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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Astrophysics"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 novembre 2024

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1

Depalo, Rosanna. "Nuclear Astrophysics Deep Underground". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (gennaio 2018): 1860003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600030.

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Cross sections of nuclear reactions relevant for astrophysics are crucial ingredients to understand the energy generation inside stars and the synthesis of the elements. At astrophysical energies, nuclear cross sections are often too small to be measured in laboratories on the Earth surface, where the signal would be overwhelmed by the cosmic-ray induced background. LUNA is a unique Nuclear Astrophysics experiment located at Gran Sasso National Laboratories. The extremely low background achieved at LUNA allows to measure nuclear cross sections directly at the energies of astrophysical interest. Over the years, many crucial reactions involved in stellar hydrogen burning as well as Big Bang nucleosynthesis have been measured at LUNA. The present contribution provides an overview on underground Nuclear Astrophysics as well as the latest results and future perspectives of the LUNA experiment.

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2

OSTERBROCK, D. E. "An Astrophysical Concept: Accretion Power in Astrophysics." Science 233, n. 4763 (1 agosto 1986): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.233.4763.582.

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3

Longair, Malcolm, e Martin Rees. "Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge. 24 September 1925 — 26 January 2010". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 63 (gennaio 2017): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2017.0002.

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Geoffrey (Geoff) Burbidge's career spanned the tumultuous years when astronomy was transformed from a purely optical science to a multi-wavelength discipline through the development of new types of astronomy—radio, X-ray, γ -ray, cosmic ray physics. These offered new astrophysical and cosmological challenges, which he grasped with relish. To all of these disciplines, Geoff, often in collaboration with his wife Margaret Burbidge (FRS 1964), made pioneering contributions, particularly in the areas of the synthesis of the chemical elements, the physics of extragalactic radio sources, the rotation curves of galaxies, the dark matter problem in clusters of galaxies, the physics of accretion discs and the origin of cosmic rays. He also espoused less popular causes such as the non-cosmological nature of the redshifts of quasars and was sceptical about the standard Big Bang picture of the origin of the large-scale structure and dynamics of the Universe. He was a flamboyant and outspoken astrophysicist who challenged his colleagues about their deeply held views on all aspects of astrophysics and cosmology. His service to the community included five years as director of the US Kitt Peak National Observatory, based in Tucson, Arizona, and as a most effective editor of Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics for over 30 years and the Astrophysical Journal.

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4

Gyürky, György. "Challenges and Requirements in High-Precision Nuclear Astrophysics Experiments". Universe 8, n. 4 (28 marzo 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8040216.

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In the 21th century astronomical observations, as well as astrophysical models, have become impressively precise. For a better understanding of the processes in stellar interiors, the nuclear physics of astrophysical relevance—known as nuclear astrophysics—must aim for similar precision, as such precision is not reached yet in many cases. This concerns both nuclear theory and experiment. In this paper, nuclear astrophysics experiments are put in focus. Through the example of various parameters playing a role in nuclear reaction studies, the difficulties of reaching high precision and the possible solutions are discussed.

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5

Adsley, Philip. "Transfer Reactions in Nuclear Astrophysics". EPJ Web of Conferences 275 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327501001.

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Transfer reactions are important tool in nuclear astrophysics. These reactions allow us to identify states in nuclei and to find the corresponding energies, to determine if these states can contribute to astrophysical nuclear reactions and ultimately to determine the strength of that contribution. In this paper,the basic details of how transfer reactions may be used in nuclear astrophysics are set out along with some common pitfalls to avoid.

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6

Descouvemont, P. "Astrophysica for Windows: a PC software for nuclear astrophysics". Nuclear Physics A 688, n. 1-2 (maggio 2001): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(01)00786-2.

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7

EARDLEY, D. M. "Astrophysics: Relativistic Astrophysics." Science 232, n. 4751 (9 maggio 1986): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4751.778-a.

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8

Lépine-Szily, Alinka, e Pierre Descouvemont. "Nuclear astrophysics: nucleosynthesis in the Universe". International Journal of Astrobiology 11, n. 4 (9 maggio 2012): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550412000158.

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AbstractNuclear astrophysics is a relatively young science; it is about half a century old. It is a multidisciplinary subject, since it combines nuclear physics with astrophysics and observations in astronomy. It also addresses fundamental issues in astrobiology through the formation of elements, in particular those required for a carbon-based life. In this paper, a rapid overview of nucleosynthesis is given, mainly from the point of view of nuclear physics. A short historical introduction is followed by the definition of the relevant nuclear parameters, such as nuclear reaction cross sections, astrophysical S-factors, the energy range defined by the Gamow peak and reaction rates. The different astrophysical scenarios that are the sites of nucleosynthesis, and different processes, cycles and chains that are responsible for the building of complex nuclei from the elementary hydrogen nuclei are then briefly described.

