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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Automobiles Catalytic converters"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Helmers, Eckard. "Platinum emission rate of automobiles with catalytic converters". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4, n. 2 (giugno 1997): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986288.

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2

Liu, Ping, e Jan Andersson. "Oxidation Mechanism of Ferritic Stainless Steel Used for Catalytic Converters in Automotive Exhaust Systems Studied by TEM". Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (agosto 1997): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001076x.

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Abstract (sommario):

Emission of pollutants from automobiles is regarded as one of the major causes of air pollution in many cities around the world. However, the pollutants could be almost eliminated by using catalytic purification of exhaust gas, thus making a better environment. The metallic material for catalytic converters made of ferritic stainless steel, Sandvik 0C404 (20.0 Cr-5.0 Al-Fe balance in wt % plus the addition of rare earth elements), offers a number of advantages over a ceramic one: better thermal conductivity, higher mechanical strength and toughness, thinner walls, larger effective area, greater catalytic capacity, smaller and more flexible design; better resistance to thermal shock. The formation of a homogenous A12O3 layer at high temperature is essential for providing corrosion resistance in such applications because of its high corrosive environment.A prolonged oxidation of ferritic stainless steel Sandvik 0C404 at 1100 °C resulted in an accelerated oxidation (as schematically illustrated in Fig.l).

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3

Ilie, Sorin, Adrian Miuţescu, Mircea Stoianovici e Gabriela Mitran. "Recovery of Precious Metals from Catalytic Converters of Automobiles by Hydrometallurgical Solid-Liquid Extraction Processes". Advanced Materials Research 837 (novembre 2013): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.105.

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Today, among the basic requirements to be fulfilled by an automobile, those relating to environmental protection and recyclability are of great importance. This paper aims to present a new technological solution to recover rare metals - Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium - from automotive used catalysts, based on hydrometallurgical method of solid-liquid extraction. Following the theoretical and experimental researches, were established the technological sequences which must be carried for recovering precious metals from used automotive catalysts, in the pilot phase. The proposed technology has been applied for a quantity of 10 kg of used automotive catalysts of ceramic monolithic type, at the end of the recovery process and selective separation, resulting the following recovery efficiencies: 95 % for Platinum, 95 % for Palladium and 92 % for Rhodium. Finally, there were highlighted the main advantages of hydrometallurgical processes: versatility, economicity, high efficiencies and relatively low costs.

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4

Generowicz, Natalia, Joanna Kulczycka, Monika Partyka e Kamil Saługa. "Key Challenges and Opportunities for an Effective Supply Chain System in the Catalyst Recycling Market–A Case Study of Poland". Resources 10, n. 2 (9 febbraio 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020013.

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Increasing public awareness about low emission and stricter standards has a significant impact on the industry. The use of catalytic converters provides one of the solutions to the problem of lowering the amount of exhaust fumes. As most catalytic converters contain a combination of the three metals Pt, Pd and Rh, the manufacture of catalysts for automobiles is the largest sector of demand for and consumption of PGMs (platinum group metals). In Poland, the recycling system for catalysts is still in the development stage, but there is a significant trend of increase mainly due to EU policy on the circular economy. Due to frequent legal changes, the market is not fully transparent and the price for used catalysts can vary significantly. Therefore, apart from the recycling technology itself, it is important for the company to have a transparent method of testing the catalysts. The aim of this article was to identify the key opportunities and challenges to improving the catalyst recycling system in Poland. The organisational solutions have been analysed to show that an effective system could be implemented by creating a network between suppliers and customers with the use of good laboratory equipment and IT applications. The article defines the key opportunities and challenges such as the need to invest in an innovative laboratory and software for assessment of chemical composition and economic value of waste. A great opportunity for the development of this sector is the high demand for critical raw materials such as PGMs, which can be supported by research and development (R&D) projects.

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5

Chang, Yu-Hsien, e Cheng-hong Hong. "Some Applications of -Semigroups". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/968760.

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This study is originally motivated by the thermal balance equations for the gas and solid interphase heat-transfer for the fast-igniting catalytic converter of automobiles. Instead of solving this problem directly, we proved some results concerning the existence and uniqueness for abstract semilinear initial value problem by means of -semigroup theories on locally convex topological space. The most enjoyable here is that these results not only can be applied to solve the interphase heat-transfer for the fast-igniting catalytic converter of automobile under the situation of preheating at the entry edge of converter, but also can be applied to some other practical problems.

