Bibliografie tematiche / Autonomous Vehicle (AV)

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

Mohamed Jamil, H., A. Shabadin, H. H. Hashim, A. W. H. Poi, R. Hamidun, A. Roslan e M. R. Abd Ghani. "Public Perception on Autonomous Vehicle in Malaysia". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 3, n. 4 (29 aprile 2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.135.

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Autonomous Vehicle (AV), also known as self-driving or driverless vehicles, is a technology that intends to replace driving tasks traditionally performed by human drivers. This study aims to gain a better understanding of opinions, concerns, and general acceptance by Malaysian drivers regarding autonomous and self-driving vehicles. The survey questionnaires were adopted from Schoettle & Sivak (2014b) on the topic of public acceptance of driverless vehicles and what would the respondents do when they are not driving. The survey was conducted among the general public in Malaysia inclusive of 19 questions to address topics on public awareness and understanding about AV, benefits of AV, concerns on AV, attitudes toward owning or sharing AV, willingness to pay for AV and their use of free time while riding AV. A total of 520 respondents involved in this survey, however the analysis only considered the respondents who have heard of AV, which amounted to 361 via face to face interview and online survey form. Based on the survey,63.7% were male and 36.3% female. Only 15.2% of the respondents said that they would not ride in a completely self-driving vehicles. AV is also expected to provide a wide range of benefits that attracted most of the respondents. The majority of the respondents expect lower vehicle emission and better fuel economy. Most respondents were also concerned with issues related to AV especially on safety consequences of equipment failure. The survey also shows that most Malaysians are not willing to invest in owning a driverless vehicle. Future studies should continuously consider people’s perception from different perspectives, by taking into account various user viewpoints and characteristics.

Rojas-Rueda, David, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Haneen Khreis e Howard Frumkin. "Autonomous Vehicles and Public Health". Annual Review of Public Health 41, n. 1 (2 aprile 2020): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094035.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to shape urban life and significantly modify travel behaviors. “Autonomous technology” means technology that can drive a vehicle without active physical control or monitoring by a human operator. The first AV fleets are already in service in US cities. AVs offer a variety of automation, vehicle ownership, and vehicle use options. AVs could increase some health risks (such as air pollution, noise, and sedentarism); however, if proper regulated, AVs will likely reduce morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle crashes and may help reshape cities to promote healthy urban environments. Healthy models of AV use include fully electric vehicles in a system of ridesharing and ridesplitting. Public health will benefit if proper policies and regulatory frameworks are implemented before the complete introduction of AVs into the market.

Xiong, Huiyuan, Zhijun Wang, Guohui Wu e Yuelong Pan. "Design and Implementation of Digital Twin-Assisted Simulation Method for Autonomous Vehicle in Car-Following Scenario". Journal of Sensors 2022 (25 maggio 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4879490.

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The automated system replaces the driver, which makes autonomous vehicle to improve safety and convenience, so the market of autonomous vehicle is huge. However, the real-world application of autonomous vehicles faces many challenges due to the immaturity of automated systems. As a consequence, simulation verification plays an irreplaceable role in the application of autonomous vehicle (AV). Car-following is the most common driving scenario in mixed traffic flows, so it is essential to develop an appropriate and effective simulation method for AV. Combined with the existing AV simulation methods and digital twin (DT) technology, this paper proposes a DT-assisted method for AV simulation in a car-following scenario. The method makes the physical vehicle interact with the DT vehicle, and the DT vehicle can dynamically regulate the physical entities through real-time simulation data; the simulation verification can be displayed in the DT scenario to ensure the security of the simulation. Meanwhile, a DT-assisted simulation framework of AV is proposed, the framework includes physical entity components, DT components, and data processing and evaluation components. Besides, a DT-assisted simulation platform is developed base on Unity engine. Finally, the DT-assisted simulation of AV in the car-following scenario is implemented in field experiment. The experimental results show that the proposed method can be effectively conducted AV simulation in car-following, and the average of communication latency is 52.3 ms, which is smaller than the update frequency 15 Hz (66.6 ms) between DT-assisted platform and AV. The DT-assisted simulation method of AV proposed in this paper is applied in the car-following scenario, which effectively solves the challenges of car-following scenario simulation through virtual-real interaction.

Erskine, Michael A., Stoney Brooks, Timothy H. Greer e Charles Apigian. "From driver assistance to fully-autonomous: examining consumer acceptance of autonomous vehicle technologies". Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, n. 7 (17 settembre 2020): 883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2019-3441.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to inform researchers who are examining the adoption of autonomous vehicle technology and to provide marketing insights for developers and manufacturers of such vehicles and their ancillary technologies. Design/methodology/approach This study assesses consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions regarding autonomous vehicles (AV) by applying the consumer version of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2). We validate the model through a behavioral research study (n = 1,154). Findings The findings suggest that attitude toward AV is primarily formed through performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and hedonic motivation. Furthermore, the level of autonomy has limited effects on attitude. Originality/value This is the first study to examine attitudes toward AV through the theoretical lens of UTAUT2. Additionally, this study provides insights into consumer perceptions and the corresponding effects on attitude by moderating the level of autonomy.

Hashim, H. H., e M. Z. Omar. "Towards Autonomous Vehicle Implementation: Issues and Opportunities". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, n. 2 (1 maggio 2017): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i2.15.

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This paper highlights the factors that should be addressed by any countries when considering Autonomous Vehicle (AV) implementation, along with issues and opportunities that may arise. AV is an emerging technology that has far-reaching applications and implications beyond all current expectations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the relevant literatures and explores a broad spectrum of readiness factors, issues and opportunities in the aspects of legislations, litigation, liability, road and surrounding infrastructures, map availability, public acceptance, privacy and public perceptions. While the intention of AV implementation may be driven to address several road safety and road efficiency issues, the traffic mix between AV and non-AV at its initial stage of implementation may introduce a negative impact towards the overall road safety and traffic operations. A systematic framework in adopting and implementing the technology should therefore be established to ensure its objectives are met. This paper contributes to the literature on the fronts that it attempts to shed light on future opportunities as well as possible issues associated with AV implementation; and provide an overall guidance on fundamental factors to be considered before implementing AV.

Bridgelall, Raj, e Denver Tolliver. "Deciphering Autonomous Vehicle Regulations with Machine Learning". Applied Sciences 14, n. 4 (8 febbraio 2024): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14041396.

