Tesi sul tema "Bactérie pathogène humaine"
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Badilla, Lobo Adriana. "Characterization of a family of small proteins regulated by second messenger-binding riboswitches in Clostridioides difficile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL120.
Testo completoClostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults in industrialized countries. The pathophysiology of C. difficile is governed by complex regulatory networks, including RNA-based mechanisms like riboswitches. Riboswitches, located in the 5' untranslated region of mRNAs, bind specific ligands, inducing conformational changes that either promote or inhibit the expression of the downstream gene. In C. difficile, 16 riboswitches respond to the signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). C-di-GMP acts as a second messenger and is recognized as a central regulator controlling the transition from a free planktonic to a sessile lifestyle associated with biofilm formation and virulence factor regulation. Several of the c-di-GMP-responding riboswitches have been well-studied in C. difficile and shown to regulate genes involved in flagella formation, type IV pili assembly, biofilm development, adhesion, and the production of virulence factors such as toxins. Moreover, c-di-GMP inhibits sporulation in C. difficile, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this PhD work, we sought to characterize c-di-GMP-responding riboswitches that have not yet been studied. Our bioinformatics analyses revealed that 5 of them are located directly upstream of predicted genes encoding small proteins (SPs) of 58 amino acids. Interestingly, an alignment of these 5 proteins showed that they are almost identical in sequence. Moreover, a homology search uncovered two additional proteins of 60 amino acids, highly similar to the first five, though their genes are not preceded by a c-di-GMP riboswitch. This novel family of proteins is conserved across C. difficile strains but lacks homologs outside the species. We built a tagged version of one SP and detected it by immunoblotting of cell fractions, confirming its protein nature and revealing that it is primarily localized to the cell membrane.RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data demonstrated that c-di-GMP negatively regulates not only the expression of the 5 SP genes downstream of the riboswitches but also the 2 additional genes. Unexpectedly, we also observed that c-di-AMP, another cyclic dinucleotide primarily involved in osmoregulation, repressed the expression of all seven genes. We performed reporter assays in different strain backgrounds to explore how these small proteins are regulated by both c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP. These experiments indicated that c-di-GMP required the riboswitch for modulation of downstream gene expression. In contrast, c-di-AMP regulated their expression independently of the riboswitch by modulating the promoter activity. Thus, c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP influence SP expression through distinct mechanisms.To investigate the role of these small proteins in C. difficile physiology, we overexpressed one SP and compared its transcriptome to that of the wild-type strain using RNA-seq. This revealed the upregulation of more than 100 genes involved in sporulation in the overexpressing strain. Consistent with these data, overexpression of this SP led to a hypersporulation phenotype. Furthermore, deletion of all 7 SP genes (Δ7 mutant) resulted in a significant reduction in sporulation, with intermediate phenotypes in strains where only some of the SP genes were deleted. Interestingly, the sporulation defect in the Δ7 mutant was mirrored in a strain producing elevated levels of c-di-GMP, suggesting that the impact of c-di-GMP on sporulation could be mediated by SP regulation. To test this hypothesis, we created a Δ7 mutant producing high concentrations of c-di-GMP. The sporulation defect in this strain was equivalent to that of the Δ7 mutant unaffected in its c-di-GMP production, indicating that the effects of SP gene deletions and c-di-GMP overproduction were not cumulative.Overall, our findings demonstrate that this novel family of small proteins is regulated by both c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP and plays a key role in controlling sporulation in C. difficile
Loubinoux, Julien. "Les bactéries sulfato-réductrices humaines : caractérisation et pouvoir pathogène". Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0279_LOUBINOUX.pdf.
Testo completoMeconi, Sonia. "Etude de la phagocytose de Coxiella burnetti par les macrophages humains". Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22005.
Testo completoEvrard, Bertrand. "Interactions cellules dendritiques humaines - bactéries probiotiques et pathogènes, et orientation de la réponse immunitaire muqueuse". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF1MM15.
