Tesi: "Backpacks"

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Coronado, Medina Consuelo Esther, Ramírez Miguel Ángel Freyre, Trujillo Juan Carlos Sergio Gamarra, Peña Mariela Lisbeth Vásquez e Garcia Dayana Stefany Zelayaran. "Backpacks HARK’AY". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654844.

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Actualmente todo el mundo vive una emergencia sanitaria como consecuencia del Covid-19 y en Perú debido a esta enfermedad muestra un cambio de hábitos para movilizarse hacia sus centros de trabajo, ir al supermercado, ir de paseo, etc. Por ello, el presente plan de negocio analiza la viabilidad del proyecto empresarial HARK’AY que consiste en brindar una salida para aquellas personas que muestran un gran interés en movilizarse a través de bicicletas. Este proyecto surge de la experiencia personal de nuestro entorno familiar al oír las constantes quejas y poca comodidad que tenían al transportarse en sus bicicletas. Por este motivo, diseñamos un accesorio para bicicletas que alivie las frustraciones de los ciclistas de Lima metropolitana al transportarse por la ciudad. Por otro lado, con el avance de la tecnología queremos ofrecer un valor agregado a nuestro producto, paneles solares, que estarán adaptados a las backpack para que mediante la energía solar puedan cargar todo tipo de artículos electrónicos tales como laptops, celulares, baterías externas, etc. que será de gran oportunidad para aquellas personas que quieren adquirir más que un producto que cubra sus necesidades, también les permitirá contribuir con el medioambiente a través de la tecnología. Para poner en marcha nuestra empresa, contaremos con 5 trabajadores y la zona escogida como centro de operaciones estará en el distrito del Callao. Además, se tiene como objetivo recuperar la inversión inicial de S/. 42,455.00 soles, el primer año y lograr expandir nuestra propuesta de negocio hacia provincias en dos años.
Currently, everyone is experiencing a health emergency as a result of Covid-19 and in Peru due to this disease shows a change in habits to move to their work centers, go to the supermarket, go for a walk, etc. For this reason, this business plan analyzes the viability of the HARK'AY business project, which consists of providing an outlet for those people who show a great interest in mobilizing by bicycle. This project arises from the personal experience of our family environment when hearing the constant complaints and little comfort that they had when transporting their bicycles. For this reason, we designed a bicycle accessory that alleviates the frustrations of the cyclists of metropolitan Lima when traveling around the city. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology we want to offer an added value to our produc, solar panels, which will be adapted to a backpack so that through solar energy they can charge all kinds of electronic items such as laptops, cell phones, batteries external, etc. which will be a great opportunity for those who want to acquire more than a product that meets their needs, it will also allow them to contribute to the environment through technology. To start our company, we will have 5 workers and the area was chosen as the center of operations will be in the Callao district. In addition, the objective is to recover the initial investment of S /. 42,455.00 soles, the first year and to expand our business proposal to the provinces in two years.
Trabajo de investigación

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Talbott, Nancy R. "The Effect of the Weight, Location and Type of Backpack on Posture and Postural Stability of Children". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1115391000.

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Swiston, Albert Joseph. "Functional "backpacks" for cellular engineering". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59006.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Polymer multilayers may be built through the sequential ("layer-by-layer") adsorption of species (polymers, nanoparticles) with specific interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding). Multilayered heterostructures - films comprised of multiple lamellar regions or strata, each of which consisting of several bilayers of electrostatically complexed or hydrogen-bonded materials - may be assembled and patterned into precise geometries. These heterostructures maintain the functions and capabilities of each lamellar region, and thus complex, stimuli-responsive films with multiple functionalities may be fabricated and patterned with high fidelity. This thesis describes a method to fabricate such heterostructured devices for single-cell functionalization. These devices may be attached to the surface of living immune system cells, conferring new functions without impairing native cellular behaviors. The first part of this thesis focuses on the techniques to create a heterostructured backpack. Photolithographic methods were developed to geometrically pattern multilayer films into a desired size and shape. A host of polymer multilayer systems labile at physiologically relevant pH's were built and tested as a way to release the backpack from its fabrication substrate. Therapeutically and diagnostically interesting materials, such as magnetic nanoparticles, biodegradable polymers, and quantum dots were built into the backpack's payload region. Finally, a film that non-cytotoxically adheres the backpack to the cell surface was developed and optimized as the celladhesive region. How backpack attachment affect native cell behavior is of utmost importance. Backpack attachment was found to be non-cytotoxic to B lymphocytes, and T cells were still able to migrate on ICAM-coated surfaces. Backpacks could be made with specific chemistries that could activate desirable cell behavior, such as activating dendritic cells, which demonstrates that backpacks need not be passive objects but rather actively engage with the attached cell to create hybrid bio-synthetic devices. The last part of this thesis describes how backpacks can be used as functional phagocytosis-resistant particles that may be used to increase in vivo circulation time or functionalize phagocytic cells. This presents exciting opportunities for immunoengineering applications, such as using immune cells to invade solid tumors and deliver cytotoxic payloads.
by Albert Joseph Swiston Jr.
Ph.D.

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Lehmann, Frederick Denis, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e School of Environment and Agriculture. "Weight load carry : a review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the army backpack". THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Lehmann_F.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/663.

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Military load carrying has occupied the attention of military developers, researchers and commanders over centuries. The Army backpack remains the means of carriage for ammunition and rations for the soldier in the field. The traditional rationale for its use has been that the infantry soldier must be able to sustain himself in combat and live independently for days at a time without resupply. At the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC), the mission is to produce men and women who are capable and effective officers and soldiers. The weight of the pack with the items required at RMC is often in excess of 40 kg. In evaluating the effectiveness of current practice, this thesis takes an anthropometric perspective in exploring the historical, physiological and social context of current loads carried by Australian soldiers, It does not, however, evaluate the content of the load itself. Research methods include: a/. Systematic examination of past research findings on the social and physiological aspects of military load carrying since the Roman Centurions. b/. Biophysical tesing of nine soldiers, using a battery of physiological tests to determine heart rates and energy expenditure at various loads. c/. A survey of 100 soldiers from the Royal Military College, Duntroon and in-depth interviews with a sample of four experienced soldiers to obtain the views of the load carriers. The research concludes that the optimum approach to load carrying, and so to the design of the Army backpack, is that it be task-and soldier-specific. This runs directly counter to the longstanding Army traditions of preparing all soldiers for every possible contingency in battle and regarding all soldiers as equivalent units. The study findings offer some specific directions in which the design of the army backpack can be improved.
Master of Science (Hons)

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Meunier, Pierre. "Psychophysical assessment of load-carrying in internal and external-frame backpacks". Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040630/.

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Jonsson, Marcus. "Design of Multifunctional and Sustainable Backpacks : Combining Skiing, Snowboarding, and Urban Usage". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69707.

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Today, backpacks and duffel bags are often designed with a focus on a specific area of use, which makes it difficult to use them on other occasions. A clear example where the differences are noticeable is between functional mountaineer bags and urban bags. It is not uncommon for people staying in these environments to have far beyond two bags in their possession. Overconsumption is harmful to the environment, especially when it is from an industry that is pursued with poor working conditions and dangerous emissions in nature. Therefore, multifunctionality and sustainable design have been of high priority when the products in this project were developed. In this thesis, two models of bags have been developed through a human-centered design process. A large number of user interviews and expert interviews, as well as a focus group, laid the foundation for the requirements and needs of the bags. Spektrum’s company values, as well as the identity of their current products, were interpreted to create brand recognition in the new products. Idea generation was performed through various creative sessions, prototyping, and through a workshop. Evaluation and concept selection was performed by representatives from the target group in the form of personas, as well as by Spektrum. Finally, detailed technical drawings of the concepts were created in Adobe Illustrator. The first model is a backpack designed to work just as well on the mountain as in the city. The other model is a duffel bag that can be carried both on the back and in the hand. It is also designed to perform well in both mountain and urban environments. Both bags are made of polyester from recycled PET bottles and the material is controlled and approved by the highly rated environmental certification bluesign®. The metal parts of the bags are made of recycled aluminum. Both models are adjustable to fit all users within the 5th to 95th percentile. The thesis resulted in the ordering of two alpha prototypes of each model, factory-made by my technical drawings. According to Spektrum, the designs have created great interest among retailers and company shareholders. Both models will, therefore, be put into production and released to the market within two years.

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Lehmann, Frederick Denis. "Weight load carry : a review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the army backpack /". View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050810.122056/index.html.

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Winnberg, Anton. "Waterproof packing for urban outdoor : Development of two waterproof backpacks intended for daily bike commute, urban strolls and travel". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76773.