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9

Bingham, R., D. C. Speirs, B. J. Kellett, I. Vorgul, S. L. McConville, R. A. Cairns, A. W. Cross, A. D. R. Phelps e K. Ronald. "Laboratory astrophysics: Investigation of planetary and astrophysical maser emission". Space Science Reviews 178, n. 2-4 (8 marzo 2013): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9963-z.

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10

Longair, Malcolm S. "Outside the Stars". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 137 (1993): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100017395.

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It is a great pleasure and privilege to give the opening lecture at this IAU Colloquium “Inside the Stars”. It is particularly appropriate that it is held in Austria, the country of Ludwig Boltzmann whose name will appear explicitly or implicitly in every lecture.My task is to describe the astrophysical and cosmological setting within which our discussions will take place. I emphasise that I am an outsider at this colloquium in all possible senses. My own research interests are in the areas of high energy astrophysics, extragalactic research and astrophysical cosmology. In lecturing to my students, however, I emphasise that the subject of the present colloquium is at the very heart of virtually all astrophysics and these studies are quite essential in order to make sense of galaxies and extragalactic systems. If we did not have this confidence in our ability to understand the stars, at least in principle, we would worry about the reliability of the enormous astrophysical edifice which has been built up to explain the large scale features of our Universe. I also emphasise to my students that the study of the stars is among the most exact of the astrophysical sciences — in my enthusiastic moments, I claim that, in the very best of these studies, astrophysics approaches the precision of laboratory experiment. I hope to find many examples this week to reinforce this belief.From my perspective, what I need is a User’s Guide to Stars and Stellar Evolution, in other words, a reliable set of rules about the origin and evolution of stars in order to diagnose the physical properties of the systems I am trying to understand. I will illustrate the types of information we need by discussing three case studies in the areas of (i) high energy astrophysics, (ii) classical cosmology and (iii) astrophysical cosmology and the origin of galaxies. Necessarily, these studies will be far from complete, but I hope they will illustrate some of the issues which come up in these disciplines. In the course of the discussion, it will become apparent that I will touch upon essentially all branches of contemporary astrophysics. I will take very different approaches to the three case studies.

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11

Murase, Kohta, e Imre Bartos. "High-Energy Multimessenger Transient Astrophysics". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 69, n. 1 (19 ottobre 2019): 477–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023510.

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The recent discoveries of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and gravitational waves from astrophysical objects have led to a new era of multimessenger astrophysics. In particular, electromagnetic follow-up observations triggered by these cosmic signals have proved to be highly successful and have brought about new opportunities in time-domain astronomy. We review high-energy particle production in various classes of astrophysical transient phenomena related to black holes and neutron stars, and discuss how high-energy emission can be used to reveal the underlying physics of neutrino and gravitational-wave sources.

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12

Fedotova, Maria, Dmitry Klimachkov e Arakel Petrosyan. "Variable Density Flows in Rotating Astrophysical Plasma. Linear Waves and Resonant Phenomena". Universe 7, n. 4 (1 aprile 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7040087.

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New observational data and modeling of physical processes constantly appear in the young and rapidly developing branch of science of plasma astrophysics. However, there is a lack of theoretical studies in the field of plasma astrophysics, that could unite the physics of various objects in the Universe, explain the observed phenomena and contribute to the improvement of numerical modeling schemes efficiency. This article makes up for this shortcoming by introducing different models, taking into account the various properties of plasma objects. We present a review of the latest magnetohydrodynamic theories of wave processes in rotating astrophysical plasma, taking into account important and common properties of astrophysical objects as compressibility and stratification.

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13

RAUSCHER, THOMAS. "THE PATH TO IMPROVED REACTION RATES FOR ASTROPHYSICS". International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, n. 05 (maggio 2011): 1071–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131101840x.

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This review focuses on nuclear reactions in astrophysics and, more specifically, on reactions with light ions (nucleons and α particles) proceeding via the strong interaction. It is intended to present the basic definitions essential for studies in nuclear astrophysics, to point out the differences between nuclear reactions taking place in stars and in a terrestrial laboratory, and to illustrate some of the challenges to be faced in theoretical and experimental studies of those reactions. The discussion revolves around the relevant quantities for astrophysics, which are the astrophysical reaction rates. The sensitivity of the reaction rates to the uncertainties in the prediction of various nuclear properties is explored and some guidelines for experimentalists are also provided.

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14

Tavakol, R. K. "Fragility in Cosmology and Astrophysics". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 132 (1993): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110006629x.