Testo completoDendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues, such as the mucosa, where they sense the microenvironment via pattern recognition receptors, which recognize pathogen products called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of DCs by multiple PAMPs modulates their profiles of differentiation, which will determine at a later time the polarization of the response to different effector pathways Th1, Th2, Th17 or to the generation of regulatory T cells. In this work, we studied the response of human dendritics cells, derived from monocytes, to exposure to a pathogenic bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae LM21 and a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35. For K. Pneumoniae, we had isogenic mutants deficient in capsule or O-antigen of LPS. We demonstrated by confocal microscopy that the capsule severely constrained the phagocytosis of bacteria by DCs. In parallel, flow cytometry showed that the capsule mutants led to a greater maturation of DCs compared to the wild strain and increased Th1 cytokine production. LPS mutants induced a less marked increase of these cytokines. We investigated the effects of L. Rhamnosus Lcr35 on the maturation of DCs using a wide range of concentrations. The probiotic, at high doses, induced large-scale changes in gene expression on DNA microarrays with a molecular signature of inflammatory type. In cytometry, the probiotic induced a dose-dependent maturation of DCs, until a semi-mature state. Cytokine measurement revealed the induction by the probiotic of a dose-dependent increase in the pro-Th1/Th17 cytokines (TNFα, IL-12 and IL-23)
Raynaud, Simon. "Etude fonctionnelle et cibles d'un ARN régulateur exprimé par le pathogène humain Staphylococcus aureus et impliqué dans l'internalisation des bactéries par les cellules humaines". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B011.
Testo completoStaphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of both hospital- and community-acquired infections, making it a major public health issue worldwide. The transition from commensalism to pathogenicity is governed by a fine regulation of genes expression. Beside transcription factors, regulatory RNAs play a key role in this regulation. This thesis focuses on the study of one of them, Srn_3610_SprC, which is known to be involved in virulence and bacterial internalization by human macrophages. For a better understanding if its role and function, we implemented the MAPS technology and identified three mRNA: czrB, deoD and agrB. The characterization of the interaction between SprC and czrB revealed a negative regulation of SprC on the czrAB operon through modification of the RNA stability. This mechanism of regulation leads to a decrease in the resistance of S. aureus to zinc. Zinc belongs to the antibacterial strategies implemented by human cells. In addition to the depiction of regulation by Srn_3610_SprC, we developed a protocol for the extraction of bacterial RNAs after internalization by macrophages. This novel method allowed the study of the role of czrAB operon in the internalization and intracellular survival of S. aureus. We showed that it was highly over-expressed in an intracellular context. Therfore, the negative regulation of SprC onto czrB expression could explain the decrease in the survival of S. aureus within macrophages
Camiade, Mathilde. "Persistance de bactéries entériques antibiorésistantes ou pathogénes sur des végétaux de consommation humaine ( modèle la laitue )". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR032/document.
Testo completoIn recent years, foodborne diseases caused by fresh products contaminated, such as lettuce, with enteric pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli-or STEC-) increasingly. The presence of these bacteria in this unusual environment is a major emerging health risk, especially since enteric bacteria, whether pathogenic or not, are frequently resistant to antibiotics. To study the persistence of antibiotic-resistant or pathogenic bacteria on lettuce, the characterization of resistance plasmids carried by E. coli strains from contaminated aquatic environments was carried out in order to study their potential involvement in adhesion of host strains on different varieties of lettuce. The study of the survival and adhesion of environmental and laboratory E. coli strains, transformed with the plasmids of interest, on young lettuce plants allowed to highlight three points: 1) more time contact between bacteria and leaves increases and less bacterial survival is important; 2) there is a difference in survival and adhesion depending on the varieties of lettuce studied; 3) there is a difference in survival and adhesion between laboratory strains and environmental strains, the latter being in better metabolic state and showing greater adhesion during the 11-12 days of experimentation. After the persistence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains under controlled conditions, field studies on 4 Normandy vegetable farms, with different technical itineraries, were carried out. The search for enteric pathogens, Salmonella and STEC, was carried out on lettuce and a search for E. coli, a control of fecal contamination, was realized on the lettuce as well as in the irrigation water of one of the sites. The results reveal a satisfactory microbiological quality of the agricultural plots studied (according to the European decree N ° 2073/2005) although E. coli strains were regularly found at the lettuce level, including some antibiotic resistant. Analysis of the irrigation water showed the continued presence of E. coli strains, including strains with common antimicrobial resistance profiles to those found on lettuce, showing that irrigation water is one of the critical sources of plant contamination in the field
Bouguelia, Sihem. "Développement de biopuces dédiées à la détection de bactéries pathogènes à faibles taux". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872457.
Testo completoAujoulat, Fabien. "Adaptation et spécialisation des bactéries environnementales à l'infection humaine : étude des genres Ochrobactrum et Agrobacterium". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13501/document.