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6

Karthikeyan, A. "Emission Control in Two Wheelers Using Magnesium Nanoparticle as a Catalyst". Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (giugno 2015): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.343.

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Automobile emission is considered as the major source of pollution. Two wheelers are the main contributors in that due to its large number. For controlling the pollution the available methods of are pre-pollution control and post pollution control. This work is based on the post pollution control method in two-wheeler automobiles using magnesium as a catalyst. To achieve this objective, an innovative design of catalytic converter for two-wheeler automobiles is proposed using magnesium nanoparticle as a catalyst. This proposed method aims in the prevention of environmental pollution contributed from two-wheeler automobiles. It involves the use of magnesium which is cheaper than the counter parts rhodium nanoparticles, platinum, and palladium.

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7

Hirata, K., R. Oda, S. Tanaka, H. Tanigawa e J. Funaki. "Pressure-loss reduction and velocity-profile improvement in a catalytic converter by a flow deflector". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, n. 3 (1 marzo 2008): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto682.

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In automobile exhaust systems, catalytic converters have become essential in reducing environmental pollution. However, the main components of catalytic converters produce large pressure drops in exhaust systems, which decrease engine power and increase fuel consumption. In addition to the need to reduce pressure loss, the flow passing through the catalytic substrate strate should be as uniform as possible, which provides a uniform thermal distribution and high catalytic conversion efficiency. The goal of the present study is simultaneously to reduce the pressure loss and to improve the flow distribution under spatial constraints. The authors herein propose new types of device and investigate their performances experimentally. Specifically, the possibilities of two types of flow deflector with a shell structure, which are placed inside the diffuser part of the catalytic converter in order to reduce flow separation, were investigated. In addition, using the particle image velocimetry technique and Pitot tube velocimetry, flow features such as the velocity profiles were elucidated. The tested converter has a standard cylindrical ceramic monolith substrate with channels of square cross-section. As a result, the two flow deflectors can reduce the pressure loss by 17 per cent and 22 per cent, compared with a no-deflector converter and can effectively improve the velocity profile.

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8

Malm, Jan-Olle, e Jan-Olov Bovin. "High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy of an automobile catalytic converter". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, n. 4 (agosto 1990): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100174345.

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Understanding of catalytic processes requires detailed knowledge of the catalyst. As heterogeneous catalysis is a surface phenomena the understanding of the atomic surface structure of both the active material and the support material is of utmost importance. This work is a high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) study of different phases found in a used automobile catalytic converter.The high resolution micrographs were obtained with a JEM-4000EX working with a structural resolution better than 0.17 nm and equipped with a Gatan 622 TV-camera with an image intensifier. Some work (e.g. EDS-analysis and diffraction) was done with a JEM-2000FX equipped with a Link AN10000 EDX spectrometer. The catalytic converter in this study has been used under normal driving conditions for several years and has also been poisoned by using leaded fuel. To prepare the sample, parts of the monolith were crushed, dispersed in methanol and a drop of the dispersion was placed on the holey carbon grid.

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9

Syed Bahari, Syed Najib, e Wan Ahmad Wan Yusoff. "Quality Improvement in Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) System Using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Methodology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (aprile 2012): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.290.

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This paper intends to present the application of FMEA method on Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) system. Catalytic converter of auto-exhaust emission is one of the most successful applications of heterogeneous catalysis, both in commercial and environmental point of view. FMEA method will be applied to this system to quantitatively determine and evaluate its risk factors. This method is being employed effectively for identifying and addressing what potentially could go wrong with a product or process. It is expected to enhance the lifetime of the TWC by improving its resistance to deactivation. It is widely accepted that FMEA is one of the best quality improvement tool. For the last several decades, FMEA has been widely used in industry especially in automotive sectors. This research will cover mostly on the system and design of the TWC itself as the most important part for controlling the exhaust emission from automobiles. By improving its resistance to deactivation will contribute to longer lifetime of automotive catalytic converter.

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10

Baba, Naoki, Katsuyuki Ohsawa, Kiyomi Iida e Shinobu Ishida. "Analysis of Transient Thermal Characteristics of Automobile Catalytic Converters." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, n. 590 (1995): 3622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.3622.