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Everyday, lots of people use some sort of bag to carry their daily equipment around, whether it is between home and work or any typ of spare time activity. This report covers a Master Thesis project in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. The thesis concerns the development of two waterproof backpacks. These backpacks are developed in collaboration with the outdoor brand Lundhags, and intended for everyday bike commute, urban excursion and travel. Behind the initiative lies the desire of expanding the company’s product portfolio with a set of new waterproof daypacks within the category of urban outdoor. Also, to offer the customers the better protection of electronic devices such as laptops, surf tablets and smartphones, which are products that are prominent in our daily lives. The project has followed a schedule and workflow influenced by versions of the design thinking process, with multiple iterations along the way. The work started off by studying competing products on the market, research and conduct knowledge on relevant topics through a literature review, study users needs and gather inspiration. User studies where carried out as interviews with both users and retailers, where the result was summarised as personas to represent the target audience. The contextual studies laid the foundation for the rest of the project, which further shifted towards more practical activities. Such as ideation sketching, building textile and paper mock-ups, concept development and concept evaluation. The result of this thesis project was the first version technical drawings for two backpack concepts. During the final weeks, these drawings were sent to the manufacturer for production of first version prototypes and production cost proposal. The bags are planned as a 16 liter and a 22 liter, where they offer internal options of organising the packing, as well external access pockets for smaller items to be close at hand.
Varje dag så använder massor av människor någon form av väska för att bära med sig sin vardagliga utrustning. Det kan antingen vara mellan arbetet och hemmet, eller någon fritidsaktivitet. Denna rapport redogör för ett examensarbetet på utbildningen Civilingenjör Teknisk Design vid Luleå tekniska universitet. Examensarbetet i denna rapport omfattar utvecklingen av två vattentäta ryggsäckar. Utvecklingen av dessa ryggsäckar görs i samarbete med friluftsmärket Lundhags och är tänkta för vardagspendling, stadsutflykter och resor. Motivet till projektet är att man önskar expandera företagets produktsortiment med ett par nya vattentäta dagsryggsäckar inom kategorin urban outdoor. Dessutom vill man kunna erbjuda en säkrare förvaring av elektronisk utrustning så som bärbara datorer, surfplattor och smartphones, vilket är produkter som är har stor betydelse i många människors vardagliga liv. Projektet har följt ett schema och ett arbetsflöde som influerats av versioner på design thinking processer, med flertalet iterationer längs vägen. Arbetet började med att studera konkurrerande produkter på marknaden, fördjupa sig och samla kunskap inom relevanta områden genom en litteraturstudie, studera användarbehov samt samla inspiration. Användarstudier utgjordes av intervjuer med både användare och återförsäljare, där resultatet summerades i form av personas som representation av målgruppen. Kontextundersökningen utgjorde grunden för resten av projektet, som därefter övergick till mer praktiska aktiviteter. Bland annat skissande av idéer, skapande av mock-ups i papper och textil, konceptutveckling och konceptutvärdering. Resultatet av detta examensarbete var första versionens ritningar för två konceptuella modeller. Under de sista veckorna av projektet skickades ritningarna till den planerade tillverkaren för tillverkning av första versionens prototyper, samt tillhörande förslag på produktionskostnad. Ryggsäckarna är tänkta i storlekarna 16 och 22 liter. Båda erbjuder möjligheter för organisering av packning invändigt, samt fack utvändigt för möjlig förvaring av mindre saker.

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Matos, Mariana. "Análise e associação da dor músculo-esquelética inespecífica e os seus factores de risco em crianças". Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2531.

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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia
Este estudo teve com objectivos analisar a associação entre a dor na coluna vertebral e ombros em alunos com idades entre os 11 e os 12 anos e o género, idade, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), actividade física, mochilas e alterações posturais. Foram recolhidos 131 questionários, adequadamente preenchidos com a identificação e as características antropométricas, características das mochilas, distribuição de dor num bodychart e avaliação postural completa, de forma estática. A amostra foi constituída por 53,4% elementos do sexo feminino e 46,6% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 11,40 anos. A prevalência de dor foi maior no sexo feminino, que transporta mochilas mais pesadas. O local mais prevalente de dor foi os ombros seguido da lombar. O transporte de mochila unilateral está relacionado com a presença de dor. Não foram encontradas relações com as outras variáveis estudadas. This study purposes to examine the association between pain in the spine and shoulders of students aged 11 and 12 years and gender, age height, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, backpacks and postural changes. 131 questionnaires were collected, properly completed with the identification and anthropometric characteristics, backpacks characteristics, distribution of pain in a bodychart and a complete postural evaluation in a static form. The sample comprised 53.4% female and 46.6% male, with a mean age of 11.40 years. Prevalence of pain was higher in females, who carried heavier backpacks. The most prevalent pain site was shoulders, followed by low back pain. The unilateral backpack carriage is related with presence of pain. There were no significant relationships with other variables.

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Klimaitė, Vaida. "Pradinių klasių mokinių fizinio išsivystymo ir rizikos veiksnių sąsajos". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120817_131015-68327.

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Bakalauro darbe analizuojama mokinių fizinis išsivystymas ir rizikos veiksnių poveikis laikysenai. Vienas iš rizikos veiksnių – mokyklinės kuprinės, kitas – netinkamai parinkti mokykliniai suolai pagal mokinių ūgį.Tyrime dalyvavo Radviliškio Vinco Kudirkos 82 miesto ir kaimo pradinių klasių mokiniai.Tyrimo metu buvo naudojamos svarstyklės, siekiant nustatyti mokinių svorį ir į mokyklą tyrimo dieną atsineštų pamokoms reikalingų kuprinės daiktų svoris. Siekiant išsiaiškinti ar mokiniai, mokykloje sėdi pagal jų ūgį atitinkančiuose suoluose, tyrimo metu buvo matuojami sėdimi suolai. Interviu metodu buvo siekiama nustatyti mokinių įgūdžius nešiojant kuprines. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis siekiama atskleisti mokinių harmoningo išsivystymo ir mokymosi aplinkos rizikos veiksnių įtaką mokinių laikysenai.
The Bachelor’s thesis analyses students physical development and risk factors influence for posture. One of the risk – school backpacks, other – properly selected school desk by the student's height.The analysis includes Radviliškio Vinco Kudirkos 82 urban and rural primary school pupils.The analysis instruments were used to determine the weight of students to school and study on the lessons brought along the necessary items backpack weight. To find out whether the students sitting in school according to their height corresponding to the transition, the study was measured seating school desk. The method was used to determine the skills students wearing backpacks. The analysis of the data to reveal the physical development of students learning, and environmental risk factors influence students posture.

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Chen, Qinqing, e Xiao Su. "Improve Improper Load Distribution with Backpack". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18766.

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This article focuses on the distribution of backpack pressure on human body. We have noticed two interesting situations: whether the length of different backpack shoulder straps will change the pressure distribution of the backpack on the human body and whether different positions of the backpack load will change the pressure distribution of the backpack on the human body. To find the answer, we designed a backpack pressure detection system to collect data and use engineering software to analyse the data.We got the range that best fits the human body and the healthiest backpack: when the distance from the top of the backpack to the shoulder is about 1/5 of the length of the shoulder and the weight of the backpack is at the bottom of the backpack. At this time, the force of the three parts of the human body (shoulders, back) is the most uniform and relatively minimal. If the user wants to minimize the pressure on the shoulder, the shoulder strap of the backpack should be as short as possible. If the user only wants the pressure on the back to be minimal, the weight in the backpack is closer to the back, which is better for the back.

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Visentin, Arianna <1985&gt. "Turismo backpacker in Australia". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3263.

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Blacker, Sam David. "Physiological responses to load carriage by backpack". Thesis, University of Chichester, 2009. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/820/.

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Load carriage (19.3 Jan, 280 min, 31 kg load) in the field elicited a cardiovascular strain of 72 ± 5 %HRmax and caused neuromuscular impairment (7 ± 8% decrease in jump height (P0.05). The differences between conditions appeared to relate to changes in substrate oxidation, neuromuscular impairment and reduced mechanical efficiency. Neuromuscular function was measured in study 5 at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the treadmill walking conditions described in study 4. L W caused no changes in neuromuscular function. Isometric knee extension force decreased immediately after LWLC (15 ± II %, P<0.05) and DWLC (16 ± 17 %, P<0.05), recovering by 72 hours for DWLC only. VA decreased after LWLC only, douhlet half relaxation time and 20:50Hz decreased after LWLC and DWLC (P<0.05). LWLC and DWLC were associated with decreases in isokinetic peak torque of knee, trunk extensors and flexors and shoulder flexors (P<0.05) with complete recovery by 72 hours. Regression models developed in study 6 indicated that participants with the most efficient metaholic and neuromuscular performance during 120 minutes of load carriage (25 kg backpack) on a level gradient had high body mass and high absolute V O, max with strong trunk, shoulder and knee flexors. To examine nutritional interventions to reduce the metabolic cost during, and neuromuscular impairment following, load carriage, participants consumed Placebo [PLA], Carbohydrate [CRO] or Whey Protein [PRO] beverages during 120 minutes ofload carriage and for three days of recovery. During load carriage (study 7), there were no differences in V 0,. RER, or EMG RMS between conditions at minute 5 (P>0.05). The increase in V 0, between 5 and 120 minutes was less during CRO (8 ± 5 %) than PLA (14 ± 6 %, P<0.05) or PRO (17 ± 4 %, P<0.05). RER decreased between minutes 5 and 120 during PLA and PRO only. Peak RMS did not change over time in In. rectus femoris, m. vastus latera/is, m. semitendinosus, and m. biceps femoris. Attenuation in V 02 drift during CRO could not entirely be accounted for by higher carbohydrate oxidation rates. During recovery, neuromuscular function was measured 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after load carriage (study 8). There was no difference between PLA, CRO or PRO in the decrease in peak torque of knee and trunk extensors and flexors at 0 h. Peak torque of the knee extensors and flexors returned to pre-exercise values at 24 h during PRO followed by CHO at 48 hand PLA at 72 h (P>0.05). Trunk flexors returned to pre exercise value at 24 h for CHO and PRO but 48 h for PLA (P>0.05). Faster recovery of neuromuscular function was probably due to CRO and PRO improving protein balance, thus enhancing repair of muscle tissue damaged during exercise. In conclusion, load carriage increases V 0, and V O, drift whilst walking and causes neuromuscular impairment, which can last for up to 72 hours following exercise. Nutritional supplements can reduce V O,drift and improve the time course of recovery of neuromuscular function.