Testo completoThe opportunistic bacterial pathogens (OBP) cause the main part of bacterial infectious diseases. Environmental-borne OBP should encounter dramatic changes in lifestyle in order to colonize human beings. The conditions of this adaptation should precise concepts about OBP and emerging pathogens.The genera Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium groups bacteria with versatile lifestyles that establish diverse relationships with the eukaryotic cells. These environmental-borne OBP caused diverse infectious diseases in immune-compromised patients. In this study, we undertook an approach of multilocus genetic on large population of environmental and clinical strains of Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium. The population structures were compared to phenotypic traits related to adaptation and virulence in man, such as growth temperature, biofilm formation and virulence tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and human macrophages models.Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum intermedium are the two main Ochrobactrum species to be involved in human diseases. O. anthropi displays an epidemic population structure organized in two large clonal complexes (CCs). CC4 groups only human associated strains whereas CC1 contain environmental and clinical strains. Population genetics suggested that CC4 is a human-associated clone although phenotypic, genomic and virulence traits do not differ between CC1 and CC4 strains.As O. anthropi, O. intermedium displays a high genetic diversity without correlation between the genetic structure and the origin of strains. The level of genetic diversity among clinical strains appears as high as observed in the whole population. Several data such as a low level of genomic diversity suggested that O. intermedium is associated to a narrow ecological niche. The low number of environmental strains described for this species as well as an optimal growth at 37°C suggested that human beings could be the main niche for O. intermedium. Virulence in macrophage and C. elegans models showed diverse behaviour whereas some strains are able to survive and multiply in macrophages model.Multilocus genetics in a population of Agrobacterium spp. that displays diverse lifestyles, revealed a human associated population as observed for O. anthropi. The clinical genovar A7 groups 80% of the clinical strains included in the study, this strains growing at 42°C. Data obtained in this study will be confronted to the knowledge about other environmental-borne OBP such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and bacteria belonging to the species complex Burkholderia cepacia. All these bacteria displayed sub-populations associated to man or to a particular human disease. These sub-populations suggest a specialization process that will be described in the context of the speciation of bacterial pathogen in order to revisite the concept of « opportunisme infectieux »
Brochu, Eliel. "Métagénomique, culturomique et sélectomique recombinante pour la caractérisation de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques dans le microbiote intestinal humain". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38129.
Testo completoThe human intestinal microbiota is an important and poorly known antibiotic resistance genes reservoir. In this study, we explored resistance genes from the microbiota of healthy volunteers before and after exposure to the β-lactam cefprozil antibiotic. Three approaches were used to characterise resistance genes in the human microbiota and examine alteration by antimicrobials: metagenomics, culturomics and recombinant selectomics. Metagenomic and culturomic sequencing of intestinal microbiota enabled identification of several genes for resistance to β-lactams and other antibiotics. However, culturomics allowed identification of these genes in more participants than metagenomics. Culturomics highlighted the presence of the clinically important vancomycin resistance vanD-like genes in the microbiota of about 46% of participants compared to 8% with metagenomics. Culturomics also showed that in vitro and in vivo β-lactams exposition stimulates the emergence of vanD genes. Recombinant selectomics, which is based on the construction of expression libraries made with bacterial DNA, was also used to functionally characterise β-lactam resistance genes from the cultivable intestinal bacteria. It allowed identification and characterisation of five different β-lactamases including two with an extended-spectrum activity. The majority of β-lactamases genes was associated with other resistance genes and/or mobile elements. This study demonstrated that culture favors the identification of genes undetected by direct metagenomic sequencing and selectomics was a powerful tool to characterise gene functions. It also demonstrated that intake of a commonly used antibiotic of the β-lactam family can influence the abundance of bacteria containing resistance genes to an antibiotic from another class, such as vancomycin, which is a last resort antibiotic.
Bertrand, Romain. "Développement d'un outil de type macroarray pour la détection et la quantification de pathogènes humains émergents dans l'eau : legionella pneumophila et escherichia coli O157:H7". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20674.
Testo completoWaterborne pathogens could threat drinking water supply, water used for swimming, for agriculture, aquaculture and contaminate water network. L. Pneumophila and E. Coli 0157:H7 have emerged taking advantage of creating new hydric ecosystem by humans, due to modifications of food habits. These pathogens must be detected rapidly and at low doses because they have important health effects. The objective of this work was to develop, to evaluate, and to apply a macroarray allowing detection and quantification of Legionella, E. Coli O157:H7 in more or less complex water templates and in a realistic environmental concentration range. This rapid method should allow the use of monitoring systems in network water. It should also be adapted to alert systems and should reply to requirements of infectious risk control
Zhang, Jian. "Epidémiologie moléculaire et diversité génétique d'agents pathogènes bactériens humains : mise en oeuvre de nouvelles techniques de génotypage multiplexées et à haut débit sur mycobacterium tuberculosis et salmonella enterica". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112188.