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AbstractThe theoretical framework adopted in astrophysics and cosmology, in both modelling and the analysis of the observational data, is often implicitly assumed to be that of structural stability. Here, in view of some of the recent results in dynamical systems theory, it is argued that such a framework cannot be assumed a priori and that the fragility framework may instead turn out to be the appropriate framework for the study of certain phenomena in the astrophysical and the cosmological settings. This is motivated by a number of examples from cosmology and a brief discussion of some of the potential domains of its relevance in astrophysics.

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15

Stehlé, C., A. Ciardi, J. P. Colombier, M. González, T. Lanz, A. Marocchino, M. Kozlova e B. Rus. "Scaling stellar jets to the laboratory: The power of simulations". Laser and Particle Beams 27, n. 4 (dicembre 2009): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990449.

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AbstractAdvances in laser and Z-pinch technology, coupled with the development of plasma diagnostics, and the availability of high-performance computers, have recently stimulated the growth of high-energy density laboratory astrophysics. In particular, a number of experiments have been designed to study radiative shocks and jets with the aim of shedding new light on physical processes linked to the ejection and accretion of mass by newly born stars. Although general scaling laws are powerful tools to link laboratory experiments with astrophysical plasmas, the phenomena modeled are often too complicated for simple scaling to remain relevant. Nevertheless, the experiments can still give important insights into the physics of astrophysical systems and can be used to provide the basic experimental validation of numerical simulations in regimes of interest to astrophysics. We will illustrate the possible links between laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and astrophysics in the context of stellar jets. First we will discuss the propagation of stellar jets in a cross-moving interstellar medium and the scaling to Z-pinch produced jets. Our second example focuses on slab-jets produced at the Prague Asterix Laser System laser installation and their practical applications to astrophysics. Finally, we illustrate the limitations of scaling for radiative shocks, which are found at the head of the most rapid stellar jets.

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16

Colafrancesco, Sergio. "Multi-Frequency Study of the SZ Effect in Cosmic Structures". Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 1, n. 1 (4 dicembre 2014): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2014.01.0056.

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The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (SZE) is a relevant probe for cosmology and astrophysics. A multi-frequency approach to study the SZE in cosmic structures turns out to be crucial in the use of this probe for astrophysics and cosmology. Astrophysical and cosmological applications to galaxy clusters, galaxies, radiogalaxies and large-scale structures are discussed. Future directions for the study of the SZE and its polarization are finally outlined.

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17

Zhou, Jianfeng, e Yang Yang. "Astrophysical integrated research environment". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, n. 14 (agosto 2006): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307012045.

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AbstractAstrophysical Integrated Research Environment (AIRE), aims to integrate astrophysical data, analysis software and astrophysical knowledge into an easy-to-use Internet based environment. Therefore, astrophysicists from different institutes can constitute virtual research groups which are favorable to study some complex multi-band astrophysical phenomena. The AIRE was put into use in Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua university in 2003. Up to now, there are 219 advanced users in this environment. Several astrophysical researches base on AIRE have generated some important published results.

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18

XU, RENXIN. "ASTRO-QUARK MATTER: A CHALLENGE FACING ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS". Modern Physics Letters A 23, n. 17n20 (28 giugno 2008): 1629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802803x.

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Quark matter both in terrestrial experiment and in astrophysics is briefly reviewed. Astrophysical quark matter could appear in the early Universe, in compact stars, and as cosmic rays. Emphasis is put on quark star as the nature of pulsars. Possible astrophysical implications of experiment-discovered sQGP are also concisely discussed.

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19

KIM, Young-Min, Miok PARK, Yeong-Bok BAE, Sungwook E. HONG e Chan PARK. "A Conversation among Young Astrophysicists". Physics and High Technology 30, n. 6 (30 giugno 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.019.

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Recently, many Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded in the field of astrophysics. Gravitational wave observations and contributions to LIGO in 2017, cosmology and exoplanets in 2019, and black hole formation theory and discovery of a supermassive black hole in 2020. Surprisingly, that these topics, which are somewhat distant from our daily life, have great physical significance and are being actively studied worldwide. We invited young astrophysicists at the forefront of astrophysic research to share their thoughts on astrophysics. That conversation took place online on June 2, 2021.

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20

Indermuehle, Balthasar T., Michael G. Burton e Sarah T. Maddison. "History of Astrophysics in Antarctica – A Brief Overview". Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017846.

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On examining the historical development of astrophysical science at the bottom of the world from the early 20th century until today we find three temporally overlapping eras of which each has a rather distinct beginning. These are the eras of Astrogeology, High Energy Astrophysics and Photon Astronomy.