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Yuan, Yue. "Backpack Energy Harvester with Human Walking Model". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77920.

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The objective of this thesis is to design, analyze, and fabricate an innovative backpack energy harvester for human walking. To model human walking with backpack energy harvester, a simple dual-mass model has been developed and studied first. Dual-mass model for three types of distinct harvesters were investigated, pure damping, traditional rack pinion energy harvester and our MMR based energy harvester. A comparison in the output power and human comfort between the three types of harvesters is discussed. However, the dual-mass model could not effectively represent human walking in real situation with sinusoidal input, like M shaped Ground Reaction Force (GRF), vertical Center of Mass (COM) motion, etc. Thus, a bipedal walking model has been proposed to simulate human walking with backpack harvester. Experiments were conducted to compare power output and efficiency of MMR based backpack energy harvester with traditional rack pinion backpack energy harvester, and verify conclusions from the bipedal walking model that the proposed backpack energy harvester using mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) mechanism has larger power output than traditional backpack energy harvester at different walking speed. In human treadmill test, subjects were asked to wear the backpack frame which embedded with harvesters walking on a treadmill. Two walking speed, 3mph and 3.5mph, and four resistor values has been tested. The test results showed that the MMR based backpack energy harvester generated more power regardless of resistor values and walking speed. Up to 4.84W average power and instant power of 12.8W could be obtained while the subject walking on the treadmill at 3.5mph speed with MMR based backpack energy harvester.
Master of Science

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Štechová, Eva. "SKLADACÍ MESTSKÝ BATOH". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295611.

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From the first idea, to research and comparing with other backpacks with foldable function (tele, usárna), and with backpacks associated with urban and streetwear function, I designed a backpack with a practical and functional design which opens questions of personal vs. public space. It plays with the question of lifestyle as a focal point of marketing. It speaks to young people, who spend their time in the city public space and occupy it in their own way. Technical parameters of the backpack are dependent of its functional needs, but the first idea came out of the needs of a modern young nomad, exploring the city public space.

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Johansson, Sofie. "Backpackers informationsanvändning : ett sociokulturellt perspektiv". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18507.

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The aim of this Master's thesis is to examine the information use among Swedish backpackers, both prior to departure and while travelling. The questions posed in this study are; which artefacts did the backpackers use, in what way were those used as tools of mediation within their social practice and how does a presumptive interaction between backpackers and information sources appear? The empirical material consists of interviews, held with eight backpackers, concerning their information use. The interviews reveal that a number of information sources are being consulted. The most commonly used sources identified in the empirical material are guide books, advice from other backpackers, fiction, TV programmes and periodicals. Among others, music was identified as a source of inspiration. The theoretical framework is the socio-cultural approach of Roger Säljö, which concerns how individuals act in relation to the social practice that they constitute a part of. Socio-cultural terms such as artefacts and mediation are very central in the analysis. The analysis pays particular attention to guide books as these were the most frequently used artefacts among the backpackers interviewed. In a final discussion it is observed that the respondents, even unconsciously, seems to be influenced by the artefacts consulted. It is also noticed that backpackers appear to be using information as tools within their social practice. The consequences of this may be direct, for example in the way in which a travel destination can be determined by the information and documents used by backpackers.
Uppsatsnivå: D

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Polak, Roberta. "Desenvolvimento e fabricação de filmes ultra-finos, obtidos pela técnica layer-by-layer, para aplicações na entrega direcionada de fármacos e na captura seletiva de bio-marcadores". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9135/tde-27042015-152718/.

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O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi explorar a versatilidade de filmes multicamadas de polieletrólitos (PEM) e suas aplicações em sistemas de entrega de drogas e como filmes funcionais para aplicações biomédicas. Filmes PEM montados pela técnica de camada por camada (layer-by-layer, LbL), foram explorados em três aplicações principais. Na primeira, foi explorado o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de funcionalização em filmes de poli(alilamina)/poli (estireno sulfonato), PAH/SPS. Os parâmetros de construção do filme para biotinilação dos grupamentos amina do PAH foram otimizados e aplicados na captura e detecção do antígeno específico da próstata (PSA), na concentração de 100 a 0,1 ng/mL, usando pontos quânticos (Qdots). Em comparação com outros trabalhos, este sistema apresentou uma boa sensibilidade na detecção de PSA, dentro do limite de detecção clínica de 0,4 a 0,1 ng/mL. A segunda aplicação envolveu o desenvolvimento de filmes de sacrifício baseados nas interações naturais da mucina submandibular bovina e da lectina, jacalina (BSM/JAC). Filmes de BSM/JAC apresentaram estabilidade quando submetidos a uma ampla faixa de pH (pH 3--9) e em solução de alta força iônica (5 M NaCl). A dissolução dos filmes BSM/JAC pôde ser seletivamente desencadeada mediante à incubação em solução de melibiose, 37 °C, pH 7,4, sem apresentar citotoxicidade às células. Na última parte deste trabalho, a incorporação de lipossomos ecogênicos (ELIP) em mochilas celulares foi investigada. Mochilas celulares são \"patches\" de 7-10 µm de diâmetro que podem ser fabricados por meio de deposição alternada de polímeros utilizando--se a técnica de LbL, sobre uma matriz pré-moldada obtida por fotolitografia, a fim de criar um sistema composto por três multicamadas estratificadas: uma região de liberação, para promover o destacamento do substrato, uma região de carga de droga, e uma região adesiva às células. O uso de ELIP permitiu incorporação de até 9x mais doxorrubicina (DOX) se comparado com o fármaco livre em solução absorvido pelos dos filmes. A liberação de DOX pelos filmes foi monitorado por 25 dias. Mochilas contendo ELIP-DOX foram então aderidos a monócitos, e sua viabilidade monitorados por 72h. Mochilas vazias mostraram diminuir a proliferação de monócitos ao longo das 72 horas, enquanto mochilas carregadas com ELIP-DOX mostraram uma diminuição dramática na população celular, apontando uma potencialização dos efeitos da droga pela sua proximidade com as células.
The overall goal of this thesis was to exploit the versatility of polyelectrolite multilayers (PEM) to be applied in drug delivery systems and biofunctionalizable films for biomedical applications. PEM films assembled by the layer-by-layer technique were explored in three main applications. In the first part of this work, the development of a functionalization protocol of poly(allylamine)/poly(styrene sulfonate), PAH/SPS was explored. The optimal film parameters to the use of biotinylated multilayers were applied for the capture and detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) protein in the range of 100 to 0.1 ng/mL, by using quantum dots. Compared to previous work, this system presented a good sensitivity for PSA detection that is within the clinical limit range of 0.4 to 0.1 ng/mL. The second application involved the creation of a novel sacrificial multilayer film. Films based in natural interactions of bovine submaxillary mucin and the lectin jacalin, BSM/JAC were assembled. BSM/JAC films showed stability when underwent a wide rage of pH (pH 3 to 9) and high ionic strength (5 M NaCl) solutions. BSM/JAC dissolution could be triggered released by incubation in melibiose at 37 °C in pH 7.4 buffer, without cytotoxicity. In the last part of this work the incorporation of echogenic liposomes (ELIP) into cell backpacks was investigated. Cell backpacks are 7-10 µm diameter patches that can be fabricated through LbL polymer deposition onto a photopatterned array to create a stacked composite of three stratified multilayer systems: a releasable region for easy detachment from the substrate, a drug payload region, and a cell adhesive region. The use of ELIP allowed up to 9x more doxorubicin (DOX) loading when compared to free drug in solution adsorbed through the films. DOX release from films was monitored for over 25 days. ELIP-DOX backpacks were then attached to mouse monocytes and their viability monitored by 72h. Empty backpacks showed to decrease monocytes proliferation over the course of 72h, while ELIP-DOX backpacks showed a dramatic decrease in cell population, showing that DOX effects were enhancement in drug potency by its proximity.

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18

Jonsson, Anna, e Matilda Åsander. "Unga kvinnors riskuppfattning vid backpackerresor". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Turismvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46448.