Testo completoTuberculosis is a worldwide problem of public health, causing approximately 2 million deaths each year. The epidemiology of tuberculosis is essential for monitoring and controlling its propagation. The genotyping of strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), its agent, allows a fast molecular detection of recent transmission events, and the description of the diversity of this pathogen. Ln the first part of my work of thesis, with the current methods of genotyping, we evaluated the genetic diversity of MTC in two geographically different areas. The system Luminex xMAP® based on microbeads is a flexible tool for many medical applications and research activities. The second part of my work consisted in developing automated multiplexing high throughput methods, on the basis of system Luminex xMAP®, which makes it possible to carry out fast molecular analyses of the strains of M tuberculosis at various levels of precision. CRISPR region (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) is a very widespread genetic structure among Archaea and Eubacteria. This structure can reflect the genetic diversity and the molecular evolution of micro-organisms. Ln the third part of my thesis, we transferred the method developed in M. Tuberculosis on two loci CRISPR of another pathogen, Salmonella enterica, and implemented it on the Luminex xMAP® system
Locatelli, Aude. "Prévalence de pathogènes humains dans les sols français, effet des facteurs pédoclimatiques, biologiques et du mode d'utilisation des sols". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS081/document.
Testo completoSoil contamination by bacterial pathogens can occur through manure, sewage sludge spreading or irrigation using waste water treatment plants effluents. Agricultural soils may act as reservoirs for these pathogens, play a significant role in their dissemination, leading to the potential contamination of food and water resources. Health risk associated with the occurrence of pathogens in environmental matrices has to be thoroughly evaluated. In this context, the objectives of this work were: i) to determine the prevalence of two pathogenic bacterial species (Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis) in a large collection of French soils originated from a systematic soil survey of the territory, called RMQS (16x16 km grid), ii) to determine major biotic and abiotic parameters driving the survival of bacterial pathogens in soils. Two approaches were used to reach these objectives: i) the prevalence of the two pathogens was monitored in 1200 soils using specific molecular detection tools (real time PCR using TaqMan probe detection system) and ii) the survival of the 2 pathogens, inoculated in soil microcosms, was determined over a 84 days incubation period under laboratory conditions, on a subset of 100 soils from the RMQS survey, using classical microbiological methods. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the set of 1200 soils (with a detection limit estimated to be 104 bacteria per gram of soil) using the molecular detection method, while E. faecalis was detected in approximately 4% of the soils tested (on a smaller set of 150 RMQS soils). The two bacterial pathogens were able to survive in the majority of soil, although L. monocytogenes survived in a greater number of soils. Soils where both pathogens survived represented 44% of soils. The survival of both pathogens is strongly impaired in sandy acidic soils. However, textural and chemical parameters driving survival of the two pathogens differed: L. monocytogenes survival is increased in soils with higher BCSR (basic cation saturation ration) and CEC (cation exchange capacity). L. monocytogenes long-term survival is favored by higher soil clay content. E. faecalis survival is impaired in soils with high total Ca content (calcareous soils). Soil microflora inhibits survival of both pathogens especially in soil with alcaline pH’s. The results of our study will allow implementing survival models for these two pathogens. Such data is invaluable for a better and safer managment of soil manuring using various organic residues
Keita, Mamadou Bhoye. "Microbiote intestinal des gorilles : évaluation de la diversité bactérienne, détection des pathogènes et description des nouvelles espèces". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5039.
Testo completoThe main objective of this work is to explore the gorilla's potential role as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria. We used both microbial culturomics and pyrosequencing to analyze the gorilla gut bacteria. By applying culturomics to one index gorilla, we tested 12,800 colonies and identified 147 different bacterial species, including 5 new species. Many opportunistic human pathogens were observed, including 8 frequently associated with human disease: Mycobacterium bolletii, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum. Using specific real-time PCR on 48 gorilla fecal samples, we also observed the fastidious pathogens Bartonella spp. Borrelia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Tropheryma whipplei. Using microsatellite analysis of the gorilla samples, we estimated that the prevalence of these pathogens was between 4.76% and 85.7%. Therefore, the gorilla shares many bacterial pathogens with humans, which suggests that wild gorillas might be a reservoir for the emergence and/or reemergence of these pathogens, especially in areas where human and gorilla habitats overlap and because of the increasing presence of humans in the African equatorial forests
Weckel, Antonin. "Molecular mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes tissue colonization and invasion The N-terminal domain of the R28 protein promotes emm28 Group A Streptococcus adhesion to host cells via direct binding to three integrins Group A Streptococcus efficiently colonizes and invades a human tissue and limits its immune response during the early steps of infection". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2090&f=14189.
