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1
Borkar, V. S. "Avoidance of traps in stochastic approximation". Systems & Control Letters 50, n. 1 (settembre 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(03)00118-x.
2
Stapp, Paul, e Beatrice Van Horne. "Do olfactory cues mediate interactions between rodents on northern shortgrass prairie?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1996): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-028.
Abstract (sommario):
We counted captures of free-ranging deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in odor-baited traps to determine whether deer mice use olfactory cues to detect and evade grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster), a predator and possible competitor on northern shortgrass prairie. Avoidance was measured using the frequency of captures in traps containing grasshopper mouse odors compared with that in traps containing odors of an innocuous rodent (Reithrodontomys megalotis) and in clean traps. We predicted that deer mice would be most deterred by odors in areas where grasshopper mice were common, and during winter, when alternative prey for grasshopper mice are less abundant. We also expected reproductive females to show greater avoidance because of the vulnerability of litters in burrows. Surprisingly, deer mice showed no evidence of avoidance in any experiments. These results are consistent with trapping records from capture–recapture studies on our site. We assert that the presence of grasshopper mice may affect the surface activity of deer mice, but that deer mice apparently do not use olfactory cues to avoid grasshopper mice. Taken with other studies noting the lack of avoidance of predator odors by deer mice and similar species, our results suggest that the response of rodents to predator odors is more variable than was previously appreciated.
3
Musiani, M., e E. Visalberghi. "Wolves’ avoidance of flag barriers and management implications". Animal Welfare 9, n. 1 (febbraio 2000): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022430.
Abstract (sommario):
Sir, Leg-hold traps are the devices most commonly used by researchers to capture wolves. These traps can cause injury, as they cannot usually be monitored closely enough to prevent captured animals from struggling in them. In areas where guard dogs are not used, typical methods for controlling wolf predation on livestock are culling and building substantial or electric fences to exclude wolves. These methods have two major drawbacks - culling can threaten the population, and conventional fences are expensive and difficult to maintain.
4
Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Sebastian Demtröder, Claire Fuchs, Diana Petrich, Friedrich Pfisterer, Andreas Richter, Clemens Stolpe et al. "Does intraspecific and intersexual attraction or avoidance influence newt abundance estimates based on fish funnel trap records?" Amphibia-Reptilia 35, n. 1 (2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002932.
Abstract (sommario):
We experimentally investigated whether intraspecific and intersexual attraction (or avoidance) by chemical signals may bias newt trapping success. We installed commercially available fish funnel traps which are often used in newt monitoring studies. We tested if capture rates differed between traps with or without newts. One experimental trap set comprised five traps, one trap being empty and four traps containing one male or female Lissotriton vulgaris or Ichthyosaura alpestris, respectively. Capture rates of newts of neither species nor sex was significantly affected by the presence of a particular newt species or sex in the traps, compared to control traps without newts. Trapping success thus seems not to be biased beyond random effects.
5
Berry, Nicholas, Will O'connor, Marc W. Holderied e Gareth Jones. "Detection and Avoidance of Harp Traps by Echolocating Bats". Acta Chiropterologica 6, n. 2 (dicembre 2004): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/001.006.0211.
6
Mathis, Alicia, e R. Jan F. Smith. "Avoidance of areas marked with a chemical alarm substance by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in a natural habitat". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, n. 8 (1 agosto 1992): 1473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-203.
Abstract (sommario):
If chemical alarm pheromones warn individuals of nearby predation on conspecifics, then individuals should avoid areas where alarm pheromone is present. This hypothesis was tested in a natural stream habitat by exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to minnow traps that had been marked with either conspecific alarm pheromone or with a control substance (glass-distilled water). The minnows exhibited significant avoidance of traps marked with the alarm pheromone: less than 4% of the minnows that were captured were found in the experimental traps. There was a nonsignificant tendency for minnows in control traps to be larger than those caught in experimental traps, suggesting a possible role of experience or developmental factors in determining the response to alarm pheromone. There was no apparent difference in overall body condition (i.e., length-specific mass) between the minnows that were caught in control versus experimental traps. Detection of the alarm pheromone may allow receivers to avoid areas where risk of predation is high.
7
Smith, Michael Timothy, e Evelyn T. Bruner. "Pitfalls and Traps in Neuropathology". AJSP: Reviews and Reports 25, n. 2 (marzo 2020): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcr.0000000000000365.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Impediments to making a correct diagnosis are avoided, and complex administrative efforts are used to make those impediments less frequent. There are quality control procedures, patient safety initiatives, and endless meetings attempting to lessen medical errors. Pitfalls and traps are encountered daily by pathologists, and most are avoided. Artifacts produce traps created by cautery, physical crush, thick sections, and drying and are well known. Appropriate deferral, recuts, stains, and collegial consultations aid in error avoidance in these instances. Neuropathology has some pitfalls and traps that are encountered infrequently especially in the low neuropathology case load environment. Those traps are unfamiliar and treacherous for the unwary pathologist. This review describes five cases each with its special trap.
8
Young, Julie, Jeffrey Schultz, Buck Jolley, Nekol Basili e John Draper. "Social Learning of Avoidance Behaviors: Trap Aversion in Captive Coyotes". Animal Behavior and Cognition 9, n. 3 (1 agosto 2022): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.09.03.06.2022.
Abstract (sommario):
Social learning can help animals gain knowledge rapidly and may enhance survival. In species that are subjected to capture in foothold traps and then lethally removed, such as the coyote (Canis latrans), learning to avoid traps is critical to survival. Here, we tested social learning of trap avoidance behavior in three experimental scenarios with captive coyotes. In the first experiment, coyotes observed an unfamiliar coyote get captured in a foothold trap (i.e., demonstrator) or did not observe a demonstrator and were therefore naïve to traps. The coyotes that observed a demonstrator showed similar latencies to approach the trap and be captured as coyotes without a demonstrator. In the second experiment, coyotes observed their trap-naïve mate get captured in a foothold trap while housed together. These coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and be captured than their mates. In the third experiment, demonstrator coyotes were housed separately in an enclosure adjacent to two other enclosures – one housing their mate and one housing an unfamiliar coyote. Here, unfamiliar coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and get captured than the mates of the demonstrator coyotes. These results suggest that coyotes have limited ability to socially learn avoidance behavior, with familiarity and proximity of the demonstrator influencing the ability of coyotes to use social learning. Thus, the different results emerging from this study may reflect behaviors related to territoriality and pair-bonds.
9
Foot, G., S. P. Rice e J. Millett. "Red trap colour of the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function". Biology Letters 10, n. 4 (aprile 2014): 20131024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1024.
Abstract (sommario):
The traps of many carnivorous plants are red in colour. This has been widely hypothesized to serve a prey attraction function; colour has also been hypothesized to function as camouflage, preventing prey avoidance. We tested these two hypotheses in situ for the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia . We conducted three separate studies: (i) prey attraction to artificial traps to isolate the influence of colour; (ii) prey attraction to artificial traps on artificial backgrounds to control the degree of contrast and (iii) observation of prey capture by D. rotundifolia to determine the effects of colour on prey capture. Prey were not attracted to green traps and were deterred from red traps. There was no evidence that camouflaged traps caught more prey. For D. rotundifolia , there was a relationship between trap colour and prey capture. However, trap colour may be confounded with other leaf traits. Thus, we conclude that for D. rotundifolia , red trap colour does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function.