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Abstract (sommario):

Traveling around the world is a highly appreciated phenomenon globally. In recent years, backpacking has grown in popularity. Characterised by simplicity and adventurousness, it is especially frequent within a young demographic. However, these types of trips produce certain risks to consider, with women being subject to greater risks in the society in large. This study aims to examine risk perception amongst young female backpackers. It was performed using a qualitative method based on 15 semi-structured interviews. Results showed that risk perception has a large impact on women’s chosen destination, with certain destinations subsequently being deselected. Moreover, variable risk perception can be observed over time, in response to the decision process. At commencement, high perception of risk was exhibited, yet later shown to gradually decrease as the trip progressed. Finally, an increased perception of risk was noted post returning from the journey.
Intresset för resor har ökat i stor omfattning. En växande trend under den senaste tiden är backpackerresor. Dessa resor karaktäriseras av en enklare reseform där äventyr står i fokus. Backpackerresor är förekommande speciellt hos unga resenärer. Dessa resor medför olika typer av risker för resenären att ta i beaktande, dessutom kan det uppmärksammas att kvinnor generellt sett utsätts för många risker. Målet med denna studie var därför att undersöka riskuppfattningen hos unga kvinnliga backpackers. Denna studie genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod baserad på 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten antyder att riskuppfattning har en stor påverkan på valet av destination hos kvinnliga resenärer. Till följd av detta tenderar vissa destinationer att väljas bort på grund av de höga uppfattade riskerna. Dessutom kan en variation inom riskuppfattningen noteras över tid i samband med beslutsprocessen. Inför resan uppfattades en hög riskuppfattning som sedan minskade under resan. Följaktligen uppmärksammades återigen en ökad riskuppfattning efter resan.

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19

Fergenbaum, Mitchell Alan. "Development of safety limits for load carriage in adults". Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/855.

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20

Jiménez, Sánchez Carlos, e Sánchez Irene Gallego. "Design of a backpack container with cooking and eating tools". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6409.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aim of this project was to develop a product in cooperation with Primus Company in Stockholm. It consisted of designing a container with the items needed when cooking and eating outdoors, in order to help the users eat and cook in a proper way while practicing activities such as camping or hiking. Considering the specifications posed by Primus, research was done. One of the main issues to start this research was to carry out a market analysis in order to know all the products similar to the one that was going to be developed. Then, an analysis of the company and the main competitors of it was done in order to develop a product with Primus style and to get ideas for the product. In addition, a questionnaire study directed to potential users was carried out. In this way, it was possible to get to know things such as which items people usually carry in their backpack for cooking and eating outdoors and which ones they considered essential. This helped with making a choice of what the product should contain. Once all the information collected from the research and from the study of the specifications was prioritized, the concept development phase started. For reaching an outcome, many aspects such as the items that the container should include, the shape of the container and the best material for the product were discussed. Primus TetraCube is a product that suits all the requirements established at the beginning. In this way, Primus TetraCube is a product that can be carried in an 80 litres backpack and where the user can store all the necessary items for four people who want to eat and cook outdoors. It has also been designed taking into consideration all the details, resulting in a product that follows the aesthetics of Primus with soft shapes and colours such as red, black and grey. Everything combined make Primus TetraCube a comfortable product which helps the user feel at home in terms of convenience and comfort.

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21

Mattias, Tjernqvist. "Backpack-based inertial navigation and LiDAR mapping in forest environments". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136870.

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Abstract (sommario):

Creating 3D models of our surrounding world has seen a rapid increase in research and development over the last few years. A common method is to use laser scanners. Mapping is done either by ground based systems or airborne systems. With stationary ground-based laser scanning, or terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), it is possible to obtain high accuracy point clouds. But stationary TLS can often be a cumbersome and time-demanding task due to its lack of mobility. Because of this, much research has gone into mobilised TLS systems, referred commonly to as mobile laser scanning (MLS). Georeferencing point clouds to a world coordinate system is a difficult task in environments where global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is unreliable. One such environment is forests, where the GNSS signal can be blocked, absorbed or reflected from the trees and canopy. Accurate georeference of points clouds for MLS systems in forests is difficult task that can be solved by using additional measurement instruments and post-processing algorithms to reduce the accumulation of errors, also known as drift. In this thesis a backpack-based MLS system to be used in forests was tested. The MLS system was composed of a GNSS, an inertial navigation unit (INS) and a laser scanner. The collected data was post-processed and analyzed to reduce the effects of detecting multiple ground layers and multiples of the same tree due to drift. The post-processing algorithm calculated tree and ground features to be used for adjusting the point cloud in the horizontal and vertical planes. The forest survey was done for an area roughly 40 meters in diameter. The MLS data was compared against TLS data as well as manual caliper data - where the caliper data was only measured in an area roughly 24 meters in diameter. The results indicated that the effects of multiple ground layers and multiple tree copies were removed after post-processing. Out of the total 214 TLS trees, 185 managed to be co-registered to MLS trees. The root mean square error (RMSE) and bias of the diameter at breast height (DBH) between the MLS andTLS data were 27.00 mm and -9.33 mm respectively. Co-registrationof the MLS and manual caliper data set gave 36 successful matches out of the total 43 manually measured DBH. The DBH RMSE and bias were 16.95 mm and -10.58 mm respectively. A Swedish TLS forest study obtained a DBH RMSE and bias (between TLS and caliper) of approximately 10 mm and +0.06 mm respectively. A Finnish backpack MLS forest study obtained a DBH RMSE and bias (between MLS and TLS) of 50.6 mm and +11.1 mm respectively. Evaluating the difference in radius at different heights along the tree stems between the MLS and TLS revealed a slight dependence on height, as the radius difference increased slightly closer to the stem base. The results indicated that backpack-based MLS systems has the potential for accurate lidar mapping in forests, and future development is of great interest to improve this system further.

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22

Wallstam, Martin. "Backpacker Institutionalization : Towards an Experience-Based Typology". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-14631.

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Abstract (sommario):

Backpacking is becoming an increasingly commonplace rite of passage for today’s independent travellers. So much so that it is not only a small niche segment anymore but is turning into a sizeable market for some destinations. Backpackers seem to lead the way into unexploited regions,subsequently opening the door for other forms of tourism. In effect, the normalization ofbackpacking brings with it questions of sustainability. This thesis sets out to explore the transition of tourism segments in destinations, particularly that of backpackers into the mainstream. It does so through a participant-observer data collection in the Philippines. The material is then analysed by grounded theory and presented in an ethnography format through a thematic review. A typological framework is the product, which brings an experience perspective to existing classification systems. Findings suggest that there are indeed nuances within the seemingly homogenous backpacker segment and that a continuous change of visitor profiles within destinations seems likely. Institutionalized backpacking turns out to be the missing link that accounts for the change from purism to mass tourism. Future explorative research is then advised, to find relationships between visitor types and to construe concrete suggestions for likely causes to the observed categorical transitions.

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23

Senger, Edwin. "Land Rover BackPacker : A minimal travel vehicle". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161149.

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How can reductionism lead to a greater experience and add to the appeal of a product? The Land Rover BackPacker is a minimalistic travel vehicle that questions the space and the complexity needed in a vehicle while exploring the world 4x4 inspired by the necessity of reduction in today's consumerist world to fight climate change and the freedom of travelling light. Its open design creates an interactive space with it's surroundings for 2 people which is created in a multifunctional approach to be more then a car but a space to hang out and a place to sleep in the wild. The project is highly inspired by the global adventures of the very first Land Rover Series 01 and it’s modular and highly functional design. To reinterpret this spirit and to bring it into a future context was the main goal besides combining it with the approach and philosophy of modern minimalists and the efficiency of tiny house lifestyles. Living in a compressed space, how this affects the interaction with nature and what reduction adds to the user in the travel context are key points. Finding the right balance between the amount of space and comfort needed on a trip and the openness and simplicity of the vehicle to guarantee and unfiltered experience was a major challenge.After understanding the future context of the vehicle, the design process started with exploring different packages of the car and prototyping different ways to create a space in nature in the most minimal way using Virtual Reality and quick 2D doodles. This led to optimising the proportions and the chosen theme of the design in developed 2D renderings and early CAS models. The final design concept was developed in 3D software to translate the digital data into a physical scale model in the end.All in all the Land Rover BackPacker is a reductive travel vehicle concept targeting the future needs of more sustainable and more flexible experiences. It’s designed to be part of an on-demand car sharing service which is setup globally to reach people of different regions, different cultures and different backgrounds. It provides a space for two people to move freely, to hang out and to sleep in nature. To make travelling a no-brainer, the vehicle service includes modular equipment kits which provide the things needed during different trips in nature. The user can choose from e.g. weather protection, cooking equipment, a water tank or a solar sun sail, depending on where the next journey starts.

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24

com, Rebeccajanebennett@gmail, e Rebecca Jane Bennett. "Moving off the Beaten Track: Developing a Critical Literacy in Backpacker Discourse". Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080625.140648.