Testo completoStreptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases. GAS induces superficial infections such as pharyngitis, with 700 million cases/year worldwide, life threatening invasive infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, with 160 000 deaths, and post-infectious sequelae such as rheumatic fever. Altogether, GAS is responsible for 517 000 deaths in the world annually. GAS strains are genetically diverse and their genotyping involves the sequencing of the emm gene 5' end; emm encodes the M protein, a major virulence factor. More than 250 emm-types have been identified and they harbor specific virulence factor repertoires. During the pathogenesis of GAS infections, GAS adheres to the tissue, multiplies, affects the tissue integrity and invades it, resists and controls the immune response. During my PhD, we focused on deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in GAS early critical steps of human tissue infection, with gyneco-obstetrical sphere infections, including endometritis, as a model. The first to third most prevalent emm-types eliciting invasive infections in Europe, emm28, is associated with these infections. In a first part of my project, we sought receptors for the emm28 specific R28 surface protein and which domains are involved in promoting adhesion to cells. In the second part, we set up an innovative ex vivo model of human decidual infection and we characterized the contribution of virulence factors to the colonization and invasion of this tissue. By cell adhesion experiments, we show that the R28 N-terminal domain (R28Nt) is responsible for an increase of GAS adhesion to human primary decidual cells. We have subdivided R28Nt into two subdomains; each is involved in binding to decidual, cervical and epithelial endometrial cells. We identified several putative R28Nt receptors and focused on R28Nt interaction with integrins. R28Nt and both subdomains directly interact with the integrins alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1 and alpha6beta4. Since R28Nt also increases the binding to the surface of pulmonary and skin epithelium cells, tissues encountered in GAS induced infections, we suggest that the R28Nt-integrin interactions contribute not only to emm28 endometritis, but also to the overall prevalence of the emm28 strains. In the second part of my project, to better characterize the mechanisms involved in GAS infections, we developed an ex vivo model of tissue infection, using human decidua, a tissue encountered during endometritis. We infected the maternal side of feto-maternal membrane, i. e. decidua, from healthy caesarians with an emm28 endometritis clinical isolate and its derived mutants. Using state of the art imaging set-up, image processing and analysis, we followed and quantified in real time different early infection steps. The bacteria multiply until they colonize the entire tissue surface in up to eight hours and this multiplication is triggered by the tissue. The bacteria form a multilayer biofilm of up to 14 µm thick. GAS readily and actively invades the decidua in a time-dependent manner, which depends on the presence of the cysteine protease SpeB. GAS induces dramatic cell cytotoxicity, with up to 50% of cells killed in the first four hours of infection; Streptolysin O (Slo) is involved in this cytotoxicity, confirming the critical importance of this factor in the early steps of infection. Cytokine overexpression and secretion in the tissue after infection indicate that GAS induces a limited immune response and the inflammatory response does not critically depend on the presence of Slo or SpeB. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of several virulence factors, R28, SpeB and Slo, in the GAS emm28 early steps of infection, such as colonization, biofilm formation, cytotoxicity and tissue invasion, indicating their involvement not only in endometritis, but in other emm28 infections
Smeesters, Pierre. "Epidémiologie, pathogénie et prise en charge des infections à Streptococcus pyogenes touchant les enfants de Bruxelles et de Brasília". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210620.
Testo completoPour mieux évaluer ces variations, nous avons mené une analyse prospective de l’épidémiologie clinique et moléculaire d’isolats de GAS provenant d’enfants présentant une infection à GAS, simultanément en deux localisations géographiques différentes (Bruxelles et Brasília, Brésil).