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The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) presents a transformative shift in transportation, promising enhanced safety and economic efficiency. However, a fragmented legislative landscape across the United States hampers AV deployment. This fragmentation creates significant challenges for AV manufacturers and stakeholders. This research contributes by employing advanced machine learning (ML) techniques to analyze state data, aiming to identify factors associated with the likelihood of passing AV-friendly legislation, particularly regarding the requirement for human backup drivers. The findings reveal a nuanced interplay of socio-economic, political, demographic, and safety-related factors influencing the nature of AV legislation. Key variables such as democratic electoral college votes per capita, port tons per capita, population density, road fatalities per capita, and transit agency needs significantly impact legislative outcomes. These insights suggest that a combination of political, economic, and safety considerations shape AV legislation, transcending traditional partisan divides. These findings offer a strategic perspective for developing a harmonized regulatory approach, potentially at the federal level, to foster a conducive environment for AV development and deployment.

Baz, Abdullah, Ping Yi e Ahmad Qurashi. "Intersection Control and Delay Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles Flows Only as Well as Mixed Flows with Ordinary Vehicles". Vehicles 2, n. 3 (26 agosto 2020): 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2030029.

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The rapidly improving autonomous vehicle (AV) technology will have a significant impact on traffic safety and efficiency. This study introduces a game-theory-based priority control algorithm for autonomous vehicles to improve intersection safety and efficiency with mixed traffic. By using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, this model allows an AV to exchange information with the roadside units (RSU) to support the decision making of whether an ordinary vehicle (OV) or an AV should pass the intersection first. The safety of vehicles is taken in different stages of decisions to assure collision-free intersection operations. Two different mathematical models have been developed, where model one is for an AV/AV situation and model two is when an AV meets an OV. A simulation model was developed to implement the algorithm and compare the performance of each model with the conventional traffic control at a four-legged signalized intersection and at a roundabout. Three levels of traffic volume and speed combinations were tested in the simulation. The results show significant reductions in delay for both cases; for case (I), AV/AV model, a 65% reduction compared to a roundabout and 84% compared to a four-legged signalized intersection, and for case (II), AV/OV model, the reduction is 30% and 89%, respectively.

Raiyn, Jamal. "Data and Cyber Security in Autonomous Vehicle Networks". Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2018): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0027.

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Abstract An autonomous vehicle (AV) is a vehicle that operates and performs tasks under its own power. Some features of autonomous vehicle are sensing the environment, collecting information and managing communication with other vehicles. Many autonomous vehicles in development use a combination of cameras, sensors, GPS, radar, LiDAR, and on-board computers. These technologies work together to map the vehicle’s position and its proximity to everything around it. Because of their reliance on these sorts of technologies, which are easily accessible to tampering, a autonomous vehicles are susceptible to cyber attacks if an attacker can discover a weakness in a certain type of vehicle or in a company’s electronic system. This lack of information security can lead to criminal and terrorist acts that eventually cost lives. This paper gives an overview of cyber attack scenarios relating to autonomous vehicles. The cyber security concept proposed here uses biometric data for message authentication and communication, and projects stored and new data based on iris recognition. Iris recognition system can provide other knowledge about drivers as well, such as how tired and sleepy they might be while driving, and they are designed to encrypt the vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-environment communication based on encryption security mechanisms.

Orlický, Adam, Alina Mashko e Josef Mík. "Assessment of external interface of autonomous vehicles". Acta Polytechnica 61, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2021): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2021.61.0733.

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The paper deals with the problem of a communication interface between autonomous vehicles (AV) and pedestrians. The introduced methodology for assessing new and existing e-HMI (external HMI) contributes to traffic safety in cities. The methodology is implemented in a pilot experiment with a scenario designed in virtual reality (VR). The simulated scene represents an urban zebra crossing with an approaching autonomous vehicle. The projection is implemented with the help of a head-up display – a headset with a built-in eye tracker. The suggested methodology analyses the pedestrian’s decision making based on the visual cues – the signals displayed on the autonomous vehicle. Furthermore, the decision making is correlated to subjects’ eye behaviour, based on gaze-direction data. The method presented in this paper contributes to the safety of a vehicle-pedestrian communication of autonomous vehicles and is a part of a research that shall further contribute to the design and assessment of external communication interfaces of AV in general.

Rahmati, Yalda, Mohammadreza Khajeh Hosseini, Alireza Talebpour, Benjamin Swain e Christopher Nelson. "Influence of Autonomous Vehicles on Car-Following Behavior of Human Drivers". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n. 12 (16 luglio 2019): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119862628.

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Despite numerous studies on general human–robot interactions, in the context of transportation, automated vehicle (AV)–human driver interaction is not a well-studied subject. These vehicles have fundamentally different decision-making logic compared with human drivers and the driving interactions between AVs and humans can potentially change traffic flow dynamics. Accordingly, through an experimental study, this paper investigates whether there is a difference between human–human and human–AV interactions on the road. This study focuses on car-following behavior and conducted several car-following experiments utilizing Texas A&M University’s automated Chevy Bolt. Utilizing NGSIM US-101 dataset, two scenarios for a platoon of three vehicles were considered. For both scenarios, the leader of the platoon follows a series of speed profiles extracted from the NGSIM dataset. The second vehicle in the platoon can be either another human-driven vehicle (scenario A) or an AV (scenario B). Data is collected from the third vehicle in the platoon to characterize the changes in driving behavior when following an AV. A data-driven and a model-based approach were used to identify possible changes in driving behavior from scenario A to scenario B. The findings suggested there is a statistically significant difference between human drivers’ behavior in these two scenarios and human drivers felt more comfortable following the AV. Simulation results also revealed the importance of capturing these changes in human behavior in microscopic simulation models of mixed driving environments.

Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

BAZ, ABDULLAH. "AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE DECISION MAKING AT INTERSECTION USING GAME THEORY". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1530541445631072.

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Lindberg, Jonas. "The Autonomous Road Trip : Exploring how an autonomous vehicle can preserve and evolve the spontaneous and adventurous spirit of a road trip". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135714.

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Cars are becoming increasingly automated and expected to become fully autonomous in the near future. How will this a ect the car and its position of a symbol of freedom? This thesis investigates how an autonomous vehicle can evolve this symbolic value and be adapted to the use case of an explorative road trip. Based on learnings from travellers and experts the starting point has been the positive experience of a road trip in a conventional vehicle. The target has been to enhance the current experience and create an even more spontaneous and explorative atmosphere with the help of a future scenario and emerging technology. This project gives an example of an interface that supports and en- courages spontaneity which lets the travellers direct and control the vehicle intuitively in order to explore and enjoy what they nd during their journey. Furthermore it extends the travel experience beyond what a road trip has been by connecting travellers to locals.

