Tesi: "Athletes" – Grafiati

1

Sandström, Elin. "REFLECTIONS ON ATHLETE-COACH RELATIONSHIP IN THE COURSE OF ATHLETIC CAREER: ATHLETES’ PERSPECTIVE". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19743.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics in the athlete-coach relationship in the course of athletic career, from the perspective of one individual sport athlete and one team sport athlete. The study tried to answer the following questions: (1) How one team sport athlete and one individual sport athlete perceive the athlete-coach relationships at different stages of the athletic career? (2) How the athlete-coach relationships change in the course of the athletic career from the perspective of a team sport athlete and an individual sport athlete? (3) How athletes perceive the characteristics of their most influential coaches? As theoretical frameworks the 3+1Cs conceptualization of coach-athlete relationship (Jowett, 2007), the multidimensional model of leadership (Chelladurai, 1990), and the developmental model on transitions faced by athletes (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004) were used. In-depth narrative interviews were used. One team sport athlete and one individual sport athlete that had been active in their sport for at least 10 years were interviewed. Four analyses were made: sjuzet-fabula analysis, holistic-content analysis, categorical-content analysis, and critical narrative analysis. Poetic representations were used to present parts of the results. The results show that the athletes perceive their relationship to their coach differently in different stages of their career. They perceived the athlete-coach relationship as dynamic in structure. Finally their most influential coach could be found in the developmental stage of their career and this coach was important to them in different ways. The results were discussed in relation to theoretical frameworks and previous research.
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka dynamiken i relationen mellan idrottare och tränare under idrottarens karriär detta från en lagidrottare och en individuell idrottares perspektiv. Studien försökte svara på följande frågor: (1). Hur upplever en lagidrottare och en individuell idrottare relationen till tränaren under olika stadier av idrottskarriären? (2.) Hur relationen mellan tränare och idrottare förändras under idrottskarriärens gång ur en lagidrottares och en individuell idrottares perspektiv? (3). Hur upplever idrottarna deras mest inflytelserika tränares egenskaper? Som teoretisktramverk användes 3+1Cs begreppsmässighet av relationen mellan tränare och idrottare (Jowett, 2007), den multidimensionella modellen av ledarskap (Chelladurai, 1990), och utvecklingsmodellen för övergångar upplevda av idrottare (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004). Djupgående narrativa intervjuer användes. En lagidrottare och en individuell idrottare som varit aktiv i minst 10 år intervjuades. Fyra analyser utfördes: sjuzet-fabula analys, holistisk innehållsanalys, kategorisk innehållsanalys, och kritisk narrativ analys. Poetisk representation användes för att presenterar delar av resultatet. Resultatet visade att idrottarna upplevde deras tränare olika i olika steg i deras karriär. De upplevde relationen mellan idrottare och tränare som dynamisk i sin struktur. Slutligen kunde deras mest inflytelserikaste tränare hittas i utvecklingssteget i deras karriär och tränaren var viktig för dem på olika sätt. Resultaten diskuterades i förhållande till teoretiskt ramverka och tidigare forskning.

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2

Kinugasa, Taisuke. "Individualized assessment of conditioning for elite athletes /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18053.pdf.

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3

Southwick, Carla. "The Risk of the Female Athlete Triad in Collegiate Athletes and Non-Athletes". DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/66.

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Prior research has found the female athlete triad in both female athletes and female non-athletes. This study consisted of 192 female participants attending Utah State University with 103 collegiate athletes and 89 non-athletes. The instruments used included the EAT-26, menstrual cycle history questionnaire, osteoporosis questionnaire, and time spent in exercise questionnaire. Results from the present study found a statistically significant difference between athletes and non-athletes being at risk for the triad with female athletes having a higher percentage (4.8%, 3.4%). No statistical significant correlation was found between the risk of the triad and excessive amounts of time spent in exercise in athletes (r=.113, p=.256) and non-athletes (r=-.041, p=.706). When athletes were divided into lean and non-lean athletes statistical significance was found with non-lean (17.4%) sport athletes (χ²(1,N=103)=83.971, p<.01) having a higher overall percentage of being at risk of the triad compared to the athletes involved in lean (5%) sports.

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4

Wildman, Jonathan C. "The athlete leader role : interaction of gender, sport type, and coaching style /". Access full text online:, 2006. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5486:1.

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5

Valbuena, Michele Joan Dalman. "A study of athlete engagement, athlete identity and individualism: Collectivism cultural behaviours among Filipino Athletes compared with US American Athletes". Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/183d71286aee9bc543927153bf592a762f7d8254e9459adcbbee0d57884b6eca/1404685/Valbuena_2015_Study_of_athlete_engagement_athlete_identity.pdf.

