна, e Оксана Николаевна Юрченкова. "TO THE 120-TH ANNIVERSARY OF N. R. ERDMANN". Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, n. 3(215) (24 maggio 2021): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-3-164-173.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Введение. Представлены доклады, прозвучавшие 14 ноября 2020 г. в Томском государственном педагогическом университете на VI Международной научной конференции «Проблемы трансформации и функционирования культурных моделей в русской литературе», посвященной 120-летию со дня рождения Н. Р. Эрдмана. Среди докладчиков отмечены авторы первых монографий о нем на английском языке Джон Фридман и на русском языке Е. С. Шевченко, исследователи драмы В. Е. Головчинер, О. Н. Юрченкова (Русанова), О. К. Страшкова, Е. Н. Пенская, Л. Г. Тютелова, И. Л. Багратион-Мухранели, О. А. Кравченко, Е. В. Киричук, а также искусствоведы и театроведы К. А. Учитель, М. Палушева, А. О. Ковалова, Ванхонг Бао, Лян Вейци и другие. Это участники второй, посвященной Эрдману конференции в стенах Томского государственного педагогического университета (ТГПУ), которая показала возрастающее внимание исследователей к личности и творческому наследию незаслуженно забытого отечественного драматурга, расширила круг обсуждаемых в контексте его творчества произведений литературы и театра, а также дала представление о переводах и постановках пьес Эрдмана в европейских странах. Цель. Представленный обзор докладов позволяет обозначить направления современного эрдмановедения, увидеть масштабность научных контактов, объединение единомышленников разных стран, познакомить специалистов и всех заинтересованных в исследовании творчества Эрдмана с содержанием докладов участников конференции. Материал и методы. Использован комплексный подход с опорой на описательно-аналитический, сравнительно-типологический, биографический, историко-литературный, историко-функциональный методы. Результаты и обсуждение. Кратко изложены основные положения докладов, представлены намеченные аспекты исследования произведений Эрдмана. Заключение. Обзор научных докладов юбилейной конференции, посвященной творчеству Эрдмана в аспектах трансформации и функционирования в нем культурных моделей драмы, может быть использован в научно-исследовательской, образовательной и культурно-просветительской деятельности для расширения представления о личности и творчестве Эрдмана, о его вкладе в русскую и мировую драматургию. Introduction. This information review presents papers presented on November 14, 2020 at Tomsk State Pedagogical University at the VI International Scientific Conference «Problems of Transformation and Functioning of Cultural Models in Russian Literature». It was dedicated to the 120th anniversary of N. R. Erdmann. John Friedman and Ekaterina Shevchenko, the authors of the first monographs on Erdmann, were among the speakers at the second conference held at TSPU. Drama researchers Valentina Golovchiner, Oksana Yurchenkova (Rusanova), Olga Strashkova, Elena Penskaya, Larisa Tyutelova, Irina Bagration-Mukhranneli, Oksana Kravchenko, Elena Kirichuk, and art historians and theater scholars Konstantin Uchitel, Martina Palusheva, Anna Kovalova, Vanhong Bao, Liang Weiqi, and others. Objective: to outline the directions of contemporary studies of the Erdmann’s work by; to see the scale of scientific contacts, to unite like-minded people from different countries, to acquaint specialists and everyone interested in researching Erdmann’s work with the contents of the conference participants’ reports. Material and methods. The article is based on a complex approach including biographical, cultural-historical, comparative-typological, historical-literary, historical-functional methods. Results and discussion. The main points of the reports were briefly presented, the topical aspects of Erdmann’s work were pointed out, the range of works of literature and theater discussed in the context of his work was outlined, and an idea of translations and productions of Erdmann’s plays in European countries was formed. Conclusion. The material from the review of the conference reports can be used in scientific research, educational and cultural-educational activities in order to broaden the idea of Erdman’s personality and creativity, the scope of his talent, his contribution to Russian and world playwrights.
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Pruidze, Nana. "Okropir Bagrationi - Populizer of Georgian Culture". enadakultura, 9 marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52340/lac.2022.815.
Testo completo
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Imedadze, Sophio. "The Arabic lexical units in dictionary by Teimuraz Bagrationi". enadakultura, 9 marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52340/lac.2022.791.
Testo completo
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"Some Words about the History of the Bagration Dynasty". History and Historians in the Context of the Time 17, n. 3 (12 settembre 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/hhct.2016.17.69.
Testo completo
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Lanchava, Omar, e Kukuri Tsikarishvili. "FOR 30th ANNIVERSARY 0F TSKALTUBO (PROMETHEUS) KARST CAVE DISCOVERY". GEORGIAN SCIENTISTS, 10 giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.273.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the early eighties of last century important speleo—discoveries were done in Tskhaltubo limestone massif. Expedition unit of the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography of Georgian Academy of Sciences became the discoverer of the multientrance labyrinth cave system, the total length of the corridors of which partially filled with water exceeded 15 km. Exited years of discovery and improvement works of this unique cave system became the property of the history. This article is dedicated to the events and people involved in them.