Menon, Nikhil. "Consumer Perception and Anticipated Adoption of Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Results from Multi-Population Surveys". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5992.

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Emerging automotive and transportation technologies, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) have created revolutionary possibilities in the way we might travel in the future. Major car manufacturers and technology giants have demonstrated significant progress in advancing and testing AV technologies in real-life traffic conditions. Results from multi-population surveys indicate that despite enjoying moderate familiarity with AVs, more than 40% of the respondents were likely to use them when they become available. Simply looking at the demographic differences without paying any regard to the perceptions might suggest that the demographic differences are the primary causal factors behind the differences observed in the intended adoption of AVs. This study investigates the role of demographics and other factors (current travel characteristics, crash history and familiarity with AVs) on consumers’ perceptions and intended adoption of AVs with a view of disentangling one factor from the other. Results show that the observed demographic differences in intended adoption rates are due to demographic differences in the perceptions on the benefits and concerns of AVs. The study outcomes suggest that it may be beneficial to first address consumers’ perceptions on the benefits and concerns regarding AVs. The results from this study can be used to inform modeling decisions and policy discussions relevant to future market penetration of AV technology.

Berggren, Filip, e Jakob Engström. "Autonoma fordon – En jämförelse av tekniker för identifiering av utryckningsfordon". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264433.

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Kraven på säkerhet och effektivitet ökar ständigt inom fordonsindustrin. För att uppfylla dessa strävar fordonstillverkare efter att uppnå en högre grad av autonomi, detta innebär dock att många problem måste lösas. Denna rapport behandlar ett av dessa, autonoma fordons möjlighet att identifiera utryckningsfordon. Målet är att presentera ett förslag på vilken teknik som anses mest lämpad för autonoma fordon att kommunicera med utryckningsfordon. Arbetet grundade sig i en förstudie där standarden ITS G5, IEEE 802.11g, ZigBee samt mobilnät analyserades utifrån deras tekniska specifikationer. Utifrån analysen presenterades tre situationer där de olika teknikernas användning ansågs begränsade, i tunnlar, i tät trafik samt på långa avstånd vid höga hastigheter. Dessa situationer ställde krav på teknikerna inom bland annat svarstid, räckvidd, överföringsförmåga samt möjlighet till direktkommunikation mellan fordonen. Utifrån dessa krav ställdes en jämförelsematris upp där de olika teknikernas prestanda jämfördes. Resultatet visar att ITS G5 och ZigBee har bäst prestanda på egen hand medan en kombination av mobilnät och ITS G5 uppnår högst prestanda.
The demand for safety and effectivity continuously increases within the automotive industry. One way to meet these demands is to achieve a higher level of autonomy, but to achieve the highest levels of autonomy there is a few problems to be solved along the way. This report treats one of these, an autonomous vehicle’s ability to identify emergency vehicles. The report, based on a pilot study, analyses the ITS G5 standard, IEEE 802.11g, Zigbee and mobile networks based on their technological specifications. From the analysis three situations are identified where the technologies are considered limited. These limitations are, but not limited to, reach, latency, data rates and ability to communicate vehicle to vehicle (V2V). The four technologies are then compared by these limitations in a matrix. The result shows that ITS G5 and ZigBee has the best performance by its own but the combination of mobile networks and ITS G5 shows the highest possible performance.

Clepper, Erin Grace. "Agile Project Management/Systems Engineering of an AV Interior Prototype". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534732301197097.

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Berg, Tobias, e David Carlsson. "Mekanisk säkring av helikopter på fartygsdäck : en konceptuell fallstudie av Saabs UAV-system Skeldar M". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11233.

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Den senaste trenden inom flygvapenindustrin är utveckling av obemannade farkoster. Den svenska vapenindustrikoncernen Saab AB följer denna trend i och med den stundande introduktionen av företagets obemannade helikopter Skeldar V-150. Som ett led i vidareutvecklingen av detta system finns planer på att även lansera en marin variant, kallad Skeldar M. Tanken med denna marina variant är att möjliggöra fullständigt autonoma starter och landningar från fartyg. För att kunna genomföra detta på ett tryggt sätt även i hårt väder krävs att helikoptern hålls säkrad på fartygsdäcket såväl innan start som efter landning.

Uppgiften för detta arbete har varit att ta fram koncept för hur ett sådant säkringssystem skulle kunna se ut. För att ta fram idéer för dessa koncept har en flitigt brukad produktutvecklingsmetod använts. Metoden innebär att en kravspecifikation tas fram utifrån kundens behov. Med stöd av den genereras sedan ett antal produktkoncept genom kreativt tänkande och analyser av hur andra löser samma problem. Koncepten jämförs sedan utefter hur väl de uppfyller kundens behov och de bästa idéerna kan på så sätt väljas ut och vidareutvecklas.

De koncept som tagits fram i detta arbete har sträckt sig från enklare idéer där kardborrmaterial används för att säkra helikoptern, till system som mäter in helikopterns position relativt fartyget och justerar sitt eget läge därefter. Totalt framkom nio grundidéer och sammanlagt tolv varianter på antiglidsystem. I samråd med personer inblandade i Skeldar-projektet valdes sedermera tre av koncepten ut för att vidareutvecklas ytterligare, en lösning där helikoptern vinschas ner på däck, en annan där kardborrlås används för att säkra den och en tredje där sugkoppar håller Skeldar fast.

Med hänsyn tagen till bland annat svårigheter att implementera en vinschlösning ombord på såväl Skeldar som fartygen valdes denna lösning slutligen bort. Svårigheterna bottnar framför allt i utrymmesbrist och problem med automatisk sammankoppling av helikopter och fartyg. De koncept som rekommenderas i detta arbete blir därför ett av systemen med kardborrlås eller sugkoppar.

The latest trend within the air force industry is development of unmanned aerial vehicles. The Swedish defense industry group Saab AB is following this trend by means of the introduction of their unmanned helicopter Skeldar V-150. As part of the further development of this system Saab has plans on introducing a marine version of the system, called Skeldar M. One of the purposes of this version is to enable completely autonomous take-offs and landings from ships. To be able to complete this in a safe manner in harsh conditions the helicopter needs to be secured to the deck before take-off as well as after landing.

The purpose of this thesis has been to develop a concept for keeping Skeldar secured on deck. To establish ideas for these concepts a common method for product development has been used. The method involves acquiring customer needs and from these needs establish a list of demands on the product itself. A set of product concepts are then generated by means of creative thinking and competitor analysis. After that the concepts are compared based on how well they meet the demands put upon them and the best ideas get picked out and further developed.