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Reaching beneath the market surface of backpacker culture, this doctoral research probes uncomfortable politics, excluded voices and global inequalities. It questions why, in a context of economic inequality, environmental crisis, terrorism and war, the tourism industry continues to grow, unhampered by politically fractured and uneasy mediations of the world. Arguing that tourist modalities are defined in a popular memory matrix where the rules and norms for becoming a tourist are negotiated through conversation, television, popular literature, travel guides and the Internet, this research project critiques both popular and academic tourist pedagogy. In forging an interdisciplinary dialogue between Cultural Studies and Tourism Studies, this doctoral research seeks new ways of theorising depost-globalisation. Market-driven renditions of the tourable world displace, marginalise and exclude oppositional, negative, violent and discriminatory narratives. Placing a spotlight on the discomforts found in backpacker discourse requires the application of progressive meta-theoretical discourses, alongside postcolonial and poststructuralist analysis. A serious study of touristic popular culture implicates tourism in terrorism, backpacking in poverty, imperialism in globalisation, mobility in power and backpacker discourse in the re-writing of a contemporary subaltern. The original contribution to knowledge emerging from this doctorate is via the application of Bauman and Saids late work to independent tourist discourses. The innovation is formed through disciplinary connections and popular cultural applications. There is also a re-theorisation of Spivaks most famous study, applying metaphors of the pyre to sites of backpacker tourism, with the aim of developing listening literacies. My research justifies the introduction of two new theoretical trajectories for the Tourism Studies academy. The first new approach encourages and frames a listening literacy amongst tourist cultures so they can acknowledge silenced and displaced agents in host guest interaction. The second new approach aims to infuse touristic popular culture with a powerful and political pedagogy that teaches mobile citizens to read difference and diversity. A pleasure filter obscures the costs and consequences of global markets, often at the expense of local communities and individuals. This thesis focuses on the inequalities disseminated in and through backpacker tourism. It posits that it is not only important to change the way the tourist industry operates but also that it is necessary to change the way tourists tour. Moving off the beaten track in approaches to the study of tourism, this research project forges a new path for Tourism Studies that merges cultural theory and everyday life to develop a critical academic literacy for backpacker discourse.

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25

Doyle, Sean. "The Effect of a Weighted Pack on the Gait Patterns of Transtibial Amputees". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23363.

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With the popularity of outdoor activities like hiking, the demands of certain types of employment, or being a student, an individual’s ability to carry a load is an important mobility consideration. By understanding the changes to an individual’s gait when supporting a backpack load, an individual’s ability to carry heavy loads for prolonged periods could be improved. Most biomechanical studies have examined the changes in able-bodied gait when carrying a load. However, research is lacking on the effect of backpack loads on amputee gait patterns. This project examined the effects of a backpack load on the gait patterns of unilateral transtibial amputees. Ten participants performed walking trials on four surfaces (level ground, uneven ground, walking up an incline, and walking down an incline), without a pack and with a pack. A total of 40 trials were collected per subject, with 10 trials collected on each surface. Three-dimensional motion data were collected with an eight-camera Vicon Motion Analysis system to describe limb motion as well as compare kinematic outcomes between tasks and conditions. Force platform data were collected during the level ground trials and used to calculate kinetic measures for both limbs. With the addition of the pack changes were seen on each surface, with different changes occurring to each limb. The ramp up surface created the most changes when comparing the two conditions. The only change seen across all four surfaces was a decrease in ankle dorsiflexion before push-off on the prosthetic limb. The two next most common changes were increases in knee and hip flexion during weight-acceptance.

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26

Davidson, Kelly Jane. "Traveller acts : a critical ethnography of backpacker India". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268557.

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27

Madya, Sidiq Hari. "Mobile sociality : backpacker interaction in a digital world". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144888.

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The rise of the internet, social networking sites, and mobile devices have transformed the way backpackers experience travel. Social sphere of traveling is not merely a physical space but is now extended through digital social media in which backpackers can interact, post, share, and present their corporeal travel activities online. This study aims to explore social affordances of digital technologies including mobile devices, social networking sites, and the internet as means of extended social interaction, and how it affects the way backpackers experience travel. The affordances perspective assumes that the linkage between human and technology is relational, meaning that it creates the possibilities for human actions as well as constrains depending on the context of the user and the capacity of technological artefact. One of the largest Indonesian backpacker community is selected as the research site. The community is managed both online and offline through an online forum and conducting routine gatherings for its members. An approach in qualitative research known as netnography combined with interviews were employed to collect research materials. Analysis was performed to identify patterns of backpacker interaction afforded by digital technologies. The findings indicated that the presence of digital technologies was seen beneficial for the creation of network capital, presentation of identity, and performing mobile social interactions demonstrating a form of network sociality. Furthermore, digital mobile interactions increasingly became a central element in the making of the backpacking experience. The use of digital technologies among backpackers reflected the convergence of corporeal mobility and digitally mediated communication which can help explain patterns of sociality and interaction on the move.

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28

Shuman, Barbara Dixon. "The effect of backpack weight on the height of middle school students". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2172.

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The focus of this study investigates the effect backpack weight has on the height of middle school students. It provides data about the effects of backpack weight on height that has not previously been determined. This study aims to contribute information to a growing body of evidence which supports the limitation of backpack weight for children to be no more than 10% of body weight.

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29

Peña, Guevara Javier Nilo, Acuña Leslie Dueñas e Lynch Oscar Dupuy. "Distribuidores exclusivos de la marca MADPAX en el Perú". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626040.

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Esta investigación plantea un escenario de negocio de importación de ventas minorista, dónde la idea del negocio es distribuir de manera exclusiva una marca de mochilas con modelos innovadores líder en el mercado extranjero al mercado nacional, a fin de poder construir una identidad que sitúe la marca en el top of mind de nuestro mercado objetivo. Este trabajo está estructurado con los siguientes temas que representan cada uno un capítulo de esta investigación los cuales son: los aspectos generales del negocio con visión global, planeamiento estratégico analizando los factores internos y externos, investigación y validación del mercado objetivo, plan de marketing y publicidad de la marca, planeamiento de las operaciones de importación, estructura organizacional y recursos humanos, y el plan económico del financiamiento. El objetivo es comprobar la viabilidad de este negocio a través de un examen detallado de indicadores relevantes que nos permitan mostrar la rentabilidad del proyecto propuesto.
This research covers an import business of retail, which the aim idea is the exclusive distribution of the most important foreign brand of innovate backpacks to the national market and lastly make an identity to put us in the target market’s top of mind. This project contains these important topics which represent each chapter like: General aspects of global business, strategic plan about the thorough analysis of the internal and external factors, target market research and work out, advertising plan of brand, import operations plan, organizational structure and human resources, ultimately financial economic plan. The main focus is proving the feasibility of this business through a detailed examination of relevant indicators which show the proposed project profitability.
Trabajo de investigación

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30

Cao, Qing. "East Asian backpacker tourists' motivations for participating in backpacking". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523181.

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This study examined the motivational factors that lead East Asian backpacker tourists to choose backpacking, and whether the destination choices of East Asian backpackers vary by nationality.

A sample of 100 East Asian backpacker tourists who travelled to Yunnan, China was surveyed. Both male and female was surveyed from a variety of age, vocation and nationalities.

The results may shed light on the reasons why East Asian backpacker tourists want to participating in backpacking. Information of the study showed that East Asian backpacker tourists found many motivational factors to be important when seeking backpacking and these factors varied based on demographic characteristics.

Understanding the importance of relative motivational factors studied may help tourism service providers better understand East Asian backpacker tourists' motivations so to customize the various types of services for different backpacker tourists. The associated tourism services, such as transportation, food service, accommodations, and recreational activities, may also benefit from the research findings.

Keywords: backpacker tourists, backpacking, motivation, destination choice.

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31

Johnson, James. "Backpacker mobilities : train travel in Central and Eastern Europe". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606824.

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This project is about backpacker travel in Central and Eastern Europe. Existing studies of backpacking tend to privilege Southeast Asia and Australasia and despite the existence of accommodation and transport infrastructures for backpackers no research has explicitly studied backpacker experiences in the region, this PhD seeks to redress this imbalance. The aim of the PhD is to unpack backpacker travel in Central and Eastern Europe, to form an understanding of the connexions between a range of travellings, including, those of place, imaginations, performance, travel and transportation (Urry, 2007). Theoretically, this PhD is grounded in research into a new mobilities paradigm (Hannam et al 2006; Sheller and Urry, 2006). The new mobilities paradigm places meaningful movements at the centre of the analysis of contemporary social life (Urry, 2000; Adey, 2010) and in doing so provides a suitable framework for the analysis of backpacker travel in the region. Drawing extensively on a mobile ethnography completed in Central and Eastern Europe during the summer months of 2007, 2008 and 2009 the PhD's empirical findings are separated into four substantial results chapters. I explore the imaginative mobilities of backpacker travel. It is demonstrated that backpackers in Central and Eastern Europe play an active role in creating and imagining a post-soviet image of place, a place re-imagination that suits their travel style. In the second empirical chapter backpacker identities are considered as expressive and self-reflective, I explore how identity is negotiated in the context of lifestyles biographies, narratives and performances of real travel that are powerful signifiers of a contemporary cosmopolitan and mobile lifestyle. In the third empirical chapter it is argued that the backpacker is dwelling in mobility (Urry, 2000). That the places backpackers traverse are rich and vivid , a heterogeneous space (Edensor, 1998) made up of a diverse and uneven network of flows of time and space (May and Thrift, 2001). The backpacker, an actor perceiver of such environments, their movement and wayfinding, is skilful , interactionary, tactile and creative (Ingold, 2000). Train travel is the focus of the final l result chapter through which notions of travel time, are used to critically evaluate how time spent travelling is considered as integral to the backpacker experience. Throughout the research the backpacking in Central and Eastern Europe emerges as eventful, the backpacker an active performer, one that creates meaning, identity and experience through travel.