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21

Colafrancesco, Sergio. "THE SZ EFFECT IN THE PLANCK ERA: ASTROPHYSICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL IMPACT". Acta Polytechnica 53, A (18 dicembre 2013): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0560.

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The Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (SZE) is a relevant probe for cosmology and particle astrophysics. The Planck Era marks a definite step forward in the use of this probe for astrophysics and cosmology. Astrophysical applications to galaxy clusters, galaxies, radiogalaxies and large-scale structures are discussed. Cosmological relevance for the Dark Energy equation of state, modified Gravity scenarios, Dark Matter search, cosmic magnetism and other cosmological applications is also reviewed. Future directions for the study of the SZE and its polarization are finally outlined.

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22

Kramida, Alexander. "Legacy of Charlotte Moore Sitterly in the Internet Age". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 18, S371 (agosto 2022): 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921323000212.

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AbstractMost (yet not all) results of atomic physics research of Charlotte Moore Sitterly (CMS), which was closely connected to astrophysics, are now incorporated in online databases, one of which is the Atomic Spectra Database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The use of this database extends far beyond astrophysics, but this review focuses on astrophysical applications. The impact of CMS’s work on modern atomic physics and other sciences is discussed, and problems that urgently need solutions are outlined.

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23

Jones, Christine, Noah Brosch, Günther Hasinger, Matthew G. Baring, Martin Adrian Barstow, Joao Braga, Evgenij M. Churazov et al. "DIVISION D COMMISSION 44: SPACE AND HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, T29A (agosto 2015): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000788.

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Division XI, the predecessor to Division D until 2012, was formed in 1994 at the IAU General Assembly in The Hague by merging Commission 44 Astronomy from Space and Commission 48 High Energy Astrophysics. Historically, space astrophysics started with the high energy wavelengths (far UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray astronomy) which are only accessible from space. However, in modern astronomy, to study high energy astrophysical processes, almost all wavelengths are used (including gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, infrared, submillimeter and radio). In addition other ground-based facilities, including gravitational wave antennas, neutrino detectors and high-energy cosmic ray arrays are joining in this era of multi-messenger astrophysics, as well as space missions with the primary goals to discover and study exoplanets, are under the umbrella of Division XI.

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Bigg, Charlotte. "Travelling Scientist, Circulating Images and the Making of the Modern Scientific Journal". Nuncius 30, n. 3 (2015): 675–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03003002.

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The early astrophysicist Norman Lockyer was both editor of the journal Nature from its creation in 1869 and for the following five decades, and an early practioner of the new astronomy. He frequently used the journal to expound his scientific theories, report on his work and send news home while on expeditions. I look into the particular visual culture of astrophysics developed by Lockyer in Nature, its evolution at a time of rapid development both of the techniques of astrophysical observation and visualization and of the techniques of image reproduction in print. A study of the use and reuse of visual materials in different settings also makes it possible to sketch the circulating economy of Lockyer’s images and the ways in which he put himself forward as a scientist, at a time when he was advocating the State support of research and scientists and helping create the modern scientific journal.

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Sarah, Lia Laela, Judhistira Aria Utama e Andi Suhandi. "Fostering prospective teacher-students to contextualize blackbody radiation in astrophysics". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2866, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2024): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2866/1/012099.

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Abstract In astrophysical concepts, a star can be treated as a blackbody. However, teaching blackbody radiation in physics classrooms is not often relevant to astrophysical contexts. Therefore, prospective teacher-students need to have experiences contextualizing blackbody radiation in astrophysics. This study aimed to investigate how the inquiry lesson activities for teaching blackbody radiation in an astrophysics context, including the design of a simple experimental setup and the worksheets. The experimental setup was designed using affordable equipment like a tungsten bulb, a basic meter, a small piece of compact disk, and a smartphone application called lux meter. By manipulating the voltage across the tungsten filament and measuring the current and intensity using a lux meter, students can calculate its temperature, analyze the spectrum through PHET simulation, and construct a graph of wavelength vs intensity. The method of this study combines a qualitative analysis to describe the resulted spectral by the apparatus, lesson design, and description of the implementation. In addition, quantitative analysis using a quasi-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was conducted with prospective teacher-student participants who had taken the astronomy course and are still taking the modern physics course. The results show that inquiry lesson using simple apparatus model and materials positively fosters prospective teacher-students understanding of how to contextualize the blackbody radiation concept in astrophysics.

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Fialkov, Anastasia. "Tracing Cosmic Dawn". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S333 (ottobre 2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318000194.

