Articoli di riviste: "ATRP"

1

Tang, Wei, e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Kinetic Modeling of Normal ATRP, Normal ATRP with [CuII]0, Reverse ATRP and SR&NI ATRP". Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 17, n. 7-8 (27 ottobre 2008): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mats.200800050.

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Kuila, Atanu, Nabasmita Maity, Dhruba P. Chatterjee e Arun K. Nandi. "Temperature triggered antifouling properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) graft copolymers with tunable hydrophilicity". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, n. 25 (2015): 13546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01306b.

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3

Song, Wenguang, Jian Huang, Cheng Hang, Chenyan Liu, Xuepu Wang e Guowei Wang. "Synthesis of thermally cleavable multisegmented polystyrene by an atom transfer nitroxide radical polymerization (ATNRP) mechanism". Polymer Chemistry 6, n. 46 (2015): 8060–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01493j.

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Based on the common features of well-defined NRC reaction, ATRP and NMRP mechanisms, an atom transfer nitroxide radical polymerization (ATNRP) mechanism was presented, and further used to construct multisegmented PS_m embedded with multiple alkoxyamine linkages.

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Sathesh, Venkatesan, Jem-Kun Chen, Chi-Jung Chang, Junko Aimi, Zong-Cheng Chen, Yu-Chih Hsu, Yi-Shen Huang e Chih-Feng Huang. "Synthesis of Poly(ε-caprolactone)-Based Miktoarm Star Copolymers through ROP, SA ATRC, and ATRP". Polymers 10, n. 8 (2 agosto 2018): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080858.

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The synthesis of novel branched/star copolymers which possess unique physical properties is highly desirable. Herein, a novel strategy was demonstrated to synthesize poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based miktoarm star (μ-star) copolymers by combining ring-opening polymerization (ROP), styrenics-assisted atom transfer radical coupling (SA ATRC), and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). From the analyses of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), well-defined PCL-μ-PSt (PSt: polystyrene), and PCL-μ-PtBA (PtBA: poly(tert-butyl acrylate) μ-star copolymers were successfully obtained. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM), interestingly, our preliminary examinations of the μ-star copolymers showed a spherical structure with diameters of ca. 250 and 45 nm, respectively. We successfully employed combinations of synthetic techniques including ROP, SA ATRC, and ATRP with high effectiveness to synthesize PCL-based μ-star copolymers.

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Yuan, Ming, Xuetao Cui, Wenxian Zhu e Huadong Tang. "Development of Environmentally Friendly Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Polymers 12, n. 9 (31 agosto 2020): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091987.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most successful techniques for the preparation of well-defined polymers with controllable molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, specific macromolecular architectures, and precisely designed functionalities. ATRP usually involves transition-metal complex as catalyst. As the most commonly used copper complex catalyst is usually biologically toxic and environmentally unsafe, considerable interest has been focused on iron complex, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts owing to their low toxicity, inexpensive cost, commercial availability and environmental friendliness. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of iron catalyst used in normal, reverse, AGET, ICAR, GAMA, and SARA ATRP, enzyme as well as metal-free catalyst mediated ATRP in the point of view of catalytic activity, initiation efficiency, and polymerization controllability. The principle of ATRP and the development of iron ligand are briefly discussed. The recent development of enzyme-mediated ATRP, the latest research progress on metal-free ATRP, and the application of metal-free ATRP in interdisciplinary areas are highlighted in sections. The prospects and challenges of these three ATRP techniques are also described in the review.

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Hu, Xin, Ning Zhu e Kai Guo. "Advances in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (12 dicembre 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7971683.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most robust tools to prepare well-defined polymers with precise topologies and architectures. Although series of improved ATRP methods have been developed to decrease the metal catalyst loading to parts per million, metal residue is the key limiting factor for variety of applications, especially in microelectronic and biomedical area. The feasible solution to this challenge would be the establishment of metal-free ATRP. Since 2014, organocatalyzed ATRP (O-ATRP) or metal free ATRP has achieved significant progress by developing kinds of organic photoredox catalysts. This review highlights the advances in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization as well as the potential future directions.

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7

Simakova, Antonina, Saadyah E. Averick, Dominik Konkolewicz e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Aqueous ARGET ATRP". Macromolecules 45, n. 16 (2 agosto 2012): 6371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma301303b.

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Dadashi-Silab, Sajjad, e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Iron Catalysts in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Molecules 25, n. 7 (3 aprile 2020): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071648.