10
Harding, G. C., W. P. Vass, B. T. Hargrave e S. Pearre Jr. "Diel Vertical Movements and Feeding Activity of Zooplankton in St. Georges Bay, N.S., Using Net Tows and a Newly Developed Passive Trap". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, n. 5 (1 maggio 1986): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-118.
Abstract (sommario):
Newly developed plankton traps, designed to passively collect vertically mobile plankters, sampled ascending plankton but failed to collect many species during descent. This discrepancy may be behavioral with passively sinking organisms reacting to the trap surface with an upward avoidance reaction. Simultaneous use of conventional net tows and semiautomated traps allowed us to interpret the vertical movements of plankton more fully than by either method alone. Asynchronous vertical movement of the Pseudocalanus population is suspected because the percentage of trapped animals with food in their guts was usually higher in the downward moving fraction of the population. Migratory behaviors ranged from dusk and dawn ascent with midnight sinking to reverse migrations where the night level inhabited is deeper than the day depth. Noctural dispersal of herbivore and omnivore populations over depth probably reflects predator avoidance by presenting less dense aggregations to vertically mobile predators. Sightless predators reside in deeper waters than their prey during daylight presumably because they are larger and more vulnerable themselves to visual predation. Visual predators descend to greater depths than their prey at night. All the migration patterns observed can be explained in evolutionary terms simply by competition for food and avoidance of predators.
11
Mella, Valentina S. A., Christine E. Cooper e Stephen J. J. F. Davies. "Predator odour does not influence trappability of southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)". Australian Journal of Zoology 58, n. 5 (2010): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10049.
Abstract (sommario):
Predators cause changes in the behaviour of many prey species. This study investigated whether trappability of wild southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) was influenced by odour cues suggesting the presence of potential predators. Trapping success was compared between traps with predator scents and controls in two different experiments. The first measured trapping success of single clean traps, traps with unfamiliar herbivore (horse) odour and traps scented with predator (fox, cat, quoll and dingo) odours, while the second offered three choices (fox, dingo and clean traps) simultaneously. Frequency of capture of bandicoots and possums was not influenced by odour, mass or sex in either experiment. The lack of avoidance response observed in this study suggests that neither southern brown bandicoots nor common brushtail possums alter foraging behaviour in response to olfactory cues that suggest the presence of exotic or Australian predators. This is consistent with previous studies, which indicate that native Australian marsupials do not avoid predator odours.
12
Heske, Edward J., e Jeanette M. Repp. "Laboratory and field evidence for the avoidance of California voles (Microtus californicus) by western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, n. 7 (1 luglio 1986): 1530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-227.
Abstract (sommario):
The hypothesis that western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis) would avoid the scent of large, behaviorally dominant California voles (Microtus californicus) was investigated in both laboratory and field experiments. Reithrodontomys megalotis chose to build nests in boxes containing clean pine shavings rather than those bearing the odors of M. californicus when presented with a choice in the laboratory. Microtus californicus were indifferent to R. megalotis odors. Both species were strongly attracted to conspecific odors. When presented with pairs of clean live traps and traps bearing California vole scent in the field, R. megalotis were captured at significantly greater frequency in the clean traps. This response was strongest when harvest mice were in breeding condition. Results of this study support the hypothesis that interspecific avoidance of voles by harvest mice is a likely mechanism contributing to spatial separation between these species at high vole densities.
13
Wisenden, Brian. "Active space of chemical alarm cue in natural fish populations". Behaviour 145, n. 3 (2008): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908783402920.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractChemical cues released from injured fish skin during a predator attack provide reliable information about the presence of predation risk. Here, I report estimates of the area avoided by littoral fishes after experimental release of chemical alarm cues in two small lakes in northern Minnesota. Minnow traps were labeled chemically with either water (control) or skin extract (chemical alarm cue) made from 2 cm2 of cyprinid skin (redbelly dace in experiment 1, fathead minnows in experiment 2). Traps labeled with water were placed 1, 2, or 8 m from traps labeled with alarm cue. After 2 h, water-traps that were either 1 or 2 m distant from an alarm-trap caught significantly fewer fish than water-traps 8 m distant from alarm-traps. Conspecific and heterospecific skin extract produced similar area avoidance by fathead minnows. Redbelly dace showed a larger active space in response to conspecific than heterospecific alarm cues. Brook stickleback showed reduced catches within 2 m of skin extract of fathead minnows. Overall, the radius of active space was between 2 and 8 m under lake conditions with average subsurface currents of 0.82 cm/s. These data are the first field estimates of active space of ostariophysan chemical alarm cues.
14
Pham, Duc, Thach-Thao Duong e Abdul Sattar. "Trap Avoidance in Local Search Using Pseudo-Conflict Learning". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, n. 1 (20 settembre 2021): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8149.
Abstract (sommario):
A key challenge in developing efficient local search solvers is to effectively minimise search stagnation (i.e. avoiding traps or local minima). A majority of the state-of-the-art local search solvers perform random and/or Novelty-based walks to overcome search stagnation. Although such strategies are effective in diversifying a search from its current local minimum, they do not actively prevent the search from visiting previously encountered local minima. In this paper, we propose a new preventative strategy to effectively minimise search stagnation using pseudo-conflict learning. We define a pseudo-conflict as a derived path from the search trajectory that leads to a local minimum. We then introduce a new variable selection scheme that penalises variables causing those pseudo-conflicts. Our experimental results show that the new preventative approach significantly improves the performance of local search solvers on a wide range of structured and random benchmarks.
15
Haskell, Bruce, e Thomas Keefe. "Surviving orthodontic graduate debt: Making correct career choices to manage debt re-payment, reduction or forgiveness". Angle Orthodontist 89, n. 4 (11 giugno 2019): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/0003-3219-89.4.529.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Monetary pitfalls and traps await unwary residents upon graduation. The path to a financially satisfying personal and professional life is obtainable despite high student loan debt and limited income. Career and personal finance issues, student loan options, tax avoidance, bank lending policies, and practice purchases are reviewed. Career options of public service, salaried employee, per diem employee, and private practice ownership are compared in personal financial outcomes, taxation, and retirement consequences.
16
Laurance, WF. "Abundance estimates of small mammals in Australian tropical rainforest: a comparison of four trapping methods". Wildlife Research 19, n. 6 (1992): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920651.
Abstract (sommario):
I compared the efficacy of terrestrial, arboreal, carnivore, and pitfall trapping methods for censusing small (200 animals per 1000 trap-nights), whereas carnivore (83.7 animals per 1000 trap-nights) and pitfall (9.1 animals per 1000 trap-nights) traps were less effective. However, each method was particularly effective for 1-4 species, with factors such as diet, vertical microhabitat use, body size and trap avoidance strongly influencing trappability of different species. Strategies for censusing small mammals in tropical rainforest are discussed.