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11

Sui, Tian Zhong, Lei Wang e Yang Wang. "Flow Filed Simulation Analysis and Structural Optimization of Automotive Catalytic Converter". Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (giugno 2014): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.899.

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Catalytic converter is an important device of automobile engine exhaust system. Based on Hydromechanics, the relational mathematical models of catalytic converter simulation are established and the parameters are calculated. Making use of CFD numerical simulation method, a simulation is set up for the internal flow field of catalytic converter original model using fluent software. From the simulation, the internal flow characteristic is understood. On the basis of this, through the optimization idea adding a guiding device in inlet cone of catalytic converter, the uniformity of velocity of flow is improved. The simulation analysis show that the flow uniformity for internal flow field can be improved observably in the structural optimization, the increasing degree of pressure loss is with little range. A new idea and reference may be offered for improving flow uniformity of a catalytic converter.

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12

Weng-Sieh, Zara, Ronald Gronsky e Alexis T. Bell. "Microstructural evolution of γ-alumina supported rhodium catalysts". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (13 agosto 1995): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138373.

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In an era of increasing environmental awareness, stricter federal and state regulation of pollutant emissions are emerging. A major source of pollution arises from automobiles which inadvertently form gaseous products such as nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC). Since the early 1980's, these effluents have been converted to safer forms using a three-way catalytic converter that employs a high dispersion of rhodium and platinum particles supported on a large surface area of transitional γ-phase alumina. Unfortunately such a converter is susceptible to decreased performance over time, and this degradation has been attributed to changes in the catalyst microstructure. The nanoscaled nature of the transition metal catalysts and the submicron-scaled size of the transitional alumina necessitates the use of the high spatial resolution analyses made possible by transmission electron microscopy.

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13

Vossberg, Bradley, e Judah Skolnick. "The Role of Catalytic Converters in Automobile Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Chest 115, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.115.2.580.

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14

Zimmermann, S., A. von Bohlen, J. Messerschmidt e B. Sures. "Accumulation of the precious metals platinum, palladium and rhodium from automobile catalytic converters in Paratenuisentis ambiguus as compared with its fish host, Anguilla anguilla". Journal of Helminthology 79, n. 1 (marzo 2005): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2004261.

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AbstractThe platinum group metals (PGM) Pt, Pd and Rh are emitted into the environment mainly by catalytic exhaust gas converters of cars. As PGM accumulate in sediments of aquatic ecosystems, the study was focused on the uptake of the noble metals by European eels, Anguilla anguilla infected with the acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus. Eels were exposed to ground catalytic converter material for six weeks. After exposure Pt and Pd were detected in the liver and kidney of the eels and in the parasites. Palladium was also found in fish muscle and intestine. No Rh uptake by the eel tissues and the parasites occurred. Paratenuisentis ambiguus contained the highest levels of both metals with 40 times higher Pt concentrations and four times higher Pd concentrations than the liver of its host. Due to its accumulation capacity for PGM, P. ambiguus can be applied as a sensitive accumulation indicator in field studies to assess the degree of environmental PGM contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

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15

Karthe, M., M. Tamilarasan, S. C. Prasanna e A. Manikandan. "Experimental Investigation on Reduction of NO_X Emission Using Zeolite Coated Converter in CI Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (ottobre 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.72.

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In the recent times, the issues of reduction of harmful pollutants emitted from an internal combustion engine have gained large prominence as a part of climate change and global warming. Automobile and power generation systems are identified to be one of the largest contributors to atmospheric pollution. Some of the major pollutants emitted from an engine are Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Unburnt Hydrocarbon (UBHC) and soot particles. This project work presents a new wash coat material is in the catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. Zeolite coated in the catalytic converter insists of aluminium oxide to reduce the emission. The objective of this project work is to control the NOx emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The emission from the engines is measured using a five gas analyzer and the results are tabulated.

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16

Aguilar, M., A. Farran e V. Marti´. "capillary electrophoretic determination of cyanide leaching solutions from automobile catalytic converters". Journal of Chromatography A 778, n. 1-2 (agosto 1997): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00327-0.

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17

Zhang, Yanlin, Robert W. Cattrall, Ian D. McKelvie e Spas D. Kolev. "Gold, an alternative to platinum group metals in automobile catalytic converters". Gold Bulletin 44, n. 3 (27 agosto 2011): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13404-011-0025-6.