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Catalysts are essential for mediating a controlled polymerization in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Copper-based catalysts are widely explored in ATRP and are highly efficient, leading to well-controlled polymerization of a variety of functional monomers. In addition to copper, iron-based complexes offer new opportunities in ATRP catalysis to develop environmentally friendly, less toxic, inexpensive, and abundant catalytic systems. Despite the high efficiency of iron catalysts in controlling polymerization of various monomers including methacrylates and styrene, ATRP of acrylate-based monomers by iron catalysts still remains a challenge. In this paper, we review the fundamentals and recent advances of iron-catalyzed ATRP focusing on development of ligands, catalyst design, and techniques used for iron catalysis in ATRP.

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Cui, Changqing, Shaofeng Feng e Liqun Zhu. "Advances in atom transfer radical polymerization of modified grain". Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering 5, n. 1 (12 ottobre 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jpse.v5i1.324.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a kind of controllable reactive radical polymerization method with potential application value. The modification of graphene oxide (GO) by ATRP reaction can eﬀectively control various graft polymer molecules Chain length and graft density, giving GO diﬀerent functionality, such as good solvent dispersibility, environmental sensitive stimulus responsiveness, biocompatibility, and the like. In this paper, ATRP reaction and GO surface non-covalent bonding ATRP polymer molecular chain were directly initiated from GO surface immobilization initiator. The ATRP reaction modified GO was reviewed, and the process conditions and research methods of ATRP modification reaction were summarized, as well as pointed out the functional characteristics and application prospect of GO functionalized composites.

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Min, Ke, e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media". Open Chemistry 7, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2009): 657–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0092-1.

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AbstractDuring the last decade, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) received significant attention due to its exceptional capability of synthesizing polymers with pre-determined molecular weight, well-defined molecular architectures and various functionalities. It is economically and environmentally attractive to adopt ATRP to aqueous dispersed media, although the process is challenging. This review summarizes recent developments of conducting ATRP in aqueous dispersed media. The issues related to retaining “controlled/living” character as well as colloidal stability during the polymerization have to be considered. Better understanding the ATRP mechanism and development of new initiation techniques, such as activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) significantly facilitated ATRP in aqueous systems. This review covers the most important progress of ATRP in dispersed media from 1998 to 2009, including miniemulsion, microemulsion, emulsion, suspension and dispersed polymerization.

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11

Fantin, Marco, Francesca Lorandi, Armando Gennaro, Abdirisak Isse e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Electron Transfer Reactions in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Synthesis 49, n. 15 (4 luglio 2017): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588873.

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Electrochemistry may seem an outsider to the field of polymer science and controlled radical polymerization. Nevertheless, several electrochemical methods have been used to determine the mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach. Indeed, electron transfer reactions involving the metal catalyst, initiator/dormant species, and propagating radicals play a crucial role in ATRP. In this mini-review, electrochemical properties of ATRP catalysts and initiators are discussed, together with the mechanism of the atom and electron transfer in ATRP.1 Introduction2 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of ATRP Catalysts3 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Radicals4 Atom Transfer from an Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Standpoint5 Mechanism of Electron Transfer in ATRP6 Electroanalytical Techniques for the Kinetics of ATRP Activation7 Electrochemically Mediated ATRP8 Conclusions

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Słowikowska, Monika, Kamila Chajec, Adam Michalski, Szczepan Zapotoczny e Karol Wolski. "Surface-Initiated Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with ppm Concentration of FeBr3 under Visible Light". Materials 13, n. 22 (14 novembre 2020): 5139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225139.

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Reversible deactivation radical polymerizations with reduced amount of organometallic catalyst are currently a field of interest of many applications. One of the very promising techniques is photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) that is mainly studied for copper catalysts in the solution. Recently, advantageous iron-catalyzed photo-ATRP (photo-Fe-ATRP) compatible with high demanding biological applications was presented. In response to that, we developed surface-initiated photo-Fe-ATRP (SI-photo-Fe-ATRP) that was used for facile synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes with the presence of only 200 ppm of FeBr3/tetrabutylammonium bromide catalyst (FeBr3/TBABr) under visible light irradiation (wavelength: 450 nm). The kinetics of both SI-photo-Fe-ATRP and photo-Fe-ATRP in solution were compared and followed by 1H NMR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Brush grafting densities were determined using two methodologies. The influence of the sacrificial initiator on the kinetics of brush growth was studied. It was found that SI-photo-Fe-ATRP could be effectively controlled even without any sacrificial initiators thanks to in situ production of ATRP initiator in solution as a result of reaction between the monomer and Br radicals generated in photoreduction of FeBr3/TBABr. The optimized and simplified reaction setup allowed synthesis of very thick (up to 110 nm) PMMA brushes at room temperature, under visible light with only 200 ppm of iron-based catalyst. The same reaction conditions, but with the presence of sacrificial initiator, enabled formation of much thinner layers (18 nm).