17
Richards, R. Anne, e J. Stanley Cobb. "Use of Avoidance Responses to Keep Spider Crabs Out of Traps for American Lobsters". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116, n. 2 (marzo 1987): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<282:uoartk>2.0.co;2.
18
Ba, Shengchao, e Tao Shen. "Sub-aesthetics: Consumption traps and avoidance strategies of livestreamed eating shows in the metaverse". Metaverse 3, n. 2 (16 agosto 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/m.v3i2.2127.
Abstract (sommario):
<p>“Metaverse” is a product of digital technology and a spatial scene in which the public consciousness is consciously engaged. It reconstructs the aesthetic experience and the aesthetic activity of the public, calculates and preserves the concrete aesthetic style, and conveys it to consumers with visual and auditory sensory elements. Consumers are trapped in the aesthetic prison of others and willingly pay for the dream world created by digital technology. By sorting out the text presentation and fan comments of livestreamed eating shows in the metaverse, this article analyzes the aesthetic trends of the fans and the relationship between the consumption of eating shows and aesthetics. Most of the fans of eating shows are the young generation, who get physical and emotional satisfaction from these shows and follow the opinion leaders with an admiring perspective. The food bloggers understand the psychology of their fans, and in an approachable way, they fake to be the same kind of fans with common aesthetic needs, so as to obtain the consumption ability of fans, reflecting the aesthetic characteristics of consumption in the metaverse. It is a medium for the capital to obtain the means of consumption. Individuals, communication subjects, media platforms and state institutions need to work together to regulate it in order to prevent addiction to consumerism.</p>
19
Ba, Shengchao, e Tao Shen. "Sub-aesthetics: Consumption traps and avoidance strategies of livestreamed eating shows in the metaverse". Metaverse 3, n. 2 (16 agosto 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/met.v3i2.2127.
Abstract (sommario):
<p>“Metaverse” is a product of digital technology and a spatial scene in which the public consciousness is consciously engaged. It reconstructs the aesthetic experience and the aesthetic activity of the public, calculates and preserves the concrete aesthetic style, and conveys it to consumers with visual and auditory sensory elements. Consumers are trapped in the aesthetic prison of others and willingly pay for the dream world created by digital technology. By sorting out the text presentation and fan comments of livestreamed eating shows in the metaverse, this article analyzes the aesthetic trends of the fans and the relationship between the consumption of eating shows and aesthetics. Most of the fans of eating shows are the young generation, who get physical and emotional satisfaction from these shows and follow the opinion leaders with an admiring perspective. The food bloggers understand the psychology of their fans, and in an approachable way, they fake to be the same kind of fans with common aesthetic needs, so as to obtain the consumption ability of fans, reflecting the aesthetic characteristics of consumption in the metaverse. It is a medium for the capital to obtain the means of consumption. Individuals, communication subjects, media platforms and state institutions need to work together to regulate it in order to prevent addiction to consumerism.</p>
20
Borkar, Vivek S. "Erratum to “Avoidance of traps in stochastic approximation” [Systems Control Lett. 50 (2003) 1–9]". Systems & Control Letters 55, n. 2 (febbraio 2006): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2005.06.008.
21
Li, Yemei, Yanfei Shan e Ying Chen. "Analysis of Farmland Abandonment and Government Supervision Traps in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2021): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041815.
Abstract (sommario):
Farmland abandonment has become relatively common in rural China. In the context of food security, the Chinese government has introduced policies for farmland abandonment supervision, but the effect of these policies has proven to be marginal. By constructing an evolutionary game model, our research explores the evolutionary logic during the supervision of farmland abandonment by governments and rural households. The results indicate that low food yield and high opportunity costs are the leading causes of farmland abandonment. The probable punishment administered by the central government for dereliction is a major motivation for the local government to practice farmland abandonment supervision. The low supervision avoidance cost for rural households leads local governments and households to form collaborations to jointly cope with central government supervision. When this occurs, local governments’ supervision of farmland abandonment falls into a trap, as it leads to continued supervision practices that are costly and ineffective. Food security risk comes from the contradictory population and land resources demands. To improve food security while managing these contradictory demands, it is both necessary and feasible for the government to control population growth and focus on farmland protection, whereas it is unnecessary and unfeasible for the government to supervise whether or not farmland should be abandoned.
22
Kavwele, Cyrus M., Johnstone K. Kimanzi e Mwangi J. Kinyanjui. "Impacts of Bush Encroachment on Wildlife Species Diversity, Composition, and Habitat Preference in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Laikipia, Kenya". International Journal of Ecology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5620125.
Abstract (sommario):
Savannah ecosystems are currently facing a biome shift that changes grasslands to woody dominated landscapes, attributable to habitat degradation. In Ol Pejeta Conservancy (OPC), Euclea divinorum, an unpalatable and invasive woody species, is expanding to former savannah ecosystems with potential effects on herbivores key resources, wildlife species diversity, composition, and habitat use. We investigated wildlife species diversity, composition, and habitat preference or avoidance by wildlife in the conservancy. Infrared camera traps were deployed at the centroids of 2 km by 2 km, 50 cm above ground surface for 14 days and nights with 9 camera traps in each habitat type. Shannon wiener index revealed that wildlife species diversity was highest in E. divinorum dominated habitats and lowest in open grassland. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis revealed level of similarity in wildlife species composition between E. divinorum and mixed bushland. Jacobs index revealed that E. divinorum and mixed bushland were avoided by all guilds; however E. divinorum was significantly avoided while A. drepanolobium and open grassland were both preferred by all guilds. However, A. drepanolobium dominated habitats were significantly preferred compared to open grasslands. The findings are useful in management of sustainable ecosystems.
23
Dewar-Fowler, V., C. Robinson, RA Saunders, SE Thorpe, EP Abrahamsen e GA Tarling. "Biological indicators reveal mesozooplankton foray behaviour in dynamic physical environments: Reply to Kaartvedt et al. (2024)". Marine Ecology Progress Series 734 (18 aprile 2024): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps14578.
Abstract (sommario):
Kaartvedt et al. (2024; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 734:173-175) comment on the role internal waves played in the findings of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 715:27-39) that foray behaviour was present across a number of zooplankton species in the Polar Frontal Zone of the Southern Ocean. Kaartvedt et al. (2024) contend that foray behaviour may not be responsible for the capture of zooplankton by fixed-depth bi-directional net-traps because the influence of internal waves on transporting these organisms into the traps was not accounted for. In Figs. 4 & 5 of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023), directional biases were apparent in the abundance and taxon-ratios captured by the upward and downward looking nets, which can only be explained by the active swimming and avoidance behaviours of zooplankton. This refutes the contention that physical processes such as internal waves dominated capture rates by the net-trap. Even within this physically dynamic oceanic frontal zone, biological indicators such as these biases support the assertion of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023) that foray behaviour is detectable and prevalent within zooplankton communities.
24
Mata, Cristina, Jesús Herranz e Juan E. Malo. "Attraction and Avoidance between Predators and Prey at Wildlife Crossings on Roads". Diversity 12, n. 4 (24 aprile 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040166.