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The focus of this study is the Filipino athlete, how they engage with their sport and the influence in this process of their cultural background and the way in which they construct their personal identity as athletes. These aspects are further studied in comparison with a sample of their US American counterparts. Athlete Engagement (AE) is a fairly new concept in sport psychology. It has been developed from the concept of employee engagement in industrial/organizational psychology where it was operationalised with the dimensions of vigour, dedication and absorption (Hakanen, Schaufeli & Aloha, 2008). Similar dimensions were explored in the first two research studies on AE by Lonsdale, Hodge and Raedeke (2007) and Lonsdale, Hodge and Jackson (2007). AE has been found to be “a persistent, positive, cognitive-affective experience in sport characterized by confidence, dedication and vigour” (2007, p.451). The first study in the present enquiry surveyed 70 Filipino and 62 US American athletes. AE was explored in relation to the athletic identity and the individualism- collectivism cultural behaviours of these athletes. AE was measured through the use of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ); athletic identity was measured through the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-Plus (AIMS-Plus); and individualism- collectivism cultural behaviours were measured through the Auckland Individualism Collectivism Scale (AICS). No differences were found between the levels of global AE reported for the two national groups (p=.489). However at the level of the subscales the US sample engaged with greater confidence (p=.014) and dedication (p=.001) whereas the Filipino group engaged with more vigor (p=.023) and enthusiasm (p=.044). There was no difference found between the two groups for their individualist behaviours (p=.236) or the strength of their athletic identities (p=.739). It was therefore concluded on the basis of these findings that, regardless of their national cultural background, athletes were primarily individualistic and had high levels of athletic identity. The second study sought to explore these differences further through the use of qualitative techniques. Following the model applied by Lonsdale, Hodge and Raedeke (2007) with a sample of New Zealand athletes, the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method was used to gather information from 10 Filipino and 10 US American athletes. It was found that although both samples experienced the same engagement dimensions, their experiences were also strongly influenced by their cultural orientation identified as spirituality' among the Filipinos and 'character' among the US American athletes. Both spirituality and character were initially considered as AE dimensions before being interpreted as moderating variables. The third study examined differences in the way that athletes engage at two different points in the same season, namely before and after a major competition. Filipino (n=26) and US American athletes (n=l 8) from two university elite soccer teams were the subjects. Surveys were conducted two weeks before their major tournament and two weeks following. Two-way ANOVA with level of AE as the dependent variable, showed no main effect for time (p=.990) but a significant main effect for nationality (p=.013). The US athletes reported significantly higher levels of engagement both before and after the competition. There were no interactions observed (p=.243). Stepwise regression analysis showed that for the US American athletes a model with AI as a significant variable (p<.001; p=.013) was able to significantly predict AE both at the pre- competition stage (R square = .554) and at the post- competition stage (R square=.559) . For the Filipino samples a model containing both individualism (p=.001) and collectivism (p=.017) strongly predicted engagement at the pre- competition stage (R square=.637), whereas at the post competition stage a model (R square=.585) containing only the variable AI (p<.000) provided the best prediction of engagement. It was concluded that the explanation for these differences lay in the interaction of national cultural characteristics with the specific socio-environmental circumstances experienced by the athletes themselves. It is concluded from this program of studies that the concept of AI has relevance in enhancing AE even where cultural and socio-economic circumstances might provide obstacles to optimal achievement in sport. As such awareness of this is important for athletes, coaches, trainers and sport psychologists in collectivist cultures as they work together to create and implement training programs for athletes to help them perform at the optimal level.

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6

Johnson, Joshua Spencer. "Differences in male and female athletes and their perceptions of an ideal coach with respect to locus of control, competitiveness, goal-orientation and win-orientation". Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003johnsonj.pdf.

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7

Zhang, Yang Sunny. "Professional wushu athletes| Potential athletic/personal dissonance". Thesis, San Jose State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1568016.

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The success of Chinese professional athletes is attributable to the government-run elite sport system; it is seen as one of the most effective and successful systems at nurturing high-skilled athletes. However, within the Chinese professional sport system, tensions between athletes' athletic skills and overall personal development have been widely documented. Among all studies, very few have employed in-depth interviews with professional wushu athletes. In this study, the researcher utilized in-depth semi-structured interviews with professional wushu athletes from three of the 25 professional wushu teams in mainland China. The study was conducted in order to understand the potential conflicts between athletes' athletic skills development and overall personal development. Findings revealed that athletes bear the training at great cost to their future potential as self-sufficient members of Chinese society. Their academic, social, and vocational skills are subject to deep neglect that negatively impacts their post-competition careers. The system considers investment in preparation for the post-competitive lives of the athletes to be a distraction from, or even an impediment to, their success in competition. It is suggested that the Chinese sport system undertake a review and reformation of its approach to wushu training to provide athletes with the skills needed to successfully navigate a life outside of athletics.

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8

Gouw, Patrick. "Griekse atleten in de Romeinse keizertijd (31 v. Chr. - 400 n. Chr.)". Amsterdam : Vossiuspers UvA, 2009. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10363470.

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9

Malekos, Andrea. "The use of dietary supplements among elite national athletes, varsity athletes and non-athletic university students". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ49640.pdf.

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10

Armenth-Brothers, Francine R. "Freshmen athletes' perceptions of adjustment to intercollegiate athletics". Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941365.

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The purposes of this study were to determine the adjustment of freshman athletes to intercollegiate athletics and to determine the validity of the Perceptions of Adjustment to Sports Questionnaire (PASQ), which was created for this research. The results of a pilot study that included 62 freshman intercollegiate athletes indicated that Rule 48 status, time of season, residence, interscholastic athletic experience, team cohesion, and revenue do not influence the adjustment of freshman athletes to intercollegiate sports (p < .05). Twelve panelists also rated the construct validity of the PASQ in a three-round Delphi study. The final version of the PASQ resulted in a 69-item, 8 sub scale instrument that measures freshman adjustment to intercollegiate athletics; however, additional research needs to be conducted to confirm its validity. Possible uses of the PASQ are to provide a foundation for counseling freshman intercollegiate athletes and to recognize freshman athletes at risk for psychiatric and physical health problems.
School of Physical Education

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11

Scroggs, Jane Alexander. "Faculty attitudes toward intercollegiate athletics and student athletes". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44084.