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Sun, Yong Lian, Bo Zhu, Shan Shan Zhou, Bao Lei Chen, Jian Gao e Yong Wei Li. "The Research Status and Applications of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (ottobre 2014): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.978.

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ATRP is one of the most active fields in polymer science. The feature of ATRP is chain propagation by way of transfer of halide atom with or without the catalysis of transition mental compounds. The termination reaction between radicals is reduced by low concentration of free radicals under the control of the fast transfer. A variety of monomers including styrene, acrylates, methacrylates, and dienes can be used in this technique. ATRP is a simple and inexpensive process for controlled "living" radical polymerization leading to well-defined homopolymers and copolymers. In this paper, the mechanism, initiator, catalyst systems, polymerization mediums and conditions of ATRP are introduced, the prospect of ATRP is also discussed.

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14

Xu, Nuo, Guangyu Pan, Hui Zhang, Peng Lu, Lei Shen, Yuguang Li, Dong Ji et al. "PVDF-Based Fluoropolymer Modifications via Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations". Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (21 dicembre 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7798967.

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Graft modifications of PVDF fluoropolymers have been identified as the efficient route to improve the properties and expand the applications. Taking advantage of C-F and C-Cl bonds in the repeat units, atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) were widely used for graft modification. Recently, photoinduced ATRP has shown good spatial and temporal control over the polymerization process in contrast to thermal activation mode. This minireview highlights the progress in PVDF-based fluoropolymer modifications by using photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated ATRP and organocatalyzed ATRP. The challenges and opportunities are proposed with the aim at advancing the development of synthesis and applications of fluoropolymer.

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15

Yu, Hyun-Seok, Joon-Sung Kim, Vignesh Vasu, Christopher P. Simpson e Alexandru D. Asandei. "Cu-Mediated Butadiene ATRP". ACS Catalysis 10, n. 12 (27 aprile 2020): 6645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c01207.

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Telitel, Sofia, Benoît Éric Petit, Salomé Poyer, Laurence Charles e Jean-François Lutz. "Sequence-coded ATRP macroinitiators". Polymer Chemistry 8, n. 34 (2017): 4988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00496f.

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Checco, James W., Guo Zhang, Wang-ding Yuan, Zi-wei Le, Jian Jing e Jonathan V. Sweedler. "Aplysia allatotropin-related peptide and its newly identified d-amino acid–containing epimer both activate a receptor and a neuronal target". Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, n. 43 (7 settembre 2018): 16862–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.004367.

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l- to d-residue isomerization is a post-translational modification (PTM) present in neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and peptide toxins from several animals. In most cases, the d-residue is critical for the biological function of the resulting d-amino acid–containing peptide (DAACP). Here, we provide an example in native neuropeptides in which the DAACP and its all-l-amino acid epimer are both active at their newly identified receptor in vitro and at a neuronal target associated with feeding behavior. On the basis of sequence similarity to a known DAACP from cone snail venom, we hypothesized that allatotropin-related peptide (ATRP), a neuropeptide from the neuroscience model organism Aplysia californica, may form multiple diastereomers in the Aplysia central nervous system. We determined that ATRP exists as a d-amino acid–containing peptide (d2-ATRP) and identified a specific G protein–coupled receptor as an ATRP receptor. Interestingly, unlike many previously reported DAACPs and their all-l-residue analogs, both l-ATRP and d2-ATRP were potent agonists of this receptor and active in electrophysiological experiments. Finally, d2-ATRP was much more stable than its all-l-residue counterpart in Aplysia plasma, suggesting that in the case of ATRP, the primary role of the l- to d-residue isomerization may be to protect this peptide from aminopeptidase activity in the extracellular space. Our results indicate that l- to d-residue isomerization can occur even in an all-l-residue peptide with a known biological activity and that in some cases, this PTM may help modulate peptide signal lifetime in the extracellular space rather than activity at the cognate receptor.

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Zhang, Tao, Tao Chen, Ihsan Amin e Rainer Jordan. "ATRP with a light switch: photoinduced ATRP using a household fluorescent lamp". Polym. Chem. 5, n. 16 (2014): 4790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00346b.

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Su, Xin, Keita Nishizawa, Elijah Bultz, Mitsuo Sawamoto, Makoto Ouchi, Philip G. Jessop e Michael F. Cunningham. "Living CO2-Switchable Latexes Prepared via Emulsion ATRP and AGET Miniemulsion ATRP". Macromolecules 49, n. 17 (22 agosto 2016): 6251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01126.