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Karthickeyan, V., e P. Arulraj. "Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converter Using Different Wash Coat Material". Applied Mechanics and Materials 550 (maggio 2014): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.62.

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Almost all automobiles in the world are emitting a huge amount of exhaust gases to the atmosphere every day. These exhaust gas contains harmful substances like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and other toxic substances. If these substances go on increasing they will cause several diseases like blood circulatory problem, lung diseases, bronchitis, blood cancer, etc. Also they may cause different environmental problems like acid rain, green house effect, etc. So, the emission of these substances should be controlled as far as possible. This project work presents a new catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. The catalytic converter is developed based on the catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide coated with wire mesh filter. Both the catalyst materials - aluminum oxide and cerium oxide are inexpensive in comparison with conventional catalysts such as palladium or platinum. The main objective of this work is to control the NOx, CO emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a computerized single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.

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19

Casinhas, Luı́s F., Maria de L. Fraser Monteiro, D. Liang, Ulrich Boesl, Holger Nagel e Eduard W. Schlag. "A pyrolysis cell as simulator for an automobile catalytic converter". Vacuum 52, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1999): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(98)00211-5.

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20

Malm, Jan-Olle, e Jan-Olov Bovin. "High resolution electron microscopy of a used automobile catalytic converter". Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures 1, n. 5-6 (1990): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmm:0199000105-6038700.

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21

Bovin, Jan-Olov. "Elemental mapping with EDX on a used automobile catalytic converter". Micron and Microscopica Acta 23, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1992): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(92)90109-q.

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Kadi, Mohammad W., Iqbal Ismail, Nadeem Ali e Abdallah A. Shaltout. "Spectroscopic Assessment of Platinum Group Elements of PM10 Particles Sampled in Three Different Areas in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 9 (11 maggio 2020): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093339.

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Platinum group elements (PGE) including Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd have been quantified in air particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal or less than 10 microns (PM10) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). PM10 aerosols have been collected from three sites representing various activities in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. These locations are residential site with heavy traffic, industrial site and heavy traffic and a light traffic site outside the city. To obtain reasonable data of the PGE concentrations, a group from 10 to 15 PM10 samples were collected every month. The annual and seasonal variation of the mass concentration of the PGE were demonstrated. In all locations, Pt and Pd were relatively higher than Ru and Rh possibly because their main use is in automobile catalytic converters. Concentrations of observed PGE in PM10 could be arranged in ascending order as: Rh < Ru < Pd < Pt. In case of Ru and Pt, there are clear similarities in terms of the overall mean concentrations at the sampling locations. Due to the high concentration of Ru, Rh and Pd at low traffic site, there are certainly other sources of these elements rather than vehicle catalytic converters. However, at the industrial/heavy traffic location, high concentrations of Ru were detected during February 2015. In addition, high Pt concentrations were also detected at the light traffic site during May 2015. Results indicate that Pt source in PM10 is mainly the automobile catalytic converters.

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Botas, Juan A., Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Ortiz, M. Pilar González-Marcos, José A. González-Marcos e Juan R. González-Velasco. "Kinetic considerations of three-way catalysis in automobile exhaust converters". Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 32, n. 4 (agosto 2001): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(01)00144-8.

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Li, Jun Ji. "Analysis of Catalytic Degradation Reaction Mechanism on Gasoline Engine Three-Way Catalysts". Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (settembre 2014): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.249.

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The control of automobile exhaust emission has become one of the most important technologies for a modern vehicles. Catalytic conversion technology of three-way catalytic converter in the outer purification system is very mature and stable, which has been the first choice of exhaust emission control technology in China. The organic combination of the purification systems outside and inside machine can fully improve the performance and the fuel economy of vehicles on the basis of low emission levels.

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Kryl, David, Petr Kočí, Milan Kubíček, Miloš Marek, Teuvo Maunula e Matti Härkönen. "Catalytic Converters for Automobile Diesel Engines with Adsorption of Hydrocarbons on Zeolites". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, n. 25 (dicembre 2005): 9524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie050249v.

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Faisal, Muhammad, Yoichi Atsuta, Hiroyuki Daimon e Koichi Fujie. "Recovery of precious metals from spent automobile catalytic converters using supercritical carbon dioxide". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 3, n. 4 (luglio 2008): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.156.