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Throughout history men have been divided into groups, and attitudes have often been formed according to these groups. This study examined the attitudes of faculty members, as a group, toward intercollegiate athletics and student athletes. Three concepts were used to analyze the data. First, Rokeach's idea of attitudes-toward-an-object verses attitudes-toward-a-situation was utilized. Second, Allport's Contact Hypothesis was tested. Third, Sumner's notion of the in-group was incorporated. Types of analysis used were Chi square, regression, and Pearson r correlation. The analysis revealed several interesting things. The initial finding was that faculty members were unable to distinguish between the object (student athletes) and the situation (intercollegiate athletics) in terms of their attitudes. Other results indicated that the experience of attending athletic events was the best predictor of attitudes. Those subjects who attended games frequently had less negative, or slightly more positive, attitudes than other subjects. It was also found that subjects, other than the avid spectators, had very little variance in their attitudes. The results of this study have important implications for defining the role of intercollegiate athletics in the university setting.
Master of Science

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12

Tudor, Margaret L. "Predicting Student Athletes' Motivation Towards Academics and Athletics". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1399995628.

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13

Bolger, Claire. "The adverse consequences of increased ventilation in athletes effect of age and environment /". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=61321.

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14

Davenport, Patricia Lynne. "The moral reasoning of student athletes and athletic training students : describing the relationship between athletics and higher education". Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/p_davenport_050307.pdf.

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15

Vollenhoven, Tarryn. "The psychological effects of the athlete-coach relationship on performance: The lived experiences of female university athletes". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6862.

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Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES)
Coaches have been found to have a remarkable influence on the physical and psychological development on their athletes and that their main responsibility is to help their athletes perform at their maximum level and reach goals that they could not attain on their own. Coaches are responsible for developing athletes’ mental, physical, technical, and tactical abilities, and in addition to all of these responsibilities, they are also expected to win. The coach-athlete relationship can thus be regarded as the conveying of technical skills and mentoring from coach to athlete. Despite the responsibilities of a coach, the athlete-coach relationship is fundamental in the process of coaching because its nature is likely to determine the athlete’s satisfaction, self-esteem and performance accomplishments. The aim of this study was to investigate female university track and field athletes’ lived experiences within the athlete-coach relationship to gather psychological effects relating to performance. The objectives were to explore the lived experiences of female university athletes within the athlete-coach relationship, investigate the psychological effects, and explore the impact it has on performance within the athlete-coach relationship. The researcher adopted the qualitative research method approach using the phenomenology design to explore and obtain a better understanding into the psychological effects of the athlete-coach relationship on an athletes’ performance. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Following the interviews, all data was analyzed using the 3+1C’s conceptualized model as the theoretical framework. This model was used as it defines the coach-athlete relationship as a situation in which coaches and athletes’ closeness, commitment, and complementarity are co-orientated. The 3+1C’s model explored the athlete-coach relationship from the athlete’s perspective which elicited positive and negative psychological and performance effects within the athlete-coach dyad. The research findings of this thesis it can be concluded that the behaviours of coaches have an influence on female athletes’ psychological state as well as performance; and found that when coaches and athletes work together to achieve goals the relationship is more likely to be successful and the athlete is more likely to achieve goals. Furthermore it was concluded that affective emotional feelings of female University athletes are important in developing an effective athlete-coach relationship and facilitating positive psychological effects.

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16

Grigsby, Alan V. "Men on the Edge: A Qualitative Investigation of Marginality, Stress, and Social Support among Black Male Student-Athletes at a Predominantly White University". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1343418172.

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17

Newell, Emily Marie. "The International Student-Athlete Transition to College: Identifying Struggles and Suggestions for Support". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460977855.

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18

Galante, Marina E. "COMPARING DRUNKOREXIA ACROSS ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1436474880.

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19

Ludewig, Annika Beatrice. "THE PERCEPTIONS OF ATHLETES AND ATHLETIC TRAINERS ON THE MOTIVATION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT OF INJURED ATHLETES DURING REHABILITATION". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1180636302.

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20

Barnes, Kelly A. "NCAA Division I Athletes Preferences for Coaching Behaviors". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4438/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether coaching behavior preferences of NCAA Division I athletes differ as a function of gender and type of sport. The Coaching Behavior Questionnare (CBQ; Martin & Barnes, 1999) was administered to 195 NCAA Division I athletes. Gender and sport type were the independent variables and the participant's mean scores for the subscales on the CBQ were the dependent variables. Descriptive statistics revealed that, overall, NCAA Division I athletes prefer positive and instructional behaviors more than non-responses or negative behaviors. A 2 (gender) x 3 (type of sport) MANOVA and follow-up discriminant function analysis indicated that coaching behavior preferences differed as a function of gender and type of sport played. Thus, NCAA Division I coaches should consider both individual and situational characteristics when working with their athletes to achieve the desired outcome.

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21

Leonard, Alyssa L. "A comparative study student-athletes' and non-student athletes' attitudes regarding the influence of the school counselor/athletic coach /". Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009leonarda.pdf.

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22

Olympiou, Alkistis. "Athletes' perceptions of the motivational climate and the coach-athlete relationship". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7816.