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AbstractObservational effort is on the way to probe the 21-cm of neutral hydrogen from the epochs of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn. Our current poor knowledge of high redshift astrophysics results in a large uncertainty in the theoretically predicted 21-cm signal. A recent parameter study that is highlighted here explores the variety of 21-cm signals resulting from viable astrophysical scenarios. Model-independent relations between the shape of the signal and the underlying astrophysics are discussed. Finally, I briefly note on possible alternative probes of the high redshift Universe, specifically Fast Radio Bursts.

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Spyrou, Artemis. "Resource Letter: Synthesis of the elements in stars". American Journal of Physics 92, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2024): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0209176.

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This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on the field of nuclear astrophysics, and particularly the origin of the elements. Nuclear astrophysics is a multidisciplinary field that aims at understanding where everything we see around us comes from and how it came to be. Astronomical observations, astrophysics modeling, and nuclear physics experiment and theory come together to answer important questions like: Where and how are the elements created? How do stars evolve? What drives the different types of stellar explosions? What is left behind after the cataclysmic death of a star? This Resource Letter presents our current understanding of the origin of the various chemical elements, together with modern research and new developments in the field, with a particular focus on the measurement of nuclear properties for astrophysical applications.

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Field, George. "Astrophysics". Reviews of Modern Physics 71, n. 2 (1 marzo 1999): S33—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.71.s33.

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V, Prakash, Dharanishwari R, Jayashree LM e Boya pavani. "ASTROPHYSICS". International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security 09, n. 03 (23 giugno 2023): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijiris.2023.v0903.09.

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Astrophysics is a branch of space science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry to seek to understand the universe and our place in it. The field explores topics such as the birth, life and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae and other objects in the universe. The Astrophysics creates physical theories of small to medium-size objects and structures in the universe.

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Rahma, Siti Nur, Suliyanah Suliyanah e Abdul Halim. "How do Astrophysics and the Qur'an Perceive the Extraterrestrial Life? A Qualitative Study". Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 10, n. 2 (20 aprile 2022): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/jpf.v10i2.7433.

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The topic of extraterrestrial life is still only a theory and the truth is still being investigated. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the beginning formation of the universe according to astrophysics and the Qur’an, astrophysics discoveries about extraterrestrial life, and letters in the Qur’an that hint at extraterrestrial life, as well as analyzing the relationship between astrophysics and letters in the Qur’an related to extraterrestrial life. This research is qualitative research with a method consisting of library research and interviews. The primary data of this research comes from scientific articles of previous research, relevant books, and interpretations of Qur’an verses. The secondary data were obtained through the results of interviews with experts. The data analysis technique in this study was adapted from the analysis technique of Miles Huberman, while the verses of the Qur’an used the Kemenag interpretation with a scientific interpretation style. The results show that in line with the astrophysical discoveries, the creation of the universe and the existence of extraterrestrial life are also hinted at in the Qur'an. In addition, the alleged presence of water on other planets also supports the signs in the Qur'an. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is no dichotomy between astrophysical discoveries and signs in the Qur'an regarding extraterrestrial life.

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Karthikeyan, B., V. Raja, N. Rajamanickam e S. P. Bagare. "On the Franck-Condon factors and R-centroids of the astrophysically interesting molecule CS". Serbian Astronomical Journal, n. 175 (2007): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj0775025k.

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In molecular astrophysics, the Franck-Condon (FC) factors and r-centroids are essential for the interpretation of spectral intensities in terms of emitting astrophysical source conditions. They have been evaluated for the band systems a 3?r - X 1?+, d3?ni - X 1?+- X 1?+, e 3?- - X 1?+, A' 1?+ - X 1?+ and d3?ni and - a 3?r of astrophysical molecule CS. The physical and astrophysical significances of our evaluated FC factors and r-centroids are discussed. The FC factor values of a - X system have been compared with the values of FC factors reported by Reddy et al. (2003).

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Nakamura, Takashi. "Introduction to plasma astrophysics characteristics of astrophysical plasma high density plasma." Kakuyūgō kenkyū 61, n. 3 (1989): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.61.151.

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Achterberg, A. "Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 195 (2000): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900163041.

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The acceleration of particles in the vicinity of astrophysical shocks has become the main paradigm in astrophysics for the production of superthermal and relativistic particles. In this review, I consider the basic theory of shock acceleration and the open questions.

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Shen, Yang-Ping, Bing Guo e Wei-Ping Liu. "An indirect technique in nuclear astrophysics: alpha-cluster transfer reaction". EPJ Web of Conferences 260 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226001001.