Un des points importants de notre étude a été la mise en évidence de la diversité génétique de la protéine M des isolats belges et brésiliens. Alors que de nombreux emm-types différents sont retrouvés à Brasília (48 emm-types sur 128 isolats), ceux retrouvés à Bruxelles sont relativement peu nombreux (20 emm-types sur 200 isolats) et sont ceux communément retrouvés dans les pays industrialisés. Afin de mieux comprendre les bases moléculaires de cette différence, une analyse phylogénétique basée sur la quasi-totalité de la séquence de la protéine M exposée à la surface de la bactérie a été réalisée. Cette analyse a permis de montrer que les emm-types belges sont génétiquement éloignés les uns des autres alors que les emm-types brésiliens sont génétiquement plus proches. De manière intéressante, cette analyse a montré que les souches belges présentent une grande diversité au niveau de la région de la protéine M dite ‘constante’. En conséquence, la diversité génétique globale des protéines M belges et brésiliennes est similaire, mais elle se situe dans des régions différentes de la protéine M, ce qui pourrait indiquer l’existence de pressions de sélection différentes entre les deux pays. D’un point de vue vaccinal, ces résultats indiquent qu’un vaccin dirigé contre certaines des parties constantes de M présenterait une bonne couverture théorique dans les deux pays. Par contre, le vaccin 26-valent, en cours d’évaluation clinique, aurait une couverture théorique de 76% à Bruxelles et de 32% à Brasília.
Notre analyse phylogénétique a également permis de montrer que la non-sensibilité à la ciprofloxacine (observée dans 22,5 % et 9% des souches belges et brésiliennes respectivement) survient dans des souches génétiquement éloignées, contrairement à ce qui est proposé actuellement dans la littérature. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence un polymorphisme au sein des gènes codant les topoisomérases cibles de la ciprofloxacine. L’identification de mutations responsables du phénotype de non-sensibilité nécessite par conséquent une confirmation expérimentale.
Les manifestations cliniques sont assez différentes entre Bruxelles et Brasília. Les infections cutanées sont beaucoup plus fréquentes à Brasília. De manière intéressante au Brésil, des souches de GAS présentant un tropisme cutané sont isolées du pharynx. Ces souches ‘cutanées’ pourraient avoir acquis des déterminants génétiques leur permettant de se développer dans des tissus pharyngés. De plus, ces résultats pourraient remettre en question le postulat que seules les souches de tropisme pharyngé sont impliquées dans le développement du RAA. D’autres études épidémiologiques dans des pays où le RAA est endémique devront être réalisées afin de préciser nos résultats et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires menant au développement du RAA.
Cependant, étant donné la prévalence du RAA et l’accès limité au diagnostic microbiologique des pharyngites dans le réseau public de soins au Brésil, nous avons développé un score clinique permettant de limiter les traitements antibiotiques chez les enfants probablement atteints de pharyngites virales. L’utilisation de ce score permettrait de réduire le nombre de prescriptions antibiotiques dans les pharyngites de l’enfant de 41 à 55% à Brasília.
Le choc toxi-infectieux est une pathologie relativement rare et le RAA n’est quasi plus décrit dans les pays développés. Cependant, deux nourrissons ont présenté un choc toxi-infectieux suivi d’un RAA (HUDERF, Bruxelles). A notre connaissance, cette association clinique n’a jamais été décrite. L’analyse de ces deux cas du point de vue de la virulence bactérienne a révélé la présence de nombreux gènes de facteurs de virulence, portés par des phages et différents dans les deux souches. Nos résultats illustrent la complexité de la relation hôte-pathogène.
La capacité des bactéries à s’adapter à leurs hôtes et à causer des pathologies dépend de nombreux facteurs, qui varient d’un isolat à l’autre, et dont l’importance varie d’un hôte à l’autre. Notre travail a permis d’exemplifier la diversité génétique des GAS, aussi bien au niveau du gène emm qu’au niveau des facteurs de virulence, et de l’implication de ceux-ci dans le développement de pathologies streptococciques rares.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Toinon, Justine. "A Legionella pneumophila type IV-secreted effector suppresses human Argonaute activities and promotes pathogenicity in macrophages". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS485.pdf.