The concepts developed in this thesis stretch from simple ideas where hook and loop fasteners are used to secure the helicopter to more advanced ones where the helicopter’s position relative to the ship is measured and the system adjust to this position. All in all nine basic ideas were developed and a total of twelve versions on securing systems. In consultation with people involved in the Skeldar project, three of the concepts were chosen for further development, one concept where the helicopter was winched to the deck, a second where hook and loop fasteners were used to secure it and finally one where vacuum grippers keeps Skeldar on deck.

With difficulties of implementing a winch system onboard Skeldar as well as on board the ships taken into account, this solution was dropped. This was primarly due to lack of space and difficulties solving an automatic connection between helicopter and ship. The concepts recommended in this thesis will therefore be one of the systems where hook and loop fasteners or vacuum grippers are used.

Lindberg, Jonas, e Källman Isak Wolfert. "Vehicle Collision Risk Prediction Using a Dynamic Bayesian Network". Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273629.

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This thesis tackles the problem of predicting the collision risk for vehicles driving in complex traffic scenes for a few seconds into the future. The method is based on previous research using dynamic Bayesian networks to represent the state of the system. Common risk prediction methods are often categorized into three different groups depending on their abstraction level. The most complex of these are interaction-aware models which take driver interactions into account. These models often suffer from high computational complexity which is a key limitation in practical use. The model studied in this work takes interactions between drivers into account by considering driver intentions and the traffic rules in the scene. The state of the traffic scene used in the model contains the physical state of vehicles, the intentions of drivers and the expected behaviour of drivers according to the traffic rules. To allow for real-time risk assessment, an approximate inference of the state given the noisy sensor measurements is done using sequential importance resampling. Two different measures of risk are studied. The first is based on driver intentions not matching the expected maneuver, which in turn could lead to a dangerous situation. The second measure is based on a trajectory prediction step and uses the two measures time to collision (TTC) and time to critical collision probability (TTCCP). The implemented model can be applied in complex traffic scenarios with numerous participants. In this work, we focus on intersection and roundabout scenarios. The model is tested on simulated and real data from these scenarios. %Simulations of these scenarios is used to test the model. In these qualitative tests, the model was able to correctly identify collisions a few seconds before they occur and is also able to avoid false positives by detecting the vehicles that will give way.
Detta arbete behandlar problemet att förutsäga kollisionsrisken för fordon som kör i komplexa trafikscenarier för några sekunder i framtiden. Metoden är baserad på tidigare forskning där dynamiska Bayesianska nätverk används för att representera systemets tillstånd. Vanliga riskprognosmetoder kategoriseras ofta i tre olika grupper beroende på deras abstraktionsnivå. De mest komplexa av dessa är interaktionsmedvetna modeller som tar hänsyn till förarnas interaktioner. Dessa modeller lider ofta av hög beräkningskomplexitet, vilket är en svår begränsning när det kommer till praktisk användning. Modellen som studeras i detta arbete tar hänsyn till interaktioner mellan förare genom att beakta förarnas avsikter och trafikreglerna i scenen. Tillståndet i trafikscenen som används i modellen innehåller fordonets fysiska tillstånd, förarnas avsikter och förarnas förväntade beteende enligt trafikreglerna. För att möjliggöra riskbedömning i realtid görs en approximativ inferens av tillståndet givet den brusiga sensordatan med hjälp av sekventiell vägd simulering. Två olika mått på risk studeras. Det första är baserat på förarnas avsikter, närmare bestämt att ta reda på om de inte överensstämmer med den förväntade manövern, vilket då skulle kunna leda till en farlig situation. Det andra riskmåttet är baserat på ett prediktionssteg som använder sig av time to collision (TTC) och time to critical collision probability (TTCCP). Den implementerade modellen kan tillämpas i komplexa trafikscenarier med många fordon. I detta arbete fokuserar vi på scerarier i korsningar och rondeller. Modellen testas på simulerad och verklig data från dessa scenarier. I dessa kvalitativa tester kunde modellen korrekt identifiera kollisioner några få sekunder innan de inträffade. Den kunde också undvika falsklarm genom att lista ut vilka fordon som kommer att lämna företräde.

Wodlin, Jakob. "Konceptstudie för omvandling av termisk energi till elektrisk samt mekanisk energi i en autonom undervattensfarkost". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129220.

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Rapporten avhandlar en konceptstudie för omvandling av termisk energi till elektrisk samt mekanisk energi, i den autonoma undervattensfarkosten SAPPHIRES. Inledningsvis utreds vilka förväntningar och krav som finns på konceptet för energiomvandling samt om där finns någon publicerad litteratur som redan gjort ansträngningar för att lösa det aktuella problemet. Allmän teori kring värmemotorer och en bred, systematisk litteratursökning inkluderas även i det arbetet. Energiomvandlingen antas kunna ske enligt två fall kallade ”hög-prestanda” och ”låg/medel-prestanda”, vilka innebär att mekanisk samt elektrisk effekt, respektive endast elektrisk effekt ska kunna levereras av konceptet. De mekaniska samt elektriska effekterna ska, vidare, kunna levereras om maximalt 600, respektive 6 kW, och konceptet ska åtminstone kunna uppfylla ett av energiomvandlingsfallen. Den faktiska konceptstudien utgörs av två iterationer av konceptgenereringar, -utvärderingar och -val och de visar att ett koncept kallat ”Öppet system inspirerat av nukleär värmeframdrivning” förefaller vara det bästa sättet att omvandla termisk energi i SAPPHIRES. Därtill indikerar en mer detaljerad analys, bestående av bland annat matematisk modellering och konceptuell konstruktion, att konceptet möjligen skulle kunna uppfylla så kallad ”hög-prestanda” och sedermera leverera både mekanisk och elektrisk effekt om 600, respektive 6 kW. Mer specifikt visar en matematisk analys, med hjälp av vissa antaganden rörande konceptets funktion, att ett ”Öppet system inspirerat av nukleär värmeframdrivning” skulle kunna leverera en mekanisk effekt om 1025 kW samt en elektrisk effekt om 141 kW. En grov, konceptuell konstruktion bekräftar också att konceptets vitala, ingående komponenter faktiskt kan rymmas inom de specificerade dimensionskraven (en cylinderformad volym med en längd och diameter om 1,7, respektive 0,5 m.). Det står dock klart att de möjliga koncepten för energiomvandling kraftigt begränsas av deras möjligheter att leverera tillräcklig mekanisk effekt, för att uppnå ”hög-prestanda”. Om endast ”låg/medel-prestanda” ska uppfyllas tillåts fler av de möjliga koncepten och i ett sådant fall skulle faktorer som underhåll, miljöpåverkan och SAPPHIRES signatur kunna prioriteras i högre utsträckning.
The report discusses a concept study regarding the conversion of thermal energy into electrical and mechanical energy, in the autonomous underwater vehicle SAPPHIRES. First, the requirements and expectations regarding the concept of energy conversion are investigated and efforts are made to identify any published literature, which has already made attempts of solving the issue. General theory regarding heat engines and an extensive literature study are also included in this work. The energy conversion is assumed to perform according to two cases called "high-performance" and "low/medium-performance", meaning mechanical and electrical energy or electrical power should be delivered by the concept, respectively. More specifically, the mechanical and electrical powers should be delivered of a maximum of 600 and 6 kW, respectively and the concept should at least fulfill one of the performance settings. The actual concept study comprises of two iterations of concept generations, evaluations and selections and shows that a concept called "Open system inspired by nuclear thermal propulsion" seems to be the best way of converting thermal energy on-board SAPPHIRES. Moreover, a more detailed analysis, comprising of, inter alia, mathematical modelling and conceptual design, indicates that the concept possibly can meet the so-called "high-performance" and thus, deliver both mechanical and electrical powers of 600 and 6 kW, respectively. More specifically, a mathematical analysis, based on some assumptions regarding the concept's functionality, shows that an "Open system inspired by nuclear thermal propulsion" could deliver a mechanical power of 1025 kW and an electrical power of 141 kW. Rough conceptual design also shows that the vital parts of the concept could fit within the specified maximal dimensions (a cylinder-shaped volume with a length and diameter of 1.7 and 0.5 m, respectively). However, it is clear the possible concepts of energy conversion are severely limited by their capacities of delivering enough mechanical energy, to meet the "high-performance" demands. Assuming only the "low/medium-performance" has to be met, more possible concepts becomes available and in that case, factors such as maintenance, environmental impact and signature of SAPPHIRES could be considered to a greater extent.