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Helium(4He, or α)is the second most abundant element in the observable Universe. The α-particle induced reactions such as(α, γ), (α, n) and (α, p) play a crucial role in nuclear astrophysics, especially for understanding stellar heliumburning. Because of the strong Coulomb repulsion, it is greatly hindered to directly measure the cross sections for these α-capture reactions at stellar energies. Alpha-cluster transfer reaction is a powerful tool for investigation of astrophysical(α, γ), (α, n)and(α, p)reactions since it can preferentially populate the natural-parity states with an α-cluster structure which dominantly contribute to these astrophysical α-capture reactions during stellar heliumburning. In this paper, we reviewthe theoretical scheme, theexperimental technique, astrophysical applications and the future perspectives of such approach based on α-cluster transfer reactions.

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35

Perez, Lucia A., Shy Genel, Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro, Rachel S. Somerville, Austen Gabrielpillai, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, Benjamin D. Wandelt e L. Y. Aaron Yung. "Constraining Cosmology with Machine Learning and Galaxy Clustering: The CAMELS-SAM Suite". Astrophysical Journal 954, n. 1 (18 agosto 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accd52.

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Abstract As the next generation of large galaxy surveys come online, it is becoming increasingly important to develop and understand the machine-learning tools that analyze big astronomical data. Neural networks are powerful and capable of probing deep patterns in data, but they must be trained carefully on large and representative data sets. We present a new “hump” of the Cosmology and Astrophysics with MachinE Learning Simulations (CAMELS) project: CAMELS-SAM, encompassing one thousand dark-matter-only simulations of (100 h −1 cMpc)3 with different cosmological parameters (Ω m and σ 8) and run through the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model for galaxy formation over a broad range of astrophysical parameters. As a proof of concept for the power of this vast suite of simulated galaxies in a large volume and broad parameter space, we probe the power of simple clustering summary statistics to marginalize over astrophysics and constrain cosmology using neural networks. We use the two-point correlation, count-in-cells, and void probability functions, and we probe nonlinear and linear scales across 0.68 < R <27 h −1 cMpc. We find our neural networks can both marginalize over the uncertainties in astrophysics to constrain cosmology to 3%–8% error across various types of galaxy selections, while simultaneously learning about the SC-SAM astrophysical parameters. This work encompasses vital first steps toward creating algorithms able to marginalize over the uncertainties in our galaxy formation models and measure the underlying cosmology of our Universe. CAMELS-SAM has been publicly released alongside the rest of CAMELS, and it offers great potential to many applications of machine learning in astrophysics: https://camels-sam.readthedocs.io.

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36

Minkevich, A. V., L. V. Korenev e V. V. Klimashonok. "Gravitational interaction in astrophysics in Riemann-Cartan space-time and vacuum torsion". International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, n. 02n03 (30 gennaio 2020): 2040055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20400552.

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The role of space-time torsion in astrophysics in the frame of minimum gauge gravitational theory in Riemann-Cartan space-time is discussed. The influence of the vacuum torsion on dynamics of astrophysical objects induced by the interaction of their spin momenta with vacuum torsion is studied. Possible manifestations of such interaction are considered.

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37

Basu, Chinmay. "FRENA, a facility for research in experimental nuclear astrophysics at SINP, Kolkata". EPJ Web of Conferences 297 (2024): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429701002.

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FRENA is a new low energy high current accelerator facility commissioned at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India. The primary goal of the facility is to perform nuclear astrophysics experiments and address key issues in the field. It is a unique facility in India and is the first accelerator dedicated for astrophysical studies.

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38

Galanti, Giorgio, e Marco Roncadelli. "Axion-like Particles Implications for High-Energy Astrophysics". Universe 8, n. 5 (20 aprile 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8050253.

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We offer a pedagogical introduction to axion-like particles (ALPs) as far as their relevance for high-energy astrophysics is concerned, from a few MeV to 1000 TeV. This review is self-contained, in such a way to be understandable even to non-specialists. Among other things, we discuss two strong hints at a specific ALP that emerge from two very different astrophysical situations. More technical matters are contained in three Appendices.

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39

Michaut, C., C. D. Gregory, B. Loupias, E. Falize, A. Ravasio, A. Dizière, T. Vinci, M. Koenig e S. Bouquet. "Astrophysical outflows simulated by laser-driven plasma jets". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S275 (settembre 2010): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310016480.

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AbstractWithin the framework of laboratory astrophysics, we form a qualified multidisciplinary group in radiative hydrodynamics. Since 10 years, we have developed laboratory experiments as radiative shocks and plasma jets in connection to astrophysics. Such laboratory experiments provide a unique opportunity to validate models and numerical schemes introduced in radiative hydrodynamics codes. Here we summarize our experimental researches about plasma jets. Laboratory astrophysical experiments have been performed using LULI2000 (France), VULCAN (UK) and GEKKO XII (Japan) intense lasers. The goal of these experiments is to investigate some of the complex features of jets from Young Stellar Objects (YSO), and in particular its interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM).