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20

Chu, Xiao Meng, Shao Jie Liu, Hui Jiao Yang e Feng Qing Zhao. "Preparation of Polymer Brushes by Surface-Initiated ARGET ATRP". Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (settembre 2013): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.208.

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This paper firstly summarized the latest research progress on the polymer brushes preparation by surface-initiated ARGET ATRP polymerization. It mainly includes the surface modifications of inorganic substrate (silicon dioxide and carbon nanotubes), and the organic substrate (cellulose and polymer microspheres). This method needs less catalyst and operates more easily, compared to the classical ATRP. Besides, it also has good polymerization controllability, and the polymer brushes have higher grafting density and molecular weight. Therefore, surface-initiated ARGET ATRP polymerization has become an effective method for modifying the surface of materials. Then, we prepared the polymer brush supported TEMPO by the surface-initiated ARGET ATRP and characterized.

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Kwak, Yungwan, Renaud Nicolaÿ e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Synergistic Interaction Between ATRP and RAFT: Taking the Best of Each World". Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, n. 11 (2009): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09230.

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This review covers recent developments on the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to produce well controlled (co)polymers. This review discusses the relative reactivity of the R group in ATRP and RAFT, provides a comparison of dithiocarbamate (DC), trithiocarbonate (TTC), dithioester (DTE), and xanthate versus bromine or chlorine, and an optimization of catalyst/ligand selection. The level of control in iniferter polymerization with DC was greatly improved by the addition of a copper complex. New TTC inifers with bromopropionate and bromoisobutyrate groups have been prepared to conduct, concurrently or sequentially, ATRP from Br-end groups, ATRP from the TTC moiety, and RAFT polymerization from the TTC moiety, depending on the combination of monomer and catalyst employed in the reaction. The use of concurrent ATRP/RAFT (or copper-catalyzed RAFT polymerization or ATRP with dithioester leaving groups), resulted in improved control over the synthesis of homo- and block (co)polymers and allowed preparation of well-defined high-molecular-weight polymers exceeding 1 million. Block copolymers that could not be prepared previously have been synthesized by sequential ATRP and RAFT polymerization using a bromoxanthate inifer. A simple, versatile, and one-step method involving atom-transfer radical addition–fragmentation (ATRAF) for the preparation of various chain transfer agents (including DC, DTE, and xanthate) in high purity is discussed and a one-pot, two-step polymerization starting with a RAFT agent synthesized by ATRAF, followed by polymerization, is demonstrated.

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Yan, Chun-Na, Qian Liu, Lin Xu, Li-Ping Bai, Li-Ping Wang e Guang Li. "Photoinduced Metal-Free Surface Initiated ATRP from Hollow Spheres Surface". Polymers 11, n. 4 (2 aprile 2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040599.

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Well-defined amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly (methyl methacrylate)-b-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted hollow spheres (HS-g-PMMA-b-PNIPAM) hybrid materials were synthesized via metal-free surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The ATRP initiators α-Bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) were attached onto hollow sphere surfaces through esterification of acyl bromide groups and hydroxyl groups. The synthetic ATRP initiators (HS-Br) were further used for the metal-free SI-ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) using 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as the photocatalyst. The molecular weight of the polymers, structure, morphology, and thermal stability of the hybrid materials were characterized via gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results indicated that the ATRP initiator had been immobilized onto HS surfaces successfully followed by metal-free SI-ATRP of MMA and NIPAM, the Br atom had located at the end of the main PMMA polymer chain, and the polymerization process possessed the characteristic of controlled/“living” polymerization. The thermal stability of the hybrid materials was increased significantly compared to the pure PMMA and PNIPAM.

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Yin, Dezhong, Jinjie Liu, Wangchang Geng, Baoliang Zhang e Qiuyu Zhang. "Microencapsulation of hexadecane by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on a Pickering stabilizer". New Journal of Chemistry 39, n. 1 (2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01533a.

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Matsukawa, Ko, Tsukuru Masuda, Aya Mizutani Akimoto e Ryo Yoshida. "A surface-grafted thermoresponsive hydrogel in which the surface structure dominates the bulk properties". Chemical Communications 52, n. 74 (2016): 11064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04307k.

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Zhang, Tao, Dan Gieseler e Rainer Jordan. "Lights on! A significant photoenhancement effect on ATRP by ambient laboratory light". Polymer Chemistry 7, n. 4 (2016): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01858g.