Azmat, Muhammad. "Impact of autonomous vehicles on urban mobility". Institut für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik, WU Wien, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4633/1/WU_MSc_SCM_Master_Thesis.pdf.

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The urban population is growing at an exponential rate throughout the world leading to the problems related to swift and speedy mobility or issues caused by convectional mobility options. This study illustrates and explores the new ways to transport people specially taking into account the self-driving cars concept and discusses the concept of mobility 4.0 (smart / intelligent mobility) and briefly highlights the technological aspects of autonomous vehicles, adaptation advantages and progress in laws and legislations of autonomous vehicle. The study is primarily qualitative and relies on the work of previous researcher, technical reports and blogs but the part of this study is quantitative where empirical data was collected from the experts in a conference held by BBG Austria. The result of the studies shows adaptation readiness of Austrian professional market and business prospects associated with autonomous vehicles Moreover, different business models are suggested, which could be adopted to incorporate the driverless vehicles in day-to-day life of an individual living in urban environment. The models basically suggest that the adaptation of the technology would help curbing transport externalities especially external cost associated to transportation of each individual; which includes congestion, accident, infrastructure costs and environmental costs which are incurred by least efficient conventional cars and would also help shrinking the diseases like premature mortality, aggravation of respiratory as well as cardiovascular disease and sleep disturbance which are the result of city level congestion and pollution. (author's abstract)
Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik - Verkehr

Albabah, Noraldin. "Improving Parking Efficiency Using Lidar in Autonomous Vehicles (AV)". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1613061615734267.

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Libri sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

Young, Richard. Critical Analysis of Prototype Autonomous Vehicle Crash Rates: Six Scientific Studies from 2015–2018. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468603422.

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Will Automated Vehicles be Safer than Conventional Vehicles? One of the critically important questions that has emerged about advanced technologies in transportation is how to test the actual effects of these advanced systems on safety, particularly how to evaluate the safety of highly automated driving systems. Richard Young's Critical Analysis of Prototype Autonomous Vehicle Crash Rates does a deep dive into these questions by reviewing and then critically analyzing the first six scientific studies of AV crash rates.

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

Kobbert, J., e T. Q. Khanh. "Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Lighting Systems". In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_430-1.

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Kobbert, J., e T. Q. Khanh. "Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Lighting Systems". In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, 70–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89862-5_430.

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Affia, Abasi-amefon O., Raimundas Matulevičius e Rando Tõnisson. "Security Risk Estimation and Management in Autonomous Driving Vehicles". In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 11–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79108-7_2.

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AbstractAutonomous vehicles (AV) are intelligent information systems that perceive, collect, generate and disseminate information to improve knowledge to act autonomously and provide its required services of mobility, safety, and comfort to humans. This paper combines the security risk management (ISSRM) and operationally critical threat, asset, and vulnerability evaluation (OCTAVE allegro) methods to define and assess the AV protected assets, security risks, and countermeasures.

Chavan, Shakti P. "Public Perceptions of Autonomous Vehicles (AV): A Review". In Techno-Societal 2018, 739–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16848-3_67.

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Meftah, Leila Haj, e Rafik Braham. "VSim-AV: A Virtual Simulation Platform for Autonomous Vehicles". In Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 379–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96308-8_35.

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Antonialli, Fabio, Sylvie Mira-Bonnardel e Julie Bulteau. "Economic Assessment of Services with Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles: EASI-AV". In Transportation Research, Economics and Policy, 85–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72976-9_4.

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Chan, Jeffrey K. H., e Jiwon Shim. "The Autonomous Vehicle in Asian Cities". In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 432—C25.P93. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0025.

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Abstract Despite the fact that many Asian cities have integrated the autonomous vehicle (AV) into their urban and transportation planning, very few studies have examined the impacts of the AV in the context of Asian cities. This chapter discusses the social and ethical impacts of the AV in Seoul and Singapore. Through glimpses offered by urban vignettes of the AV constructed for each of these cities, this chapter examines how the AV can bring to the surface issues of gender inequity and prejudice in Seoul and challenge convivial urban relations in Singapore. This chapter argues that socio-ethical issues are deeply intertwined with the safety concerns of the AV, and it suggests that attending to these issues can advance both the moral quality of the AV and standards of public safety.

Abney, Keith. "The Ethics of Abuse and Unintended Consequences for Autonomous Vehicles". In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 257—C16.P108. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0016.