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40

Träbert, Elmar. "Extreme ultraviolet spectra of highly charged Fe ions in the laboratory versus the excitation of spectra in astrophysical environments". Canadian Journal of Physics 95, n. 9 (settembre 2017): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0623.

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Abstract (sommario):

The ASOS meetings address atomic spectra and oscillator strengths for astrophysics and laboratory plasmas. Based on examples of Fe spectra from foil-excited ion beams and electron beam ion traps, some practical problems of laboratory studies using these tools in support of astrophysical observations are discussed.

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41

Longair, Malcolm. "Radio astronomy and the rise of high-energy astrophysics two anniversaries". International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, n. 02 (gennaio 2019): 1930004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819300040.

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This paper celebrates the 100th anniversary of the birth of Martin Ryle and the 50th anniversary of the discovery of pulsars by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. Ryle and Hewish received the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics, the first in the area of astrophysics. Their interests strongly overlapped, one of the key papers on the practical implementation of the technique of aperture synthesis being co-authored by Ryle and Hewish. The discovery of pulsars and the roles played by Hewish and Bell are described. These key advances were at the heart of the dramatic rise of high-energy astrophysics in the 1960s and led to the realization that general relativity is central to the understanding of high-energy astrophysical phenomena.

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42

Rose, S. J. "High-power laser-produced plasmas and astrophysics". Laser and Particle Beams 9, n. 4 (dicembre 1991): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006613.

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Abstract (sommario):

The temperatures and the densities of plasmas produced by high-power lasers vary widely but in certain cases are similar to those found in astrophysical plasmas. In recent years our understanding of intense laser–matter interaction and the evolution of the resultingplasma has increased to the point where experiments can be designed to produce plasmas that allow astrophysical models to be tested. In this paper I review experimental work on laser-produced plasmas that is relevant to astrophysics. In the fields of highlyionized ion line identification and radiative opacity, relevant measurements have already been performed. Other experiments that could be performed with current laser facilities, including studies of X-ray nebula plasmas and complex radiation line transport, are described. In addition, experiments to investigate plasmas under more extreme conditions, which may be achievable with more powerful lasers, are mentioned.

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Srećković, Vladimir, e Aleksandra Nina. "Special Issue on Astrophysics & Geophysics: Research and Applications". Data 4, n. 1 (26 gennaio 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010021.

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The earth’s layers and space are media permanently exposed to the influences of numerous perturbations characterized by time- and space-dependent intensity. For this reason, the detection of astrophysical and terrestrial events and their influences, as well as the development and application of various models, must be based on observational data. The aim of this Special Issue, “Astrophysics & Geophysics: Research and Applications” in Data, is to engage a wide community of scientists to reorganize and expand current knowledge in this field. This Special Issue contains five articles, which include a wide range of topics such as big data in astrophysics and geophysics, data processing, visualization and acquisition, Earth observational data, remote sensing, etc. We hope that the topic of this Special Issue of Data will be of continued interest and we look forward to seeing progress in this field.

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44

Broggini, Carlo. "Origin and status of LUNA at Gran Sasso". Modern Physics Letters A 29, n. 34 (6 novembre 2014): 1430038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300389.

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The ultimate goal of nuclear astrophysics, the union of nuclear physics and astronomy, is to provide a comprehensive picture of the nuclear reactions which power the stars and, in doing so, synthesize the chemical elements. Deep underground in the Gran Sasso Laboratory the key reactions of the proton–proton chain and of the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle have been studied down to the energies of astrophysical interest. The main results obtained in the past 20 years are reviewed and their influence on our understanding of the properties of the neutrino, the Sun, and the Universe itself is discussed. Finally, future developments of underground nuclear astrophysics beyond the study of hydrogen burning are outlined.

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45

Fields, Brian D., e Anton Wallner. "Deep-Sea and Lunar Radioisotopes from Nearby Astrophysical Explosions". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 73, n. 1 (25 settembre 2023): 365–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011823-045541.

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Abstract (sommario):

Live (not decayed) radioisotopes on the Earth and Moon are messengers from recent nearby astrophysical explosions. Measurements of 60Fe in deep-sea samples, Antarctic snow, and lunar regolith reveal two pulses about 3 Myr and 7 Myr ago. Detection of 244Pu in a deep-sea crust indicates a recent r-process event. We review the ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry techniques that enable these findings. We then explore the implications for astrophysics, including supernova nucleosynthesis, particularly the r-process, as well as supernova dust production and the formation of the Local Bubble that envelops the Solar System. The implications go beyond nuclear physics and astrophysics to include studies of heliophysics, astrobiology, geology, and evolutionary biology.