Abstract (sommario):
Wildlife passages are currently built at roads and railway lines to re-establish connectivity. However, little is known about whether predator-prey interactions may reduce the effectiveness of the crossing structures. We evaluated the co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing structures, noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on the same day. We built occupancy models using presence-absence matrices for three prey and five predator types obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. The results indicate that predators and prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation effects occurred in 20% of predator-prey species-pairs and were detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Our results show that both predator and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. However, the spatial and daily patterns of crossing suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to search for prey and that prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of predators. Our results support two recommendations to avoid crossing structures losing effectiveness or becoming prey traps: (i) increase the number of wider structures to reduce the risks of predator-prey encounters and (ii) include inside them structural heterogeneity and refuges, to reduce the likelihood for predator-prey interactions.
25
Zakharchenko, V. "Institutional traps of land reform in the context of land ownership changes". Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, n. 2 (169) (9 dicembre 2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-169-2-29-40.
Abstract (sommario):
The article considers topical issues of institutional support of land reform in Ukraine in the context of changes in ownership of land. The purpose of the research is to disclose the essence and significance of land ownership institutions to avoid institutional traps associated with the change of forms of land ownership at the final stage of land reform in Ukraine. It is shown that agricultural land is the largest natural wealth of Ukraine, so it should be used as rationally as possible. It is proved that the land reform was to be carried out as successfully as possible in the transition to market relations. The need to transform old and create new institutions or "rules of the game" in land relations, in particular, property institutions on agricultural land, is justified. It is noted that among these institutions there are also those that produce negative results; V.M. Polterovich defines them as institutional traps. It is found that institutional traps were caused by the uncritical application of the theory of neoliberalism on total deregulation of economic, including land, relations during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Institutional traps that appeared as a result of the transformation of popular land ownership into communal and private land, in particular, such as: violation of constitutional norms on universal land ownership; the appearance of dissonant norms of land ownership; overestimation of the land appropriation transaction and the background of underestimation of the transaction for its effective use; legalization of illegally obtained and purchased land plots; transfer of land from state property to communal to simplify their privatization schemes; theft of subsoil under the form of acquisition of land plots; increase of land fraud from registration of land owners and tenants; activation of land raiding; underestimation of land value due to infringement of ownership; understatement of the role of the state in protecting the ownership of land. Ways of avoidance and smoothing of institutional traps associated with transactions to change forms of ownership of land are proposed. The emphasis is on the transactions of effective use of agricultural land, and not the transaction of ownership of them. Key words: land reform, market turnover of agricultural land, institute, institutional trap, form of ownership of land (state, communal, private).
26
Chen, Jiqing, Chenzhi Tan, Rongxian Mo, Hongdu Zhang, Ganwei Cai e Hengyu Li. "Research on path planning of three-neighbor search A* algorithm combined with artificial potential field". International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, n. 3 (1 maggio 2021): 172988142110264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298814211026449.
Abstract (sommario):
Among the shortcomings of the A* algorithm, for example, there are many search nodes in path planning, and the calculation time is long. This article proposes a three-neighbor search A* algorithm combined with artificial potential fields to optimize the path planning problem of mobile robots. The algorithm integrates and improves the partial artificial potential field and the A* algorithm to address irregular obstacles in the forward direction. The artificial potential field guides the mobile robot to move forward quickly. The A* algorithm of the three-neighbor search method performs accurate obstacle avoidance. The current pose vector of the mobile robot is constructed during obstacle avoidance, the search range is narrowed to less than three neighbors, and repeated searches are avoided. In the matrix laboratory environment, grid maps with different obstacle ratios are compared with the A* algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed improved algorithm avoids concave obstacle traps and shortens the path length, thus reducing the search time and the number of search nodes. The average path length is shortened by 5.58%, the path search time is shortened by 77.05%, and the number of path nodes is reduced by 88.85%. The experimental results fully show that the improved A* algorithm is effective and feasible and can provide optimal results.
27
Turner, Wendy C., Kyrre L. Kausrud, Yathin S. Krishnappa, Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt, Holly H. Ganz, Isaac Mapaure, Claudine C. Cloete et al. "Fatal attraction: vegetation responses to nutrient inputs attract herbivores to infectious anthrax carcass sites". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n. 1795 (22 novembre 2014): 20141785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1785.
Abstract (sommario):
Parasites can shape the foraging behaviour of their hosts through cues indicating risk of infection. When cues for risk co-occur with desired traits such as forage quality, individuals face a trade-off between nutrient acquisition and parasite exposure. We evaluated how this trade-off may influence disease transmission in a 3-year experimental study of anthrax in a guild of mammalian herbivores in Etosha National Park, Namibia. At plains zebra ( Equus quagga ) carcass sites we assessed (i) carcass nutrient effects on soils and grasses, (ii) concentrations of Bacillus anthracis (BA) on grasses and in soils, and (iii) herbivore grazing behaviour, compared with control sites, using motion-sensing camera traps. We found that carcass-mediated nutrient pulses improved soil and vegetation, and that BA is found on grasses up to 2 years after death. Host foraging responses to carcass sites shifted from avoidance to attraction, and ultimately to no preference, with the strength and duration of these behavioural responses varying among herbivore species. Our results demonstrate that animal carcasses alter the environment and attract grazing hosts to parasite aggregations. This attraction may enhance transmission rates, suggesting that hosts are limited in their ability to trade off nutrient intake with parasite avoidance when relying on indirect cues.
28
Stanovich, Keith E., e Maggie E. Toplak. "Actively Open-Minded Thinking and Its Measurement". Journal of Intelligence 11, n. 2 (28 gennaio 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020027.
Abstract (sommario):
Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) is measured by items that tap the willingness to consider alternative opinions, sensitivity to evidence contradictory to current beliefs, the willingness to postpone closure, and reflective thought. AOT scales are strong predictors of performance on heuristics and biases tasks and of the avoidance of reasoning traps such as superstitious thinking and belief in conspiracy theories. Nevertheless, AOT is most commonly measured with questionnaires rather than performance indicators. Questionnaire contamination becomes even more of a danger as the AOT concept is expanded into new areas such as the study of fake news, misinformation, ideology, and civic attitudes. We review our 25-year history of studying the AOT concept and developing our own AOT scale. We present a 13-item scale that both is brief and accommodates many previous criticisms and refinements. We include a discussion of why AOT scales are such good predictors of performance on heuristics and biases tasks. We conclude that it is because such scales tap important processes of cognitive decoupling and decontextualization that modernity increasingly requires. We conclude by discussing the paradox that although AOT scales are potent predictors of performance on most rational thinking tasks, they do not predict the avoidance of myside thinking, even though it is virtually the quintessence of the AOT concept.
29
Zou, Kaifan, Xiaorong Guan, Zhong Li, Huibin Li, Changlong Jiang e Zihui Zhu. "Obstacle Avoidance Path Planning of a 4-DOF Weapon Arm Based on Improved RRT (RRT-H) Algorithm". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2024 (22 febbraio 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/3866834.