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Дзаттиаты, Р. Г. "ABOUT THE FORTRESS WALL IN THE KASAR GORGE". Известия СОИГСИ, n. 32(71) (13 giugno 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2019.71.31144.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье рассматриваются различные версии появления заградительных стен в Северной Осетии, в частности Касарского укрепления, дошедшего до нас в виде руин. Автор опровергает устоявшееся в историографии мнение о строительстве этих оборонительных сооружений стараниями грузинских царей, основанное на высказывании Вахушти Багратиони. Ряд исследователей считают сведения Вахушти Багратиони достоверными, не подвергая их критическому анализу. Однако исторические факты могут говорить о том, что оборонительные стены в Осетии могли возводиться персами (VI-VII вв.) либо арабами (VIII-IX вв.), но никак не грузинскими или, точнее, картлийскими царями, поскольку для них подобная задача ввиду ее масштабности была непосильной. Персидское и арабское присутствие и строительство мощных оборонительных стен на Центральном Кавказе документируются письменными и археологическими источниками, на основе которых автор выдвигает тезис о персидском или арабском происхождении раннесредневековых оборонительных сооружений на территории Северной Осетии. The article discusses various versions of the appearance of the barrier walls in North Ossetia, in particular, of the Kasar fortification, which has come down to us in the form of ruins. The author refutes the opinion established in historiography about the construction of these fortifications through the efforts of the Georgian kings, based on the statement of Vakhushti Bagrationi. A number of researchers consider the information of Vakhushti Bagrationi reliable, without subjecting it to critical analysis. However, historical facts may indicate that the defensive walls in Ossetia could have been erected by the Persians (VI-VII centuries) or the Arabs (VIII-IX centuries), rather than by the Georgian or, more precisely, the Kartlian kings, for whom such scale and magnitude were overwhelming. The Persian and Arab presence and the construction of powerful defensive walls in the Central Caucasus are documented by the written and archaeological sources, on the basis of which the author puts forward a thesis that the defensive structures in North Ossetia were constructed by the Persians or Arabs.
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"THE ROLE OF SPELEOTOURISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN GEORGIA". Globalization and Business 14, n. 14 (27 dicembre 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2022.14.006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Karst relief is widespread in western Georgia, on the southern slopes of the Caucasian Mountains, from the river Psou to Lake Ertso. There are more than 1000 karst caves, which led to the formation of Georgia as a classic country of karst caves. Karst forms have been studied by many scientists, but the pioneer was Vakhushti Bagrationi. Our region Imereti is especially distinguished by karst caves, where "Imereti Caves Protected Areas" has recently been created. According to the tourist motivation, there are 3 distinguished directions of speleotourism: extreme (Caving), spectacular (Show Cave Tourism) and medical (Speleotherapy). All these three directions are developed in our country, but at different levels. Among protected areas of Georgia most visitors come to karst natural monuments. For almost a decade now, priority is given to Prometheus Cave. The pandemic all over the world has reduced the number of visitors, but nowadays much is being done to attract them. In 2021, a new – White Cave was opened, where one can taste the wine made in the same cave. Soon the Satsurblia Cave will receive the first visitors, who are interested in speleotherapy. Despite the above mentioned , there are still many potential cave resources to be explored that are little known but important. Among them I would like to distinguish a 13-storey Tsutskhvati cave, which has no analogue in the world. The aim of our paper is to get acquainted with such sites and to study their development perspectives. The inclusion of such landmarks in the list of natural tourist sightseeings of Georgia will increase the awareness of Georgia and the influx of visitors to our country.
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Bolashvili, Nana, Nugzar Ghlonti, Tengiz Tsintsadze e Nodar Varamashvili. "A Brief Overview of Joint Research of Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, and Georgian Technical University, Institute of Hydrometeorology over the Past 10 Years". GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, 8 dicembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.03.02.01.
Testo completo
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Urushadze, Amiran. "Georgian Aristocracy in the Politics of the Russian Empire: Mechanisms and Stages of Integration". Quaestio Rossica 12, n. 1 (29 marzo 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2024.1.874.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines the process of integration of the Georgian elite into the social and political space of the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. In this case, integration should be understood as confirmation of the class rights of the Georgian nobility. This process lasted for half a century. The first part of the article analyses the efforts of the Russian authorities aimed at finding an optimal format for confirming the class rights of the Georgian elite. The class guarantees of the Georgian aristocracy were recorded in several documents, most notably in the Treaty of Georgievsk in 1783 and the Manifesto to the Georgian People in 1801. In addition, the rights of the noble Georgian class were guaranteed in several official proclamations of the regional Russian administration. However, the “nobilisation” of the Georgian elite encountered several legal obstacles and was delayed. Another problem of the Russian government was the unauthorised issuance of princely and noble letters by Georgian princes, who, after the liquidation of the royal house of Bagration, were resettled to Russian capitals. The government was not immediately successful in stopping this illegal practice. All these difficulties led to the fact that by the middle of the nineteenth century, most representatives of the Georgian nobility had not received recognition of their class rights at the imperial level. The second part of the article examines the activities of the first Caucasian Viceroy, Mikhail Vorontsov, aimed at completing the process of the “nobilsation” of the Georgian nobility. In 1846, at the proposal of the Viceroy, two special temporary commissions were created in Tiflis and Kutais to examine the class rights of the Georgian nobility. The commissions consisted of representatives of the Georgian nobility and Russian officials. The work of the commissions was completed in 1849, and a year later the lists of Georgian princes and nobles received the approval of Emperor Nicholas I. The Confirmation of rights made the Georgian nobility part of the imperial elite and motivated Georgians to take an active part in empire-building.