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46

Scelfo, Giulio, Marta Spinelli, Alvise Raccanelli, Lumen Boco, Andrea Lapi e Matteo Viel. "Gravitational waves × HI intensity mapping: cosmological and astrophysical applications". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, n. 01 (1 gennaio 2022): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/004.

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Abstract Two of the most rapidly growing observables in cosmology and astrophysics are gravitational waves (GW) and the neutral hydrogen (HI) distribution. In this work, we investigate the cross-correlation between resolved gravitational wave detections and HI signal from intensity mapping (IM) experiments. By using a tomographic approach with angular power spectra, including all projection effects, we explore possible applications of the combination of the Einstein Telescope and the SKAO intensity mapping surveys. We focus on three main topics: (i) statistical inference of the observed redshift distribution of GWs; (ii) constraints on dynamical dark energy models as an example of cosmological studies; (iii) determination of the nature of the progenitors of merging binary black holes, distinguishing between primordial and astrophysical origin. Our results show that: (i) the GW redshift distribution can be calibrated with good accuracy at low redshifts, without any assumptions on cosmology or astrophysics, potentially providing a way to probe astrophysical and cosmological models; (ii) the constrains on the dynamical dark energy parameters are competitive with IM-only experiments, in a complementary way and potentially with less systematics; (iii) it will be possible to detect a relatively small abundance of primordial black holes within the gravitational waves from resolved mergers. Our results extend towards GW × IM the promising field of multi-tracing cosmology and astrophysics, which has the major advantage of allowing scientific investigations in ways that would not be possible by looking at single observables separately.

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47

Auluck, S. K. H., V. I. Krauz, V. V. Myalton e A. M. Kharrasov. "Investigation of the poloidal magnetic flux at the PF-3 plasma focus within the framework of the program of laboratory simulation of astrophysical jets". Fizika plazmy 50, n. 3 (26 ottobre 2024): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0367292124030065.

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Abstract (sommario):

Astrophysical jets are collimated plasma outflows observed in diverse astrophysical settings covering seven decades of spatial scale and twenty decades of power, which, nevertheless, share many common features. This similarity over wide range of scales indicates a common core of physics underlying this phenomenon, leading to considerable interest in observational, theoretical and numerical studies. Laboratory astrophysics experiments for simulating astrophysical jets are premised on this common core of physics responsible for multi-scale similarity of jets remaining valid down to laboratory spatial scales of millimeters. Jets formed after the disassembly of the non-cylindrical z-pinch formed in a plasma focus installation have recently been subjects of observational studies. They offer an important complementarity to the main lines of investigations in two respects. Firstly, the multi-faceted role of gravity, radiation, nuclear reactions and related astrophysics is eliminated retaining only a rapid implosion of a compact plasma object in a magnetohydrodynamic environment as a common feature. Secondly, observations can be made using techniques of laboratory plasma diagnostics. In this paper, we report preliminary results regarding presence of poloidal magnetic flux associated with the jets lasting long after the pinch disassembly. This is significant in the context of uncertainty regarding the origin of poloidal magnetic field postulated in several MHD models of astrophysical jet phenomena. Evidence indicating presence of a radial component of electric field suggests existence of plasma rotation as well. These results suggest that more refined experiments can provide insights into the astrophysical jetting phenomena not available from observational astronomy techniques.

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48

CHAMPAGNE, A. E., e C. ILIADIS. "FIRST RESULTS FROM LENA". Modern Physics Letters A 22, n. 04 (10 febbraio 2007): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307022724.

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We review the first results from the Laboratory for Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics (LENA), which is a dedicated accelerator facility for measuring reactions of astrophysical interest. We also briefly describe the facility itself and the detector system. The reactions that have been measured have relevance for both stellar evolution and for classical nova explosions.

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49

Gorda, Tyler. "Quark matter and nuclear astrophysics: Recent developments". EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429601010.

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Does deconfined cold quark matter occur in nature? This is currently one of the fundamental open questions in nuclear astrophysics. In these proceedings, I review the current state-of-the-art techniques to address this question in a model-agnostic manner, by synthesizing inputs from astrophysical observations of neutron stars and their binary mergers, and first-principles calculations within nuclear and particle theory. I highlight recent improvements in perturbative calculations in asymptotically dense cold quark matter, as well as compelling evidence for a conformalizing transition within the cores of massive neutron stars.

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50

Netchitailo, Vladimir S. "Burst Astrophysics". Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 03, n. 02 (2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.32016.

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