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32

Fricke, Jorn. "Entrepreneurial networks in backpacker businesses in Mexico and Malaysia". Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.651280.

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Abstract (sommario):

Backpacker tourism, as a niche market of international tourism, is experiencing on-going signs of massification and commodification, and it is served by entrepreneurs with a variety of business motivations that range from lifestyle-orientation to profit-motivation. Since its beginnings in the 1970s, increasing numbers of former backpackers have turned from consumers to producers of tourist services and resettled into popular destinations - often into so-called 'backpacker enclaves'. In these enclaves, they open small accommodation facilities or other services, but little is known about the development of backpacker supply services. While network analysis has been applied in a variety of academic research areas, in the field of tourism studies, the study of networks has not been applied to backpacker tourism and its service providers. The subject of this research is therefore to shed light on the changing dynamics of social, communication and exchange networks between providers and consumers of services in the context of increasingly commoditised backpacker tourism. In two well-established urban and two rural backpacker destinations in Mexico and Malaysia, in-depth interviews were held with backpacker entrepreneurs. Both countries have a history of backpacker tourism since the 1960s and are located on regional backpacker trails. This research has shown that there the nature of backpacker tourism and its services is a reaction to the changing composition of the backpacker market and regulatory framework. Strategic skills in backpacker services that used to be acquired through strong social networks between hosts and guests have changed to exchange networks between growthoriented service providers and consumers. In Malaysia, as a result of weaker social and stronger exchange networks, the entrepreneurs' knowledge and innovation is now often acquired by means of copying other businesses approaches. In these highly commoditised and concentrated backpacker enclaves, the result is a strong division between producers and consumers, while in dispersed enclaves such as in the urban enclave of San Cristobal de las Casas, where backpackers spend extended amounts oftime and lifestyle, entrepreneurs-run businesses, social networks between producers and consumers of backpacker services continue to thrive. As a result, not only are social networks stronger,

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33

Wells-Fahling, Katelyn. "Effects of Two Backpack Weight Distributions on Perceptual and Physiological Measures During Walking". TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/594.

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Backpack weight distribution may affect economy by conserving energy and thus potentially prolonging fatigue. Research has not however examined effects of backpack weight distribution on subjective measures of intensity and comfort. Heart rate (HR) and overall and differentiated Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were examined during simulated backpacking with differentially weighted backpacks. Volunteers (n=27) completed two simulated hiking trials on a treadmill. Trials consisted of 15 minutes walking at 0% grade followed by 15 minutes walking at 10% grade at 2.5 mph (males) or 2.0 mph (females). Subjects wore an internal frame backpack packed to contain 25% of their individual body weight). In a counterbalanced order, packs were placed with either a high weight distribution (HWD) (3:1:1 ratio) placing more weight near the shoulders, and a low weight distribution (LWD) (1:1:3 ratio) placing more weight near the hips. Heart rate (HR), RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, RPEShoulders, and RPE-Back were recorded every three minutes and compared between trials using repeated measures ANOVA. HR between HWD and LWD was similar at 0% as well as 10%. Overall and differentiated RPE's were not significantly different between (HWD vs. LWD) at 0% or 10%. Results suggest backpack weight distribution (HWD vs. LWD) does not significantly influence HR and perceptual measures during simulated hiking at a 0% or 10% grade.

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Juškaitė, Sandra. "Konstrukcinių mazgų analizė ir pritaikymas kuprinės gamyboje". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120629_122329-50897.

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Bakalauro darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti kuprinės konstrukcinius mazgus ir pritaikyti juos jos gamyboje. Darbo pradžioje aprašoma baigiamojo darbo techninė užduotis. Pateikiama konstrukcinių mazgų analizė, kurioje aprašomi pagrindiniai kuprinės konstrukciniai mazgai, tokie kaip: užtrauktuko įsiuvimas, uždėtinių kišenių prisiuvimas, petnešų susiuvimas. Antrame skyriuje atliekama mados krypties analizė, kurioje aprašomi kuprinių tipai, madingi jų akcentai, medžiagos, spalvos. Aprašomas projektuojamas kuprinės modelis, pateikiamas iš priekio ir nugaros spalvinis eskizas. Parenkama tinkama medžiaga ir furnitūra, nubraižoma bazinė konstrukcija. Panaudojant bazinės konstrukcijos brėžinį, sudaromi gaminio lekalai. Programa COMTENSE sudaromos lekalų išklotinės, nustatomos medžiagų sąnaudos. Apibendrinama kokybės kontrolė gaminio projektavimo etapuose. Trečiame skyriuje pateikiamos universaliųjų, specialiųjų įrengimų, pusautomačių charakteristikos, naudojamų mažosios mechanizacijos priemonių charakteristikos, bei gaminio apdorojimo siūlių charakteristikos. Sudaroma gaminio apdorojimo technologija ir darbo padala, apskaičiuojami jos pagrindiniai rodikliai. Atliekamas siuvimo srauto planavimas. Darbo pabaigoje parašomos išvados, pateikiamas literatūros sąrašas. Prieduose pateikiami du kuprinės analogai su aprašymais, bazinė konstrukcija, gaminio lekalai, technologiniai pjūviai, gaminio surinkimo technologinė schema, siuvimo srauto planas.
The aim of the Bachelor's research work is to analyse the structural sub-assemblies of the backpack and to customize them in its production. The technical task is described in the beginning of the research work. It is provided an analysis of the structural sub-assemblies which describes the basic backpack structural sub-assemblies such as: the zipper sewing, flashed sewing pockets, seaming of the straps. In the second chapter, there is done the analysis of the fashion trend, which describes the types of backpacks, their fashionable accents, the materials and colours. Also, there is given the model of the designed backpack and the description of the front and back colour sketch. The appropriate material and supply are selected, and the basic plot structure is drawn. Using the basic design drawing of the product, the templets are formed. According to the programme COMTENSE, the evolvent of the product templets are made and the outlay of the material is proposed. The quality control of product design stages is generalized. In the third section there are provided the universal and special equipment, the characteristics of semi-automatic machines which are used in small mechanization means, the characteristics of the product and processing characteristics of the joints. The processing technology and the work interval are formed, and the calculation of the main indicators is done. The planning of the sewing flow is carried out. In the end of the research work there are written the... [to full text]

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Röör, Satu. "Backpacker-kulturen i Australien : en fältstudie av turismen i Australien". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1895.

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Resande har blivit en stor del av vårt samhälle och livsstilen för många unga människor idag. Min studie är ett försök att belysa vad som får oss att söka vår identitet i kulturer långt från våra egna, och hur dessa kulturer uttrycker sig själva. Hösten 2001 gick Sverige med i ett arrangemang som runt tio länder har med Australien, nämligen working/holiday-visumet. Detta och en rad andra aspekter har ökat resandet till denna del av världen. Den antropologiska metoden av fältobservationer och intervjuer med resenärer inbjuder till kunskap om hur denna arena av backpckers ser sig själva och vad som skapar denna kultur från ett inifrån-perspektiv.

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Kaiser, Michael. "Backpacker in Deutschland ein neues Segment für den deutschen Tourismusmarkt". Hamburg Diplomica GmbH, 2002. http://www.diplom.de/db//diplomarbeiten6693.html.

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Kaiser, Michael. "Backpacker in Deutschland : ein neues Segment für den deutschen Tourismusmarkt /". Hamburg : Diplomica, 2003. http://www.diplom.de/db//diplomarbeiten6693.html.

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Suri, Cazmon. "EFFECTS OF BACKPACK TYPE ON KINEMATICS OF THE LOWER BACK DURING WALKING AND JOGGING". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cbme_etds/55.

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Heavy backpacks have been suggested to have a pathogenic role in experience of low back pain among children. We have conducted a repeated-measure study to investigate the backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination of forty gender-balanced college age students when they walked and jogged on a treadmill with two different types of backpacks: normal and ergonomically modified. The backpack-induced changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination were larger when carrying an ergonomically modified vs. a normal backpack as well as when jogging versus walking. The larger changes in lumbo-pelvic coordination when carrying an ergonomically modified backpack were likely due to kinematic restraints imposed by rigidity and enhanced attachments devised in the backpack for increased comfort. Given the role of lower back biomechanics in low back pain, the effects of such larger mechanical abnormalities in the lower back when carrying an ergonomically-modified backpack on risk of low back pain among children requires further investigation.