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Göktaş, Melahat, e Guodong Deng. "Synthesis of Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Block Copolymer by Redox Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, n. 3 (30 agosto 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.28645.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [PMMA-b-PNIPAM] block copolymers were obtained by a combination of redox polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) methods in two steps. For this purpose, PMMA macroinitator (ATRP-macroinitiator) was synthesized by redox polymerization of methyl methacrylate and 3-bromo-1-propanol using Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 as a catalyst. The synthesis of PMMA-b-PNIPAM block copolymers was carried out by means of ATRP of ATRP-macroinitiator and NIPAM at 60 °C. The block copolymers were obtained in high yield and high molecular weight. The characterization of products was accomplished by using multi instruments and methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis.

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Handayani, Aniek S., Is Sulistyati Purwaningsih, Muhamad Chalid, Emil Budianto e Dedi Priadi. "Synthesis of Amylopectin Macro-Initiator for Graft Copolymerization of Amylopectin-g-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) by ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization)". Materials Science Forum 827 (agosto 2015): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.306.

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Graft copolymer of Amylopectin and PMMA was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The hydroxyl groups of amylopectin partially substituted with tert-butyl a-bromoisobutyrate to form tert-butyl a-bromoisobutyrate (TBBiB ) groups. This compound is known as an efficient macro-initiator for ATRP process. This research, aimed to obtain a bio based polymer of Amylopectin, in which the amylopectin was used as macro-initiator in the ATRP of MMA. The experiment was carried out in the homogeneous system under temperature range of 40 – 70°C in DMSO solution using TEA as catalyst. The modified amylopectin-TBBiB then was grafted to methyl methacrylate trough ATRP. Product characterization indicates that the graft copolymer Amylopectin-g-PMMA is efficient and the obtained product owns well defined structures

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Rattanathamwat, Nattawoot, Jatuphorn Wootthikanokkhan, Nonsee Nimitsiriwat, Chanchana Thanachayanont e Udom Asawapirom. "Kinetic Studies of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisations of Styrene and Chloromethylstyrene with Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) Macroinitiator". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/973632.

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Poly(3-hexyl thiophene)-b-poly(styrene-co-chloromethylstyrene) copolymers, to be used as a prepolymer for preparing donor-acceptor block copolymers for organic solar cells, have been synthesised by reacting P3HT macroinitiators with styrene and chloromethylstyrene via three types of atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) systems, which are (1) a normal ATRP, (2) activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), and (3) a simultaneous reverse and normal initiation (SR&NI). The kinetics of these ATRP systems were studied as a function of monomers to the macroinitiator molar ratio. It was found that all of the three types of ATRP systems led to first order kinetics with respect to monomers. The highest rate constant (k) of 3.4 × 10−3 s−1was obtained from the SR&NI ATRP system. The molecular weights of the product determined by the GPC were lower than were the theoretical values. The result was discussed in light of the chain transfer reaction to the poly(chloromethylstyrene) repeating units. Morphology of the synthesized block copolymers, examined by an atomic force microscopy (AFM), were also compared and discussed.

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Petrov, Artem, Alexander V. Chertovich e Alexey A. Gavrilov. "Phase Diagrams of Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly Are Largely Determined by Polymer Recombination". Polymers 14, n. 23 (6 dicembre 2022): 5331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235331.

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In the current work, atom transfer radical polymerization-induced self-assembly (ATRP PISA) phase diagrams were obtained by the means of dissipative particle dynamics simulations. A fast algorithm for determining the equilibrium morphology of block copolymer aggregates was developed. Our goal was to assess how the chemical nature of ATRP affects the self-assembly of diblock copolymers in the course of PISA. We discovered that the chain growth termination via recombination played a key role in determining the ATRP PISA phase diagrams. In particular, ATRP with turned off recombination yielded a PISA phase diagram very similar to that obtained for a simple ideal living polymerization process. However, an increase in the recombination probability led to a significant change of the phase diagram: the transition between cylindrical micelles and vesicles was strongly shifted, and a dependence of the aggregate morphology on the concentration was observed. We speculate that this effect occurred due to the simultaneous action of two factors: the triblock copolymer architecture of the terminated chains and the dispersity of the solvophobic blocks. We showed that these two factors affected the phase diagram weakly if they acted separately; however, their combination, which naturally occurs during ATRP, affected the ATRP PISA phase diagram strongly. We suggest that the recombination reaction is a key factor leading to the complexity of experimental PISA phase diagrams.

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He, Taijun, Zhenyu Xing, Yixing Wang, Difeng Wu, Yang Liu e Xiangyang Liu. "Direct fluorination as a one-step ATRP initiator immobilization for convenient surface grafting of phenyl ring-containing substrates". Polymer Chemistry 11, n. 35 (2020): 5693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00860e.

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Averick, Saadyah E., Christopher G. Bazewicz, Bradley F. Woodman, Antonina Simakova, Ryan A. Mehl e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Protein–polymer hybrids: Conducting ARGET ATRP from a genetically encoded cleavable ATRP initiator". European Polymer Journal 49, n. 10 (ottobre 2013): 2919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.015.