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Abstract There are several foreseeable problems of abuse for the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs), which will have risky and often unintended consequences. One is that abusive drivers might play “chicken” with AVs: if they know that a car in the oncoming lane is autonomous, and will swerve to avoid a collision, they could purposefully steer directly at the AV in order to cause trouble. In perhaps the worst imagined cases, drivers could play chicken on narrow roads or cliff sides, where an AV swerving could mean serious injury or death for its passengers. Solutions to the “chicken problem” will involve countermeasures ranging from taking photographic evidence (which would not prevent the casualties, merely document them) to making AV behavior less predictable, or even allowing AVs to deliberately collide with drivers playing chicken. Any such programming solution, of course, also has its costs, as the values of transparency and the autonomy and safety of drivers may conflict with such proposed solutions. More generally, whether it is playing chicken or hacking back against V2V cyberattacks, AVs may need to adopt offensive countermeasures against abusive humans. But humans could modify their behavior in response. New norms of driving could emerge. This chapter concludes by examining the likelihood of a process of parallel evolution between AV programming and human behavior that calls for continuous reexamination and modification.

Dutta-Koehler, Madhu C., e Jennifer Hatch. "Making Autonomous Vehicle Technologies Matter". In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 350–70. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0021.

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Abstract Autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies are bound to reshape urban landscapes. Depending on how these technologies are deployed—whether in private cars, taxis, or mass-transit systems—the impacts and benefits will be differentially distributed across people and sectors. The authors argue that the introduction of this disruptive technology also offers, however, a significant opportunity to deploy autonomy in ways and forms that enable broad and equitable access, while ensuring efficient use of time and resources. Drawing on economic, demographic, environmental, and geospatial analyses of current public transportation access in urban communities affected by the first-mile/last-mile problem, the authors investigate the implications of introducing AV technologies to key underserved neighborhoods. Evaluating several criteria, including current and emergent technologies, global models of implementation, and the implications of increased transportation access to underserved communities, the authors propose a framework for cities to effectively take advantage of AV technology to increase social equity.

Kock, Beaudry, e Yolanda Lannquist. "Fulfilling the Promise of Autonomous Vehicles with a New Ethics of Transportation". In Autonomous Vehicle Ethics, 390—C23.P188. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0023.

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Abstract This chapter explores how the ethics of our transportation system dominate and influence the ethics of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Success of any new technological entrant has always depended on supportive structures in the existing transportation system. Many have sought to shape the transportation system and its ethics in favor of a particular technology. This has bequeathed us a transportation system that is dangerous, polluting, inequitable, and wasteful, rooted in ethics that privilege the safety of people in vehicles, emphasize mobility over accessibility, design for injustice, and embrace inefficiency. Absent intervention, AV ethics and outcomes will simply mirror these failures unless we work to reshape both the system and its ethical underpinnings. A new ethics of transportation is needed, based on principles of human-centeredness, empathy, and justice guiding all transportation policies, investments, laws, standards, and technologies. Under this regime, AVs will be more successful and valuable to society.

Atti di convegni sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

Angeleska, Elena, Marija Sidorenko, Sofija Sidorenko e Paolo Pretto. "Inclusive Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design (IAVID) Platform". In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001869.

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Passenger comfort in vehicles is a complex, human-centric segment of the vehicle interior design. Designing an ergonomic vehicle requires incorporating a wide range of interdisciplinary information as an input in the development process. Novel autonomous technologies offer possibilities for achieving increased comfort and safety. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) present an opportunity for redefining the standard design approaches by providing options for improved ergonomics and meeting the needs of a wide range of users, among which are persons with impairments. Persons with impairments are likely to be the early adopters of AVs due to the fact that these vehicles can allow them to travel independently and become more involved in social activities. However, this brings a new challenge for designers who need to combine universal design principles and recommendations for inclusion, in addition to ergonomic principles, vehicle standards and regulations, technological advancements, as well as design trends, in order to provide fully ergonomic, and accessible modern vehicle models. The difficulty of following and including all this trans-disciplinary knowledge in the vehicle development process requires finding a suitable method to systematize the data and simplify their use.This paper aims to propose a platform for inclusive autonomous vehicle interior design (IAVID) which will upgrade the usual design principles in a manner that they can support the creation of ergonomic and inclusive AV interiors. The proposed IAVID platform is based on systems engineering (SE) and model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and is intended for organizing and constantly updating all relevant interdisciplinary information needed as an input in the AV interior development. The constant updating of information can enable continuous recognition of the changing needs and the formulations of new directions to which future research should be aimed at. To achieve this, the proposed platform is composed of separate databases for the design input information from different fields. The information in the databases can be constantly refreshed and linked with the AV interior subsystems (components) in order to define the characteristics that those subsystems need to possess in order to satisfy their main functions. The hierarchy of the AV systems and subsystems at different levels, as well as the functions they need to achieve are generated by applying SE methods. The MBSE methods, on the other hand, are used to represent the proposed platform by model that can easily be understood by programmers and be directly applied in the field of informatics using a suitable programming language.This platform is intended to be used as a tool mainly for industrial designers who often lack expertise in technological and engineering domains of product design and they might have limited knowledge of design for inclusion. The use of the proposed IAVID platform provides a way to bridge the knowledge gaps. All the information provided by the platform can also be available to all the members of the interdisciplinary development team, which as a result will facilitate their communication and strengthen the link between all stakeholders. By doing so, the interdisciplinary collaboration among vehicle development teams can be strengthened.

Dahal, Sachindra, e Jeffery Roesler. "Passive Sensing of Electrically Conductive Concrete for Lateral Vehicle Positioning". In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/a0gjkkah.

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Autonomous vehicles (AV) offer multiple safety benefits for drivers and road agencies. Current AV technology allow for vehicle control, guidance, and navigation as well as communication with other vehicles and roadside infrastructure. To see significant penetration of Level 4 or 5 AV without compromising safety, redundant vehicle to infrastructure sensing capabilities are necessary especially during severe weather conditions. Existing vehicle technology is not able to communicate with the concrete and asphalt pavements without embedded sensors. An eddy current technique is proposed that detects local changes in the concrete's electrical conductance so that AV can determine their lateral lane position. Concrete slab specimens with varying dimensions and dosages of steel-fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) were tested under normal and adverse surface conditions (standing water or ice) as well as separation distance from the transmitter coil. The longitudinal segment of SFRC's material was successfully located as the coil moved laterally across the surface even under these adverse surface conditions. This pilot study demonstrates a reliable and robust technique using changes in the concrete's electrical conductance to provide lateral positioning redundancy to AV control and guidance.

McAllister, Rowan, Yarin Gal, Alex Kendall, Mark van der Wilk, Amar Shah, Roberto Cipolla e Adrian Weller. "Concrete Problems for Autonomous Vehicle Safety: Advantages of Bayesian Deep Learning". In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/661.