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Sathishkumar, S. "Design and Analysis of Nano Based Catalytic Converter in Automobiles for Pollution Control". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, n. IV (30 aprile 2017): 1564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.4277.

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Takigawa, A., A. Matsunami e N. Arai. "Methane emission from automobile equipped with three-way catalytic converter while driving". Energy 30, n. 2-4 (febbraio 2005): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.04.016.

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Selvaraj, J., S. Nitin Kumar, R. Ananda Raj e B. S. Raj Santhosh. "Automobile Emission Reduction with Wet-Scrubber Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (novembre 2015): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.805.

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Increasing automobile emission is becoming a major problem to our environment. The available solutions like catalytic convertors, exhaust gas recirculation are costly and energy intensive. This paper examines the viability of the wet scrubber technology to reduce pollutants in the exhaust gas of the engine. This technology is already being used to reduce pollutants in static applications but not in the automobile sector. It passes the exhaust through a suitable solvent which dissolves some of the pollutants. But the problem in using these scrubbers for automobile emission control is their large size and requirement of external source of energy. In this paper a method to modify the wet scrubber technology to suit the automobile industry has been discussed and its effectiveness has been studied. This paper focuses on proving that the wet scrubber technology can be effectively used for treating automobile exhaust gas. It has been experimentally confirmed that the amount of pollutants in the exhaust could be reduced by 10% by using a wet scrubber.

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Roeb, Martin, Christian Sattler, Ruth Klüser, Nathalie Monnerie, Lamark de Oliveira, Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Christos Agrafiotis et al. "Solar Hydrogen Production by a Two-Step Cycle Based on Mixed Iron Oxides". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, n. 2 (27 settembre 2005): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2183804.

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A promising method for the conversion and storage of solar energy into hydrogen is the dissociation of water into oxygen and hydrogen, carried out via a two-step process using metal oxide redox systems such as mixed iron oxides, coated upon multi-channeled honeycomb ceramic supports capable of absorbing solar irradiation, in a configuration similar to that encountered in automobile exhaust catalytic converters. With this configuration, the whole process can be carried out in a single solar energy converter, the process temperature can be significantly lowered compared to other thermo-chemical cycles and the recombination of oxygen and hydrogen is prevented by fixing the oxygen in the metal oxide. For the realization of the integrated concept, research work proceeded in three parallel directions: synthesis of active redox systems, manufacture of ceramic honeycomb supports and manufacture, testing and optimization of operating conditions of a thermochemical solar receiver-reactor. The receiver-reactor has been developed and installed in the solar furnace in Cologne, Germany. It was proven that solar hydrogen production is feasible by this process demonstrating that multicycling of the process was possible in principle.

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Shepelev, V., A. Gritsenko e G. Salimonenko. "Control of hydrocarbon emissions when changing the technical condition of the exhaust system of modern cars". FME Transactions 49, n. 3 (2021): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2103749s.

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The most applicable ICE monitoring method is selective control followed by individual corrections for the current technical condition. The combination of a gas analyzer installed individually in each collector, a motor tester, and a loader which provides test modes makes it possible to recognize failures of exhaust and other systems with high accuracy and to assign an individual corrective action to ensure specified environmental and economic parameters. We developed a generalized mathematical model of changes in the composition of exhaust gases depending on changes in the resistance of the catalytic converter, the spark gap of the spark plug, and the capacity of the electromagnetic nozzle.

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Still, Joseph M., Edward Law e Homer Pickens. "Burns Caused by the Ignition of Propane Gas by an Automobile Catalytic Converter". Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 20, n. 3 (maggio 1999): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199905000-00010.

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Lentinello, Richard A. "Motoring Madness". Mechanical Engineering 122, n. 11 (1 novembre 2000): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-nov-3.

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This article highlights that the today automobile remains at the forefront of noteworthy technical achievements. Some of the more recent ideas that have emerged as a result of mankind’s quest for safety, efficiency and performance are the air bag, computer-controlled electronic fuel injection, run-flat tires and compact global positioning systems. Like most remarkable objects that are incessantly redesigned and refined until the end result meets, and often exceeds, the goal of the initial concept, the blueprint for the automobile actually started out as one man’s crusade—in this case, to produce a self-propelled, steam-powered carriage. Due to ever-increasing emission standards, the automobile is forever linked to the catalytic converter, oxygen sensor, air pump, and the electronic control module. The control module is designed to adjust the engine’s ignition tinting thousands of times every second to ensure that the smallest amount of hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere. The automobile continues to clean up its own act and inspire the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, which underpins the prosperity of North America.