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32

Gualandi, Chiara, Cong Duan Vo, Maria Letizia Focarete, Mariastella Scandola, Antonino Pollicino, Giuseppe Di Silvestro e Nicola Tirelli. "Advantages of Surface-Initiated ATRP (SI-ATRP) for the Functionalization of Electrospun Materials". Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200648.

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33

Song, Junzhe, Jinbao Xu, Stergios Pispas e Guangzhao Zhang. "One-pot synthesis of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers". RSC Advances 5, n. 48 (2015): 38243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra17202g.

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34

Apata, Ikeoluwa E., Bhausaheb V. Tawade, Steven P. Cummings, Nihar Pradhan, Alamgir Karim e Dharmaraj Raghavan. "Comparative Study of Polymer-Grafted BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Normal ATRP as Well as ATRP and ARGET-ATRP with Sacrificial Initiator with a Focus on Controlling the Polymer Graft Density and Molecular Weight". Molecules 28, n. 11 (30 maggio 2023): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114444.

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Structurally well-defined polymer-grafted nanoparticle hybrids are highly sought after for a variety of applications, such as antifouling, mechanical reinforcement, separations, and sensing. Herein, we report the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted- and poly(styrene) grafted-BaTiO3 nanoparticles using activator regeneration via electron transfer (ARGET ATRP) with a sacrificial initiator, atom transfer radical polymerization (normal ATRP), and ATRP with sacrificial initiator, to understand the role of the polymerization procedure in influencing the structure of nanoparticle hybrids. Irrespective of the polymerization procedure adopted for the synthesis of nanoparticle hybrids, we noticed PS grafted on the nanoparticles showed moderation in molecular weight and graft density (ranging from 30,400 to 83,900 g/mol and 0.122 to 0.067 chain/nm2) compared to PMMA-grafted nanoparticles (ranging from 44,620 to 230,000 g/mol and 0.071 to 0.015 chain/nm2). Reducing the polymerization time during ATRP has a significant impact on the molecular weight of polymer brushes grafted on the nanoparticles. PMMA-grafted nanoparticles synthesized using ATRP had lower graft density and considerably higher molecular weight compared to PS-grafted nanoparticles. However, the addition of a sacrificial initiator during ATRP resulted in moderation of the molecular weight and graft density of PMMA-grafted nanoparticles. The use of a sacrificial initiator along with ARGET offered the best control in achieving lower molecular weight and narrow dispersity for both PS (37,870 g/mol and PDI of 1.259) and PMMA (44,620 g/mol and PDI of 1.263) nanoparticle hybrid systems.

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Bai, Liangjiu, Wenxiang Wang, Hou Chen, Lifen Zhang, Zhenping Cheng e Xiulin Zhu. "Facile iron(iii)-mediated ATRP of MMA with phosphorus-containing ligands in the absence of any additional initiators". RSC Advances 5, n. 77 (2015): 62577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra10317g.

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Fe(iii)-mediated ATRP using phosphorus reagents was studied without any additional initiator and reducing agent. The polymerization was demonstrated as reverse ATRP, in which phosphorus reagents acted as both ligand and thermal radical initiator.

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36

Zaborniak, Izabela, e Paweł Chmielarz. "Ultrasound-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)". Materials 12, n. 21 (2 novembre 2019): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213600.

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Ultrasonic agitation is an external stimulus, rapidly developed in recent years in the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) approach. This review presents the current state-of-the-art in the application of ultrasound in ATRP, including an initially-developed, mechanically-initiated solution with the use of piezoelectric nanoparticles, that next goes to the ultrasonication-mediated method utilizing ultrasound as a factor for producing radicals through the homolytic cleavage of polymer chains, or the sonolysis of solvent or other small molecules. Future perspectives in the field of ultrasound in ATRP are presented, focusing on the preparation of more complex architectures with highly predictable molecular weights and versatile properties. The challenges also include biohybrid materials. Recent advances in the ultrasound-mediated ATRP point out this approach as an excellent tool for the synthesis of advanced materials with a wide range of potential industrial applications.

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37

Xiong, Lei, Hong Bo Liang e Hai Tao Xu. "Surface Modification of Carbon Fiber via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)". Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (dicembre 2011): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.376.

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This study demonstrates the surface modification of carbon fiber by grafting polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Firstly, the surface of carbon fiber was modified by using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to immobilize ATRP initiators on the surface. Then the glycidyl methacrylate was initiated and propagated on the carbon fiber surface by ATRP. Characterization of these modified carbon fibers included Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results indicated that the grafting of PGMA from the carbon fiber surface was successful.