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Autonomous vehicle (AV) software is typically composed of a pipeline of individual components, linking sensor inputs to motor outputs. Erroneous component outputs propagate downstream, hence safe AV software must consider the ultimate effect of each component’s errors. Further, improving safety alone is not sufficient. Passengers must also feel safe to trust and use AV systems. To address such concerns, we investigate three under-explored themes for AV research: safety, interpretability, and compliance. Safety can be improved by quantifying the uncertainties of component outputs and propagating them forward through the pipeline. Interpretability is concerned with explaining what the AV observes and why it makes the decisions it does, building reassurance with the passenger. Compliance refers to maintaining some control for the passenger. We discuss open challenges for research within these themes. We highlight the need for concrete evaluation metrics, propose example problems, and highlight possible solutions.

Yilmaz, Kaan, Baris Suslu, Sohini Roychowdhury e L. Srikar Muppirisetty. "AV-SLAM: Autonomous Vehicle SLAM with Gravity Direction Initialization". In 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412466.

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Khajeh Hosseini D., Navvab, Davide Basso, Michael Schigelone, Venkatesh Krishnan, Burkhard Hupertz e Tao Jiang. "CFD Simulation of Visor for cleaning Autonomous Vehicle sensors: Focus on a Roof Mounted Lidar". In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2526.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of autonomous vehicle (AV) sensors, such as lidars or cameras, is often hindered during rain. Rain droplets on the AV sensors can cause beam attenuation and backscattering, which in turn causes inaccurate sensor readings and misjudgment by AV algorithms. Most AV systems are equipped with cleaning systems to remove contaminants, such as rain, from AV sensors. One such mechanism is to blow high-speed air over the AV sensors. However, the cleaning air can be hindered by incoming headwind, especially at higher vehicle speeds. An innovative idea proposed here is to use a visor to improve the cleaning performance of AV cleaning systems at higher vehicle speeds. The effectiveness of a baseline visor design was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) air flow analysis and Lagrangian rain droplet tracking. The baseline visor improved the AV sensor cleaning performance in two ways. First, the visor protects the cleaning air flow from being disturbed by headwind. And second, it deflects incoming rain droplets from landing on the sensor. Further visor design exploration and optimization was performed to find designs that do not block the lidar field of view (FOV) while optimizing lidar cleaning performance. One hundred designs were explored using the STAR-CCM+ design exploration tool, and the best designs showed that they can completely deflect incoming headwind at high vehicle speeds while not obstructing the FOV. Therefore, a visor can be a key feature to improve AV sensor rain management.</div></div>

Mosaferchi, Saeedeh, Rosaria Califano e Alessandro Naddeo. "How personality, demographics, and technology affinity affect trust in autonomous vehicles: a case study". In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003808.

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Autonomous vehicles’ companies are awakening of cutting-edge technology by offering self-driving cars, however, customers’ acceptance and trust of this high-tech product has become a significant open challenge in the world. It can be expected that autonomous vehicles (AVs) ameliorate traffic flow, lessen accidents and injuries, and save the time on travel in addition to people’s life. Despite the increment of human replacement by the artificial intelligence in various industries and artifacts, most customers have not convinced with this big revolutionize transportation yet. This paper presents an experiment that evaluated the impact of personality, affinity to technology and demographics on human’s trust in autonomous vehicles. Methods: 19 engineering students did participate in the experiment by using an autonomous vehicle with level 2, that had automated speed and trajectory maintenance, but without automatic detection for obstacles, objects or events while driving. First, the AV programmer explained its function and information about the track for all participants. Then, they were asked to answer to 9 questions of Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) scale, 17 demographic questions, and 10 questions of Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ). Afterwards, all participants rode 10-minute path in a pre-defined rout by accompaniment of the AV programmer to control probable dangerous situations. Finally, they completed Trust in Automation Scale questionnaire. Gathering data was analysed using IBM SPSS 26. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for descriptive data and the Spearman for analytical data. Results: The analysis’ results showed a behavioural split (50/50) among people having and not having complete confidence in the autonomous vehicle. Nervous people trust the AV less than others, like people with little or no experience in using an AV. As well, the more transparency in the AV’s behaviours and presenting information about it, the more trust and security perception of participants. People with high level of technology affinity experienced more trust in the AV, as the effect of frequent exposures with an AV. It’s worth mentioning that females are more conservative and prefer to trust an AV less than males. Conclusions: The results indicated that various variables could affect people’s trust in AVs. Obviously, changing people’s demographics and some aspects of personality seem to be impossible most of the times, while as approved by other recent studies, their affinity to technology, as a new type of personality, can change or be changed. As the results showed, it is recommended to AVs companies to design a good system in the vehicle, in order to present all information to passengers clearly. In addition, if some conditions are provided that people can test these vehicles and know more about their functions in detail, their trust will definitely increase significantly.

Prasanna Kumar, Rahul, e Yunyi Jia. "Situational Intelligence-Based Vehicle Trajectory Prediction in an Unstructured Off-Road Environment". In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0860.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Autonomous vehicles (AV) are sophisticated systems comprising various sensors, powerful processors, and complex data processing algorithms that navigate autonomously to their respective goals. Out of several functions performed by an AV, one of the most important is developing situational intelligence to predict collision-free future trajectories. As an AV operates in environments consisting of various entities, such as other AVs, human-driven vehicles, and static obstacles, developing situational intelligence will require a collaborative approach. The recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) relating to AVs have shown that DL-based models can take advantage of information sharing and collaboration to develop such intelligence. However, most of these developments address only the requirements of urban environments, which are structured, and ignore the more challenging requirements of off-road environments, which are unstructured due to the lack of lane markings, traffic rules, and traffic signs. Given this deficiency and the lack of off-road vehicle motion and interaction data, we first employ two groups of AVs that will navigate in an unstructured environment to generate an off-road vehicle dataset. Based on the dataset, an encoder-decoder social long short-term memory (LSTM) network is developed to function as a situational intelligence model. The model comprises two data streams - a social interaction stream that learns how AVs interacts with their surroundings and a vehicle behavior stream that learns the dynamic characteristics of AVs. The model’s output is a multi-modal Gaussian distribution of all collision-free future AV trajectories. Finally, the effectiveness of the model is tested and verified using an independent subset of the dataset.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. OPSEC#6871 (Pending, NOT approved for release).</div></div>

She, Jinjuan. "Advisory and Adaptive Communication Improves Trust in Autonomous Vehicle and Pedestrian Interaction". In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22692.