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This thesis attempted to develop a clearer understanding of the social environment surrounding the athlete and the coach in the team sport context. To that end, achievement goal theory served as the main framework of the social environment's interpretation and was studied in relation to the newly developed coach-athlete relationship conceptualisation. The representative frameworks and conceptualisations introducing these two concepts were discussed in Chapter II, along with a review of the relevant literature in the domain of sport. Specifically, the association between athletes' perceptions of the motivational climate created by the coach and athletes' perceptions of the coach-athleter elationship in terms of Closeness, Commitment, and Complementarity, was examined in Study 1, which comprised Chapter III. Results from canonical correlational analysis showed that athletes' perceptions of a task-involving motivational climate were positively associated with high scores on the Closeness, Commitment, and Complementarity elements. Athletes' perceptions of an ego-involving climate were negatively associated with the Closeness, Commitment, and Complementarity elements. These associations were studied at one point in time, with a cross-sectional design. The second study, which comprised Chapter IV, extended Study 1, in investigating these associations across a nine-month academic period. Results from the Latent Growth modelling analysis showed that specific aspects of the task- and ego-involving climate and specific elements of the coach-athlete relationship changed linearly across time, whereas other remained stable. Moreover, it was shown that athletes' perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship predicted later change in athletes' perception of ego-involving climate, supporting the association between these constructs across time. The consistent association between perceptions of the motivational climate and the coach-athlete relationship provided the basis for examining their effects on potential cognitive, affective and behavioural outcomes through comparative models, in Study 3, which comprised Chapter V. The third study's unique contribution lies in the examination of the mechanisms through which such effects took place. Results from Structural Equation modelling analysis showed that both, perceptions of the motivational climate and the coach-athlete relationship predicted, through the satisfaction of the basic needs, substantial variation in athletes' motivation, role ambiguity, satisfaction, and performance. Collective results of all the studies, limitations, future directions and implications are discussed in Chapter VI. The intention of this thesis has been to extend past work on the study of the athletic social environment. An amalgamation and incorporation of motivational theories and a relationship conceptualisation was assumed to aid in a better and more holistic understanding of the athletes' experience of the social sporting context.

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23

Kang, Boung Jin. "A comparison of preferred coaching leadership behaviors in selected sports by United States and Korean collegiate athletes". Virtual Press, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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24

Miller, Patricia Sharron. "Student-athletes' perceptions of psychosocial development through intercollegiate athletic participation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53672.pdf.

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25

Lubker, John R. "College adjustment experiences of first-year students retired athletes, non-athletes, and current varsity athletes /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4555.

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26

Akers, Allen (Roy Allen). "Muscular Differences Between Female Power and Endurance Athletes". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277604/.

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27

Webster, Carrie Lennon. "The Effect of Scholarship Support, Gender, and Sport Type on Retention of Collegiate Student-Athletes". Available to VCU users online at:, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1953.

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28

Paterson, Gareth. "Visual-motor response times in athletes and non-athletes". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4346.

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Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in mean VMRT between top-level men and women participating in selected ball sports compared to either a normative sample or to a non-athlete sample. VMRT was measured using a new 40-light protocol on the Sport Vision Trainer (SVT). The SVT is a board consisting 80 circular lights controlled by a computer program. The SVT is designed to test visual-motor response time in participants. Data from top-level ball sport players were collected for both men (rugby and cricket) and women (netball and hockey). No significant differences in VMRT were found between the rugby players (n=24) and either the normal sample (n=81) or the non-athlete men (n=24). No significant difference in VMRT were found between the cricket players (n=10) and the non-athlete men. However, the cricket players were found to have significantly slower VMRT than the normal sample of men (n=81). No significant differences in VMRT were found between the netball players (n=19), the hockey players (n=14) and either the normal sample of women (n=84) or the non-athlete women (n=26). The conclusions drawn from this study support the position that VMRT may not be a key performance indicator in top-level ball sport performance and that the expert advantage may be located in other variables, such as anticipation and visual search.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om the ondesoek of daar verkille was in die gemiddelde visuele-motoriese reaksie tyd (VMRT) tussen top-vlak bal sport atlete en òf „n normale steekproef òf „n steekproef van nie-atlete. VMRT was gemeet met „ nuwe 40-lig protokol op die Sport Vision Trainer. Inligting van die top-vlak bal sport atlete was ingesamel vir beide mans (rugby en krieket) en dames (netabl en hokkkie) Geen statisties beduidende verskille was gevind vir VMRT tussen die rugby spelers (n=24) en beide van die normale (n=81) of nie-atleet mans steekproef (n=24). Geen statisties beduidende verskille was gevind tussen die krieket spelers (n=10) en die nie-atleet mans nie. Alhoewel die krieket spelers het „n statistie beduidende stadiger VMRT as die normale steekproef mans gehad (n=81). Geen beduidende verskille in VMRT was gevind tussen die netbal spelers (n=19), die hokkie spelers (n=14) en beide van die normale steekproef dames (n=84) of die nie-atletiese dames nie (n=26). Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word uit die studie ondersteun die standpunt dat VMRT nie „n sleutel prestasie voorspeller in top-vlak bal sportsport prestasie is nie en dat die topvlak speler voordeel deur ander visuele veranderlikes soos antispiasie en “visual search” ondersoek kan word.

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Elasky, Megan E. "Athletic identity and its relation to life satisfaction comparing Division-I and Division-III athletes and gender /". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1154543424.

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30

Ensign, Kristine A. "Heterosexual athletic trainers' attitudes toward lesbian, gay men, and bisexual athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association". Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1240533725.

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31

Albinson, Courtney Brooks. "Athletic Trainers and Psychological Disorders Among Athletes: An Examination of Their Abilities to Recognize, Diagnose and Intervene". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5483/.