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Kreutzer, Johannes. "Dope new organocatalysts for ATRP". Nature Reviews Chemistry 5, n. 2 (21 gennaio 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00252-x.

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39

von Natzmer, Peter, Debora Bontempo e Nicola Tirelli. "Supported ATRP and giant polymers". Chemical Communications, n. 13 (2003): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b302444j.

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40

Ciftci, Mustafa, Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen, Wenwen Li, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski e Yusuf Yagci. "Photoinitiated ATRP in Inverse Microemulsion". Macromolecules 46, n. 24 (11 dicembre 2013): 9537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma402058a.

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41

D'hooge, Dagmar R., Dominik Konkolewicz, Marie-Françoise Reyniers, Guy B. Marin e Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Kinetic Modeling of ICAR ATRP". Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 21, n. 1 (3 novembre 2011): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mats.201100076.

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42

Deoghare, Chetana, C. Baby, Vishnu S. Nadkarni, Raghu Nath Behera e Rashmi Chauhan. "Synthesis, characterization, and computational study of potential itaconimide-based initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization". RSC Adv. 4, n. 89 (2014): 48163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08981b.

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We report synthesis of potential initiators1a-Br,2a-Br, and3a-Br for the ATRP ofN-phenylitaconimide and MMA. We find (i) good agreement between experimentally determined and calculatedK_ATRPvalues (ii)3a-Br performs better than the commercially available initiator.

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43

Alswieleh, Abdullah M., Abeer M. Beagan, Bayan M. Alsheheri, Khalid M. Alotaibi, Mansour D. Alharthi e Mohammed S. Almeataq. "Hybrid Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Grafted with 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl Methacrylate-b-poly(ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate Diblock Brushes as Drug Nanocarrier". Molecules 25, n. 1 (3 gennaio 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010195.

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This paper introduces the synthesis of well-defined 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate-b-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate diblock copolymer, which has been grafted onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PTBAEMA-b-PEGMEMA-MSNs) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The ATRP initiators were first attached to the MSN surfaces, followed by the ATRP of 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PTBAEMA). CuBr2/bipy and ascorbic acid were employed as the catalyst and reducing agent, respectively, to grow a second polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA). The surface structures of these fabricated nanomaterials were then analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) show that ATRP could provide a high surface grafting density for polymers. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was conducted to investigate the pH-responsive behavior of the diblock copolymer chains on the nanoparticle surface. In addition, multifunctional pH-sensitive PTBAEMA-b-PEGMEMA-MSNs were loaded with doxycycline (Doxy) to study their capacities and long-circulation time.

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Xu, F. J., J. Li, F. Su, X. S. Zhao, E. T. Kang e K. G. Neoh. "Water-Dispersible Carbon Nanotubes for Aqueous Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, n. 11 (1 novembre 2008): 5858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18363.

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A simple one-pot process was developed for the covalent immobilization of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators with quaternized triethylamine moieties on the carboxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The initiator-coupled MWCNTs exhibited good dispersion in water and could be used directly to prepare water-dispersion of polymer-MWCNT hybrids, such as stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-MWCNT hybrids, via surface-initiated ATRP of N-isopropylacrylamide in an aqueous medium. The present one-pot synthesis of the ATRP initiator-immobilized MWCNTs with good dispersion in water provides an alternative route to the direct preparation of water-soluble polymer-MWCNT hybrids in aqueous media.

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45

Ashaduzzaman, Md, Kei Ishikura, Masayo Sakata e Masashi Kunitake. "Surface Initiated ATRP: Synthesis and Characterization of Functional Polymers Grafted on Modified Cellulose Beads". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (settembre 2013): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.13.243.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was employed to synthesize novel polymer particles. The surface of porous polymeric cellulose beads was modified by sodium hydroxide, 2-chloromethyloxirane, ethylenediamine and 2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide successively in order to activate the beads surface so that it can play an important role as an initiator for ATRP reaction. ATRP on the modified cellulose beads surface was carried out with styrene and sodium p-styrenesulphonate monomers in the presence of non aqueous and aqueous phases respectively. The polymer products on the substrate surface were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and carbon13 – nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR).

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46

Ashaduzzaman, Md, Kei Ishikura, Masayo Sakata e Masashi Kunitake. "Surface Initiated ATRP: Synthesis and Characterization of Functional Polymers Grafted on Modified Cellulose Beads". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (3 maggio 2013): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-31s0tq.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was employed to synthesize novel polymer particles. The surface of porous polymeric cellulose beads was modified by sodium hydroxide, 2-chloromethyloxirane, ethylenediamine and 2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl bromide successively in order to activate the beads surface so that it can play an important role as an initiator for ATRP reaction. ATRP on the modified cellulose beads surface was carried out with styrene and sodium p-styrenesulphonate monomers in the presence of non aqueous and aqueous phases respectively. The polymer products on the substrate surface were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and carbon13 – nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR).