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Hadjipetri, Sofia. "Koloniseringen av Thailand : En postkolonial studie om svenska backpackers i Thailand". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1492.

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Det är en betydande andel svenska resenärer som idag reser till och runt i Thailand som ”backpackers”. Mitt syfte är att ta reda på om den svenska backpackerdominansen i Thailand skulle kunna betecknas som en kolonisering. Material och metod består av intervjuer och deltagande observation med sju informanter, samt fältundersökningar som bedrivits i Thailand. Slutresultatet tolkas med hjälp av den postkoloniala teoribildningen. Frågeställningarna koncentreras kring interaktionen mellan svenska backpackers och lokala subjekt, återvändandets betydelse, samt om en modern kolonisering i enlighet med Victor Mudimbes terminologi kan appliceras. Jag kommer fram till att svenska backpackers i Thailand visar tendenser och tillämpningar som tyder på en modern kolonisering av platserna de befinner sig på.

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Helenius, Jessica. "Supporting Backpackers Needs and Travel Experiences : Design implications for communication technology". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59631.

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Our society is becoming more restless and mobile, a symbol for this mobility are the backpackers. Backpackers are found everywhere in the world and represent a form of low-cost independent travellers. To experience as much as possible, seems to be a very important issue for backpackers and they have that as a motivation during their travels. Backpackers have been described as ”experiences hungry”. The term experiences, is today being used a lot in the tourism industry. To be able to predict what an experience is, can be hard and the term is hard to define. Mobile technologies are also becoming a permanent part of the our society. Communication technology are something that backpackers use more and more during their travels. This thesis identifies knowledge and design implications for a mobile application to support backpacker´s need when travelling and how backpackers define the notion of travel experiences. The result of the thesis have calumniated in a mobile application prototype that coul contribute in letting backpackers get more out of there journey. This in an interactive and social way, by giving backpackers the opportunity to be social towards each-other share information through a social medium. As the thesis have shown that backpackers wants to meet others on there journey and experience the world.

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Häggström, Sara, e Jenny Magnusson. "Den maktfulla stereotypen : En studie om mötet mellan backpackers och lokalbefolkning". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för turismvetenskap och geografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25379.

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Thieme, Juliane. "The political economy of backpacker tourism consumption and production in Colombia". Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66614/.

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Backpacker tourism has been an increasing phenomenon since the 1960s (Cohen 1973; Hampton 2013), and many Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are now favourite destinations for backpackers. This backpacker tourism development raises questions about the effects it has on the host communities as well as on the backpackers themselves However, the impact of backpacker tourism development on the power relations between the actors of this development, i.e. the backpackers, the host communities with their businesses, and the governmental actors, have been little explored. This thesis examines the relationship between backpacker tourism development and the power relations between the backpackers, the host communities with their businesses, and the governmental actors in Colombia. Adopting a broad Political Economy (PE) approach, the thesis investigates the backpacker tourism development in two rural communities, one a long-standing backpacker tourism destination, the other one a more recent development. The study includes the three main actors of tourism development: the backpackers as tourism consumers, the businesses catering to them as tourism producers, and the governmental actors influencing backpacker tourism development. It analyses the actors' social, cultural and political embeddedness within their respective communities. The thesis explores how these three main actors of backpacker tourism development interact with each other, how they are interlinked in the two researched communities on the three types of embeddedness mentioned above, and how they affect and are affected by backpacker tourism development. The thesis key contribution is the theoretical framework. It investigates the interaction between consumption and production, as advocated by (Ateljevic 2000), while also anchoring the three actors in the social, cultural and political structures they act within. It combines two existing frameworks into a new, holistic one: The first one is a framework by Ferguson (2011), focussing on small-scale actors in rural communities, and also on the consumption patterns of consumers from LDCs, in this case on Latin American backpackers travelling within Latin America (Colombia). The second component of the framework is Mosedale's (2011) theoretical framework that examines the embeddedness of the actors of tourism development on three different types: their structural embeddedness into social structures and networks, their cultural embeddedness, and their political embeddedness on a local, regional and national level. The thesis' new framework therefore provides one answer to the call for more theorisation, both in tourism studies (see Bianchi 2009; Hannam 2002; Tribe 2006) and in PE (see Britton 1982). It further focusses on small-scale actors, in this case backpacker tourism Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) instead of Transnational Enterprises (TNCs) as often investigated in tourism and PE studies (e.g. Britton 1982; Freitag 1994). The research aim was addressed in an ethnographic field study, consisting of mainly interviews (n=53) with backpackers, backpacker tourism business owners, and policy makers in two different fieldwork locations in Colombia. Additional data was collected through participant observation, policy document analysis, and other supporting methods such as mapping exercises and the analysis of online and offline travel materials. The findings show that backpacker tourism development often reinforced unequal power relations that were prevalent within the communities and on a global scale. For example, on the production side, this includes issues such as the access to knowledge of the backpacker market by local business owners, resulting in foreign business owners with travel experience having more knowledge power over the locals competing in the same market. On the consumption side, many backpackers from developed countries possessed more financial power to travel for prolonged periods of time in comparison to their Latin American counterparts, who travelled for less time or had to work while travelling. Furthermore, the local government's involvement in tourism development seemed to be vital for a more successful execution of backpacker tourism within the communities, with a lack of involvement leading to a power vacuum in one community that was filled by shadow industries. The theoretical contribution of the thesis include that it brings in different voices by including different actors of tourism development from different national and social backgrounds. The inclusiveness of all actors and the structures they work within into one framework allows for a more accurate analysis of the processes of tourism development and its implicit power relations that help to shape backpacker tourism development. It also gives a better indication of why these processes happen the way they do, and how the actors work within the given social, cultural and political structures. The new framework and the analysis could then lead to a more thorough and integrated analysis, considering all actors and their influence upon tourism development and on each other. The analysis of the findings also propose some practical implications for tourism businesses and policy makers, such as an upscale shift in the backpacker tourism market, artesano backpackers bridging the gap between tourism producers and consumers, and the need for the local and regional government to invest in the education of their citizens to enable them to successfully participate in the (backpacker) tourism business.

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Lehmann, Frederick Denis. "Weight load carry : a review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the army backpack". Thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/663.

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Military load carrying has occupied the attention of military developers, researchers and commanders over centuries. The Army backpack remains the means of carriage for ammunition and rations for the soldier in the field. The traditional rationale for its use has been that the infantry soldier must be able to sustain himself in combat and live independently for days at a time without resupply. At the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC), the mission is to produce men and women who are capable and effective officers and soldiers. The weight of the pack with the items required at RMC is often in excess of 40 kg. In evaluating the effectiveness of current practice, this thesis takes an anthropometric perspective in exploring the historical, physiological and social context of current loads carried by Australian soldiers, It does not, however, evaluate the content of the load itself. Research methods include: a/. Systematic examination of past research findings on the social and physiological aspects of military load carrying since the Roman Centurions. b/. Biophysical tesing of nine soldiers, using a battery of physiological tests to determine heart rates and energy expenditure at various loads. c/. A survey of 100 soldiers from the Royal Military College, Duntroon and in-depth interviews with a sample of four experienced soldiers to obtain the views of the load carriers. The research concludes that the optimum approach to load carrying, and so to the design of the Army backpack, is that it be task-and soldier-specific. This runs directly counter to the longstanding Army traditions of preparing all soldiers for every possible contingency in battle and regarding all soldiers as equivalent units. The study findings offer some specific directions in which the design of the army backpack can be improved.

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Duguid, Lynn. "The use of backpacks, levels of physical activity and reported pain in Year 8 school students /". 1998. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/85263.

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Strejcová, Hana. "Změny elektrické aktivity vybraných svalů při různém nastavení popruhů batohu". Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339655.

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Title: EMGs of Back Muscles in Relation with Different Settings of the Straps of Backpacks Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the electrical activity of chosen muscles during the gait with student backpack and during the different types of placing the backpack on the back in the vertical plane. The second aim is to find what it the best type of the backpack placement on the back based on the electrical activity. Methods: This thesis is an analytical-experimental research. In the theoretical part, there is a review of available sources relating to existing studies about load carriage, especially backpack carrying. It is preferentially about school type of backpaks, the recommended load limit, the way of placing a backpack on the back and the way of placing a load in the backpack. In the experimental part, there are methods used during experiment. The surface electromyografy was chosen as a experimental method. M. trapezius pars descendens, m. erector spinae and m. rectus abdomis were chosen for recording the EMG signal. The data were recorded during the gait with the backpack of 10% of proband's weight and during 3 different types of backpack placement. The upper type of placement was placed with the centre of the backpack in the level of seventh thoracic vertebra (T7), the middle type...

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Scott, Deana Jill Allen. "What’s in their backpacks : pre-kindergartners’ literacy practices from home to school and back". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2233.