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Schäfer, J., e H. Puchelt. "Platinum-Group-Metals (PGM) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils". Journal of Geochemical Exploration 64, n. 1-3 (novembre 1998): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(98)00040-5.

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Lustig, Sönnke, Shuliang Zang, Wolfgang Beck e Peter Schramel. "Influence of micro-organisms on the dissolution of metallic platinum emitted by automobile catalytic converters". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4, n. 3 (settembre 1997): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986321.

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Nachtigall, D., H. Kock, S. Artelt, K. Levsen, G. W�nsch, T. R�hle e R. Schl�gl. "Platinum solubility of a substance designed as a model for emissions of automobile catalytic converters". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 354, n. 5-6 (1 marzo 1996): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663540742.

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Miller, A. L., D. Ginter, J. P. Seaba, S. K. Loyalka e T. K. Ghosh. "A study to investigate the capability of adsorbents for reduction of cold-start emissions". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, n. 6 (1 giugno 1998): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981526154.

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Abstract (sommario):

Most of the emissions (about 60 per cent) from automobiles occur during a cold start before the catalytic converter becomes active. The use of an adsorbent trap for temporary storage of emitted hydrocarbons before catalysts attain the light-off temperature in the converter has been investigated as a means for reduction of cold-start emissions. The hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced significantly if the hydrocarbons are retained by the trap until catalysts reach the light-off temperature. The effect of engine speed on the emission of NO x, CO and hydrocarbons and their subsequent retention in the adsorption trap was studied. A hydrophobic adsorbent, Hisiv-1000, and molecular sieve 13X were used individually and in conjunction in the trap to adsorb hydrocarbons. Although significant amounts of hydrocarbons were adsorbed in the trap initially, they were released from the trap rather quickly even before catalysts reached the light-off temperature.

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38

Fornalczyk, Agnieszka, Roman Przylucki, Sławomir Golak e Mariola Saternus. "Modelling Methods of Magnetohydrodynamic Phenomena Occurring in a Channel of the Device Used to Wash out Spent Automotive Catalyst on Metallic Substrate by a Liquid Metal". Materials Science Forum 879 (novembre 2016): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.566.

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The recovery of precious metals is necessary for environmental and economic reasons. Spent catalysts from automotive industry containing precious metals are very attractive recyclable material because as the devices. they have to be periodically renovated and eventually replaced. Among automotive catalysts withdrawn from use, these with metallic carrier constitute quite a big group. Metallic carriers are usually obtained from steel FeCrAl , which is covered by a layer of PGM acting as a catalyst. World literature describes a number of pyro-or hydrometallurgical methods used for recovery of platinum from used automobile catalytic converters. However, all methods, available in the literature, are used to recover platinum from ceramic carrier. This paper presents the new method of removing platinum from the spent catalytic converters applying lead as a collector metal in a device used to wash out platinum by using mangetohydrodynamic pump. The article includes the description of the methods used in modelling magnetohydrodynamic phenomena (coupled analysis of the electromagnetic, temperature and flow fields) occurring in this particular device for this kind of waste. The general phenomena and ways of coupling the various physical fields for this type of calculation have also been described. The basic computational techniques with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages have been presented.

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39

Lucena, P., J. M. Vadillo e J. J. Laserna. "Compositional Mapping of Poisoning Elements in Automobile Three-Way Catalytic Converters by Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry". Applied Spectroscopy 55, n. 3 (marzo 2001): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011951876.

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The use of laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) for generating two-dimensional (2D) multielemental distribution maps of poisoning agents in automobile three-way catalysts (TWCs) is discussed. A complete in-depth analysis of P, Zn, and Pb at different locations along the central channel of a used TWC in the gas flow direction was performed. The distribution maps for the metals in charge of the catalytic action and for the stabilizer of these metals—i.e., Pt, Pd, and Ce—are also presented. The 2D maps provide a fast, useful, and intuitive tool to visualize the selective distribution of poisoning elements in a used TWC. This study may help explain the deterioration processes of a catalyst with a lifetime of about 30 000 km.