Testo completoRNA interference (RNAi) is an ancestral gene silencing mechanism orchestrated by short non-coding small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are present in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms and have been characterized in diverse biological processes. During the past decade, plant and mammalian miRNAs have emerged as major regulators of host-bacteria interactions by controlling multiple steps of bacterial infections. As a counter-defense mechanism, type III-secreted effectors from a phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae strain were found to suppress different steps of the plant miRNA pathway to enable disease. However, it remains unknown whether mammalian pathogenic bacteria could have evolved similar strategies. Here, we report that the Legionella pneumophila type IV-secreted effector LegK1 efficiently suppresses miRNA activities in human cells. This phenomenon requires both its known eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinase activity and a newly identified Argonaute (Ago)-binding platform. We found that LegK1 not only interacts with human Ago1, Ago2 and Ago4 but also with other components of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). Furthermore, LegK1 was found to promote L. pneumophila growth in both its natural host amoeba and in human macrophages, highlighting its biological relevance in bacterial pathogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated that human Ago4 is a major genetic target of LegK1, whose targeting is required to promote growth of L. pneumophila in human macrophages. Altogether, these findings provide the first evidence that a human pathogenic bacterium can directly suppress RNAi to promote pathogenicity
Seng, Piseth. "Application de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF en microbiologie clinique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5033/document.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis is to apply the method of bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF MS in daily practice in a routine clinical microbiological laboratory. Firstly, we prospectively evaluated the performance and the cost-effective of bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF in comparison with conventional phenotypic identification methods. During a 16-week study, we compared the performance of MALDI-TOF with conventional techniques of identification including Gram staining, API ANA identification strip and automated identification using the Vitek 2. The unmatched identifications between MALDI-TOF and conventional methods were resolved by molecular identification. In this study, we showed that MALDI-TOF was an effective tool and less expensive for the rapid identification of bacterial species in clinical microbiology laboratory. MALDI-TOF can be used in first intention for identification before Gram staining or other phenotypic identification techniques based on physicochemical properties of bacteria. Secondly, we retrospectively evaluated the performance and the cost-effectiveness of the exclusive use of MALDI-TOF in bacteriological diagnosis in comparison with conventional phenotypic identification. 11-year retrospective analysis of data showed that MALDI-TOF was efficient and completely adapted for the routine identification of bacterial species. We also showed that MALDI-TOF had capacity to identify bacterial species that were rarely involved in human diseases. This technique could be an alternative to molecular methods in the clinical laboratory
Jordan, lozano José. "Transmissions indirectes via l’environnement de pathogènes impliquées dans les gastroentérites aiguës de l’Homme à/autour de Bogotá (Colombie) Contamination of water, leafyvegetables and air by human enteric pathogens (GI and GII noroviruses, rotavirus type A, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Cryptosporidium spp.) in the suburb of Bogotá (Colombia) Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of Norovirus infection". Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0359.
Testo completoAcute gastroenteritis affect between a quarter and a half of people in the World each year. They are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Their direct or indirect transmissions via water, food, air or inert surfaces depend on their aetiology (viral, bacterial or parasitic) and the local context. Bogotá and its region have several specificities: wastewater are often discharged into rivers without or after primary treatment only, the deposit in landfill of toilet papers and diapers soiled by excrement, and the low consumption of fruits and vegetables largely restricted to a handful of relatively cheap products that may be irrigated by surface freshwaters heavily contaminated with faeces. Our PhD aimed to assess the fluxes of some human enteric pathogens in the region of Bogotá and to try to relate these fluxes to the population health. The PhD combined three contributions. First, a method for culturing the human norovirus has been developed using isolated mouse intestinal villi as a cell model exhibiting the full diversity of intestinal epithelial cells. Several concentrations of trypsin were tested to activate noroviruses; the method was applied to faecal and environmental samples. Second, contamination with E. coli and some human enteric pathogens was monitored in water (landfill leachate, runoff water, river, irrigation water, drinking water), leafy vegetables eaten raw (chards) and air (above a landfill, in rural areas, in urban areas) in the Bogotá region. Third, the impact of socioeconomic contexts and individual practices (food, hygiene and health) on cases of acute gastroenteritis was assessed from surveys carried out in one district of Bogotá and analysed by various tools (principal component analysis, modelling …). We have shown that mouse isolated intestinal villi allow the infection and replication of human norovirus. The virus has to be activated with trypsin and has an average