Abstract (sommario):
To improve soldiers’ combat capability, weapon arms have a good development prospect. However, due to special work scenarios and tasks, new requirements are exerted on. Based on the fast-expanding random tree algorithm (RRT), path algorithm optimization (RRT-H) is proposed for the path planning of weapon arms. Overall path optimization is achieved by reducing the local path length with a closer path point planning to the obstacle. In a complex environment, the RRT-H algorithm can avoid local traps by guiding the new path extension direction and exploring multiple different paths in the map. The superiority of this algorithm is verified with 2D plane obstacle avoidance and pathfinding simulation experiments. Compared to RRT∗, RRT∗ smart, and information RRT∗, the RRT-H can obtain high-quality calculation results in a shorter time. After setting degrees of freedom (DOF) as that of variables, the algorithm is applied to the 4-DOF weapon arm, which confirms an effective reduction to the 4-DOF weapon arm’s motion costs.
30
Séquin, Eveline S., Michael M. Jaeger, Peter F. Brussard e Reginald H. Barrett. "Wariness of coyotes to camera traps relative to social status and territory boundaries". Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2003): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-204.
Abstract (sommario):
The primary objective of this study was to develop a better understanding of coyote (Canis latrans) wariness particularly as it related to social status. We determined that territory status (controlling alpha, resident beta, or nonterritorial transient) affected vulnerability to photo-capture by infrared-triggered camera systems. All coyotes were wary of cameras, leading to relatively low numbers of photo-captures, most of which occurred at night. Alphas were significantly underrepresented in photographs and were never photo-captured inside their own territories. Betas were photographed inside and outside their territories, whereas transients were most often photographed on edges of territories. Both alphas and betas were photographed more often on territorial edges when outside their territories. We next addressed the question of how alphas were better able to avoid photo-capture. Alphas tracked human activity within their territories and presumably learned the locations of cameras as they were being set up. They did this either by approaching our location directly or by moving to a vantage point from where they could observe us. Betas and transients either withdrew or did not respond to human activity. Trials in which a dog was present were more likely to elicit an approach response from alphas. Avoidance of camera stations and the tracking of human activity implied wariness toward objects or locations resulting from their learned association with human presence rather than neophobia toward the objects themselves.
31
Burs, Kathrin, Lydia Möcklinghoff, Marinez Isaac Marques e Karl-L. Schuchmann. "Spatial and Temporal Adaptations of Lowland Tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) to Environmental and Anthropogenic Impacts". Life 13, n. 1 (25 dicembre 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010066.
Abstract (sommario):
The Pantanal is one of the most conserved wetland ecosystems in Brazil and a hotspot for biodiversity. Over the last decades intensification of human activities has become a major threat to the stability of the unique landscape. To establish effective conservation actions, it is essential to understand how species respond to anthropogenic and environmental regional factors. Here, data from two multiannual camera trap studies, one in the northern Pantanal and one in the southern Pantanal, were used to investigate the effects of habitat characteristics, seasons, and human interactions on the spatial and temporal patterns of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris). Between 2010 and 2017, camera traps were repeatedly placed in consistent grids covering protected areas and areas with cattle-ranching and tourism. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models and circular statistics. Activity patterns were similar and predominantly nocturnal in both areas, but tapirs indicated avoidance toward settlements and cattle and indicated habitat preferences only in the northern study area with less anthropogenic activities. The present study suggests that both environmental and anthropogenic factors can affect the species’ spatial and temporal behavior, but tapirs show varying responses across regions and gradients of disturbance. The results indicate that adapting avoidance strategies might be more likely and effective in areas with low human pressure and sufficient protected areas as alternatives.
32
Fang, Yi-Hao, Ying Gao, Yin Yang, Kun Tan, Yan-Peng Li, Guo-Peng Ren, Zhi-Pang Huang, Liang-Wei Cui e Wen Xiao. "Effects of reflective warning markers on wildlife". PeerJ 7 (3 settembre 2019): e7614. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7614.
Abstract (sommario):
Light pollution has become one of the top issues in environmental pollution, especially concerning how secondary light pollution, such as from traffic reflective materials, influences animal distribution and behavior. In this study, 15 camera traps were set up at sites with or without reflective warning markers (RWM) in coniferous forests on Cangshan Mountain located in Dali Prefecture, China. The results showed that the number of independent photographs and species at sites without RWMs were significantly higher than those at sites with RWMs. Significant differences were found between daytime and nighttime composition of bird species and non-flying mammals between two sites. This study found that RWMs had negative effects on wildlife, with the avoidance response of birds to RWMs being more obvious than that of animals at daytime. It is recommended that the use of reflective materials be carefully considered, especially in protected areas.
33
Williamson, M. L. "CAPITAL GAINS TAX — PRACTICAL ISSUES". APPEA Journal 28, n. 1 (1988): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87032.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper is directed at the capital gains tax implications arising on the day-to-day transactions and events occurring within our industry.After explaining in very basic terms how CGT can be applied in our industry, I lead the oilman to an examination of more specific transactions, such as splitting tenements, renewals, extensions, subleasing and farm-outs.Some alarming issues arise that must be recognised by every 'dealsman' today. Parameters for deals are indicated along with thought processes to solve the problems to the extent they are solvable.As 19 September 1985 fades faster into the past, the CGT legislation is becoming more relevant as old pre- assets are converted into post-assets. The traps are there, and many people have already fallen - to their horror. The conversions are subtle but are there waiting.In this era of self-assessment and absurd tax penalties, tax audits and guilt until proven innocent, penalty minimisation is the name of the game, not tax avoidance.
34
Parsons, Arielle Waldstein, Martin Wikelski, Brigitta Keeves von Wolff, Jan Dodel e Roland Kays. "Intensive hunting changes human-wildlife relationships". PeerJ 10 (11 ottobre 2022): e14159. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14159.
Abstract (sommario):
Wildlife alter their behaviors in a trade-off between consuming food and fear of becoming food themselves. The risk allocation hypothesis posits that variation in the scale, intensity and longevity of predation threats can influence the magnitude of antipredator behavioral responses. Hunting by humans represents a threat thought to be perceived by wildlife similar to how they perceive a top predator, although hunting intensity and duration varys widely around the world. Here we evaluate the effects of hunting pressure on wildlife by comparing how two communities of mammals under different management schemes differ in their relative abundance and response to humans. Using camera traps to survey wildlife across disturbance levels (yards, farms, forests) in similar landscapes in southern Germany and southeastern USA, we tested the prediction of the risk allocation hypothesis: that the higher intensity and longevity of hunting in Germany (year round vs 3 months, 4x higher harvest/km2/year) would reduce relative abundance of hunted species and result in a larger fear-based response to humans (i.e., more spatial and temporal avoidance). We further evaluated how changes in animal abundance and behavior would result in potential changes to ecological impacts (i.e., herbivory and predation). We found that hunted species were relatively less abundant in Germany and less associated with humans on the landscape (i.e., yards and urban areas), but did not avoid humans temporally in hunted areas while hunted species in the USA showed the opposite pattern. These results are consistent with the risk allocation hypothesis where we would expect more spatial avoidance in response to threats of longer duration (i.e., year-round hunting in Germany vs. 3-month duration in USA) and less spatial avoidance but more temporal avoidance for threats of shorter duration. The expected ecological impacts of mammals in all three habitats were quite different between countries, most strikingly due to the decreases in the relative abundance of hunted species in Germany, particularly deer, with no proportional increase in unhunted species, resulting in American yards facing the potential for 25x more herbivory than German yards. Our results suggest that the duration and intensity of managed hunting can have strong and predictable effects on animal abundance and behavior, with the potential for corresponding changes in the ecological impacts of wildlife. Hunting can be an effective tool for reducing wildlife conflict due to overabundance but may require more intensive harvest than is seen in much of North America.