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40

Krause, K. R., L. D. Schmidt e P. S. Schabes-Retchkiman. "A High-resolution electron microscopy study of Rh/Ce on silica". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (agosto 1991): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089408.

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Abstract (sommario):

Rhodium is responsible for the catalytic removal of NOx from automobile exhaust and along with other metals, is found in modern catalytic converters. Cerium is an important additive to these catalysts and has been suggested to promote the water-gas shift reaction, to provide oxygen storage, and to improve the thermal stability of the support. We have examined the microstructure of Rh/Ce on silica with several techniques and present results from HREM which provide direct evidence of interaction between Ce and Si in these catalysts.Planar SiO2 supports were prepared by vacuum depositing ∼20nm of Si on formvar coated gold TEM grids and heating the grids in O2. Rh and Ce were then vacuum deposited on the SiO2 and the grids were heated in H2 at 650°C to disperse the film into particles. The microstructures were examined with TEM. The samples were then heated in O2 at 650°C and the same areas were again examined with TEM.

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41

Dokumaci, E. "Sound transmission in narrow pipes with superimposed uniform mean flow and acoustic modelling of automobile catalytic converters". Journal of Sound and Vibration 182, n. 5 (maggio 1995): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1995.0233.

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42

Mačala, Jozef, Iveta Pandová e Anton Panda. "Zeolite as a prospective material for the purification of automobile exhaust gases". Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, n. 1 (1 marzo 2017): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0005.

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Abstract Examinations were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of natural zeolite clinoptilolite and its thermally activated and modified forms in decreasing the concentration of nitrogen oxides, the frequently monitored components of the environment, in automobile exhaust gases. Since nitrogen oxides contribute to the greenhouse effect, the public increases pressure on motor vehicle manufacturers to intensify their efforts toward the reduction of the relevant emissions. One option is the use of a combination of a conventional three-way catalytic converter with either a synthetic or modified natural zeolite. Researchers and designers are coming up with new solutions, which are protected by patents. In this study, natural zeolite clinoptilolite (grain size 5-8 mm) and its thermally treated (270°C, 2 hours) and modified forms (ammonia, cobalt) were used in the form of filters. The results of our measurements showed high the effectiveness of the tested forms which are relatively easy to prepare and are economically advantageous in comparison with the synthetic alternatives. The heat treated and ammonia forms decreased the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases by 31% and 59%, respectively. The cobalt form appeared prospective as it exhibited not only adsorption but also catalytic properties which are effective in decreasing nitrogen oxides emissions. After initial stabilization, its effectiveness did not change with time. With this modification, 46.4% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions was achieved.

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43

Dey, S., e G. Chandra Dhal. "Controlling carbon monoxide emissions from automobile vehicle exhaust using copper oxide catalysts in a catalytic converter". Materials Today Chemistry 17 (settembre 2020): 100282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100282.

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44

Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Virginijus Švelnia e Ričardas Vėgneris. "INVESTIGATION INTO THE POSSIBILITIES OF FUNCTIONING CATALYTIC CONVERTER / KATALIZINIO DEGINIŲ NEUTRALIZATORIAUS VEIKIMO GALIMYBIŲ TYRIMAS". Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 4, n. 4 (28 novembre 2012): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.59.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paper considers the principles of catalyst operations and chemical reactions proceeding within. Also, the modes used for defining the efficiency of the catalyst are reviewed. Experimental investigation has been carried out to help with assessing the efficacy of the catalyst according to the concentration of noxious fractions and differences in temperature before and behind the catalyst. Nine Otto engine vehicles have been tested. The applicable contamination level and efficiency of catalyst performance of the vehicles have been set. The conclusion reveals that flowing gas temperature within the vehicle having an effectively performing catalyst is always lower than out flowing gas temperature. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjami katalizatoriaus veikimo principai ir jame vykstančios cheminės reakcijos. Taip pat ap-žvelgiami katalizatoriaus efektyvumo nustatymo būdai. Atliktas eksperimentinis tyrimas, kuris padėjo nustatyti katalizatoriaus veikimo efektyvumą pagal išmetamosiose dujose esančių kenksmingų dalelių koncentraciją ir temperatūrų skirtumą prieš katalizatorių ir už jo. Tyrimo metu ištirti devyni Oto varikliais varomi automobiliai. Nustatytos automobiliams galiojančios taršos normos ir katalizatorių veikimo efektyvumas. Gauta, kad automobilio, kurio katalizatorius veikia efektyviai, į jį įtekančių dujų temperatūra visada yra žemesnė nei iš katalizatoriaus ištekančių dujų temperatūra.