replicative cycle of 10 h. Villi are efficient in obtaining abundant biological material and are ideal for studying the biological activity of norovirus or for generating antibodies. They made it possible to see infectious noroviruses not detected by molecular method in several faeces and environmental samples; almost all samples positive by molecular method or immunodot-blot contain infectious noroviruses. At the regional level, the discharges of wastewater in the Bogotá and Balsillas rivers and in Tres Esquinas march contaminate the irrigation network of La Ramada area in the northwest of Bogotá with E. coli and potentially human enteric pathogens. Chards harvested in this area were heavily contaminated, in contrast to other growing areas. Their contamination evolved from their production to their purchase in nearby stores, washings increasing or decreasing their contamination, and handling on the merchant's stalls increasing contamination. The air was often contaminated with E. coli and Shigella spp.; it was not possible to detect a particular contribution of the Doña Juana landfill in pathogen aerosolization. The presence of Shigella spp. was observed in parallel in more than half of the stools of people with diarrhoea. Surveys have shown that the annual frequency of acute gastroenteritis decreases with increasing age; it seemed less common in households with elderly people, possibly due to stricter food hygiene practices. A transmission model of acute gastroenteritis distinguishing contamination from outside the households and contaminations between people in the same households did not show significant differences between neighbourhoods. Used to simulate numerical experiments, it suggests working on much higher numbers of surveys
La gastroenteritis aguda afecta entre una cuarta parte y la mitad de las personas en el mundo cada año. Son responsables de importantes costos de morbilidad, mortalidad y asistencia sanitaria. Sus transmisiones directas o indirectas a través del agua, alimentos, aire o superficies inertes dependen de su etiología (viral, bacteriana o parasitaria) y del contexto local. Bogotá y su región aledaña tienen varias especificidades: las aguas residuales a menudo se vierten a los ríos sin o solo después de un tratamiento primario, el depósito de papel higiénico y pañales sucios con excrementos son dispuestos generalmente en un relleno sanitario, y el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras restringido en gran medida a un puñado de productos relativamente baratos pueden ser irrigados por aguas dulces superficiales muy contaminadas con excrementos. Nuestra tesis doctoral tuvo como objetivo evaluar los flujos de algunos patógenos entéricos humanos en la región de Bogotá y tratar de relacionar estos flujos con la salud de la población. El doctorado combinó tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un método para cultivar el norovirus humano utilizando vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón como modelo celular que exhibe la diversidad completa de células epiteliales intestinales. Se probaron varias concentraciones de tripsina para activar norovirus; el método se aplicó a muestras fecales y ambientales. En segundo lugar, se evidenció la contaminación de E. coli y patógenos entéricos humanos en el agua (lixiviados de vertedero, agua de escorrentía, río, agua de riego, agua potable), vegetales de hoja que se comen crudos (acelgas) y aire (sobre un vertedero sanitario, así como en áreas rurales y urbanas) en la región de Bogotá. En tercer lugar, se evaluó el impacto de los contextos socioeconómicos y las prácticas individuales (alimentación, higiene y salud) frente a los casos de gastroenteritis aguda a partir de encuestas realizadas en una localidad de Bogotá y analizadas mediante diversas herramientas (análisis de componentes principales, modelización…). Con este doctorado, hemos demostrado que las vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón permiten la infección y la replicación del norovirus humano. El virus debe activarse con tripsina y tiene un ciclo replicativo promedio de 10 h. Las vellosidades son eficaces para obtener abundante material biológico y son ideales para estudiar la actividad biológica de los norovirus o para generar anticuerpos. Ellas permitieron ver norovirus infecciosos no detectados por método molecular en varias heces y muestras ambientales; casi todas las muestras positivas por método molecular o inmunodot-blot contienían norovirus infecciosos. A nivel regional, los vertidos de aguas residuales en los ríos Bogotá y Balsillas y en el humedal Tres Esquinas contaminan la red de riego La Ramada en el noroeste de Bogotá con E. coli y potencialmete con patógenos entéricos humanos. Las acelgas recolectadas en esta área resultaron muy contaminadas, a diferencia de otras áreas de cultivo. Su contaminación evolucionó desde la producción hasta su compra en las tiendas cercanas, los lavados aumentaron o disminuyeron su contaminación y la manipulación en los puestos de comercio aumentaron la contaminación. El aire a menudo estaba contaminado con E. coli y Shigella spp., sin poder atribuir al relleno sanitario Doña Juana un rol particular. A su vez la presencia de Shigella spp. se observó en paralelo en más de la mitad de las deposiciones de personas con diarrea. Las encuestas demostraron que la frecuencia anual de gastroenteritis aguda disminuye respecto al aumento en edad; parecía menos común en hogares con personas mayores, posiblemente debido a prácticas de higiene alimentaria más estrictas. Un modelo de transmisión de gastroenteritis aguda que distinguió la contaminación fuera de los hogares y las contaminaciones entre personas dentro de los mismos hogares no mostró diferencias significativas entre vecindarios
Moussaoui, Louardi. "Applications de la spectrométrie de masse type MALDI-TOF à la bactériologie et à la distinction de variants génétiques". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872251.
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