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Utilizing an analogue research design conducted via the Internet, this study assessed athletic trainers' abilities to recognize, diagnose, and intervene with a hypothetical athlete experiencing depression, and examined the impact of their gender, athlete gender, and athlete's presenting problem on their decisions. Athletic trainers' perceived competency in using psychosocial interventions with athletes, history of referring athletes to psychology professionals, and training backgrounds in psychology also were examined. Participants (270 male and 370 female certified athletic trainers) were randomly assigned to one of six conditions (Athlete Gender X Presenting Problem). After reading the appropriate vignette, they completed questions related to the athlete's psychological symptoms and diagnosis, referral recommendations, and use of psychosocial interventions if working with the athlete. The vignettes were identical except for the athlete's gender and problem. Overall, athletic trainers accurately identified the athlete's depressive symptoms/diagnosis and need for psychological referral. They rated the athlete significantly higher in Depressive Symptoms than in Anger/Agitation Symptoms and Compulsive Behavioral Symptoms, and as more likely to be experiencing a depressive disorder compared to an adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, or substance abuse disorder. Female athletic trainers provided significantly higher ratings of Depressive Symptoms than males and the injured athlete was rated significantly higher in Anger/Agitation than the performance problem athlete. Diagnosis ratings were not influenced by athlete gender, athletic trainer gender, or type of problem. Athletic trainers were most likely to refer the athlete to a psychology professional compared to an allied health professional, treating the athlete themselves, or doing nothing. Presenting problem significantly impacted referral recommendations. If treating the athlete themselves, athletic trainers were significantly more likely to use supportive interventions than cognitive-behavioral techniques; they felt significantly more competent in providing supportive interventions. Competency in both interventions was significantly enhanced if athletic trainers completed psychology coursework. Findings suggest that athletic trainers are able to accurately identify and intervene with athletes experiencing psychological problems.

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32

Pappas, George Demetrios. "Perceptions of Coaching Behavior, Seasonal Performance Success, and Quality of Life: Assessing Relationships Over the Course of a Season". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1091752262.

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33

Halbert, Sarah Anne. "Exploring the relationship between athletic injury and coaching behavior". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1185396703.

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34

Burden, Sharon. "Transition experiences following involvement in an elite athlete residential program ̜/". View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030325.173337/index.html.

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35

Harris, Brian L. "Perceived social support from strength coaches among injured student-athletes". Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1398715.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of perceived social support reported among student-athletes from their strength coach (SC) during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Data from (n = 82) participants were utilized in this study from 6 Division I Universities in the Midwest region of the United States. Each participant reported being injured for a minimum of 5 consecutive days or more. Participants were administered a survey packet consisting of; 1 demographic form, 2 consent forms, and 3 social support survey forms consisting of 6 types of social support measured on a 5 point Likert scale. The 6 types of social support assessed included; listening support, task appreciation, task challenge, emotional support, emotional challenge, and reality confirmation.AChi-Square Test was employed to assess the injured student-athlete's level of perceived social support received from their SC's during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Results showed that SC's have a significant psychosocial impact on a student-athletes overall psychological well-being during reconditioning. In conjunctionwith similar research, listening support, task appreciation, task challenge, and reality confirmation showed to be reported most frequent among student-athletes as needed or expected and most salient for their overall mental well-being during reconditioning.Among genders both male and female participants reported expecting and/or needing task challenge and reality confirmation from their SC's in addition, both male and female participants also reported task challenge and reality confirmation as the types of social support received from their SC's that was most important for their overall psychological well-being during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation. Furthermore, emotional challenge was reported the least overall among participants and among genders.This study provided sufficient evidence of the important psychosocial role that SC's can play during the later reconditioning stage of rehabilitation to injured student-athletes. Furthermore, the results of this study support other similar studies which also assessed the psychological impact of social support provided by the athletic trainer (AT) which was reported among student-athletes during rehabilitation.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

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36

Kravig, Seth Dayton. "Coaching Behavior Preferences of Interscholastic Athletes". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4200/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether coaching behavior preferences of interscholastic athletes differ as a function of gender and type of sport. The Coaching Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Martin & Barnes, 1999) was administered to 372 interscholastic athletes. The mean scores of the participants' responses to each subscale on the CBQ were the dependent variables and gender and type of sport were the independent variables. Descriptive statistics revealed that female and male interscholastic athletes who perform on coactive, mixed, and interactive sport teams preferred coaches who engage in supportive and instructional behaviors, as opposed to non-responses or negative responses. A 2 (Gender) X 3 (Type of Sport) MANOVA and discriminant function analyses indicated that gender and the degree of interdependency between group members affects preferred coaching behavior. Thus, coaches should consider situational factors and personal characteristics when working with interscholastic athletes.