35
Hongo, Shun, Yoshihiro Nakashima, Etienne François Akomo-Okoue e Fred Loïque Mindonga-Nguelet. "Seasonality in daily movement patterns of mandrills revealed by combining direct tracking and camera traps". Journal of Mammalogy 103, n. 1 (25 novembre 2021): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab141.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Movement is a fundamental characteristic of animals, but challenging to measure noninvasively. Noninvasive methods for measuring travel have different weaknesses, so multiple techniques need to be applied multiple techniques for reliable inferences. We used two methods, direct tracking and camera trapping, to examine the variation in time and seasonal differences in movement rates of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an elusive primate that lives in large groups in central Africa. In a 400-km2 rainforest area in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, we tracked unidentified groups 46 times from 2009 to 2013. We systematically placed 157 terrestrial camera traps in the same area from 2012 to 2014 and recorded groups 309 times. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) of the tracking data indicated that the group travel speed varied with time and season. In the fruiting season, the movement rate fluctuated with time in a bimodal pattern, whereas in the nonfruiting season, it increased monotonously with time. The predicted day range was longer in the fruiting season (6.98 km) than in the nonfruiting season (6.06 km). These seasonal differences suggest responses to changes in food resources and temperature. Camera-trap detection rates showed similar temporal and seasonal patterns to the tracking data, allowing us to generalize our findings to the population level. Moreover, cameras never detected mandrills at night, and we observed that they slept high in trees and hardly moved until the next morning, all suggesting their strict avoidance of nighttime movement. This study demonstrated the significance of the multiple-method approach in drawing robust conclusions on temporal patterns of animal movement.
36
Laurentino, Izabela, Rafael Sousa, Gilberto Corso e Renata Sousa-Lima. "To eat or not to eat: ingestion and avoidance of fecal content from communal latrines of Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818)". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 14, n. 1 (29 settembre 2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/00248.
Abstract (sommario):
Communal latrines have important biological and ecological roles for the latrine builder species and for other taxa that visit these sites and use feces to obtain nutrients and microorganisms that aid in digestion of compounds hard to process. Nonetheless, coprophagous animals must deal with the costs associated with parasites and other pathogenspresent in latrines. Parasites and pathogens are found in Neotropical otter latrines. This species is carnivorous and uses latrines for territorial marking. The objective of this study was to identify vertebrate species associated with otter latrines and species that use feces as food resource. Latrines were monitored with camera traps on a monthly basis in 24-hour cycles. We recorded nine species of vertebrates, including birds, reptiles and mammals, visiting the latrines. Feeding dependency from latrines in the Atlantic Forest may not be related to periods of low food availability (dry season). Visitors that ate at the latrines do not have the same feeding habits as otters. The assumption that mammals would avoid ingesting disease-loaded feces from latrines did not hold, since two mammal species did. We speculate these mammals might be more resistant or less susceptible to pathogens found in otter feces.
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Seo, Sang, e Dohoon Kim. "OSINT-Based LPC-MTD and HS-Decoy for Organizational Defensive Deception". Applied Sciences 11, n. 8 (10 aprile 2021): 3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083402.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aimed to alleviate the theoretical limitations of existing moving target defense (MTD) and decoy concepts and improve the efficiency of defensive deception technology within an organization. We present the concept of an open-source intelligence (OSINT)-based hierarchical social engineering decoy (HS-Decoy) strategy while considering the actual fingerprint of each organization. In addition, we propose a loosely proactive control-based MTD strategy that is based on the intended competitive exposure of OSINT between defenders and attackers. Existing MTDs and decoys are biased toward proactive prevention, in that they only perform structural mutation-based attack avoidance or induce static traps. They also have practical limitations, e.g., they do not consider security characterization of each organizational social engineering attack and related utilization plans, no quantitative deception modeling is performed for the attenuation of the attack surface through exposure to OSINT, and there is no operational plan for optimal MTD and decoy application within the organization. Through the applied deception concepts proposed here, the total attack efficiency was reduced by 287% compared to the existing MTD and decoys, while the artificial deception efficiency dominated by defenders was improved by 382%. In addition, the increase rate of deception overhead was also reduced by 174%, and an optimized deceptive trade-off was also presented. In order to enable an organization to utilize the OSINT concept, statistical error reduction, and MTD mutation cycle-based deceptive selectivity, it was introduced as a loose adaptive mutation rather than a preferential avoidance strategy, and an organization-specific optimization direction was introduced through a combination of HS-Decoy and LPC-MTD. In the future, in order to improve the operational reliability of the HS-Decoy and LPC-MTD-based combined model and standardize threat information for each organization, we intend to advance it into an international standard-based complex architecture and characterize it as game theory.
38
Wang, Yiwei, e Diana O. Fisher. "Dingoes affect activity of feral cats, but do not exclude them from the habitat of an endangered macropod". Wildlife Research 39, n. 7 (2012): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11210.
Abstract (sommario):
Context The loss of large predators has been linked with the rise of smaller predators globally, with negative impacts on prey species (mesopredator release). Recent studies suggest that the dingo, Australia’s top terrestrial predator, inhibits predation on native mammals by the invasive red fox, and therefore reduces mammal extinctions. Feral cats also have negative effects on native mammals, but evidence that dingoes suppress cats remains equivocal. Aims We sought to examine whether dingoes might spatially or temporally suppress the activity of feral cats at a site containing the sole wild population of an endangered macropod subject to feral cat predation (the bridled nailtail wallaby). Methods We used camera traps to compare coarse and fine-scale spatial associations and overlaps in activity times of mammals between August 2009 and August 2010. Key results Dingoes and cats used the same areas, but there was evidence of higher segregation of activity times during wet months. Potential prey showed no spatial avoidance of dingoes. Peak activity times of dingoes and their major prey (the black-striped wallaby) were segregated during the wetter time of year (December to March). We did not find evidence that cats were spatially excluded from areas of high prey activity by dingoes, but there was low overlap in activity times between cats and bridled nailtail wallabies. Conclusions These findings support the contention that fear of dingoes can sometimes affect the timing of activity of feral cats. However, cats showed little spatial avoidance of dingoes at a coarse scale. Implications Control of dingoes should not be abandoned at the site, because the potential moderate benefits of reduced cat activity for this endangered and geographically restricted wallaby may not outweigh the detrimental effects of dingo predation.
39
Forrest, T. G., H. E. Farris e R. R. Hoy. "Ultrasound acoustic startle response in scarab beetles." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1995): 2593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.12.2593.