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Abstract Autonomous vehicle (AV) is considered to be a significant part of the future of the automotive industry, with advantages such as higher transportation safety, less greenhouse gas emission, and wider transportation accessibility. However, the fruit of this technology cannot meet with much success in the market without an appropriate level of human trust, which might lead to refusing to adopt it, or using it in a wrong way. Therefore, except for improving safety of the technology itself, interactions between AV and human around it, such as pedestrians, are also paramount, especially effective communication. It is expected that certain communication could improve trust, and enable people to respond and act towards it accurately. This paper conducted a preliminary online study for a proof of concept that communication style (informative, advisory, and commanding) and communication strategy (single communication, adaptive communication) could affect pedestrian crossing decision process. The results demonstrate that advisory style improves trust in AVs when a Cross decision is expected by AVs, while both commanding and advisory styles improve trust in AVs when a Not Cross decision is expected by AVs. In addition, adaptive communication strategy improves trust significantly when AVs expect pedestrians to cross. This study helps understanding the communication between AV and pedestrians and is instrumental in developing more advanced AV communication mechanisms.

Wray, Kyle Hollins, Stefan J. Witwicki e Shlomo Zilberstein. "Online Decision-Making for Scalable Autonomous Systems". In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/664.

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We present a general formal model called MODIA that can tackle a central challenge for autonomous vehicles (AVs), namely the ability to interact with an unspecified, large number of world entities. In MODIA, a collection of possible decision-problems (DPs), known a priori, are instantiated online and executed as decision-components (DCs), unknown a priori. To combine their individual action recommendations of the DCs into a single action, we propose the lexicographic executor action function (LEAF) mechanism. We analyze the complexity of MODIA and establish LEAF’s relation to regret minimization. Finally, we implement MODIA and LEAF using collections of partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) DPs, and use them for complex AV intersection decision-making. We evaluate the approach in six scenarios within an industry-standard vehicle simulator, and present its use on an AV prototype.

de Gelder, Erwin, e Olaf Op den Camp. "Procedure for the Safety Assessment of an Autonomous Vehicle Using Real-World Scenarios". In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-ves-014.

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The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years and it is expected that AVs will soon be introduced on our roads. An important aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of their safety. As traditional methods for safety assessment of vehicles are not feasible to be performed for AVs within reasonable time and cost, new approaches need to be worked out. Among these, real-world scenario-based assessment is widely supported by many players in the automotive field. Scenario-based assessment allows for using virtual simulation tools in addition to physical tests, such as on a test track, proving ground, or public road. We propose a procedure for real-world scenario-based road-approval assessment considering three stakeholders: the applicant, the assessor, and the (road or vehicle) authority. In this procedure, the applicant applies for the approval of one specific AV, the assessor assesses this AV and advises the authority, and the authority sets the requirements for the AV and decides whether this specific AV is approved for road testing The challenges are as follows. Firstly, the tests need to be tailored to the operational design domain (ODD) and dynamic driving task (DDT) description of the AV. Secondly, it is assumed that the applicant does not want to disclose all of the detailed test results because of proprietary or confidential information contained in these results. Thirdly, due to the complex ODD and DDT, many test scenarios are required to obtain sufficient confidence in the assessment of the AV. Consequently, it is assumed that due to limited resources, it is infeasible for the assessor to conduct all (physical) tests. We propose a systematic approach for determining the tests that are based on the requirements set by the authority and the AV's ODD and DDT description, such that the tests are tailored to the applicable ODD and DDT. Each test comes with metrics that enables the applicant to provide a performance rating of the AV for each of the tests. By only providing a performance rating for each test, the applicant does not need to disclose the details of the test results. In our proposed procedure, the assessor only conducts a limited number of tests. The main purpose of these tests is to verify the fidelity of the results provided by the applicant. Still, the applicant needs to conduct many tests, but this is assumed to be feasible because the applicant can utilize virtual simulation tools to conduct (a part of) the tests whereas this is not possible for the assessor due to proprietary or confidential information. To illustrate the proposed procedure, an example is presented.

Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Autonomous Vehicle (AV)":

Fang, Chen. Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, Artificial Intelligence, and Human-Machine Interaction. SAE International, aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021010.

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Abstract (sommario):

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions are slowly making their way into our daily lives, integrating with our processes to enhance our lifestyles. This is major a technological component regarding the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, as of today, no existing, consumer ready AV design has reached SAE Level 5 automation or fully integrates with the driver. Unsettled Issues in Vehicle Autonomy, AI and Human-Machine Interaction discusses vital issues related to AV interface design, diving into speech interaction, emotion detection and regulation, and driver trust. For each of these aspects, the report presents the current state of research and development, challenges, and solutions worth exploring.

Porcel Magnusson, Cristina. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles. SAE International, gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021002.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm, to calculate object distance and position. Exterior automotive paint covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with vehicle coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Sensing technologies and materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, multidisciplinary approaches need to be taken to ensure reliability and safety in the future. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles provides a transversal view of different industry segments, from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR components and vehicle system development and integration. The report includes a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved.

Dahal, Sachindra, e Jeffery Roesler. Passive Sensing of Electromagnetic Signature of Roadway Material for Lateral Positioning of Vehicle. Illinois Center for Transportation, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-039.

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Autonomous vehicles (AV) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) offer multiple safety benefits for drivers and road agencies. However, maintaining the lateral position of an AV or a vehicle with ADAS within a lane is a challenge, especially in adverse weather conditions when lane markings are occluded. For significant penetration of AV without compromising safety, vehicle-to-infrastructure sensing capabilities are necessary, especially during severe weather conditions. This research proposes a method to create a continuous electromagnetic (EM) signature on the roadway, using materials compatible with existing paving materials and construction methods. Laboratory testing of the proposed concept was performed on notched concrete-slab specimens and concrete prisms containing EM materials. An induction-based eddy-current sensor and magnetometers were implemented to detect the EM signature. The detected signals were compared to evaluate the effects of sensor height above the concrete surface, type of EM materials, EM-material volume, material shape, and volume of EM concrete prisms. A layer of up to 2 in. (5.1 cm) of water, ice, snow, or sand was placed between the sensor and the concrete slab to represent adverse weather conditions. Results showed that factors such as sensor height, EM-material volume, EM dosage, types of the EM material, and shape of the EM material in the prism were significant attenuators of the EM signal and must be engineered properly. Presence of adverse surface conditions had a negligible effect, as compared to normal conditions, indicating robustness of the presented method. This study proposes a promising method to complement existing sensors’ limitations in AVs and ADAS for effective lane-keeping during normal and adverse weather conditions with the help of vehicle-to-pavement interaction.