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Pre-kindergarten students often arrive the first day of school carrying a backpack filled with supplies which they are eager to use. Inside these backpacks are scissors, glue, and crayons. This study proposes that the pre-kindergartners are also carrying another backpack, their literacy backpack holding all of their literacy skills and practices that they use every day at home. This qualitative case study examined these literacies brought from home in the students’ figurative literacy backpacks. The study also focused on their teachers’ literacy views and practices. The study was conducted in three parts. First, through field observations and interviews with parents, the literacy practices occurring at home were identified and examined. Unique “literacy stories” were crafted from the data for each of the pre-kindergartners and shared with their parents. Part two of the study examined the two pre-kindergarten teachers’ literacy practices through semi-structured interviews. The impact of external forces (e.g. state and federal mandates, school curriculum, grant requirements, and trainings) on the views and practices of the pre-kindergarten teachers was discussed. These external forces stress the development of formal literacies, thus modeling a narrow definition of literacy. Part three of the study focused on sharing the students’ “literacy stories” with their teachers and examining the teachers’ reactions to the stories. Data from the interviews following reading the stories pointed to the teachers’ acknowledging the multiple literacies found in the homes of their students and a desire to learn more about their families’ literacy practices in order to utilize them in the classroom. The students’ “literacy stories” proved to be a valuable tool in expanding the teachers’ definition of literacy. The stories helped the teachers broaden their views of literacy to include literacy practices that occur in many different cultural and social contexts; adopting a definition more in line with the socio-cultural development of literacy and the NLS concepts (Street, 2003). Using this definition, multiple literacies will be made visible in the classrooms and connections from home to school can be made allowing students to strengthen their existing literacies and expand them to incorporate other literacies.
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Teng, Ning, e 鄧寧. "The World of Backpack─Backpackers’ Multiple Life Image". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15403245549227420371.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
新聞研究所
98
The Tourism, leisure activities and travel as social phenomenon are actually more important beyond people’s daily understanding. Comparing with western countries, the trend of Independent Travel has sprouted and grown after the end of the martial law in 1987 in Taiwan. Moreover, the term, “backpacker” becomes trendy in Taiwan after 2004. 　　This in-depth report thesis is aimed to depict the diverse independent travelers’ practice as a backpackers’ group image, including non-famous backpackers, travel bloggers, travel writers and journalists. In the meantime, this report tries to dig out the meaning of backpackers’ practice, drawing the unique world of backpackers for the readers. 　　The so-called backpackers always travel with the limited budgets, so they have their own perspectives about how to organize, proceed with the tour and how to interpret their own sightseeing places to practice their tourist gaze as John Urry demonstrates. This report illustrates that those backpackers could not only change their values from their background, but also learn or intimate the local lifestlyes and social values. Nevertheless, they would choose the special tourist places or set up the unusual travel targets and purposes to fulfill their own life experiences. 　　In the report, because the recent backpackers have more diverse purposes to practice backpacking tour, somehow it causes the touristic foaming of backpacking. Take the case of “Khao San Road” in Thailand as example, the backpackers, who are proud of exploring the authentic local culture; on the contrary, gather in Khao San Road, an artificial, unauthentic area that is constructed for tourists. 　　In the end, this in-depth report revealed that when backpackers return, they tend to share their various experiences and exotic impressions with others. However, that how the backpackers describe their travel resumes, including the choices of travel places and the explanation of travel experiences, is actually trying to distinguish and label their own tastes and uniqueness. 　　This report also found that some people would choose to be backpackers with their special life steps. After the turning points of life stage, some of them might not use the way of backpacking to practice their travel plan, but they would still keep the backpacking spirit, in terms of the life-long travelers with independent and unique perspectives and attitudes.

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Wallace, Bruce Andrew. "Backpack travellers using commercial backpacker accommodation in Queensland". Thesis, 1991. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15724/.

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The Backpacker market in Queensland has emerged as an important segment of the tourism system in Australia. The Backpack traveller is predominantly from overseas and is seeking a particular type of travel experience. In order to maintain this style of travel, Backpack travellers are away from home for long periods of time, make use of less expensive accommodation, use low cost transport and engage in tours and activities that will meet the travel experience they are seeking. The aim of this minor research thesis is to investigate the size of the Backpacker market in Queensland and to identify the transport and expenditure patterns and selected socio-demographic characteristics of Backpack travellers using commercial Backpacker accommodation in Queensland.

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Reddy, Kimera. "A comparative study of a novel and school issued backpack on high school adolescent posture at the New Forest High School in the eThekwini district of KwaZulu-Natal". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1320.

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Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters’ Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Department of Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.
Research has shown that more than 90% of the scholars, use backpacks, worldwide. The backpack has the ability to transport books, sports equipment and clothing between school and home, climaxing in a capacity that may affect posture. Therefore, it is noted that a backpack, which is not carried correctly, fitted improperly and/or over packed may pose a threat to the scholar’s posture Aim: To determine the effect between a novel and school-issued backpack in terms of postural symmetry measurements (photographic measurements), when compared to no backpack, on high school adolescent standing posture. Method: This research was a quantitative descriptive cross sectional experimental design. Each participating scholar underwent a BMI, height and weight screening, prior to inclusion into the data collection process. One hundred asymptomatic scholars, aged between 12 to 14 years, were recruited using convenience sampling. Thereafter, digital photographic images of each scholar was taken in 3 groups, i.e. no Backpack, with a school-issued backpack (Backpack A) and a novel backpack (Backpack B). These digital photographic images were then uploaded, by the researcher, onto the Posturepro 8 Computer Postural Software System. The objective measurement tool (Posturepro 8 Computer Postural Software System) calculated, in degrees, the postural measurements of the scholars’ neck, shoulder and pelvis, by manually constructing lines (horizontal and vertical) between the anatomical landmarks (bilaterally). IBM SPSS version 21 was used to analyse the data. A two-tailed p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Parametric summary statistics such as mean and standard deviations were used to describe the outcomes in each group. Postural measurements were compared between the pairs (i.e. no Backpack versus Backpack A, no Backpack versus Backpack B and Backpack A versus Backpack B) using paired sample t-tests. A one sample t-test was used to compare the symmetry measurements to a null hypothesis value of 0. Results: The mean age of the one hundred scholars was 13.5 (± 0.6 SD) years. The age of the scholars ranged between 12 and 14 years. This research was performed to determine which backpack (A or B) performed better in maintaining the scholar’s posture (with no backpack). A direct comparison was performed with no Backpack to that of Backpack A and Backpack B. The comparison for each of the differences closest to zero (‘0’) in the no Backpack, Backpack A and Backpack B groups was performed using a one sample t-test. The values closer to zero (‘0’) indicated a normal postural symmetry. None of the postural symmetry measurements were significantly different from zero in all 3 groups as the mean differences were very close to zero. Therefore, when comparing Backpack A to Backpack B, this research showed that there was no significant differences between the two backpacks when looking at postural symmetry (p=0.05). Conclusion: The trends observed in this study partly supported the claims by the company (‘Improved Postural Alignment for You’) of the novel backpack. The novel backpack (Backpack B) showed significant differences in some instances when assessing other outcome measurements, but showed no significant difference when comparing postural symmetry between the two backpacks. Further studies need to be done incorporating all aspects of postural analysis, and not just postural symmetry measurements.

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Abrahams, Sumaya. "Acute stress and strain due to backpack loading among primary school pupils". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5345.

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Schoolbag carriage represents a considerable daily occupational load for children (Negrini et al., 1999). Whittfield et al., (2001) and Puckree et al., (2004) have reported that the carriage of heavy schoolbags is a suspected aetiological factor of the daily physical stress of school pupils. Methods: One hundred and eighty-seven pupils voluntarily participated in a controlled, descriptive, epidemiological retrospective study. Subjects’ biographical, epidemiological, exercise history and lifestyle information was gathered by a self-report questionnaire (adapted from Puckree et al., 2004). Subjects’ body mass, stature and mass of their schoolbags were measured using a Detecto stadiometer scale. Digital images, electromyographical muscular activity and a posture profile assessments were captured in the frontal and sagittal planes whilst the pupils were in the loaded (carrying a schoolbag) and the unloaded phases (not carrying schoolbags). These images were analyzed using biomechanical software, Dartfish. The study being retrospective in nature recorded the prevalence of schoolbag carriage musculoskeletal pain over the last 12 months. Descriptive statistical tests such as mean, mode, frequency, percentages and inferential chi-square statistical test (set at a probability of 0.05) were employed to analyze the data. Results: The result indicated that 78.99% of the cohort experience musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag carriage (p<0.0001). The most prevalent anatomical sites of pain were the shoulders (37.04%), neck (20.37%), lumbar (11.73%) and thorax (10.49%) (p<0.0001). The mean mass of the schoolbag carried by the cohort was 5.45kg which was approximately 11.5% of their body mass. The predisposing factors of the musculoskeletal pain were the methods employed to carry the schoolbag (single strap (20.21%) versus double straps (76.6%), altered posture due to excessive schoolbag mass together with a reduced craniovertebral angle (p<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: The excessive schoolbag mass carried by the pupils placed strain on the immature vertebral column of these pupils thus causing postural deviations which induced musculoskeletal pain and discomfort.
Thesis (M.Sport Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

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