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47

Peng, Jin Wen, Riu Hua Mo, Zhen Fan Liu, Yuan Wei Zhong, Qin Jie e Wei Xing Deng. "Well-Defined Amphiphilic Polymer-Si(100) Hybrids via Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Advanced Materials Research 669 (marzo 2013): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.239.

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Well-defined amphiphilic graft polymer brushes containing fluoropolymer segments have been successfully prepared by (i) UV-induced coupling of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) with the hydrogen-termined Si(100) (Si-VBC surface), (ii) surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-hydroxyethl methacrylate (HEMA) to produce the Si–VBC–g–P(HEMA) surface as the backbone of macroinitiator for further ATRPs, (iii) coupling of 2-bromoisobutyrl bromide with the HEMA polymer(P(HEMA)) by the esterification to produce the macroinitiators for the subsequent ATRP(Si–VBC–g–P(HEMA)-R3Br), (iv) surface-initiated ATRP of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate (HFBA) to produce the Si–VBC–g–P(HEMA)–g–P(HFBA) surface, and (v) the active P(HFBA) chain ends being used as the initiator for the subsequent ATRP of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA) to produce the amphiphilic Si–VBC–g–P(HEMA)–g–P(HFBA)–b–P(PEGMA) brush surface. The chemical composition and functionality of the silicon surface were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and ellipsometry.

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48

Zhang, Xiu Mei, Jian Feng Ji, Yan Jun Tang e Yu Zhao. "Wood Pulp Fibers Grafted with Polyacrylamide through Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (novembre 2011): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1458.

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Bleached wood pulp fibers grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to be applied in papermaking. The ATRP macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of hydroxyl groups of wood fibers with α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (α-BIBB). The bromine atoms on the surface of the macroinitiator were characterized and calculated by FT-IR, EDXS and TGA techniques. The ATRP grafting reaction conditions of fiber-PMA were discussed and determined. To optimize the polymerization in the CuBr/PMDETA catalytic system, several influencing factors on grafting yield were investigated, including solvent, reaction temperature, monomer concentration and sacrificial initiator. The PAM grafted fibers were characterized by FT-IR and TGA analyses.

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49

Jiang, Jianguo, Weifeng Chen, Aimin Cheng, Jin Guo e Yueshu Liu. "Preparation of Polyacrylamide with Improved Tacticity and Low Molecular Weight Distribution". BIO Web of Conferences 55 (2022): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225501028.

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Polyacrylamide with improved tacticity and low molecular weight distribution was obtained via stereospecific atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 in a certain ratio as stereospecific catalyst and chloroacetic acid/ Cu2O / N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine( TMEDA) as initiating system. The initiating system afforded persistently controlled ATRP of acrylamide with lower polydispersity index ranging from 1.12 to 1.35 as well as a moderate polymerization process. The participation of the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 as stereospecific catalyst in the stereospecific ATRP of acrylamide contributed optimal stereospecific PAM with the meso content 80%~83%. Polymerization kinetics displayed a living/controlled nature of the present polymerizations.

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50

Zeng, Shuo, Jinwei Shi, Anchao Feng e Zhao Wang. "Modification of Electrospun Regenerate Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Approach as Advanced Carrier for Laccase Immobilization". Polymers 13, n. 2 (6 gennaio 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020182.

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This study aimed to modify an electrospun regenerated cellulose (RC) nanofiber membrane by surface grafting 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as a monomer via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as well as investigate the effects of ATRP conditions (i.e., initiation and polymerization) on enzyme immobilization. Various characterizations including XPS, FTIR spectra, and SEM images of nanofiber membranes before and after monomer grafting verified that poly (DMAEMA) chains/brushes were successfully grafted onto the RC nanofiber membrane. The effect of different ATRP conditions on laccase immobilization was investigated, and the results indicated that the optimal initiation and monomer grafting times were 1 and 2 h, respectively. The highest immobilization amount was obtained from the RC-Br-1h-poly (DMAEMA)-2h membrane (95.04 ± 4.35 mg), which increased by approximately 3.3 times compared to the initial RC membrane (28.57 ± 3.95 mg). All the results suggested that the optimization of initiation and polymerization conditions is a key factor that affects the enzyme immobilization amount, and the surface modification of the RC membrane by ATRP is a promising approach to develop an advanced enzyme carrier with a high enzyme loading capacity.

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