Abstract (sommario):
We discovered an auditory sense in a night-flying scarab beetle, Euetheola humilis, the first scarab to be shown to hear airborne sounds. In the field, beetles were captured beneath speakers broadcasting ultrasound that simulated bat echolocation pulses. Apparently, the beetles took evasive action from a potential bat predator and flew into the traps. Using another behavioral assay in laboratory studies, the beetles were sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 to 70 kHz at levels between 60 and 70 dB SPL. One component of the behavioral response, a head roll, was graded with stimulus intensity, and the number of potentials in electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in the roll increased as stimulus intensity increased. The response latency was about 40 ms at threshold, decreasing to about 30 ms at 20 dB above threshold. The beetle's short response latency is ideally suited for predator avoidance behavior and the frequency tuning of the response suggests that it could function in evasion from insectivorous bats. The beetle's acoustic sensitivity is remarkably similar to that of other night-flying insects showing ultrasound-induced startle and it should provide these scarab beetles with a similar advance warning of predation risk.
40
Wood, Mark Andrew, e Chrissy Thompson. "Crowdsourced Countersurveillance: A Countersurveillant Assemblage?" Surveillance & Society 16, n. 1 (1 aprile 2018): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i1.6402.
Abstract (sommario):
Speed camera ‘traps’, random breath testing (RBT) stations, and other forms of mobile traffic surveillance have long been circumvented by motorists. However, as technologies for traffic surveillance have developed, so too have technologies enabling individuals to monitor and countersurveil these measures. One of the most recent forms of these countersurveillance platforms can be found on Facebook, where dedicated regional and national RBT and ‘police presence’ pages publicly post the locations of various forms of police surveillance in real-time. In this article, we argue that Facebook RBT pages exemplify a new form of social media facilitated countersurveillance we term crowdsourced countersurveillance: the use of knowledge-discovery and management crowdsourcing to facilitate surveillance discovery, avoidance, and countersurveillance. Crowdsourced countersurveillance, we argue, represents a form of countersurveillant assemblage: an ensemble of individuals, technologies, and data flows that, more than the sum of their parts, function together to neutralize surveillance measures. Facilitated by affordances for crowdsourcing, aggregating, and crowdmapping geographical data information on surveillance actors, crowdsourced countersurveillance provides a means of generating ‘hybrid heterotopias’: mediated counter-sites that enable individuals to contest and circumvent surveilled spatial arrangements.
41
Palacios-Mosquera, Y., D. Mondragón e A. Santos-Moreno. "Vertebrate florivory of vascular epiphytes: the case of a bromeliad". Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, n. 2 (aprile 2019): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.176023.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The avoidance of vertebrate herbivory is thought to be one of the possible drivers for the evolution of epiphytism. Scarce literature suggests that epiphyte herbivory is mainly related to insect attack on reproductive structures. In a pine-oak forest we observed almost all inflorescences of an epiphytic bromeliad (Tillandsia carlos-hankii) with signs of florivory; the degree of damage suggested that vertebrate herbivores could be involved. To assess the intensity of vertebrate florivory damage we recorded the percentage of damaged individuals in a 500 m2 plots during two flowering seasons. To identify possible vertebrate herbivores, we installed 20 mixed capture stations, 10 photo-traps focused on bromeliads and analyzed stomach contents of captured vertebrates. Florivory was observed on 62% of individuals during the first flowering season and 77% on the second; and average one individual lost 41% of reproductive structures. Vertebrates associated with florivory were a bird, Icterus bullockii (Aves, Passeriformes, Icteridae), a squirrel Sciurus aureogaster (Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae), and mice, Peromyscus gratus, P. levipes and P. aztecus (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae). Our results suggest that vascular epiphytes are used as opportunistic resources for small vertebrates during seasons when preferred resources are scarce.
42
Jeffs, Andrew, Nick Tolimieri e John C. Montgomery. "Crabs on cue for the coast: the use of underwater sound for orientation by pelagic crab stages". Marine and Freshwater Research 54, n. 7 (2003): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03007.
Abstract (sommario):
Several studies have suggested that underwater sound may provide an orientation cue for the pelagic stages of coastal crustacea, such as crabs and lobsters, to find their way from the open ocean to the coast where they can settle. Yet, there has been no field evidence to support this phenomenon and it is unclear whether pelagic crustacean stages even have the ability to orient towards sources of underwater sound, such as that which emanates from reefs. Artificial sources of natural underwater sound were deployed offshore in conjunction with light traps to determine if the larval and post-larval stages of coastal crabs were attracted to coastal reef sound. The results demonstrated that the pelagic stages of crabs respond to underwater sounds and that they may use underwater sound to orient towards the coast. The orientation behaviour was modulated by lunar phase, being evident only during first- and last-quarter moon phases, at the time of neap tides. Active orientation during neap tides may take advantage of these incoming night-time tides for predator avoidance or may permit more effective directed swimming activity than is possible during new and full moon spring tides.
43
Cappa, Flavio M., Carlos E. Borghi e Stella M. Giannoni. "How Roads Affect the Spatial Use of the Guanaco in a South American Protected Area: Human Connectivity vs Animal Welfare". Diversity 11, n. 7 (12 luglio 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11070110.
Abstract (sommario):
Roads can affect animals as well as their habits at different levels. Avoidance behavior is a common response of animals to this type of perturbation, preventing access to areas rich in resources. The effects of roads on ungulates have not been studied in South America extensively, especially in arid environments. We have studied the space use by ungulates in relation to roads, using a dung heap count and camera traps. The aim was to evaluate whether paved road and unpaved road may have an effect on the spatial use of a low density population of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in Ischigualasto Provincial Park, Argentina. We observed an increase in dung heap abundance in unpaved road as respect to paved road, this difference was larger for both. Besides, we recorded less individuals in paved road zones than in unpaved road zones. This showed that roads, especially paved roads, negatively affect the space used by guanacos. Our results are relevant to the management and conservation of animal populations in protected areas since spatial segregation due to the presence of roads may lead to the isolation of individuals. It is important to pay attention and further assess the effects that roads can have in the native fauna.
44
Allen, Maximilian L., Rachel E. Harris, Lucas O. Olson, Erik R. Olson, Julie Van Stappen e Timothy R. Van Deelen. "Resource limitations and competitive interactions affect carnivore community composition at different ecological scales in a temperate island system". Mammalia 83, n. 6 (26 novembre 2019): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0162.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Selective pressures (i.e. resource limitation and competitive interaction) that drive the composition of ecological communities vary, and often operate on different ecological scales (ecological variables across varying spatial scales) than observed patterns. We studied the drivers of distribution and abundance of the American marten (Martes americana) and the carnivore community at three ecological scales on a Great Lakes island archipelago using camera traps. We found different drivers appeared important at each ecological scale and studying any of the three scales alone would give a biased understanding of the process driving the system. Island biogeography (resource limitation) was most important for carnivore richness, with higher richness on larger islands and lower richness as distance from the mainland increased. Marten presence on individual islands appeared to be driven by island size (resource limitation) and human avoidance (competitive interaction). Marten abundance at camera trap sites was driven by the cascading effect of coyotes (Canis latrans) on fishers (Pekania pennanti) (competitive interaction). Incorporating three ecological scales gave novel insights into the varying effects of resource limitation and competitive interaction processes. Our data suggests that ecological communities are structured through multiple competing ecological forces, and effective management and conservation relies on our ability to understand ecological forces operating at multiple ecological scales.