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45

Sures, B., S. Zimmermann, C. Sonntag, D. Stüben e H. Taraschewski. "The acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus as a sensitive indicator of the precious metals Pt and Rh from automobile catalytic converters". Environmental Pollution 122, n. 3 (aprile 2003): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00306-8.

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46

BIELACZYC, Piotr, Andrzej SZCZOTKA, Piotr PAJDOWSKI e Joseph WOODBURN. "Development of automotive emissions testing equipment and test methods in response to legislative, technical and commercial requirements". Combustion Engines 152, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2013): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117010.

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Abstract (sommario):

Legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption is one of the strongest drivers of development in automobile design. Strict legislation requires changes to engine calibration and hardware, but also to test facilities and emissions analysis systems; indeed, emissions standards in the European Union (EU), USA and Japan determine not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design. This paper is a continuation of [1], and presents the most recent additions to BOSMAL’s emissions testing laboratory – a recently-installed analyzer bench for modal raw exhaust measurement at both pre- and post-catalytic converter sampling locations, as well as EGR ratio calculation, are described in the context of its sophisticated emissions measurement facilities and the increasingly complex testing demands of vehicle and aftertreatment system manufacturers.

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47

Gosvami, N. N., J. A. Bares, F. Mangolini, A. R. Konicek, D. G. Yablon e R. W. Carpick. "Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts". Science 348, n. 6230 (12 marzo 2015): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258788.

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Abstract (sommario):

Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) form antiwear tribofilms at sliding interfaces and are widely used as additives in automotive lubricants. The mechanisms governing the tribofilm growth are not well understood, which limits the development of replacements that offer better performance and are less likely to degrade automobile catalytic converters over time. Using atomic force microscopy in ZDDP-containing lubricant base stock at elevated temperatures, we monitored the growth and properties of the tribofilms in situ in well-defined single-asperity sliding nanocontacts. Surface-based nucleation, growth, and thickness saturation of patchy tribofilms were observed. The growth rate increased exponentially with either applied compressive stress or temperature, consistent with a thermally activated, stress-assisted reaction rate model. Although some models rely on the presence of iron to catalyze tribofilm growth, the films grew regardless of the presence of iron on either the tip or substrate, highlighting the critical role of stress and thermal activation.

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48

Ghodrat, Maryam, M. Akbar Rhamdhani, Pezhman Sharafi e Bijan Samali. "A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling the Platinum Group Metals from Automobile Catalytic Converter: An Australian Perspective". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions E 4, n. 2-4 (21 luglio 2017): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40553-017-0109-1.

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49

Crozier, Peter A., e Renu Sharma. "In Situ Oxidation and Reduction of Small Pd Particles on Silica". Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (luglio 1998): 748–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023862.

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Abstract (sommario):

Palladium based catalyst have technological applications in catalytic converters in automobile industry for the combustion of NOx and CO gasses. Pd can also adsorb up to 900 times its volume H2 and is useful for purifying H2. Electron holography studies with model Pd on silica catalysts [1] show that under some circumstances, the Pd particles may form voids. The reason for the formation of these voids and the conditions under which they are formed are not well understood. We have done in situ and ex situ studies on oxidation and reduction of similar model Pd/SiO2 to develop a better understanding of the conditions under which voids are formed.The catalyst samples were prepared by impregnating silica with acetyl acetoneate (acac) and oxidizing in air and then reducing in H2 at 300°C [1]. High resolution images (Fig. 1) of Pd particles show a central feature with low contrast attributed to the presence of voids.

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50

Shaikh, Sohel Khalil, Khizar Ahmed Pathan, Zakir Ilahi Chaudhary e Sher Afghan Khan. "CFD Analysis of an Automobile Catalytic Converter to Obtain Flow Uniformity and to Minimize Pressure Drop Across the Monolith". CFD Letters 12, n. 9 (30 settembre 2020): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.9.116128.

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