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37

Swanton, Deborah Lynne. "College athletic trainers and nutrition education: a vital link for athletes". Thesis, Boston University, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/33568.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Athletes are striving to achieve an edge over their opponents. Instead of focusing on dietary practices to enhance their performance, athletes often resort to supplements. Creatine is one of the most common supplements used by athletes. Inconsistencies exist in the literature regarding recommended dosage, benefits, and short and long-term health consequences of creatine supplementation. In addition, athletes are bombarded with inaccurate information concerning proper nutritional practices. Athletic trainers are educated in nutrition and are expected to play a role in educating athletes regarding their dietary habits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods athletic trainers use to educate athletes in nutrition, to determine what methods they believe are most effective, and to reveal athletic trainers' attitudes and beliefs regarding creatine supplementation. The subjects consisted of athletic trainers from 52 out of 118 colleges and universities in New England for a 44% institutional return rate. Eighty-one athletic trainers participated in the study. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a survey and interviews. Athletic directors provided additional information to corroborate athletic trainers' responses. Athletic directors from 66 schools out of 118 in New England responded to a questionnaire for a 56% return rate. Findings indicate athletic trainers believe they are responsible for nutrition education and they have the ability to influence athletes. The most used educational methods identified were individual meetings, handouts, and team meetings. Athletic trainers rated individual meetings, guest speakers, and lectures by the athletic training staff as the most effective educational strategies. Findings suggest educational efforts are minimal and inconsistent within and between institutions. Athletic trainers believe they are ineffective and inadequate in educating athletes. The primary reasons cited for their ineffectiveness are "time" and "lack of staff." Other major findings indicate athletic trainers do not support the use of creatine by athletes and are in support of the NCAA ban on creatine distribution by member institutions. Qualitative analysis exposed a number of issues surrounding creatine supplement use by athletes and the NCAA ban on creatine distribution.
2031-01-01

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38

Lewis, Matthew David. "TRAINING STRATEGIES AND MOVEMENT ASSESSMENTS IN ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/17.

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This dissertation is composed of three manuscripts based on two studies related to training and assessment methods used to evaluate change and overall quality in measures of performance, postural control, and functional movement. Study one evaluated the effect of sand training on athletic performance and postural control. Study two investigated the effect of scoring strata of the deep squat (DS) component of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) on the weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT), Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and Lateral Flexion Test (LFT) in 101 male and female college students. Study one results included significant overall improvements of the five repetition maximum (5RM) squat (p=0.002), and WBLT (p Study two results indicated that limited dorsiflexion will lead to a reduction in DS performance and asymmetry of performance on the LFT may result in further movement limitations. Subjects scoring a one or two on the deep squat performed significantly lower (p

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39

Norris, Maxwell R. "An analysis of coaching dimensions and their impact on athlete motivation and affective learning". CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1569023.

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This study examined the relationship between coaching behaviors and traits and their impact on athlete motivation and affective learning in a collegiate coactive team setting. By conducting in-depth interviews with NCAA Division I men’s tennis players at a Midwestern, mid-sized University it was discovered that Coach Craig Keller’si credibility and caring behaviors had the most salient impact on athlete intrinsic motivation, his use of mild verbal aggression and his career record had the most salient impact on athlete extrinsic motivation, and his extreme verbal aggression and lack of feedback/praise significantly decreased their levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Moreover, the athletes noted that Coach’s credibility and caring behaviors increased their levels of affective learning, his will to win and desire to be professional increased affective learning through trait modeling, and his inability to follow through with claims decreased their affective learning. The most significant finding was that Coach’s dynamic leadership had the most positive impact on player intrinsic motivation while his mild verbal aggression had the most positive impact on player extrinsic motivation. However, it was discovered that this type of leadership ceased being motivational when the sentiment of the messages became negative and singled out individual players.
Department of Speech Communication

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40

Hayden, Dorothy L. "Female and Male Athletic Coaches and Female High School Athletes Perception of Sexual Harassment and the Incidence among Female High School Athletes". Diss., Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/115.

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Degree awarded (2003): EdDC, Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University
This study was designed to examine the perception and incidence of sexual harassment and determine the incidence of sexual harassment in relation to girls participating in high school athletics. The similarities and differences of interpretation of various interactions between high school athletes with their male and female athletic coaches were examined. This study also investigated the actual incidence of sexual harassment by male and female high school athletic coaches as reported by female athletes.

The study population included male and female athletic coaches currently coaching a female high school athletic team and female college students who participated in high school athletics.

This researcher, in order to accommodate the study population and research questions, adapted the Sexual Harassment Survey (1995) by Margery J. Holman, Ph.D. Female student athletes and male and female coaches responded to survey questions on demographics and their perceptions and understanding of described behaviors. The student athletes completed an additional section of the survey pertaining to their experience of sexual harassment.

Descriptive statistics (including frequencies and percentages as well as means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (One-Way Analysis of Variance with a Scheffe test of significance) were used to analyze the data.

A comparison of the responses of all three groups (female athletes, male coaches and female coaches) to questions pertaining to perceptions of sexual harassment indicated agreement among the groups in the identification of inappropriate behaviors. However, there was a significant difference in the level of agreement for seven described behaviors. In general, male and female coaches agreed with each other more often than with female athletes when identifying the behaviors associated with sexual harassment. The investigation of incidence indicated that female athletes experienced more behaviors associated with sexual harassment from male coaches than from female coaches. Understanding that the same behaviors were identified by female athletes, male coaches and female coaches, it can be concluded that inappropriate behavior was consistently identified, but the identification of sexual harassment does not necessarily diminish the incidence of sexual harassment.

Advisory Committee: Dr. Lori Lefcourt, Dr. Chris Erickson, Dr. Patricia Sullivan, Dr. Janet C. Heddesheimer, Dr. Donald C. Linkowski (Chair)

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41

Atwater, Christopher. "Faculty Attitudes towards College Athletics and the Academic Competency of Student-Athletes at a NCAA Division-I Institution". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2331.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine faculty attitudes towards the role of college athletics and the academic competency of student-athletes at a NCAA Division-I Institution. By analyzing faculty attitudes, this study contributes to a better understanding of factors associated with how educators view athletics in higher education and how they develop their attitudes towards student-athletes from an academic perspective. Though prior research indicates quantitatively that faculty possess distinct views of these concepts, there was a gap between measured attitudes and known factors that contribute to these attitudes. By analyzing both quantitative and qualitative results, this investigation advanced the knowledge base of what factors, themes and trends exist in relation to faculty attitudes towards college athletics and the academic competency of student-athletes. Furthermore, by identifying relevant factors, this study may serve future practitioners by helping them hone techniques for successful and perceived change of the college experience for student-athletes in higher education.