45
Gray, Emma L., Chris J. Burwell e Andrew M. Baker. "Benefits of being a generalist carnivore when threatened by climate change: the comparative dietary ecology of two sympatric semelparous marsupials, including a new endangered species (Antechinus arktos)". Australian Journal of Zoology 64, n. 4 (2016): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16044.
Abstract (sommario):
The endangered black-tailed dusky antechinus (Antechinus arktos) was described in 2014, so most aspects of its ecology are unknown. We examined diet composition and prey selection of A. arktos and a sympatric congener, the northern form of A. stuartii, at two sites in Springbrook National Park. Overall, taxa from 25 invertebrate orders were identified in the diets from 252 scat samples. Dietary components were similar for each species, but A. arktos consumed a higher frequency and volume of dipteran larvae and Diplopoda, while A. stuartii consumed more Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Isopoda. Both species of Antechinus had a higher percentage of ‘empty’ scats (devoid of any identifiable invertebrate material) in 2014 compared with 2015. The former was a drier year overall. Lower rainfall may have reduced abundance and diversity of arthropod prey, causing both species to supplement their diet with soft-bodied prey items such as earthworms, which are rarely detected in scats. Comparison of prey in scats with invertebrate captures from pitfall traps showed both species to be dietary generalists, despite exhibiting distinct preference and avoidance of certain prey categories. The ability of an endangered generalist marsupial to switch prey may be particularly advantageous considering the anticipated effects of climate change on Gondwanan rainforests during the mid-late 21st century.
46
Ahmad, Arbab, Geoff J. Thomas, Susan J. Barker e William J. MacLeod. "Genotype resistance, inoculum source and environment directly influence development of grey leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium spp.) and yield loss in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)". Crop and Pasture Science 67, n. 1 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15073.
Abstract (sommario):
The rediscovery of grey leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium spp.) in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in Western Australia in 2007 and identification of susceptible cultivars raised concern about potential impact of this disease in crop production. This study assessed potential yield loss in narrow-leafed lupins and the importance of inoculum source in the development of the disease. In two field experiments, no disease was observed in the resistant cultivar Mandelup, but disease progress was rapid in susceptible genotypes Unicrop and WALAN2333 and resulted in up to 64% yield loss. Disease progress and yield loss were greater in plots inoculated with infested trash than in those with spray-only inoculum. Release of Stemphylium spores from infested trash was monitored during the lupin-growing period by using spore traps and seedling trap plants. Conidia were released continuously throughout the growing period and significant (P < 0.01) correlation was found between the number of conidia captured and the frequency of rain, and between disease severity on trap plants and aerial concentration of conidia. The results confirm that grey leaf spot can severely reduce yield of susceptible narrow-leafed lupin cultivars and that removal or avoidance of previous season trash will be important in preventing spread of the disease.
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Vercher, Rosa, Sandra González, Adrián Sánchez-Domingo e Juan Sorribas. "A Novel Insect Overwintering Strategy: The Case of Mealybugs". Insects 14, n. 5 (19 maggio 2023): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14050481.
Abstract (sommario):
Insects have limited ability to regulate their body temperature and have thus required a range of strategies to withstand thermally stressful environments. Under unfavorable winter conditions, insects often take refuge under the soil surface to survive. Here, the mealybug insect family was selected for the study. Field experiments were performed in fruit orchards in eastern Spain. We used specifically designed floor sampling methods combined with fruit tree canopy pheromone traps. We found that in temperate climates, the large majority of the mealybugs move from the tree canopy to the roots during the winter, where they turn into belowground root-feeding herbivores to survive and continue underground the reproductive process. Within the rhizosphere, mealybugs complete at least one generation before emerging on the soil surface. The preferred area to overwinter is within 1 m in diameter around the fruit tree trunk, where more than 12,000 mealybug flying males per square meter can emerge every spring. This overwintering pattern has not previously been reported for any other group of insects showing cold avoidance behavior. These findings have implications at the winter ecology level but also at the agronomical level since treatments to control mealybug pests are, until now, only based on the fruit trees’ canopy.
48
Čapkovič, František. "Modelling and Control of Resource Allocation Systems within Discrete Event Systems by Means of Petri Nets -- Part 1: Invariants, Siphons and Traps in Deadlock Avoidance". Computing and Informatics 40, n. 3 (2021): 648–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/cai_2021_3_648.
49
Thornton, Daniel, Arthur Scully, Travis King, Scott Fisher, Scott Fitkin e John Rohrer. "Hunting associations of American badgers (Taxidea taxus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) revealed by camera trapping". Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, n. 7 (luglio 2018): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0234.
Abstract (sommario):
Interspecies foraging associations occur in a wide variety of vertebrate taxa and are maintained through gains in foraging efficiency and (or) predator avoidance. Despite their advantages, foraging associations often are variable in space and time and benefits may not accrue equally to all participants. In mammals, interspecies associations between solitary mammalian carnivores are rare. Coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and American badgers (Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777)) occasionally form hunting associations in pursuit of ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus Kennicott, 1863), yet spatiotemporal variation in this association may be substantial. Better documentation of coyote–badger interactions across space and time will improve our understanding of the environmental drivers of this relationship and its benefit to both species. We used a broad-scale camera trapping array to document coyote–badger hunting associations. Out of 46 detections of badgers, we found five instances of hunting associations with coyotes, all of which occurred in mid- to late summer when ground squirrels were most active. Given our high rate of detection, these interactions are likely common on our study area. Habitat characteristics of the regions where we document coyote–badger interactions may have increased the likelihood of hunting associations. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of camera traps for documenting this association and suggests that the coyote–badger system may be ideal for studying drivers of spatiotemporal variation in foraging associations.
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Suthers, Iain M., e John H. Gee. "Role of Hypoxia in Limiting Diel Spring and Summer Distribution of Juvenile Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) in a Prairie Marsh". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, n. 8 (1 agosto 1986): 1562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-194.
Abstract (sommario):
Comparative field and laboratory data on the distribution-limiting levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) for yearling yellow perch (Perca flavescens) is presented. At Blind Channel, Delta Marsh, Manitoba, diel fluctuations in DO concentrations began by June, approximately 6 wk after ice-off. By early July severe hypoxia (≤ 1.5 ppm DO) first occurred in the cattail habitat close to the substrate at dawn, and by early August severe hypoxia extended throughout the cattail bed. Using wire minnow traps, juvenile perch persisted within the cattails close to the substrate in June. In early July, juvenile perch occupied the submerged macrophyte – open water habitat, away from the cattail and hypoxia. Significant diel changes in horizontal distribution were evident at one site, where fish avoided severe hypoxia in the cattail bed overnight but returned during the day, as there was little alternative cover and when DO levels were not lethal. In situ survival experiments demonstrated decreased survival close to the substrate, in the cattail, and overnight compared with overday, reflecting the distribution of low DO. Survival increased 27% over the control by bubbling oxygen into holding cages. In a two-chambered normoxic/hypoxic tank, perch demonstrated a preference for cover, and avoidance of hypoxia at 1.5–3.0 ppm DO. The habitat choice of juvenile yellow perch in Delta Marsh is a compromise between the cattail, with favorable predator/prey conditions, and hypoxia.