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42

Wulfsberg, Cal Douglas. "College athletic department administrators' attitudes toward college student athletes and their academic and athletic success". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184831.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of college athletic department administrators (athletic directors, faculty representatives, football coaches, and basketball coaches) toward the athletic and academic achievement of student athletes and to compare administrators' perceptions with those of student athletes (NCAA, 1988). The review of literature discussed the history and development of the NCAA, college admission predictors, standardized tests, involvement of high schools in academic preparation of student athletes, and the NCAA legislation of Propositions 48 and 42. Additionally, programs which satisfy the needs and validate the credibility of student athletes and educational institutions are suggested. A questionnaire was designed to measure the attitudes of college athletic department administrators toward the academic and athletic accomplishments of student athletes. The results were then compared to a similar study completed by the NCAA (1988) on student athletes' attitudes toward these issues. The findings revealed significant group differences among athletic directors, faculty representatives, football coaches, and basketball coaches and significant comparative differences between the two studies. The data indicated that the responses of athletic directors and faculty representatives were often similar, as were those of football and basketball coaches. On questions that supported academics, athletic directors and faculty representatives were much more sympathetic than coaches. When the question promoted athletic concepts, coaches were more supportive than athletic directors or faculty representatives. When an issue involved both academics and athletics, the gap was reduced but athletic directors and faculty representatives showed stronger support than coaches. Comparison of the two studies confirmed strong opposition by athletes to questions on athletic eligibility. Student athletes were consistently negative on any issue threatening their eligibility, whereas athletic department administrators were generally supportive. When academic questions were addressed, student athletes were supportive though not as positive in their responses as athletic department administrators. Many of the responses and comparisons were anticipated and emulated recent research.

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43

Akar, Aytug. "Transformational And Transactional Leadership Characteristics Of Intercollegiate Athletes And Non-athletes". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612220/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERCOLLAGIATE ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES M.S.Physical Education and Sports Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Settar KOÇ
AK June 2010, 64 Pages The main purpose of this study was to examine the transformational and transactional leadership characteristics of intercollegiate athletes and non athletes. The second purpose was to compare transformational and transactional leadership characteristics in athletes and non-athletes. In this study, 152 subjects were selected from seven different universities. Data was collected through Turkish version of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) - Leader Form (Form 5X-Short). Quantitative statistical analyses using SPSS confirmed the study'
s first and second hypothesis through and independent samples t-test that the intercollegiate athletes scored statistically higher on the MLQ (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire) 5X-Short than the non-athlete university students. MLQ 5X-Short scores were subjected to t-test using the athlete2s gender, sport activity, team membership, weekly exercise days, exercise in yearly based time. The test variables were transformational and transactional leadership behaviors and subscales of them, the grouping variables were intercollegiate athletes and non-athletes. Two out of three Leadership behaviors were statistically significant when comparing intercollegiate athletes and non athletes.

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44

Scott, Adrienne S. "Comparison of respiratory sinus arrhythmia integration in athletes and non-athletes". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33924.

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A comparison of heart rate viability and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) characteristics was performed in 20 athletes and 12 age-matched sedentary controls (CTRL) (22 +/- 2.4 yrs). More specifically, this study examined the role of regular physical activity on the breathing frequency (BF)---RSA amplitude response curve comparing varsity swimmers (SW) to endurance runners (RU) to test the hypothesis that a locomotor-respiratory entrainment resulting from the water-immersion breathing pattern of swimmers would alter their respiratory related cardiac vagal integrative response. Spectral power components of HRV were computed from R-R interval sequences. Five-minute recordings were performed with subjects breathing either at their spontaneous breathing rate, at four breathing cycles less (M4) and four cycles more (P4) than spontaneous. Amplitude and phase of RSA were computed from the sinusoid fitted to the instantaneous heart rate within each breath while the gain of the RSA response was obtained from the slope of the RSA amplitude versus BF. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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45

Burden, S. A., University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College e School of Psychology. "Transition experiences following involvement in an elite athlete residential program". THESIS_CAESS_PSY_Burden_S.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/424.

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The aims of this thesis were to determine the relationship between transition model variables and athlete reactions to the transition event, the incidence of positive versus negative reactions to the event, identifications of variables that assisted or hindered the adaptation process, and the usefulness of the revised model for investigating a transition event. The study was conducted using a sample of adolescent athletes who participated in the residential program at the Australian Institute of Sport during the years 1993 to 1997. The findings highlighted areas for future consideration in research and development of transition programs for institutional settings
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Psychology)

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46

DeRosa, Christina Michelle. "Screening and Prevention of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Endurance Athletes". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605120.

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Background: The American College of Sports Medicine defines the female athlete triad (FAT) as interrelated components of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. High school athletes have likely not experienced a lengthy duration of exposure to disordered eating, amenorrhea, and low bone density compared to older athletes because of their young age; the purpose for screening and creating awareness is to educate before negative consequences reach full effect later in life and running career. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to screen high school distance runners for awareness and baseline knowledge of the components of FAT. Methods: Four surveys submitted to high school female athletes assessing FAT knowledge, a questionnaire assessing triad risk factors, calcium intake, and demographic information. Results: Significant findings include faster 5k times with a body mass index (BMI) under 18.5 mg/kg², increased calcium intake correlated with positive awareness to the FAT, and a higher FAT knowledge score correlating with triad awareness. Conclusion: The results from this study did not show a relationship between BMI and menstrual history, 5k time and menstrual history, and BMI and calcium intake. All of the athletes' responses indicated having one or more components of the triad. Education of the components of the triad is needed in high schools, and screening should be incorporated into preparticipation health physicals so as to ensure athletes minimize their risks for stress fractures and impaired bone health.

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Day, Jennifer. "Identifying and Reducing Risk of the Female Athlete Triad in Division 1 Athletes". DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5031.

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Abstract (sommario):

Physically active females, or female athletes, are at risk for the condition knownas the female athlete triad (Triad). The Triad is made up of three components that are distinctly separate, but intertwined: consuming inadequate energy for how much they are exercising, poor bone health, and problems with their menstrual periods. When female athletes don’t consume enough energy for how much they exercise, there can be hormonal imbalances, causing the body to conserve energy from some important functions including menstruation, and increased bone turnover resulting in a higher risk of stress fractures and early osteoporosis. Female athletes at risk for the Triad have ahigher risk of being injured, and don’t have the energy that they need to perform physically. To combat the Triad, we performed assessments to see how many female athletes were at risk for the Triad in Division I female athletes, and were surprised at the high number that were at risk for the Triad. We provided nutrition information and interventions aimed to decrease female athlete’s risk for the Triad. We also developed anew, quick method for female athletes, or busy individuals, to track their diet using the video feature on their cell phones. The benefits of providing nutrition information to the female athletes included: increasing their knowledge about the Triad, and things that they could do to prevent the Triad. The interventions did cause behavior change in some female athletes to increase how much energy they were consuming, decreasing their risk for the Triad.

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Wilks, Desiree Cristin. "Effects of age and athletic specialisation upon bone strength in master athletes". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484821.

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Bones are a fundamental element of the musculoskeletal system with complex tasks. They need to be lightweight to allow effective locomotion, but also strong enough to resist external forces of often several times body weight. This is possible due to the combination of unique material characteristics and a structure that adjusts to changing requirements. However, bone mass is generally proposed to decrease with age, contributing to an enhanced fracture incidence, which is strongly associated with morbidity, mortality and rising health care costs. The understanding of the bones' adaptation to mechanical forces is vital to preserve good bone health into old age and thus to prevent Osteoporosis the most common skeletal disorder. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the adaptation of the middle aged and the elderly skeleton to various types of mechanical loading of differing magnitudes, and to evaluate the etiology of the age-related loss of bone mass and strength in the context of strenuous long-term exercise. Altogether 448 participants were involved in the study. The cross-sectional comparisons of bone mass and strength between athletes of differing disciplines and controls showed that differences at the mechanically loaded tibia increased systematically as the discipline specific speed decreased, i.e. greatest differences were found between sprinters and controls amounting to -12% in males and to -20% in females. In the radius no group differences of bone measures were observed, except for sprint cyclists,who had larger bone mass and strength than the controls. Age dependencies considered primarily structural shaft measures of both the radius and the tibia of track and field athletes, whereas fewer correlations were found in either the controls or the cyclists. The correlations appeared to be stronger if the values were larger at young age (40 yrs), i.e. in the tibia of sprint runners. Also, they were stronger and more systematic in females than in males. In co~clusion, mechanical loading was positively associated with bone strength in the middle aged and elderly study participants. The reduction in athletic performance with age may be associated with the observed loss in tibial bone strength in the athletes but not the controls, because maintenance of bone strength 'is dependent on the exposure to mechanical loading in both athletes and non-athletes. The stronger age correlations in the radius compared to the tibia imply a protective effect of exercise against an age related loss in bone mass and strength. Larger athlete vs. control group differences along with stronger age correlations in females as opposed to males suggest a gender specific response to mechanical loading.

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Silberman, Lauren (Lauren Beth). "Double play : athletes' use of sport video games to enhance athletic performance". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59733.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, February 2010.
"October 2009." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-94).
A design feature of contemporary sport video games allows elite athletes to play as themselves in life-like representations of actual sporting events. The relation between playing sport video games and actual physical performance has not yet been established. Drawing on data from interviews and observations of elite athletes playing sport video games, this thesis explores why elite athletes are playing these video games as their virtual selves, and establishes a framework for understanding how this play may enhance learning opportunities. Building on theories based in the disciplines of psychoanalysis, education, and neuroscience, this thesis argues that virtual play by athletes playing as themselves in sport video games has the potential to support and encourage physical performance.
by Lauren Silberman.
S.M.

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Bevins, Lia M. "Navigating the Athletic Terrain for Transgender Athletes: Identity, Policy, and the Future". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3817.

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Transgender athletes face scrutiny because they do not fit within the traditional and constructed bounds of male and female. The objective of this study was to discover how to provide advocacy to this marginalized population amidst discriminating policies and transphobic environments. The research included a survey of high school coaches from thirty schools throughout Tennessee along with interviews with five transgender athletes from across the United States. All five athletes reported that leaders were the most impactful allies in their lives and can be the main sources of advocacy for transgender athletes. Survey findings showed that not every coach throughout Tennessee will accept transgender athletes but in each region of Tennessee some coaches claimed to support and would resist discriminatory policies. Leaders have the opportunity to pave the way for transgender athletes by providing advocacy and amplifying the voices of transgender athletes.

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